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Data from participant observation, interviews, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale questionnaire, and a regionspecific food frequency questionnaire suggest that while the road provides more reliable access to market-sourced food than before, villagers' intake of many micronutrients remains below recommended levels, as most of the market-purchased foods are nutrient poor. Data also suggest that this population is experiencing the double burden of malnutrition: simultaneous cases of underweight and overweight. High food security levels among those in the malnourished/overweight group could easily mask this emerging public health concern. This study provides an analytical framework to better understand the nexus of food security and nutrition, and offers evidence-based recommendations for decreasing food insecurity and malnutrition in mountainous regions, which will help achieve the goal of preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030.","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"Mountain Research and Development","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"84696673"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"After the Road Came: Insights into the Nexus of Food Security and Malnutrition in Northwestern Nepal","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [43782831]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":84696673,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “After the Road Came: Insights into the Nexus of Food Security and Malnutrition in Northwestern Nepal”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/84696673/mini_magick20220422-21478-ejx2bv.png?1650659442" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">After the Road Came: Insights into the Nexus of Food Security and Malnutrition in Northwestern Nepal</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43782831" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KimberHaddixMcKay"><img alt="Profile image of Kimber Haddix McKay" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Kimber Haddix McKay</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, Mountain Research and Development</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">12 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 77270375; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">To aid in this effort, this article presents a case study from the mountainous Humla District, Nepal, that was designed to better understand how the arrival of the first road in this area is affecting food security and nutritional status, and how these 2 variables are interrelated. Data from participant observation, interviews, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale questionnaire, and a regionspecific food frequency questionnaire suggest that while the road provides more reliable access to market-sourced food than before, villagers' intake of many micronutrients remains below recommended levels, as most of the market-purchased foods are nutrient poor. Data also suggest that this population is experiencing the double burden of malnutrition: simultaneous cases of underweight and overweight. High food security levels among those in the malnourished/overweight group could easily mask this emerging public health concern. This study provides an analytical framework to better understand the nexus of food security and nutrition, and offers evidence-based recommendations for decreasing food insecurity and malnutrition in mountainous regions, which will help achieve the goal of preventing all forms of malnutrition by 2030.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":84696673,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/77270375/After_the_Road_Came_Insights_into_the_Nexus_of_Food_Security_and_Malnutrition_in_Northwestern_Nepal"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":84696673,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/77270375/After_the_Road_Came_Insights_into_the_Nexus_of_Food_Security_and_Malnutrition_in_Northwestern_Nepal"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="77270375" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Impacts of New Market Access On Food Security, Nutrition, and Well-Being in Nepal, Himalaya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5566854" href="https://montana.academia.edu/MichelleGrocke">Michelle Grocke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The first road to be built into Humla, Nepal has connected this once-remote Himalayan region to a market in China. This dissertation research assesses the impacts of this road on villagers’ food security, diet and nutrition, and subjective well-being, and investigates the link between objective and subjective health outcomes. The primary aim of this study is to decipher whether villagers’ ‘proximity to road’ is the strongest predictor of the aforementioned health outcomes, or whether other sociocultural and economic variables play a more significant role. A mixed- methods approach and a case-control ethnographic research design were implemented in order to investigate this question. Results from the food security questionnaire indicate that due to easy accessibility and low costs, villagers now supplement their agricultural yields with enriched, processed foods obtained via the road. Although villagers perceive their current food security as being significantly higher than in years past, results indicate that food security levels do not always positively correlate with either ‘proximity to road’ or the harvest season. Nutrient composition analysis indicates that differences in both livelihood tasks and prestige ascription by gender and age yield a high variability in both dietary patterns and nutritional outcomes. These differences are also reflected in the anthropometric data, which show that while a portion of the study population is ‘underweight’, another portion is simultaneously ‘overweight’. Villagers’ subjective well-being, in addition to being defined differently from village to village, has a higher correlation with human capital levels and socioeconomic status than with ‘proximity to road’. This research illuminates the complexity involved with determining whether the introduction of a road will manifest in positive health outcomes. Using the new road in Humla District, Nepal, a case study, this research takes advantage of a unique opportunity to study human dietary shifts as they are in the process of occurring. By assessing villagers’ decision-making patterns regarding their food consumption, the overall aim of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the dietary sea change that is leaving its mark on the quality of life across the globe.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On The Road to Better Health? Impacts of New Market Access On Food Security, Nutrition, and Well-Being in Nepal, Himalaya","attachmentId":47384164,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27135211/On_The_Road_to_Better_Health_Impacts_of_New_Market_Access_On_Food_Security_Nutrition_and_Well_Being_in_Nepal_Himalaya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27135211/On_The_Road_to_Better_Health_Impacts_of_New_Market_Access_On_Food_Security_Nutrition_and_Well_Being_in_Nepal_Himalaya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="99333196" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99333196/State_of_Food_Security_and_Hunger_in_Nepal">State of Food Security and Hunger in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7736207" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BhabaDattaSapkota">Bhaba Datta Sapkota</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European journal of nutrition & food safety, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper aims to assess the current status and trend of food security and hunger in Nepal. Methodologically, the paper uses a descriptive research design; for this, secondary sources of data were intensively reviewed, and it draws an insightful conclusion from a variety of literature. Collected data were presented and interpreted using descriptive statistical tools such as tables, figures, percentages, and trend lines. The paper's scope is limited to the Nepalese context. Professional ethics, a minimum similarity index, and authenticity in data have been taken as ethical considerations. Around half of the households (48.2 percent) have access to food security over the course of the year in Nepal. The urban area is more secure than the rural, and the position of the Terai region is better than that of the hill and mountain regions in terms of food security status. In terms of food security and severe food insecurity, Gandaki Province performed well, while Karnali Province performed poorly. The fight against hunger has mostly stagnated internationally in recent years. The GHI score for 2022 is moderate, although at 19.1, it only slightly deviates from the 16.4 score in 2014, the 20.8 score in 2019, and the 19.5 score in 2020. Nepal's global hunger index trend is shifting from a serious to a moderate position. This paper suggests exploring future food security strategies and reducing the intensity of hunger through further research. This study would stimulate public interest in policy advocacy, which might result in widespread favorable policy initiatives for more in-depth discussions and the implementation of development strategies in developing countries like Nepal.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"State of Food Security and Hunger in Nepal","attachmentId":100451447,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99333196/State_of_Food_Security_and_Hunger_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99333196/State_of_Food_Security_and_Hunger_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="99540064" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99540064/Nutrition_and_food_security_in_Nepal_a_narrative_review_of_policies">Nutrition and food security in Nepal: a narrative review of policies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104100432" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NabinAdhikari11">Nabin Adhikari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nutrition Reviews</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the past few decades, the Nepali government has endorsed several nutritional policies, strategies, and guidelines. Given the lack of a comprehensive review of such policy documents, this review aims to describe the nutrition and food security policies and understand the existing policy gaps in Nepal. Findings from this study can be used to develop policies and programs to address Nepal&#39;s current and future nutritional needs. Policies relevant to nutrition and food security were identified by searching government websites and directly approaching relevant government ministries. Thematic analysis was conducted using framework methods under 8 predetermined themes: nutrition intervention, food security, food system, capacity building of human resources, nutrition education, nutrition governance, research, and monitoring and evaluation. The contents of each document reviewed were manually extracted in a spreadsheet stratified by the themes, and the findings were summarized for the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nutrition and food security in Nepal: a narrative review of policies","attachmentId":100600999,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99540064/Nutrition_and_food_security_in_Nepal_a_narrative_review_of_policies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99540064/Nutrition_and_food_security_in_Nepal_a_narrative_review_of_policies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="121147800" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121147800/Assessing_Food_Security_Scenario_at_the_Ward_Level_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_of_Caloric_Needs_from_Diverse_Crops_Based_on_Location_Specific_Factors_and_Policy_Implications">Assessing Food Security Scenario at the Ward Level in Nepal: An Analysis of Caloric Needs from Diverse Crops Based on Location-Specific Factors and Policy Implications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245916383" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KeshavBhattarai11">Keshav Bhattarai</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nepal public policy review, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Food security means access to food along with food production and availability to every individual at a reasonable cost according to the calorific needs of people. To assure food safety to 30 million Nepali people, it is essential to utilize every piece of available farmable land in each geographic region of seven provinces. We analyzed individual household food intake, dietary energy adequacy, and nutritional status and needs at the ward level of Nepal. We used a decadal (2010-2020) average food production of different crops per unit of farmable area, and food needs for people living in that ward based on their gender and nutritional requirements to perform various activities in different geographic regions of seven provinces. We assumed three food consumption scenarios: a) traditional practices of meeting dietary needs only from major crops; b) consuming major and minor crops; and c) consuming major and minor crops and meat and fruit products. Our analysis revealed that it is essential for Nepal to implement policies that will encourage crop diversification comprising both major and minor crops and inform the public about the nutritional values of various crops that can be grown utilizing location-specific environments in different geographic regions of seven provinces. Our findings assist in policy instrumentation that will pursue farming communities to supplement their dietary needs with diverse crop products and suggest government set aside some matching funds to encourage remitters, who return to Nepal with knowledge and financial resources, to engage in agriculture. We also argue that crop diversification is needed to assure farm productivity if certain crops fail due to unforeseen environmental calamities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing Food Security Scenario at the Ward Level in Nepal: An Analysis of Caloric Needs from Diverse Crops Based on Location-Specific Factors and Policy Implications","attachmentId":116106107,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121147800/Assessing_Food_Security_Scenario_at_the_Ward_Level_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_of_Caloric_Needs_from_Diverse_Crops_Based_on_Location_Specific_Factors_and_Policy_Implications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121147800/Assessing_Food_Security_Scenario_at_the_Ward_Level_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_of_Caloric_Needs_from_Diverse_Crops_Based_on_Location_Specific_Factors_and_Policy_Implications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="108888730" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108888730/Hunger_Level_and_Factors_Associated_with_Household_Food_Security_in_Nepal_Analysis_of_Finding_from_Nepal_Demographic_and_Health_Survey_2016">Hunger Level and Factors Associated with Household Food Security in Nepal: Analysis of Finding from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="82922862" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IJMRAPEditor">IJMRAP Editor</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IJMRAP, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction: A major issue the world faces today is ensuring that households residing in different countries have access to enough food to maintain a healthy life. Food insecurity is highly prevalent in middle and low income countries. Malnutrition is the most serious consequence of food insecurity and poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, impaired physical and mental development and reduced productivity. This study examines the hunger level and factors associated with household food security in Nepal. Methods: This study used data from NDHS 2016. Total of 11,040 households were studied in this cross-sectional study. Food security and Hunger level were measured by using HFIAS and HHS, respectively. The association between Background characteristics and household food security was identified, using chi-square test and Binary logistic regression (Bivariate and multivariate). Results: This study revealed that 4.6% of households suffered from moderate to severe household hunger. After adjusting for background characteristics, ethnicity, family size, Household head's education, household wealth, Development region and province wise residence were significantly associated with household food security. However, sex of the household head, current marital status, presence of U-5 children at home, place of residence and ecological zone did not affect the household's food security significantly. Conclusion: The present study found that there is high food insecurity and which varies according to different socio-demographic characteristics. To improve food security in Nepal, intervention should focus on improving wealth and education especially for Dalit and those residing in the Karnali province, Sudurpaschim province and province 2.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hunger Level and Factors Associated with Household Food Security in Nepal: Analysis of Finding from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016","attachmentId":107160823,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108888730/Hunger_Level_and_Factors_Associated_with_Household_Food_Security_in_Nepal_Analysis_of_Finding_from_Nepal_Demographic_and_Health_Survey_2016","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108888730/Hunger_Level_and_Factors_Associated_with_Household_Food_Security_in_Nepal_Analysis_of_Finding_from_Nepal_Demographic_and_Health_Survey_2016"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="65803435" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65803435/Food_and_Nutritional_Security_Status_Assessment_among_Landless_People_in_Chitwan_Nepal">Food and Nutritional Security Status: Assessment among Landless People in Chitwan, Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="195320851" href="https://tribhuvan.academia.edu/DrKrishnaKaphle">Dr. Krishna Kaphle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Food insecurity, sadly still remains a concern with Nepal. The remote settlement of communities, harsh terrains, inequity in income generation have left millions of Nepalese experiencing some level of food insecurity mostly among marginalized population in both urban and rural settings. A pilot study was conducted within ninety households of four different locations with the purpose to assess various dimensions of food and nutritional security of the landless people living in undocumented land by purposive selection of Chitwan District of Nepal. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data and secondary data was obtained from Bharatpur Municipality and Madi Agriculture Service Centre, Chitwan. Analysis revealed 57.77% household expressed themselves as food secured in terms of their production and source of income while 42.23% were food insecure. The most food insecure ethnic group was Janajatis (indigenous) (34.21%) followed by Dalits and Brahmins (15.78%). Similar...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Food and Nutritional Security Status: Assessment among Landless People in Chitwan, Nepal","attachmentId":77241531,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65803435/Food_and_Nutritional_Security_Status_Assessment_among_Landless_People_in_Chitwan_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65803435/Food_and_Nutritional_Security_Status_Assessment_among_Landless_People_in_Chitwan_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="70633663" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70633663/Nepal_Nutrition_Assessment_and_Gap_Analysis">Nepal Nutrition Assessment and Gap Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8988652" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JagannathAdhikari">Jagannath Adhikari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nepal Nutrition Assessment and Gap Analysis","attachmentId":80303797,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70633663/Nepal_Nutrition_Assessment_and_Gap_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70633663/Nepal_Nutrition_Assessment_and_Gap_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="40776890" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40776890/The_State_of_Food_In_Security_in_the_Trans_Himalaya_Upper_Mustang_Nepal">The State of Food (In)Security in the Trans-Himalaya, Upper-Mustang, Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="768139" href="https://pokhara.academia.edu/KshiteezKHimalaya">Kshiteez K Himalaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Food insecurity is a global issue, with higher prevalence of hunger in developing countries. Low crop yield and food production-due to difficult topography and traditional farming methods-combined with lower income; fluctuations in prices and supply, and low quality of food have been causing food insecurity in Nepal. This research examines food (in)security situation in Upper-Mustang, Nepal. The results are derived from the data collected through face-to-face interviews with the heads of 66 households, in-depth interviews conducted with 22 key informants, and discussions with the group of local people in different (6) places. The household food system was studied from livelihood perspectives and food (in) security was assessed in relation to self-sufficiency or production sufficiency, access, utilization, and stability of food. Households in the Trans-Himalaya acquire food from multiple sources such as farming and livestock ranching, buy food from the market, and also receive food aid for the sake of survival during the food crisis. Food security situation in terms of self-production in Upper-Mustang is at worst stage that many households are facing severe to chronic food insecurity. Studied households access marketed food, though the price they pay is very high. The worrisome issue is that there is no significant improvement in food security situation over time in the Trans-Himalaya. Study found that not the household size but dependency ratio in the household increases food insecurity. On the other hand, quality of farmland in terms of cropping intensity and availability of irrigation rather than the farm-plot size contribute for food security. The issue of food security is still a valid development</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The State of Food (In)Security in the Trans-Himalaya, Upper-Mustang, Nepal","attachmentId":61056705,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40776890/The_State_of_Food_In_Security_in_the_Trans_Himalaya_Upper_Mustang_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40776890/The_State_of_Food_In_Security_in_the_Trans_Himalaya_Upper_Mustang_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31582087" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31582087/Like_Mother_Like_Child_Understanding_Transitions_in_Diet_Health_And_Nutrition_In_Humla_Nepal">Like Mother, Like Child?: Understanding Transitions in Diet, Health, And Nutrition In Humla, Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43782831" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KimberHaddixMcKay">Kimber Haddix McKay</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5566854" href="https://montana.academia.edu/MichelleGrocke">Michelle Grocke</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="38277062" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38277062/Malnutrition_in_Nepal_Selected_Essays_on_Nepali_Economy_">Malnutrition in Nepal (Selected Essays on Nepali Economy)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52237624" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PramodRijal2">Pramod Rijal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Malnutrition in Nepal , 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Malnutrition in Nepal (Selected Essays on Nepali 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You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="54527597" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54527597/Factors_Influencing_Food_Insecurity_in_Nepal">Factors Influencing Food Insecurity in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66331214" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SridharThapa">Sridhar Thapa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="40776872" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40776872/An_application_of_the_Household_Food_Insecurity_Access_Scale_to_assess_food_security_in_rural_communities_of_Nepal">An application of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale to assess food security in rural communities of Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="768139" href="https://pokhara.academia.edu/KshiteezKHimalaya">Kshiteez K Himalaya</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An application of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale to assess food security in rural communities of 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