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</li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Marriage and New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Providence_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Providence_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Return to Providence and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Providence_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personal views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Atheism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cosmicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Decline of civilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lovecraft_Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lovecraft_Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Lovecraft Country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lovecraft_Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Critical reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Critical reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Literary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Philosophical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lovecraft_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lovecraft_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Lovecraft studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lovecraft_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_occultism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_occultism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion and occultism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_occultism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Beer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Correspondence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_and_other_legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_and_other_legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Copyright and other legal issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_and_other_legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Online editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">H. P. Lovecraft</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="هوارد فيليبس لافكرافت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوارد فيليبس لافكرافت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovard_Fillips_Lavkraft" title="Hovard Fillips Lavkraft – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hovard Fillips Lavkraft" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA" title="اچ. پی. لاوکرفت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اچ. پی. لاوکرفت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A._%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F" title="এইচ. পি. লাভক্র্যাফট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এইচ. পি. লাভক্র্যাফট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Говард Лавкрафт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Говард Лавкрафт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Говард Філіпс Лаўкрафт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Говард Філіпс Лаўкрафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Гаўард Філіпс Лаўкрафт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаўард Філіпс Лаўкрафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Хауърд Лъвкрафт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хауърд Лъвкрафт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7._%CE%A6._%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%84" title="Χ. Φ. Λάβκραφτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χ. Φ. Λάβκραφτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA" title="اچ. پی. لاوکرفت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اچ. پی. لاوکرفت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7.%F0%90%8D%80._%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%84" title="𐌷.𐍀. 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌺𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍄 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷.𐍀. 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌺𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍄" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._%EB%9F%AC%EB%B8%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="H. P. 러브크래프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="H. P. 러브크래프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%BF" title="Հովարդ Ֆիլիպս Լավքրաֆտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հովարդ Ֆիլիպս Լավքրաֆտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="एचपी लवक्राफ्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एचपी लवक्राफ्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94.%D7%A4._%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ה.פ. לאבקרפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ה.פ. לאבקרפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰაუარდ ფილიპს ლავკრაფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაუარდ ფილიპს ლავკრაფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Говард Филлипс Лавкрафт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Говард Филлипс Лавкрафт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huardus_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Huardus Phillips Lovecraft – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Huardus Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovards_Filipss_Lavkrafts" title="Hovards Filipss Lavkrafts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hovards Filipss Lavkrafts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Хауард Филипс Лавкрафт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хауард Филипс Лавкрафт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰაუარდ ფილიპს ლავკრაფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაუარდ ფილიპს ლავკრაფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="هوارد فيليبس لافكرافت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوارد فيليبس لافكرافت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ハワード・フィリップス・ラヴクラフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワード・フィリップス・ラヴクラフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA" title="اچ. پي لفکرفت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اچ. پي لفکرفت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="H.P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Лавкрафт, Говард Филлипс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лавкрафт, Говард Филлипс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="H. P. Lovecraft" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="H. P. 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P. Lovecraft (band)">H. P. Lovecraft (band)</a>. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_(album)" title="H. P. Lovecraft (album)">H. P. Lovecraft (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lovecraft" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lovecraft (disambiguation)">Lovecraft (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">H. P. Lovecraft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft,_June_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lovecraft in 1934"><img alt="Lovecraft in 1934, facing left and looking right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/H._P._Lovecraft%2C_June_1934.jpg/220px-H._P._Lovecraft%2C_June_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/H._P._Lovecraft%2C_June_1934.jpg/330px-H._P._Lovecraft%2C_June_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/H._P._Lovecraft%2C_June_1934.jpg/440px-H._P._Lovecraft%2C_June_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="628" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Lovecraft in 1934</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Howard Phillips Lovecraft (1890-08-20)August 20, 1890 <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">March 15, 1937(1937-03-15) (aged 46) Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Swan_Point_Cemetery" title="Swan Point Cemetery">Swan Point Cemetery</a>, Providence <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H._P._Lovecraft&params=41.854021_N_71.381068_W_type:landmark_region:US-RI">41°51′14″N 71°22′52″W / 41.854021°N 71.381068°W / 41.854021; -71.381068</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Grandpa Theobald</li> <li>E'ch-Pi-El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Short story writer</li> <li>editor</li> <li>novelist</li> <li>poet</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">dark fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">weird fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythopoeia</a>, science fiction, gothic fiction, fantasy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1917–1937</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath" title="The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath">The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth" title="The Shadow over Innsmouth">The Shadow over Innsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time" title="The Shadow Out of Time">The Shadow Out of Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Greene" title="Sonia Greene">Sonia Greene</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1924)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovecraft_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lovecraft_signature.svg/150px-Lovecraft_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lovecraft_signature.svg/225px-Lovecraft_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lovecraft_signature.svg/300px-Lovecraft_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="70" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Howard Phillips Lovecraft (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlʌvkræft/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlʌvkrɑːft/</a>; August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of <a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">weird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>. He is best known for his creation of the <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, Lovecraft spent most of his life in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. After his father's <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">institutionalization</a> in 1893, he lived affluently until his family's wealth dissipated after the death of his grandfather. Lovecraft then lived with his mother, in reduced financial security, until her institutionalization in 1919. He began to write essays for the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association#History" title="Amateur press association">United Amateur Press Association</a> and in 1913 wrote a critical letter to a pulp magazine that ultimately led to his involvement in pulp fiction. He became active in the speculative fiction community and was published in several pulp magazines. Lovecraft moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, marrying <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Greene" title="Sonia Greene">Sonia Greene</a> in 1924, and later became the center of a wider group of authors known as the "Lovecraft Circle". They introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a>, which became his most prominent publisher. Lovecraft's time in New York took a toll on his mental state and financial conditions. He returned to Providence in 1926 and produced some of his most popular works, including <a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth" title="The Shadow over Innsmouth">The Shadow over Innsmouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time" title="The Shadow Out of Time">The Shadow Out of Time</a>. He remained active as a writer for 11 years until his death from intestinal cancer at the age of 46. Lovecraft's literary corpus is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">cosmicism</a>, which was simultaneously his personal philosophy and the main theme of his fiction. Cosmicism posits that humanity is an insignificant part of the cosmos and could be swept away at any moment. He incorporated fantasy and science fiction elements into his stories, representing the perceived fragility of <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>. This was tied to his ambivalent views on knowledge. His works were largely set in a fictionalized version of New England. Civilizational decline also plays a major role in his works, as he believed that the West was in decline during his lifetime. Lovecraft's early political views were conservative and traditionalist; additionally, he held a number of racist views for much of his adult life. Following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, Lovecraft's political views became more socialist while still remaining elitist and aristocratic. Throughout his adult life, Lovecraft was never able to support himself from his earnings as an author and editor. He was virtually unknown during his lifetime and was almost exclusively published in pulp magazines before his death. A scholarly revival of Lovecraft's work began in the 1970s, and he is now regarded as one of the most significant 20th-century authors of supernatural horror fiction. Many direct adaptations and spiritual successors followed. Works inspired by Lovecraft, adaptations or original works, began to form the basis of the Cthulhu Mythos, which utilizes Lovecraft's characters, setting, and themes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family_tragedies">Early life and family tragedies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and family tragedies">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft was born in his family home on August 20, 1890, in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>. He was the only child of Winfield Scott Lovecraft and Sarah Susan ("Susie"; née Phillips) Lovecraft, who were both of English descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891–2-3">[2]</a> Susie's family was of substantial means at the time of their marriage, as her father, Whipple Van Buren Phillips, was involved in business ventures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892-4">[3]</a> In April 1893, after a psychotic episode in a <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> hotel, Winfield was committed to <a href="/wiki/Butler_Hospital" title="Butler Hospital">Butler Hospital</a> in Providence. His medical records state that he was "doing and saying strange things at times" for a year before his commitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145-5">[4]</a> The person who reported these symptoms is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26-6">[5]</a> Winfield spent five years in Butler before dying in 1898. His death certificate listed the cause of death as <a href="/wiki/General_paresis_of_the_insane" title="General paresis of the insane">general paresis</a>, a term synonymous with late-stage <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515–16Faig199149-7">[6]</a> Throughout his life, Lovecraft maintained that his father fell into a paralytic state, due to insomnia and overwork, and remained that way until his death. It is not known whether Lovecraft was simply kept ignorant of his father's illness or whether his later statements were intentionally misleading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891-8">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovecraft_Family,_1892.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A family portrait of Sarah, Howard, and Winfield Lovecraft in 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lovecraft_Family%2C_1892.png/220px-Lovecraft_Family%2C_1892.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lovecraft_Family%2C_1892.png/330px-Lovecraft_Family%2C_1892.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lovecraft_Family%2C_1892.png/440px-Lovecraft_Family%2C_1892.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Sarah, Howard (before being <a href="/wiki/Breeching_(boys)" title="Breeching (boys)">breeched</a>), and Winfield Lovecraft in 1892</figcaption></figure> After his father's institutionalization, Lovecraft resided in the family home with his mother, his maternal aunts Lillian and Annie, and his maternal grandparents Whipple and Robie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892-9">[8]</a> According to family friends, Susie doted on the young Lovecraft excessively, pampering him and never letting him out of her sight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893–4-10">[9]</a> Lovecraft later recollected that his mother was "permanently stricken with grief" after his father's illness. Whipple became a father figure to Lovecraft in this time, Lovecraft later noted that his grandfather became the "centre of my entire universe". Whipple, who often traveled to manage his business, maintained correspondence by letter with the young Lovecraft who, by the age of three, was already proficient at reading and writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892-11">[10]</a> Whipple encouraged the young Lovecraft to have an appreciation of literature, especially classical literature and English poetry. In his old age, he helped raise the young H. P. Lovecraft and educated him not only in the classics, but also in original weird tales of "winged horrors" and "deep, low, moaning sounds" which he created for his grandchild's entertainment. The original sources of Phillips's weird tales are unidentified. Lovecraft himself guessed that they originated from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic novelists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis" title="Matthew Gregory Lewis">Matthew Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Charles Maturin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517–18-12">[11]</a> It was during this period that Lovecraft was introduced to some of his earliest literary influences, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a> illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bulfinch" title="Thomas Bulfinch">Thomas Bulfinch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Fable" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Fable">Age of Fable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517–18-13">[12]</a> While there is no indication that Lovecraft was particularly close to his grandmother, Robie, her death in 1896 had a profound effect on him. According to him, it sent his family into "a gloom from which it never fully recovered". His mother and aunts wore black mourning dresses that "terrified" him. This was also the time when Lovecraft, approximately five-and-a-half years old, started having <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a> that later informed his fictional writings. Specifically, he began to have recurring nightmares of beings he referred to as "night-gaunts". He credited their appearance to the influence of Doré's illustrations, which would "whirl me through space at a sickening rate of speed, the while fretting & impelling me with their detestable <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">tridents</a>". Thirty years later, night-gaunts appeared in Lovecraft's fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530–31-14">[13]</a> Lovecraft's earliest known literary works were written at the age of seven, and were poems restyling the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> mythological stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892-15">[14]</a> Lovecraft later wrote that during his childhood he was fixated on the Greco-Roman pantheon, and briefly accepted them as genuine expressions of divinity, foregoing his Christian upbringing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145–146Joshi200120–23St._Armand1975140–141-16">[15]</a> He recalled, at five years old, being told <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> did not exist and retorted by asking why "God is not equally a myth?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723–4de_Camp197518-17">[16]</a> At the age of eight, he took a keen interest in the sciences, particularly astronomy and chemistry. He also examined the anatomical books that were held in the family library, which taught him the specifics of human reproduction that were not yet explained to him. As a result, he found that it "virtually killed my interest in the subject".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532-18">[17]</a> In 1902, according to Lovecraft's later correspondence, astronomy became a guiding influence on his worldview. He began publishing the periodical Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy, using the <a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">hectograph</a> printing method.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84-19">[18]</a> Lovecraft went in and out of elementary school repeatedly, oftentimes with home tutors making up for the lost years, missing time due to health concerns that have not been determined. In their written recollections, his peers described him as withdrawn but welcoming to those who shared his then-current fascination with astronomy, inviting them to look through his prized telescope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_financial_decline">Education and financial decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and financial decline">edit</a>]</div> By 1900, Whipple's various business concerns were suffering a downturn, which resulted in the slow erosion of his family's wealth. He was forced to let his family's hired servants go, leaving Lovecraft, Whipple, and Susie, being the only unmarried sister, alone in the family home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163-21">[20]</a> In the spring of 1904, Whipple's largest business venture suffered a catastrophic failure. Within months, he died at age 70 due to a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. After Whipple's death, Susie was unable to financially support the upkeep of the expansive family home on what remained of the Phillips estate. Later that year, she was forced to move to a small <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">duplex</a> with her son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537–39St._Armand19724-22">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wvbp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Whipple Van Buren Phillips facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wvbp.jpg/220px-Wvbp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Wvbp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Whipple Van Buren Phillips</figcaption></figure> Lovecraft called this time one of the darkest of his life, remarking in a 1934 letter that he saw no point in living anymore; he considered the possibility of committing suicide. His scientific curiosity and desire to know more about the world prevented him from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147–48Faig19914-23">[22]</a> In fall 1904, he entered high school. Much like his earlier school years, Lovecraft was periodically removed from school for long periods for what he termed "near breakdowns". He did say, though, that while having some conflicts with teachers, he enjoyed high school, becoming close with a small circle of friends. Lovecraft also performed well academically, excelling in particular at chemistry and physics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99-24">[23]</a> Aside from a pause in 1904, he also resumed publishing the Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy as well as starting the Scientific Gazette, which dealt mostly with chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536-25">[24]</a> It was also during this period that Lovecraft produced the first of the fictional works that he was later known for, namely "<a href="/wiki/The_Beast_in_the_Cave" title="The Beast in the Cave">The Beast in the Cave</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_(short_story)" title="The Alchemist (short story)">The Alchemist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543–45Cannon198915-26">[25]</a> It was in 1908, prior to what would have been his high school graduation, that Lovecraft suffered another unidentified health crisis, though this instance was more severe than his prior illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551–53Cannon19893-27">[26]</a> The exact circumstances and causes remain unknown. The only direct records are Lovecraft's own correspondence wherein he retrospectively described it variously as a "nervous collapse" and "a sort of breakdown", in one letter blaming it on the stress of high school despite his enjoying it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28">[27]</a> In another letter concerning the events of 1908, he notes, "I was and am prey to intense headaches, insomnia, and general nervous weakness which prevents my continuous application to any thing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551–53Cannon19893-27">[26]</a> Although Lovecraft maintained that he was going to attend <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> after high school, he never graduated and never attended school again. Whether Lovecraft suffered from a physical ailment, a mental one, or some combination thereof has never been determined. An account from a high school classmate described Lovecraft as exhibiting "terrible tics" and that at times "he'd be sitting in his seat and he'd suddenly up and jump". Harry K. Brobst, a psychology professor, examined the account and claimed that <a href="/wiki/Sydenham%27s_chorea" title="Sydenham's chorea">chorea minor</a> was the probable cause of Lovecraft's childhood symptoms, while noting that instances of chorea minor after adolescence are very rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28">[27]</a> In his letters, Lovecraft acknowledged that he suffered from bouts of chorea as a child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126–127de_Camp197527-29">[28]</a> Brobst further ventured that Lovecraft's 1908 breakdown was attributed to a "hysteroid seizure", a term that has become synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">atypical depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127-30">[29]</a> In another letter concerning the events of 1908, Lovecraft stated that he "could hardly bear to see or speak to anyone, & liked to shut out the world by pulling down dark shades & using artificial light".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551–52-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_recognition">Earliest recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earliest recognition">edit</a>]</div> Few of Lovecraft and Susie's activities between late 1908 and 1913 were recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32">[31]</a> Lovecraft described the steady continuation of their financial decline highlighted by his uncle's failed business that cost Susie a large portion of their already dwindling wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165-33">[32]</a> One of Susie's friends, Clara Hess, recalled a visit during which Susie spoke continuously about Lovecraft being "so hideous that he hid from everyone and did not like to walk upon the streets where people could gaze on him." Despite Hess's protests to the contrary, Susie maintained this stance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167–68de_Camp197566St._Armand19723-34">[33]</a> For his part, Lovecraft said he found his mother to be "a positive marvel of consideration".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564-35">[34]</a> A next-door neighbor later pointed out that what others in the neighborhood often assumed were loud, nocturnal quarrels between mother and son, were actually recitations of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, an activity that seemed to delight them both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner201552–53-36">[35]</a> During this period, Lovecraft revived his earlier scientific periodicals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32">[31]</a> He endeavored to commit himself to the study of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, Susie buying the expensive glass chemistry assemblage he wanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154-37">[36]</a> Lovecraft found his studies were stymied by the mathematics involved, which he found boring and caused headaches that incapacitated him for the remainder of the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975-38">[37]</a> Lovecraft's first non-self-published poem appeared in a local newspaper in 1912. Called Providence in 2000 A.D., it envisioned a future where Americans of English descent were displaced by Irish, Italian, Portuguese, and Jewish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137-39">[38]</a> In this period he also wrote racist poetry, including "New-England Fallen" and "On the Creation of Niggers", but there is no indication that either were published during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595-40">[39]</a> In 1911, Lovecraft's letters to editors began appearing in pulp and weird-fiction magazines, most notably <a href="/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">Argosy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576–77-41">[40]</a> A 1913 letter critical of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Jackson" title="Frederick J. Jackson">Fred Jackson</a>, one of Argosy's more prominent writers, started Lovecraft down a path that defined the remainder of his career as a writer. In the following letters, Lovecraft described Jackson's stories as being "trivial, effeminate, and, in places, coarse". Continuing, Lovecraft argued that Jackson's characters exhibit the "delicate passions and emotions proper to negroes and anthropoid apes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576–77-42">[41]</a> This sparked a nearly year-long feud in the magazine's letters section between the two writers and their respective supporters. Lovecraft's most prominent opponent was John Russell, who often replied in verse, and to whom Lovecraft felt compelled to reply because he respected Russell's writing skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578–79-43">[42]</a> The most immediate effect of this feud was the recognition garnered from <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Daas" title="Edward F. Daas">Edward F. Daas</a>, then head editor of the <a href="/wiki/United_Amateur_Press_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="United Amateur Press Association">United Amateur Press Association</a> (UAPA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145–155de_Camp197584-44">[43]</a> Daas invited Russell and Lovecraft to join the organization and both accepted, Lovecraft in April 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584–84-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejuvenation_and_tragedy">Rejuvenation and tragedy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rejuvenation and tragedy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> With the advent of United I obtained a renewed will to live; a renewed sense of existence as other than a superfluous weight; and found a sphere in which I could feel that my efforts were not wholly futile. For the first time I could imagine that my clumsy gropings after art were a little more than faint cries lost in the unlistening void. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Lovecraft in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46">[45]</a></cite> </div> Lovecraft immersed himself in the world of amateur journalism for most of the following decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46">[45]</a> During this period, he advocated for amateurism's superiority to commercialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164-47">[46]</a> Lovecraft defined commercialism as writing for what he considered low-brow publications for pay. This was contrasted with his view of "professional publication", which was what he called writing for what he considered respectable journals and publishers. He thought of amateur journalism as serving as practice for a professional career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165-48">[47]</a> Lovecraft was appointed chairman of the Department of Public Criticism of the UAPA in late 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895-49">[48]</a> He used this position to advocate for what he saw as the superiority of archaic English language usage. Emblematic of the <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilic</a> opinions he maintained throughout his life, he openly criticized other UAPA contributors for their "Americanisms" and "slang". Often, these criticisms were embedded in xenophobic and racist statements that the "national language" was being negatively changed by immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169-50">[49]</a> In mid-1915, Lovecraft was elected vice-president of the UAPA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121-51">[50]</a> Two years later, he was elected president and appointed other board members who mostly shared his belief in the supremacy of British English over modern American English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121–122-52">[51]</a> Another significant event of this time was the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Lovecraft published multiple criticisms of the American government and public's reluctance to join the war to protect England, which he viewed as America's ancestral homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896-53">[52]</a> In 1916, Lovecraft published his first short story, "The Alchemist", in the main UAPA journal, which was a departure from his usual verse. Due to the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/W._Paul_Cook" title="W. Paul Cook">W. Paul Cook</a>, another UAPA member and future lifelong friend, Lovecraft began writing and publishing more prose fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125-54">[53]</a> Soon afterwards, he wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Tomb_(short_story)" title="The Tomb (short story)">The Tomb</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Dagon_(short_story)" title="Dagon (short story)">Dagon</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a239de_Camp1975125–126-55">[54]</a> "The Tomb", by Lovecraft's own admission, was greatly influenced by the style and structure of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a240Cannon198916-56">[55]</a> Meanwhile, "Dagon" is considered Lovecraft's first work that displays the concepts and themes that his writings later became known for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a251de_Camp1975125–126-57">[56]</a> Lovecraft published another short story, "<a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_of_Sleep" title="Beyond the Wall of Sleep">Beyond the Wall of Sleep</a>" in 1919, which was his first <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a260de_Camp1975137-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lovecraft in 1915, facing forward and looking right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png/220px-Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png/330px-Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png/440px-Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Lovecraft in 1915</figcaption></figure> Lovecraft's term as president of the UAPA ended in 1918, and he returned to his former post as chairman of the Department of Public Criticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a284de_Camp1975122-59">[58]</a> In 1917, as Lovecraft related to Kleiner, Lovecraft made an aborted attempt to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. Though he passed the physical exam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a303Faig199166-60">[59]</a> he told Kleiner that his mother threatened to do anything, legal or otherwise, to prove that he was unfit for service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a300Faig199166–67-61">[60]</a> After his failed attempt to serve in World War I, he attempted to enroll in the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Army_National_Guard" title="Rhode Island Army National Guard">Rhode Island Army National Guard</a>, but his mother used her family connections to prevent it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a23Cannon19893de_Camp1975118-62">[61]</a> During the winter of 1918–1919, Susie, exhibiting the symptoms of a nervous breakdown, went to live with her elder sister, Lillian. The nature of Susie's illness is unclear, as her medical papers were later destroyed in a fire at Butler Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125-63">[62]</a> Winfield Townley Scott, who was able to read the papers before the fire, described Susie as having suffered a psychological collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125-63">[62]</a> Neighbour and friend Clara Hess, interviewed in 1948, recalled instances of Susie describing "weird and fantastic creatures that rushed out from behind buildings and from corners at dark."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121–122de_Camp197565–66-64">[63]</a> In the same account, Hess described a time when they crossed paths in downtown Providence and Susie was unaware of where she was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121–122de_Camp197565–66-64">[63]</a> In March 1919, she was committed to Butler Hospital, like her husband before her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2010a301de_Camp1975134–135-65">[64]</a> Lovecraft's immediate reaction to Susie's commitment was visceral, writing to Kleiner that "existence seems of little value", and that he wished "it might terminate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft200084-66">[65]</a> During Susie's time at Butler, Lovecraft periodically visited her and walked the large grounds with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaig199158–59de_Camp1975135-67">[66]</a> Late 1919 saw Lovecraft become more outgoing. After a period of isolation, he began joining friends in trips to writer gatherings; the first being a talk in Boston presented by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a>, whom Lovecraft had recently discovered and idolized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a306de_Camp1975139–141-68">[67]</a> In early 1920, at an amateur writer convention, he met <a href="/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long" title="Frank Belknap Long">Frank Belknap Long</a>, who ended up being Lovecraft's most influential and closest confidant for the remainder of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a308-69">[68]</a> The influence of Dunsany is apparent in his 1919 output, which is part of what was later called Lovecraft's <a href="/wiki/Dream_Cycle" title="Dream Cycle">Dream Cycle</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Ship_(story)" title="The White Ship (story)">The White Ship</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Doom_That_Came_to_Sarnath" title="The Doom That Came to Sarnath">The Doom That Came to Sarnath</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141–144-70">[69]</a> In early 1920, he wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar" title="The Cats of Ulthar">The Cats of Ulthar</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Celepha%C3%AFs" title="Celephaïs">Celephaïs</a>", which were also strongly influenced by Dunsany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141–144Burleson199039-71">[70]</a> It was later in 1920 that Lovecraft began publishing the earliest <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a> stories. The Cthulhu Mythos, a term coined by later authors, encompasses Lovecraft's stories that share a commonality in the revelation of cosmic insignificance, initially realistic settings, and recurring entities and texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Leavenworth2014333–334-72">[71]</a> The prose poem "<a href="/wiki/Nyarlathotep_(short_story)" title="Nyarlathotep (short story)">Nyarlathotep</a>" and the short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Crawling_Chaos" title="The Crawling Chaos">The Crawling Chaos</a>", in collaboration with Winifred Virginia Jackson, were written in late 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a369de_Camp1975138–139-73">[72]</a> Following in early 1921 came "<a href="/wiki/The_Nameless_City" title="The Nameless City">The Nameless City</a>", the first story that falls definitively within the Cthulhu Mythos. In it is one of Lovecraft's most enduring phrases, a couplet recited by Abdul Alhazred; "That is not dead which can eternal lie; And with strange aeons even death may die."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975149Burleson199049,_52–53-74">[73]</a> In the same year, he also wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Outsider_(short_story)" title="The Outsider (short story)">The Outsider</a>", which has become one of Lovecraft's most heavily analyzed, and differently interpreted, stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson199058Joshi2010a140–142-75">[74]</a> It has been variously interpreted as being autobiographical, an allegory of the psyche, a parody of the afterlife, a commentary on humanity's place in the universe, and a critique of progress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosig200117–18,_33Joshi2010a140–142-76">[75]</a> On May 24, 1921, Susie died in Butler Hospital, due to complications from an operation on her <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> five days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154Cannon19894–5-77">[76]</a> Lovecraft's initial reaction, expressed in a letter written nine days after Susie's death, was a deep state of sadness that crippled him physically and emotionally. He again expressed a desire that his life might end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154–156Goodwin202419–20-78">[77]</a> Lovecraft's later response was relief, as he became able to live independently from his mother. His physical health also began to improve, although he was unaware of the exact cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001144–145de_Camp1975154–156Faig199167-79">[78]</a> Despite Lovecraft's reaction, he continued to attend amateur journalist conventions. Lovecraft met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Greene" title="Sonia Greene">Sonia Greene</a>, at one such convention in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a400de_Camp1975152–154St._Armand19724-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_New_York">Marriage and New York</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage and New York">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft_and_Sonia_Greene,_5_July_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sonia Green with her arm around Lovecraft in 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/H._P._Lovecraft_and_Sonia_Greene%2C_5_July_1921.png/170px-H._P._Lovecraft_and_Sonia_Greene%2C_5_July_1921.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/H._P._Lovecraft_and_Sonia_Greene%2C_5_July_1921.png 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Lovecraft and Sonia Greene on July 5, 1921</figcaption></figure> Lovecraft's aunts disapproved of his relationship with Sonia. Lovecraft and Greene married on March 3, 1924, and relocated to her <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> apartment at 259 Parkside Avenue; she thought he needed to leave Providence to flourish and was willing to support him financially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Fooy2011de_Camp1975184-81">[80]</a> Greene, who was married before, later said Lovecraft performed satisfactorily as a lover, but she had to take the initiative in all aspects of the relationship. She attributed Lovecraft's passive nature to a stultifying upbringing by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverts201219Joshi2001201–202-82">[81]</a> Lovecraft's weight increased to 200 lb (91 kg) on his wife's home cooking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001202–203de_Camp1975202-83">[82]</a> He was enthralled by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and, in what was informally dubbed the Kalem Club, he acquired a group of encouraging intellectual and literary friends who urged him to submit stories to Weird Tales. Its editor, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Baird" title="Edwin Baird">Edwin Baird</a>, accepted many of Lovecraft's stories for the ailing publication, including "<a href="/wiki/Under_the_Pyramids" title="Under the Pyramids">Under the Pyramids</a>", which was ghostwritten for <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001291–292de_Camp1975177–179,_219Cannon198955-84">[83]</a> Established informally some years before Lovecraft arrived in New York, the core Kalem Club members were boys' adventure novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Everett_McNeil" title="Henry Everett McNeil">Henry Everett McNeil</a>, the lawyer and anarchist writer <a href="/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr." title="James Ferdinand Morton Jr.">James Ferdinand Morton Jr.</a>, and the poet Reinhardt Kleiner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001136de_Camp1975219Goodwin202496–97-85">[84]</a> On January 1, 1925, Sonia moved from Parkside to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> in response to a job opportunity, and Lovecraft left for a small first-floor apartment on 169 Clinton Street "at the edge of <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook</a>"—a location which came to discomfort him greatly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooy2011Cannon198955Joshi2001210-86">[85]</a> Later that year, the Kalem Club's four regular attendees were joined by Lovecraft along with his protégé <a href="/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long" title="Frank Belknap Long">Frank Belknap Long</a>, bookseller George Willard Kirk, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Loveman" title="Samuel Loveman">Samuel Loveman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001201–202Goodwin202497-87">[86]</a> Loveman was Jewish, but he and Lovecraft became close friends in spite of the latter's antisemitic attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b11de_Camp1975109–111GreeneScott19488-88">[87]</a> By the 1930s, writer and publisher <a href="/wiki/Herman_Charles_Koenig" title="Herman Charles Koenig">Herman Charles Koenig</a> was one of the last to become involved with the Kalem Club.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001112-89">[88]</a> Not long after the marriage, Greene lost her business and her assets disappeared in a bank failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295–298de_Camp1975224-90">[89]</a> Lovecraft made efforts to support his wife through regular jobs, but his lack of previous work experience meant he lacked proven marketable skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295–298de_Camp1975207–213-91">[90]</a> The publisher of Weird Tales was attempting to make the loss-making magazine profitable and offered the job of editor to Lovecraft, who declined, citing his reluctance to relocate to Chicago on aesthetic grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001St._Armand197210-92">[91]</a> Baird was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Farnsworth_Wright" title="Farnsworth Wright">Farnsworth Wright</a>, whose writing Lovecraft criticized. Lovecraft's submissions were often rejected by Wright. This may have been partially due to censorship guidelines imposed in the aftermath of a Weird Tales story that hinted at <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">necrophilia</a>, although after Lovecraft's death, Wright accepted many of the stories he had originally rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001225de_Camp1975183-93">[92]</a> Sonia also became ill and immediately after recovering, relocated to <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, and then to Cleveland; her employment required constant travel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001200–201de_Camp1975170–172-94">[93]</a> Added to his feelings of failure in a city with a large immigrant population, Lovecraft's single-room apartment was burgled, leaving him with only the clothes he was wearing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001216–218de_Camp1975230–232-95">[94]</a> In August 1925, he wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook" title="The Horror at Red Hook">The Horror at Red Hook</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/He_(short_story)" title="He (short story)">He</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001219–224Goodwin2024137–141de_Camp1975240–241-96">[95]</a> In the latter, the narrator says "My coming to New York had been a mistake; for whereas I had looked for poignant wonder and inspiration [...] I had found instead only a sense of horror and oppression which threatened to master, paralyze, and annihilate me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009b-97">[96]</a> This was an expression of his despair at being in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001223–224Norris2020217de_Camp1975242–243-98">[97]</a> It was at around this time he wrote the outline for "<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>", with its theme of the insignificance of all humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Burleson199077-99">[98]</a> During this time, Lovecraft wrote "<a href="/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature" title="Supernatural Horror in Literature">Supernatural Horror in Literature</a>" on the eponymous subject. It later became one of the most influential essays on supernatural horror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001227–228Moreland20181–3Cannon198961–62-100">[99]</a> With a weekly allowance Greene sent, Lovecraft moved to a working-class area of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, where he resided in a tiny apartment. He lost approximately 40 pounds (18 kg) of body weight by 1926, when he left for Providence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001214–215Goodwin2024122-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Providence_and_death">Return to Providence and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to Providence and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Samuel B. Mumford House, slightly obscured by trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg/220px-The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg/330px-The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg/440px-The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Lovecraft's final home, May 1933 until March 10, 1937</figcaption></figure> Back in Providence, Lovecraft lived with his aunts in a "spacious brown <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016St._Armand19724-102">[101]</a> He then moved to 66 Prospect Street, which became his final home.<a href="#cite_note-104">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724-103">[102]</a> The period beginning after his return to Providence contains some of his most prominent works, including <a href="/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath" title="The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath">The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Charles_Dexter_Ward" title="The Case of Charles Dexter Ward">The Case of Charles Dexter Ward</a>, "The Call of Cthulhu", and <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth" title="The Shadow over Innsmouth">The Shadow over Innsmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Joshi2001351–354-105">[103]</a> The former two stories are partially autobiographical, as scholars have argued that The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath is about Lovecraft's return to Providence and The Case of Charles Dexter Ward is, in part, about the city itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351–354St._Armand197210–14-106">[104]</a> The former story also represents a partial repudiation of Dunsany's influence, as Lovecraft decided that his style did not come to him naturally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351–353Goodrich200437–38-107">[105]</a> At this time, he frequently <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography#Collaborations,_revisions,_and_ghost_writing" title="H. P. Lovecraft bibliography">revised work</a> for other authors and did a large amount of ghostwriting, including <a href="/wiki/The_Mound_(novella)" title="The Mound (novella)">The Mound</a>, "Winged Death", and "The Diary of Alonzo Typer". Client <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> was laudatory, and attempted to help Lovecraft by introducing him to the head of a newspaper syndicate. Plans for a further project, a book titled <a href="/wiki/The_Cancer_of_Superstition" title="The Cancer of Superstition">The Cancer of Superstition</a>, were ended by Houdini's death in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001117Flood2016Goodwin202487,_102-108">[106]</a> After returning, he also began to engage in antiquarian travels across the eastern seaboard during the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon19897–8Evans2005102–105-109">[107]</a> During the spring–summer of 1930, Lovecraft visited, among other locations, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont" title="Brattleboro, Vermont">Brattleboro, Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilbraham,_Massachusetts" title="Wilbraham, Massachusetts">Wilbraham, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001272–273Cannon19897–8-112">[109]</a> Later, in August, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a> wrote a letter to Weird Tales praising a then-recent reprint of Lovecraft's "<a href="/wiki/The_Rats_in_the_Walls" title="The Rats in the Walls">The Rats in the Walls</a>" and discussing some of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic</a> references used within.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307–309Finn2013148–149,_184Vick202196–102-113">[110]</a> Its editor, Farnsworth Wright, forwarded the letter to Lovecraft, who responded positively to Howard, and soon the two writers were engaged in a vigorous correspondence that lasted for the rest of Howard's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307–309Finn2013148–149Vick202196–102-114">[111]</a> Howard quickly became a member of the Lovecraft Circle, a group of writers and friends all linked through Lovecraft's voluminous correspondence, as he introduced his many like-minded friends to one another and encouraged them to share their stories, utilize each other's fictional creations, and help each other succeed in the field of pulp fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307–309Finn2013150–151Vick202196–102-115">[112]</a> Meanwhile, Lovecraft was increasingly producing work that brought him no remuneration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001273-116">[113]</a> Affecting a calm indifference to the reception of his works, Lovecraft was in reality extremely sensitive to criticism and easily precipitated into withdrawal. He was known to give up trying to sell a story after it was rejected once.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz201852–53-117">[114]</a> Sometimes, as with The Shadow over Innsmouth, he wrote a story that might have been commercially viable but did not try to sell it. Lovecraft even ignored interested publishers. He failed to reply when one inquired about any novel Lovecraft might have ready: although he had completed such a work, The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, it was never typed up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz201852–53Joshi2001255de_Camp1975192–194-118">[115]</a> A few years after Lovecraft moved to Providence, he and his wife Sonia Greene, having lived separately for so long, agreed to an amicable divorce. Greene moved to California in 1933 and remarried in 1936, unaware that Lovecraft, despite his assurances to the contrary, never officially signed the final decree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Joshi1996b455-119">[116]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, he shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, decrying both his prior political beliefs and the rising tide of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976bJoshi2001346–355Cannon198910–11-120">[117]</a> He thought that socialism was a workable middle ground between what he saw as the destructive impulses of both the capitalists and the Marxists of his day. This was based in a general opposition to cultural upheaval, as well as support for an ordered society. Electorally, he supported <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, but he thought that the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> was not sufficiently leftist. Lovecraft's support for it was based in his view that no other set of reforms were possible at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133–12Joshi2001346–355-121">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lovecraft's personal grave, facing forward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg/220px-Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg/330px-Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg/440px-Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>H. P. Lovecraft's gravestone</figcaption></figure> In late 1936, he witnessed the publication of The Shadow over Innsmouth as a paperback book.<a href="#cite_note-124">[d]</a> 400 copies were printed, and the work was advertised in Weird Tales and several fan magazines. However, Lovecraft was displeased, as this book was riddled with errors that required extensive editing. It sold slowly and only approximately 200 copies were bound. The remaining 200 copies were destroyed after the publisher went out of business seven years later. By this point, Lovecraft's literary career was reaching its end. Shortly after having written his last original short story, "<a href="/wiki/The_Haunter_of_the_Dark" title="The Haunter of the Dark">The Haunter of the Dark</a>", he stated that the hostile reception of At the Mountains of Madness had done "more than anything to end my effective fictional career". His declining psychological and physical states made it impossible for him to continue writing fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001383–384-125">[121]</a> On June 11, Robert E. Howard was informed that his chronically ill mother would not awaken from her coma. He walked out to his car and died by suicide with a pistol that he had stored there. His mother died shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001375–376Finn2013294–295Vick2021130–137-126">[122]</a> This deeply affected Lovecraft, who consoled Howard's father through correspondence. Almost immediately after hearing about Howard's death, Lovecraft wrote a brief memoir titled "In Memoriam: Robert Ervin Howard", which he distributed to his correspondents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006c216–218Joshi2001375–376Vick2021143-127">[123]</a> Meanwhile, Lovecraft's physical health was deteriorating. He was suffering from an affliction that he referred to as "grippe".<a href="#cite_note-129">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001370,_384–385Cannon198911de_Camp1975415–416-130">[125]</a> Due to his fear of doctors, Lovecraft was not examined until a month before his death and was diagnosed with terminal <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer" title="Small intestine cancer">cancer of the small intestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001387–388de_Camp1975427–428-131">[126]</a> He was hospitalized in the Jane Brown Memorial Hospital and lived in constant pain until his death on March 15, 1937, in Providence. In accordance with his lifelong scientific curiosity, he kept a diary of his illness until he was physically incapable of holding a pen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Boston_Globe''19372Joshi2001387–388-132">[127]</a> After a small funeral, Lovecraft was buried in <a href="/wiki/Swan_Point_Cemetery" title="Swan Point Cemetery">Swan Point Cemetery</a> and was listed alongside his parents on the Phillips family monument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001389de_Camp1975428-133">[128]</a> In 1977, fans erected a headstone in the same cemetery, on which they inscribed his name, the dates of his birth and death, and the phrase "I AM PROVIDENCE"—a line from one of his personal letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosig1997114Lovecraft196850–51-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_views">Personal views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Buchanan Jr.">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Mellon Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; 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P. Lovecraft as an eighteenth-century gentleman by <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Finlay" title="Virgil Finlay">Virgil Finlay</a></figcaption></figure> Lovecraft began his life as a <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi20018–16Cannon198910-135">[130]</a> which was likely the result of his conservative upbringing. His family supported the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> for the entirety of his life. While it is unclear how consistently he voted, he voted for <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1928_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 U.S. presidential election">1928 U.S. presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001183–184-136">[131]</a> Rhode Island as a whole remained politically conservative and Republican into the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi20019Joshi2016161-137">[132]</a> Lovecraft himself was an <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophile</a> who supported the British monarchy. He opposed democracy and thought that the United States should be governed by an aristocracy. This viewpoint emerged during his youth and lasted until the end of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200116Joshi2001183–184-138">[133]</a> During World War I, his Anglophilia caused him to strongly support the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Many of his earlier poems were devoted to then-current political subjects, and he published several political essays in his amateur journal, The Conservative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200194–96-139">[134]</a> He was a <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotaler</a> who supported the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, which was one of the few reforms that he supported during the early part of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001101–102Pedersen2019119–120-140">[135]</a> While remaining a teetotaler, he later became convinced that Prohibition was ineffectual in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351Pedersen2019141–143-141">[136]</a> His personal justification for his early political viewpoints was primarily based on tradition and aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001346-142">[137]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Lovecraft re-examined his political views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133–4Joshi2001346–348Cannon198910–11-143">[138]</a> Initially, he thought that affluent people would take on the characteristics of his ideal aristocracy and solve America's problems. When this did not occur, he became a socialist. This shift was caused by his observation that the Depression was harming American society. It was also influenced by the increase in socialism's political capital during the 1930s. One of the main points of Lovecraft's socialism was its opposition to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marxism">Soviet Marxism</a>, as he thought that a Marxist revolution would bring about the destruction of American civilization. Lovecraft thought that an intellectual aristocracy needed to be formed to preserve America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133–35Joshi2001346–348-144">[139]</a> His ideal political system is outlined in his 1933 essay "Some Repetitions on the Times". Lovecraft used this essay to echo the political proposals that were made over the course of the last few decades. In this essay, he advocates governmental control of resource distribution, fewer working hours and a higher wage, and unemployment insurance and old age pensions. He also outlines the need for an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> of intellectuals. In his view, power needed to be restricted to those who are sufficiently intelligent and educated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006d85–95Joshi2001349–352-145">[140]</a> He frequently used the term "fascism" to describe this form of government, but, according to <a href="/wiki/S._T._Joshi" title="S. T. Joshi">S. T. Joshi</a>, it bore little resemblance to that ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001349–352-146">[141]</a> Lovecraft had varied views on the political figures of his day. He was an ardent supporter of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133–12Joshi2001354Cannon198910-147">[142]</a> He saw that Roosevelt was trying to steer a middle course between the conservatives and the revolutionaries, which he approved of. While he thought that Roosevelt should have enacted more progressive policies, he came to the conclusion that the New Deal was the only realistic option for reform. He thought that voting for his opponents on the political left was a wasted effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133–12Joshi2001354-148">[143]</a> Internationally, like many Americans, he initially expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. More specifically, he thought that Hitler would preserve <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">German culture</a>. However, he thought that Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policies</a> should be based on culture rather than descent. There is evidence that, at the end of his life, Lovecraft began to oppose Hitler. Harry K. Brobst, Lovecraft's downstairs neighbor, went to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and witnessed Jews being beaten. Lovecraft and his aunt were angered by this, and his discussions of Hitler drop off after this point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001360–361-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atheism">Atheism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atheism">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft was an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>. His viewpoints on religion are outlined in his 1922 essay "A Confession of Unfaith". In this essay, he describes his shift away from the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> of his parents to the atheism of his adulthood. Lovecraft was raised by a conservative Protestant family. He was introduced to the Bible and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> when he was two. He passively accepted both of them. Over the course of the next few years, he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>, favoring the latter. In response, Lovecraft took on the identity of "Abdul Alhazred", a name he later used for the author of the <a href="/wiki/Necronomicon" title="Necronomicon">Necronomicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145Joshi2010a31–43Hölzing2011182–183-150">[145]</a> Lovecraft experienced a brief period as a Greco-Roman pagan shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145–146Joshi200120–23Zeller201918-151">[146]</a> According to this account, his first moment of skepticism occurred before his fifth birthday, when he questioned if God is a myth after learning that Santa Claus is not real. In 1896, he was introduced to Greco-Roman myths and became "a genuine pagan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145–146Joshi200120–23St._Armand1975140–141-16">[15]</a> This came to an end in 1902, when Lovecraft was introduced to space. He later described this event as the most poignant in his life. In response to this discovery, Lovecraft took to studying astronomy and described his observations in the local newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubnow20193–5Livesey20083–21Joshi2010b171–174-152">[147]</a> Before his thirteenth birthday, he became convinced of humanity's impermanence. By the time he was seventeen, he had read detailed writings that agreed with his worldview. Lovecraft ceased writing positively about progress, instead developing his later <a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">cosmic philosophy</a>. Despite his interests in science, he had an aversion to realistic literature, so he became interested in fantastical fiction. Lovecraft became <a href="/wiki/Pessimism#Philosophical_pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimistic</a> when he entered amateur journalism in 1914. World War I seemed to confirm his viewpoints. He began to despise philosophical idealism. Lovecraft took to discussing and debating his pessimism with his peers, which allowed him to solidify his philosophy. His readings of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, among other writers, furthered this development. At the end of his essay, Lovecraft states that all he desired was oblivion. He was willing to cast aside any illusion that he may still have held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a147–148Joshi200140,_130–133-153">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Race">edit</a>]</div> Race is the most controversial aspect of Lovecraft's legacy, expressed in many disparaging remarks against non-Anglo-Saxon races and cultures in his works. Scholars have argued that these racial attitudes were common in the American society of his day, particularly in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894–95Evans2005108–110Joshi2015108–110-154">[149]</a> As he grew older, his original racial worldview became classist and elitist, which regarded non-white members of the upper class as honorary members of the superior race. Lovecraft was a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallaghan2011103Spencer2021603-155">[150]</a> Despite this, he did not hold all white people in uniform high regard, but rather esteemed English people and those of English descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200554–55Evans2005108–109Lovett-Graff1997183–186-156">[151]</a> In his early published essays, private letters, and personal utterances, he argued for a strong <a href="/wiki/Color_line_(racism)" title="Color line (racism)">color line</a> to preserve race and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200554–55Punter199640-157">[152]</a> His arguments were supported using disparagements of various races in his journalism and letters, and allegorically in some of his fictional works that depict miscegenation between humans and non-human creatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a162–163Hambly1996viiiKlein2012183–184-158">[153]</a> This is evident in his portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_One" title="Deep One">Deep Ones</a> in The Shadow over Innsmouth. Their interbreeding with humanity is framed as being a type of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> that corrupts both the town of <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country#Innsmouth" title="Lovecraft Country">Innsmouth</a> and the protagonist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovett-Graff1997183–187Evans2005123–125Klein2012183–184-159">[154]</a> Initially, Lovecraft showed sympathy to minorities who adopted Western culture, even to the extent of marrying a Jewish woman he viewed as being "well assimilated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001221–223Steiner200554–55-160">[155]</a> By the 1930s, Lovecraft's views on ethnicity and race had moderated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894–95Evans2005125Joshi2015108–110-161">[156]</a> He supported ethnicities' preserving their native cultures; for example, he thought that "a real friend of civilisation wishes merely to make the Germans more German, the French more French, the Spaniards more Spanish, & so on".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015109-162">[157]</a> This represented a shift from his previous support for cultural assimilation. His shift was partially the result of his exposure to different cultures through his travels and circle. The former resulted in him writing positively about <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> cultural traditions in his travelogue of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom2015451–452Evans2005109–110-163">[158]</a> However, this did not represent a complete elimination of his racial prejudices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015108–109Evans2005109–110-164">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:223px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe,_circa_1849,_restored,_squared_off.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg/159px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg/239px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg/318px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2188" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:223px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Plunkett,_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_Plunkett%2C_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg/175px-Edward_Plunkett%2C_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_Plunkett%2C_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg/263px-Edward_Plunkett%2C_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_Plunkett%2C_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg/350px-Edward_Plunkett%2C_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5008" data-file-height="6372" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Lovecraft was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe and Lord Dunsany.</div></div></div></div> His interest in <a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">weird fiction</a> began in his childhood when his grandfather, who preferred Gothic stories, told him stories of his own design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517–18-13">[12]</a> Lovecraft's childhood home on Angell Street had a large library that contained classical literature, scientific works, and early weird fiction. At the age of five, Lovecraft enjoyed reading <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>, and was reading <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> a year later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726–27Joshi200121–24-165">[160]</a> He was also influenced by the travel literature of <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">John Mandeville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726–27Joshi200147–48-166">[161]</a> This led to his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Open_problem" title="Open problem">gaps</a> in then-contemporary science, which prevented Lovecraft from committing suicide in response to the death of his grandfather and his family's declining financial situation during his adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726–27Joshi200147–48-166">[161]</a> These travelogues may have also influenced how Lovecraft's later works describe their characters and locations. For example, there is a resemblance between the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> enchanters in <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a> and the powers unleashed on Sentinel Hill in "<a href="/wiki/The_Dunwich_Horror" title="The Dunwich Horror">The Dunwich Horror</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726–27Joshi200147–48-166">[161]</a> One of Lovecraft's most significant literary influences was <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, whom he described as his "God of Fiction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172–173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129-167">[162]</a> Poe's fiction was introduced to Lovecraft when the latter was eight years old. His earlier works were significantly influenced by Poe's prose and writing style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126–151St._Armand1975129–130-168">[163]</a> He also made extensive use of Poe's unity of effect in his fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x–xi-169">[164]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a> directly quotes Poe and was influenced by <a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009aJamneck2012126–151Cannon1989101–103-170">[165]</a> One of the main themes of the two stories is to discuss the unreliable nature of language as a method of expressing meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126–151-171">[166]</a> In 1919, Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a> moved his writing in a new direction, resulting in a series of fantasies. Throughout his life, Lovecraft referred to Dunsany as the author who had the greatest impact on his literary career. The initial result of this influence was the <a href="/wiki/Dream_Cycle" title="Dream Cycle">Dream Cycle</a>, a series of fantasies that originally take place in prehistory, but later shift to a dreamworld setting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001135–137Schweitzer2018139–143Joshi2013260–261-172">[167]</a> By 1930, Lovecraft decided that he would no longer write Dunsanian fantasies, arguing that the style did not come naturally to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001253-173">[168]</a> Additionally, he also read and cited <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Machen" title="Arthur Machen">Arthur Machen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood" title="Algernon Blackwood">Algernon Blackwood</a> as influences in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001168–169Joshi2001228–229St._Armand1975142-174">[169]</a> Aside from horror authors, Lovecraft was significantly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadents</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aesthetic movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127–128-175">[170]</a> In "H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent", <a href="/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand" title="Barton Levi St. Armand">Barton Levi St. Armand</a>, a professor emeritus of English and American studies at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, has argued that these three influences combined to define Lovecraft as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127-176">[171]</a> He traces this influence to both Lovecraft's stories and letters, noting that he actively cultivated the image of a New England gentleman in his letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127–128-175">[170]</a> Meanwhile, his influence from the Decadents and the Aesthetic Movement stems from his readings of Edgar Allan Poe. Lovecraft's aesthetic worldview and fixation on decline stems from these readings. The idea of cosmic decline is described as having been Lovecraft's response to both the Aesthetic Movement and the 19th century Decadents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975129–131-177">[172]</a> St. Armand describes it as being a combination of non-theological Puritan thought and the Decadent worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975133–137-178">[173]</a> This is used as a division in his stories, particularly in "<a href="/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook" title="The Horror at Red Hook">The Horror at Red Hook</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Pickman%27s_Model" title="Pickman's Model">Pickman's Model</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Music_of_Erich_Zann" title="The Music of Erich Zann">The Music of Erich Zann</a>". The division between Puritanism and Decadence, St. Armand argues, represents a polarization between an artificial paradise and oneiriscopic visions of different worlds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975145–150-179">[174]</a> A non-literary inspiration came from then-contemporary scientific advances in biology, astronomy, geology, and physics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171–173Rottensteiner1992117–121-180">[175]</a> Lovecraft's study of science contributed to his view of the human race as insignificant, powerless, and doomed in a <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard20116Joshi2010b171–173-181">[176]</a> Lovecraft was a keen amateur astronomer from his youth, often visiting the <a href="/wiki/Ladd_Observatory" title="Ladd Observatory">Ladd Observatory</a> in Providence, and penning numerous astronomical articles for his personal journal and local newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubnow20193–5Livesey20083–21Joshi2010b174-182">[177]</a> Lovecraft's materialist views led him to espouse his philosophical views through his fiction; these philosophical views came to be called <a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">cosmicism</a>. Cosmicism took on a more pessimistic tone with his creation of what is now known as the Cthulhu Mythos, a fictional universe that contains alien deities and horrors. The term "Cthulhu Mythos" was likely coined by later writers after Lovecraft's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1">[1]</a> In his letters, Lovecraft jokingly called his fictional mythology "<a href="/wiki/Yog-Sothoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yog-Sothoth">Yog-Sothothery</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft201097Pedersen201723de_Camp1975270-183">[178]</a> Dreams had a major role in Lovecraft's literary career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobert201534–39Burleson1991–19927–12-184">[179]</a> In 1991, as a result of his rising place in American literature, it was popularly thought that Lovecraft extensively transcribed his dreams when writing fiction. However, the majority of his stories are not transcribed dreams. Instead, many of them are directly influenced by dreams and dreamlike phenomena. In his letters, Lovecraft frequently compared his characters to dreamers. They are described as being as helpless as a real dreamer who is experiencing a nightmare. His stories also have dreamlike qualities. The <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Carter" title="Randolph Carter">Randolph Carter</a> stories deconstruct the division between dreams and reality. The <a href="/wiki/Dream_Cycle#Geography" title="Dream Cycle">dreamlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath" title="The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath">The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath</a> are a shared dreamworld that can be accessed by a sensitive dreamer. Meanwhile, in "<a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Key" title="The Silver Key">The Silver Key</a>", Lovecraft mentions the concept of "inward dreams", which implies the existence of outward dreams. Burleson compares this deconstruction to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>'s argument that dreams are the source of <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypal</a> myths. Lovecraft's way of writing fiction required both a level of realism and dreamlike elements. Citing Jung, Burleson argues that a writer may create realism by being inspired by dreams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1991–19927–12-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmicism">Cosmicism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cosmicism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmicism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Now all my tales are based on the fundamental premise that common human laws and interests and emotions have no validity or significance in the vast cosmos-at-large. To me there is nothing but puerility in a tale in which the human form—and the local human passions and conditions and standards—are depicted as native to other worlds or other universes. To achieve the essence of real externality, whether of time or space or dimension, one must forget that such things as organic life, good and evil, love and hate, and all such local attributes of a negligible and temporary race called mankind, have any existence at all. Only the human scenes and characters must have human qualities. These must be handled with unsparing realism, (not catch-penny romanticism) but when we cross the line to the boundless and hideous unknown—the shadow-haunted Outside—we must remember to leave our humanity and terrestrialism at the threshold. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— H. P. Lovecraft, in note to the editor of Weird Tales, on resubmission of "The Call of Cthulhu"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft20147-186">[181]</a></cite> </div> The central theme of Lovecraft's corpus is cosmicism. Cosmicism is a literary philosophy that argues that humanity is an insignificant force in the universe. Despite appearing pessimistic, Lovecraft thought of himself as being a cosmic indifferentist, which is expressed in his fiction. In it, human beings are often subject to powerful beings and other cosmic forces, but these forces are not so much malevolent as they are indifferent toward humanity. He believed in a meaningless, mechanical, and uncaring universe that human beings could never fully understand. There is no allowance for beliefs that could not be supported scientifically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETouponce201362–63Matthews2018177Burleson1990156–160-187">[182]</a> Lovecraft first articulated this philosophy in 1921, but he did not fully incorporate it into his fiction until five years later. "<a href="/wiki/Dagon_(short_story)" title="Dagon (short story)">Dagon</a>", "Beyond the Wall of Sleep", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Temple_(Lovecraft_short_story)" title="The Temple (Lovecraft short story)">The Temple</a>" contain early depictions of this concept, but the majority of his early tales do not analyze the concept. "Nyarlathotep" interprets the collapse of human civilization as being a corollary to the collapse of the universe. "The Call of Cthulhu" represents an intensification of this theme. In it, Lovecraft introduces the idea of alien influences on humanity, which came to dominate all subsequent works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b186–187Burleson1990156–157-188">[183]</a> In these works, Lovecraft expresses cosmicism through the usage of confirmation rather than revelation. Lovecraftian protagonists do not learn that they are insignificant. Instead, they already know it and have it confirmed to them through an event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiber20016LacyZani200770Burleson1990158–159-189">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge">Knowledge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Knowledge">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft's fiction reflects his own ambivalent views regarding the nature of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156–158Joshi1996a124Pedersen201728–33-190">[185]</a> This expresses itself in the concept of forbidden knowledge. In Lovecraft's stories, happiness is only achievable through blissful ignorance. Trying to know things that are not meant to be known leads to harm and psychological danger. This concept intersects with several other ideas. This includes the idea that the visible reality is an illusion masking the horrific true reality. Similarly, there are also intersections with the concepts of ancient civilizations that exert a malign influence on humanity and the general philosophy of cosmicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156–158-191">[186]</a> According to Lovecraft, self-knowledge can bring ruin to those who seek it. Those seekers would become aware of their own insignificance in the wider cosmos and would be unable to bear the weight of this knowledge. Lovecraftian horror is not achieved through external phenomena. Instead, it is reached through the internalized psychological impact that knowledge has on its protagonists. "The Call of Cthulhu", The Shadow over Innsmouth, and The Shadow Out of Time feature protagonists who experience both external and internal horror through the acquisition of self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156–158Joshi1996a262–263-192">[187]</a> The Case of Charles Dexter Ward also reflects this. One of its central themes is the danger of knowing too much about one's family history. Charles Dexter Ward, the protagonist, engages in historical and genealogical research that ultimately leads to both madness and his own self-destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand197214–15Joshi1996a124Cannon198973-193">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_civilization">Decline of civilization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decline of civilization">edit</a>]</div> For much of his life, Lovecraft was fixated on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">decline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>. More specifically, he thought that the West was in a state of terminal decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016320St._Armand1975129–130-194">[189]</a> Starting in the 1920s, Lovecraft became familiar with the work of the German conservative-revolutionary theorist <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, whose pessimistic thesis of the decadence of the modern West formed a crucial element in Lovecraft's overall <a href="/wiki/Anti-modernization" title="Anti-modernization">anti-modern</a> worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314–320St._Armand1975131–132-195">[190]</a> Spenglerian imagery of cyclical decay is a central theme in At the Mountains of Madness. S. T. Joshi, in H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West, places Spengler at the center of his discussion of Lovecraft's political and philosophical ideas. According to him, the idea of decline is the single idea that permeates and connects his personal philosophy. The main Spenglerian influence on Lovecraft was his view that politics, economics, science, and art are all interdependent aspects of civilization. This realization led him to shed his personal ignorance of then-current political and economic developments after 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314–320-196">[191]</a> Lovecraft had developed his idea of Western decline independently, but Spengler gave it a clear framework.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016316-197">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Science">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft shifted supernatural horror away from its previous focus on human issues to a focus on cosmic ones. In this way, he merged the elements of supernatural fiction that he deemed to be scientifically viable with science fiction. This merge required an understanding of both supernatural horror and then-contemporary science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171–172-198">[193]</a> Lovecraft used this combined knowledge to create stories that extensively reference trends in scientific development. Beginning with "<a href="/wiki/The_Shunned_House" title="The Shunned House">The Shunned House</a>", Lovecraft increasingly incorporated elements of both <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteinian</a> science and his own personal materialism into his stories. This intensified with the writing of "The Call of Cthulhu", where he depicted alien influences on humanity. This trend continued throughout the remainder of his literary career. "<a href="/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space" title="The Colour Out of Space">The Colour Out of Space</a>" represents what scholars have called the peak of this trend. It portrays an alien lifeform whose otherness prevents it from being defined by then-contemporary science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b183–188Martin201299Burleson1990107–110-199">[194]</a> Another part of this effort was the repeated usage of mathematics in an effort to make his creatures and settings appear more alien. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hull_(mathematician)" title="Tom Hull (mathematician)">Tom Hull</a>, a mathematician, regards this as enhancing his ability to invoke a sense of otherness and fear. He attributes this use of mathematics to Lovecraft's childhood interest in astronomy and his adulthood awareness of <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull200610–12-200">[195]</a> Another reason for his use of mathematics was his reaction to the scientific developments of his day. These developments convinced him that humanity's primary means of understanding the world was no longer trustable. Lovecraft's usage of mathematics in his fiction serves to convert otherwise supernatural elements into things that have in-universe scientific explanations. "<a href="/wiki/The_Dreams_in_the_Witch_House" title="The Dreams in the Witch House">The Dreams in the Witch House</a>" and <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time" title="The Shadow Out of Time">The Shadow Out of Time</a> both have elements of this. The former uses a <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">familiar</a>, while the latter uses the idea of <a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">mind transference</a>. These elements are explained using scientific theories that were prevalent during Lovecraft's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELook2016101–103HalpurnLabossiere2009512–513-201">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lovecraft_Country">Lovecraft Country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lovecraft Country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country" title="Lovecraft Country">Lovecraft Country</a></div> Setting plays a major role in Lovecraft's fiction. A fictionalized version of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> serves as the central hub for his mythos, called "<a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country" title="Lovecraft Country">Lovecraft Country</a>" by later commentators. It represents the history, culture, and folklore of the region, as interpreted by Lovecraft. These attributes are exaggerated and altered to provide a suitable setting for his stories. The names of the locations in the region were directly influenced by the names of real locations in the region, which was done to increase their realism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2014131–135St._Armand1975129-202">[197]</a> Lovecraft's stories use their connections with New England to imbue themselves with the ability to instill fear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2014131–135-203">[198]</a> Lovecraft was primarily inspired by the cities and towns in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. However, the specific location of Lovecraft Country is variable, as it moved according to Lovecraft's literary needs. Starting with areas that he thought were evocative, Lovecraft redefined and exaggerated them under fictional names. For example, Lovecraft based <a href="/wiki/Arkham" title="Arkham">Arkham</a> on the town of <a href="/wiki/Oakham,_Massachusetts" title="Oakham, Massachusetts">Oakham</a> and expanded it to include a nearby landmark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198654–67-204">[199]</a> Its location was moved, as Lovecraft decided that it would have been destroyed by the recently-built <a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a>. This is alluded to in "The Colour Out of Space", as the "blasted heath" is submerged by the creation of a fictionalized version of the reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1991–199219–29Burleson1990106,_118-205">[200]</a> Similarly, Lovecraft's other towns were based on other locations in Massachusetts. Innsmouth was based on <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a>, and Dunwich was based on <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Massachusetts" title="Greenwich, Massachusetts">Greenwich</a>. The vague locations of these towns also played into Lovecraft's desire to create a mood in his stories. In his view, a mood can only be evoked through reading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1991–199219–29-206">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary">Literary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literary">edit</a>]</div> Early efforts to revise an established literary view of Lovecraft as an author of "pulp" were resisted by some eminent critics; in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> sneered: "the only real horror in most of these fictions is the horror of bad taste and bad art." However, Wilson praised Lovecraft's ability to write about his chosen field; he described him as having written about it "with much intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1950286–290-207">[202]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>, Wilson later improved his opinion of Lovecraft, citing a report of <a href="/wiki/David_Chavchavadze" title="David Chavchavadze">David Chavchavadze</a> that Wilson included a Lovecraftian reference in Little Blue Light: A Play in Three Acts. After Chavchavadze met with him to discuss this, Wilson revealed that he was reading a copy of Lovecraft's correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-209">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795Cannon1989126-210">[204]</a> Two years before Wilson's critique, Lovecraft's works were reviewed by <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Townley_Scott" title="Winfield Townley Scott">Winfield Townley Scott</a>, the literary editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Providence_Journal" title="The Providence Journal">The Providence Journal</a>. He argued that Lovecraft was one of the most significant Rhode Island authors and that it was regrettable that he received little attention from mainstream critics at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott194341-211">[205]</a> Mystery and Adventure columnist <a href="/wiki/Will_Cuppy" title="Will Cuppy">Will Cuppy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> recommended to readers a volume of Lovecraft's stories in 1944, asserting that "the literature of horror and macabre fantasy belongs with mystery in its broader sense."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuppy194410-212">[206]</a> By 1957, Floyd C. Gale of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy Science Fiction</a> said that Lovecraft was comparable to Robert E. Howard, stating that "they appear more prolific than ever," noting L. Sprague de Camp, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Nyberg" title="Björn Nyberg">Björn Nyberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/August_Derleth" title="August Derleth">August Derleth</a>'s usage of their creations. He said that "Lovecraft at his best could build a mood of horror unsurpassed; at his worst, he was laughable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale1960100–103-213">[207]</a> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a>, in his survey of anti-realist trends in fiction The Strength to Dream, cited Lovecraft as one of the pioneers of the "assault on rationality" and included him with <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, and others as one of the builders of mythicised realities contending against what he considered the failing project of literary realism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19751–10-214">[208]</a> Subsequently, Lovecraft began to acquire the status of a cult writer in the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>, and reprints of his work proliferated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2013xiii–xiv-215">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dirda" title="Michael Dirda">Michael Dirda</a>, a reviewer for <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a>, has described Lovecraft as being a "visionary" who is "rightly regarded as second only to Edgar Allan Poe in the annals of American supernatural literature." According to him, Lovecraft's works prove that mankind cannot bear the weight of reality, as the true nature of reality cannot be understood by either science or history. In addition, Dirda praises Lovecraft's ability to create an uncanny atmosphere. This atmosphere is created through the feeling of wrongness that pervades the objects, places, and people in Lovecraft's works. He also comments favorably on Lovecraft's correspondence, and compares him to <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>. Particular attention is given to his correspondence with August Derleth and Robert E. Howard. The Derleth letters are called "delightful", while the Howard letters are described as being an ideological debate. Overall, Dirda believes that Lovecraft's letters are equal to, or better than, his fictional output.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirda2012-216">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a> reviewer <a href="/wiki/Nick_Mamatas" title="Nick Mamatas">Nick Mamatas</a> has stated that Lovecraft was a particularly difficult author, rather than a bad one. He described Lovecraft as being "perfectly capable" in the fields of story logic, pacing, innovation, and generating quotable phrases. However, Lovecraft's difficulty made him ill-suited to the pulps; he was unable to compete with the popular recurring protagonists and <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a> stories. Furthermore, he compared a paragraph from The Shadow Out of Time to a paragraph from the introduction to <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace">The Economic Consequences of the Peace</a>. In Mamatas' view, Lovecraft's quality is obscured by his difficulty, and his skill is what has allowed his following to outlive the followings of other then-prominent authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Seabury_Quinn" title="Seabury Quinn">Seabury Quinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Patchen" title="Kenneth Patchen">Kenneth Patchen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamatas2014-217">[211]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_America" title="Library of America">Library of America</a> published a volume of Lovecraft's works. This volume was reviewed by many publications, including <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, and sold 25,000 copies within a month of release. The overall critical reception of the volume was mixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lovecraft_Annual''2007160Eberhart200582Grant2005146-218">[212]</a> Several scholars, including S. T. Joshi and Alison Sperling, have said that this confirms H. P. Lovecraft's place in the western canon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015105–116Sperling201675Hantke2013137–138-219">[213]</a> The editors of The Age of Lovecraft, Carl H. Sederholm and Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, attributed the rise of mainstream popular and academic interest in Lovecraft to this volume, along with the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> volumes and the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a> edition of <a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a>. These volumes led to a proliferation of other volumes containing Lovecraft's works. According to the two authors, these volumes are part of a trend in Lovecraft's popular and academic reception: increased attention by one audience causes the other to also become more interested. Lovecraft's success is, in part, the result of his success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESederholmWeinstock20162,_8–9-220">[214]</a> Lovecraft's style has often been subject to criticism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2014Dirda2005-221">[215]</a> but scholars such as S. T. Joshi have argued that Lovecraft consciously utilized a variety of literary devices to form a unique style of his own—these include prose-poetic rhythm, stream of consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>, and conscious <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a91,_252-222">[216]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a>, Lovecraft and Edgar Allan Poe have exerted a significant influence on later writers in the horror genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1996-223">[217]</a> Horror author <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> called Lovecraft "the twentieth century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995-224">[218]</a> King stated in his semi-autobiographical non-fiction book <a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre_(book)" title="Danse Macabre (book)">Danse Macabre</a> that Lovecraft was responsible for his own fascination with horror and the macabre and was the largest influence on his writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198763-225">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical">Philosophical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Philosophical">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft's writings have influenced the <a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">speculative realist</a> philosophical movement during the early twenty-first century. The four founders of the movement, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brassier" title="Ray Brassier">Ray Brassier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Hamilton_Grant" title="Iain Hamilton Grant">Iain Hamilton Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Harman" title="Graham Harman">Graham Harman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Meillassoux" title="Quentin Meillassoux">Quentin Meillassoux</a>, have cited Lovecraft as an inspiration for their worldviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak2020169–172Elfren2016-226">[220]</a> Graham Harman wrote a monograph, Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy, about Lovecraft and philosophy. In it, he argues that Lovecraft was a "productionist" author. He describes Lovecraft as having been an author who was uniquely obsessed with gaps in human knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123–4Elfren201688–89Peak2020177–178-227">[221]</a> He goes further and asserts Lovecraft's personal philosophy as being in opposition to both <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. In his view, Lovecraft resembles <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> in his division of objects into different parts that do not exhaust the potential meanings of the whole. The anti-idealism of Lovecraft is represented through his commentary on the inability of language to describe his horrors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123–4Powell2019263Peak2020177–178-228">[222]</a> Harman also credits Lovecraft with inspiring parts of his own articulation of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_ontology" title="Object-oriented ontology">object-oriented ontology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123–4Powell2019263Elfren201688–89-229">[223]</a> According to Lovecraft scholar Alison Sperling, this philosophical interpretation of Lovecraft's fiction has caused other philosophers in Harmon's tradition to write about Lovecraft. These philosophers seek to remove human <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and human life from the foundations of ethics. These scholars have used Lovecraft's works as the central example of their worldview. They base this usage in Lovecraft's arguments against <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a> and the ability of the human mind to truly understand the universe. They have also played a role in Lovecraft's improving literary reputation by focusing on his interpretation of ontology, which gives him a central position in <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a> studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperling201675–78-230">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lovecraft memorial plaque with silhouette by Perry, slightly facing left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg/220px-H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg/330px-H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg/440px-H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>H. P. Lovecraft memorial plaque at 22 Prospect Street in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>. Portrait by silhouettist <a href="/wiki/E._J._Perry_(artist)" title="E. J. Perry (artist)"> E. J. Perry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture">Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture</a></div> Lovecraft was relatively unknown during his lifetime. While his stories appeared in prominent pulp magazines such as Weird Tales, not many people knew his name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390Dirda2005Cannon19891-231">[225]</a> He did, however, correspond regularly with other contemporary writers such as <a href="/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith" title="Clark Ashton Smith">Clark Ashton Smith</a> and August Derleth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoell20048–40-232">[226]</a> who became his friends, even though he never met them in person. This group became known as the "Lovecraft Circle", since their writings freely borrowed Lovecraft's motifs, with his encouragement. He borrowed from them as well. For example, he made use of Clark Ashton Smith's <a href="/wiki/Tsathoggua" title="Tsathoggua">Tsathoggua</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Mound_(novella)" title="The Mound (novella)">The Mound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a141–142-233">[227]</a> After Lovecraft's death, the Lovecraft Circle carried on. August Derleth founded <a href="/wiki/Arkham_House" title="Arkham House">Arkham House</a> with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wandrei" title="Donald Wandrei">Donald Wandrei</a> to preserve Lovecraft's works and keep them in print.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390–391de_Camp1975132Hantke2013135–136-234">[228]</a> He added to and expanded on Lovecraft's vision, not without controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152–53de_Camp1975434–435Joshi198462–64-235">[229]</a> While Lovecraft considered his pantheon of alien gods a mere plot device, Derleth created an entire cosmology, complete with a war between the good Elder Gods and the evil Outer Gods, such as <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu" title="Cthulhu">Cthulhu</a> and his ilk. The forces of good were supposed to have won, locking Cthulhu and others beneath the earth, the ocean, and elsewhere. Derleth's Cthulhu Mythos stories went on to associate different gods with the traditional four <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">elements of fire, air, earth, and water</a>, which did not line up with Lovecraft's original vision of his mythos. However, Derleth's ownership of Arkham House gave him a position of authority in Lovecraftiana that did not dissipate until his death, and through the efforts of Lovecraft scholars in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152de_Camp1975434–435Joshi198462–64-236">[230]</a> Lovecraft's works have influenced many writers and other creators. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> has cited Lovecraft as a major influence on his works. As a child in the 1960s, he came across a volume of Lovecraft's works which inspired him to write his fiction. He goes on to argue that all works in the horror genre that were written after Lovecraft were influenced by him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995-224">[218]</a> In the field of comics, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> has described Lovecraft as having been a formative influence on his graphic novels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2014-237">[231]</a> Film director <a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter" title="John Carpenter">John Carpenter</a>'s films include direct references and quotations of Lovecraft's fiction, in addition to their use of a Lovecraftian aesthetic and themes. <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> was similarly influenced by Lovecraft's corpus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanicker2015473Norris2018158–159Nelson2012221–222-238">[232]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy Awards</a> were held in Providence in 1975. The theme was "The Lovecraft Circle". Until 2015, winners were presented with an elongated bust of Lovecraft that was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gahan_Wilson" title="Gahan Wilson">Gahan Wilson</a>, nicknamed the "Howard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz2015-239">[233]</a> In November 2015 it was announced that the World Fantasy Award trophy would no longer be modeled on H. P. Lovecraft in response to the author's views on race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2015-240">[234]</a> After the World Fantasy Award dropped their connection to Lovecraft, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> commented that "In the end, Lovecraft still wins—people who've never read a page of his work will still know who Cthulhu is for years to come, and his legacy lives on in the work of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz2015-239">[233]</a> In 2016, Lovecraft was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture" title="Museum of Pop Culture">Museum of Pop Culture</a>'s Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Locus_Online''2017-241">[235]</a> Three years later, Lovecraft and the other Cthulhu Mythos authors were posthumously awarded the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Series#Retro-Hugos" title="Hugo Award for Best Series">Retro-Hugo Award for Best Series</a> for their contributions to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Hugo_Awards''2020-242">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lovecraft_studies">Lovecraft studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lovecraft studies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._T._Joshi_(2002_promotional_photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Joshi in 2002, facing right and looking forward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S._T._Joshi_%282002_promotional_photo%29.jpg/220px-S._T._Joshi_%282002_promotional_photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S._T._Joshi_%282002_promotional_photo%29.jpg/330px-S._T._Joshi_%282002_promotional_photo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S._T._Joshi_%282002_promotional_photo%29.jpg/440px-S._T._Joshi_%282002_promotional_photo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>S. T. Joshi in 2002</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">Lovecraft studies</a></div> Starting in the early 1970s, a body of scholarly work began to emerge around Lovecraft's life and works. Referred to as Lovecraft studies, its proponents sought to establish Lovecraft as a significant author in the American literary canon. This can be traced to Derleth's preservation and dissemination of Lovecraft's fiction, non-fiction, and letters through <a href="/wiki/Arkham_House" title="Arkham House">Arkham House</a>. Joshi credits the development of the field to this process. However, it was marred by low quality editions and misinterpretations of Lovecraft's worldview. After Derleth's death in 1971, the scholarship entered a new phase. There was a push to create a book-length biography of Lovecraft. L. Sprague de Camp, a science fiction scholar, wrote the first major one in 1975. This biography was criticized by early Lovecraft scholars for its lack of scholarly merit and its lack of sympathy for its subject. Despite this, it played a significant role in Lovecraft's literary rise. It exposed Lovecraft to the mainstream of American literary criticism. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a division in the field between the "Derlethian traditionalists" who wished to interpret Lovecraft through the lens of fantasy literature and the newer scholars who wished to place greater attention on the entirety of his corpus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462–64Joshi1985a19–25Joshi1985b54–58-243">[237]</a> The 1980s and 1990s saw a further proliferation of the field. The 1990 H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference and the republishing of older essays in An Epicure in the Terrible represented the publishing of many basic studies that were used as a base for then-future studies. The 1990 centennial also saw the installation of the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque" in a garden adjoining <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a>, that features a portrait by silhouettist <a href="/wiki/E._J._Perry_(artist)" title="E. J. Perry (artist)">E. J. Perry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219-244">[238]</a> Following this, in 1996, S. T. Joshi wrote his own biography of Lovecraft. This biography was met with positive reviews and became the main biography in the field. It has since been superseded by his expanded edition of the book, I am Providence in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5–6Oates1996Mariconda2010208–209-245">[239]</a> Lovecraft's improving literary reputation has caused his works to receive increased attention by both classics publishers and scholarly fans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-246">[240]</a> His works have been published by several different series of literary classics. Penguin Classics published three volumes of Lovecraft's works between 1999 and 2004. These volumes were edited by S. T. Joshi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-246">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> published their own volume of Lovecraft's complete fiction in 2008. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_America" title="Library of America">Library of America</a> published a volume of Lovecraft's works in 2005. The publishing of these volumes represented a reversal of the traditional judgment that Lovecraft was not part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005-247">[241]</a> Meanwhile, the biannual <a href="/wiki/NecronomiCon_Providence" title="NecronomiCon Providence">NecronomiCon Providence</a> convention was first held in 2013. Its purpose is to serve as a fan and scholarly convention that discusses both Lovecraft and the wider field of weird fiction. It is organized by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization and is held on the weekend of Lovecraft's birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019-248">[242]</a> That July, the Providence City Council designated the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilow2013-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft's fictional mythos has influenced a number of musicians, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi20067Sederholm2016266–267-250">[244]</a> This began in the 1960s with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_(band)" title="H. P. Lovecraft (band)">H. P. Lovecraft</a>, who released the albums <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_(album)" title="H. P. Lovecraft (album)">H. P. Lovecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_II" title="H. P. Lovecraft II">H. P. Lovecraft II</a> in 1967 and 1968 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619–24Sederholm2016271-251">[245]</a> They broke up afterwards, but later songs were released. This included "The White Ship" and "At the Mountains of Madness", both titled after Lovecraft stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619–24-252">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a> has also been influenced by Lovecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013193–194-253">[247]</a> This has expressed itself in both the names of bands and the contents of their albums. This began in 1970 with the release of <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath_(album)" title="Black Sabbath (album)">eponymous first album</a>, which contained a song titled "Behind the Wall of Sleep", deriving its name from the 1919 story "Beyond the Wall of Sleep".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013193–194-253">[247]</a> Heavy metal band <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> was also inspired by Lovecraft. They recorded a song inspired by "The Call of Cthulhu" titled "The Call of Ktulu", and a song based on The Shadow over Innsmouth titled "The Thing That Should Not Be".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriwkowsky2008Sederholm2016271–272Norman2013193–194-254">[248]</a> The latter contains direct quotations of Lovecraft's works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESederholm2016271–272-255">[249]</a> Joseph Norman, a <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">speculative scholar</a>, has argued that there are similarities between the music described in Lovecraft's fiction and the aesthetics and atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a>. He argues that this is evident through the "animalistic" qualities of black metal vocals. The usage of occult elements is also cited as a thematic commonality. In terms of atmosphere, he asserts that both Lovecraft's works and extreme metal place heavy focus on creating a strong negative mood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013197–202-256">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft has also influenced gaming, despite having personally disliked games during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976a13Carbonell2019137-257">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaosium" title="Chaosium">Chaosium</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing game</a> <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_(role-playing_game)" title="Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)">Call of Cthulhu</a>, released in 1981 and currently in its seventh major edition, was one of the first games to draw heavily from Lovecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonell2019160Gollop2017Garrad202125-258">[252]</a> It includes a Lovecraft-inspired <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a> mechanic, which allowed for <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">player characters</a> to go insane from contact with cosmic horrors. This mechanic went on to make appearances in subsequent tabletop and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-259">[253]</a> 1987 saw the release of another Lovecraftian <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkham_Horror" title="Arkham Horror">Arkham Horror</a>, which was published by <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games" title="Fantasy Flight Games">Fantasy Flight Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017Silva2017Garrad202126–27-260">[254]</a> Though few subsequent Lovecraftian board games were released annually from 1987 to 2014, the years after 2014 saw a rapid increase in the number of Lovecraftian board games. According to Christina Silva, this revival may have been influenced by the entry of Lovecraft's works into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and a revival of interest in board games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2017-261">[255]</a> Few video games are direct adaptations of Lovecraft's works, but many video games have been inspired or heavily influenced by Lovecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-259">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth" title="Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth">Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth</a>, a Lovecraftian <a href="/wiki/First-person_(video_games)" title="First-person (video games)">first-person</a> video game, was released in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-259">[253]</a> It is a loose adaptation of The Shadow over Innsmouth, The Shadow Out of Time, and "The Thing on the Doorstep" that uses <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a> themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrad202127–28-262">[256]</a> These adaptations focus more on Lovecraft's monsters and gamification than they do on his themes, which represents a break from Lovecraft's core theme of human insignificance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrad202128-263">[257]</a> The 2015 video game <a href="/wiki/Bloodborne" title="Bloodborne">Bloodborne</a> does not adapt any of Lovecraft's stories, but it reflects Lovecraftian themes and stylistic elements. Those elements include its usage of tension, anticipation, and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2021227,_232-264">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_occultism">Religion and occultism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion and occultism">edit</a>]</div> Several contemporary religions have been influenced by Lovecraft's works. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a>, incorporated the Cthulhu Mythos into his ritual and occult system. Grant combined his interest in Lovecraft's fiction with his adherence to <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>. The Typhonian Order considers Lovecraftian entities to be symbols through which people may interact with something inhuman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201489–90Matthews2018178–179-265">[259]</a> Grant also argued that Crowley himself was influenced by Lovecraft's writings, particularly in the naming of characters in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">The Book of the Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201489–90-266">[260]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Rituals" title="The Satanic Rituals">The Satanic Rituals</a>, co-written by <a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a> and Michael A. Aquino, includes the "Ceremony of the Nine Angles", which is a ritual that was influenced by the descriptions in "The Dreams in the Witch House". It contains invocations of several of Lovecraft's fictional gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201491-267">[261]</a> There have been several books that have claimed to be an authentic edition of Lovecraft's <a href="/wiki/Necronomicon" title="Necronomicon">Necronomicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClore200161–69-268">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Simon_Necronomicon" title="Simon Necronomicon">Simon Necronomicon</a> is one such example. It was written by an unknown figure who identified themselves as "Simon". <a href="/wiki/Peter_Levenda" title="Peter Levenda">Peter Levenda</a>, an occult author who has written about the Necronomicon, claims that he and "Simon" came across a hidden Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a> while looking through a collection of antiquities at a New York bookstore during the 1960s or 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda2014-269">[263]</a> This book was claimed to have borne the seal of the Necronomicon. Levenda went on to claim that Lovecraft had access to this purported scroll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2018178–179-270">[264]</a> A textual analysis has determined that the contents of this book were derived from multiple documents that discuss <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian myth</a> and magic. The finding of a magical text by monks is also a common theme in the history of grimoires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009268-271">[265]</a> It was suggested that Levenda is the true author of the Simon Necronomicon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlatley2013-272">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer">Beer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Beer">edit</a>]</div> Not a small number of <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a> worldwide took inspiration from or pay homage to Lovecraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> Rhode Island's own Narragansett Brewery was founded the same year as Lovecraft was born - <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a>. Their Lovecraftian line of beer melds elements from mythos stories with real-life ingredients or brewing methodology.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> Lovecraft Brews from Portugal plays with the theme of pulp in the age of 19th to 20th Century transition to create era imagery with subtle hint of the weird and macabre.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> H.K. Lovecraft Brewery from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> explores the relationship between inebriation, madness, and the cosmic horror cycles within city culture.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correspondence">Correspondence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Correspondence">edit</a>]</div> Although Lovecraft is known mostly for his works of weird fiction, the bulk of his writing consists of voluminous letters about a variety of topics, from weird fiction and art criticism to politics and history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236–242Cannon198910de_Camp1975xii-277">[271]</a> Lovecraft biographers L. Sprague de Camp and S. T. Joshi have estimated that Lovecraft wrote 100,000 letters in his lifetime, a fifth of which are believed to survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975xiiJoshi1996a236–237-278">[272]</a> These letters were directed at fellow writers and members of the amateur press. His involvement in the latter was what caused him to begin writing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236–239-279">[273]</a> He included comedic elements in these letters. This included posing as an eighteenth-century gentleman and signing them with pseudonyms, most commonly "Grandpa Theobald" and "E'ch-Pi-El."<a href="#cite_note-281">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a245–246JoshiSchultz2001217–218de_Camp1975113–114-282">[275]</a> According to Joshi, the most important sets of letters were those written to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long" title="Frank Belknap Long">Frank Belknap Long</a>, Clark Ashton Smith, and <a href="/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr." title="James Ferdinand Morton Jr.">James F. Morton</a>. He attributes this importance to the contents of these letters. With Long, Lovecraft argued in support and in opposition to many of Long's viewpoints. The letters to Smith are characterized by their focus on weird fiction. Lovecraft and Morton debated many scholarly subjects in their letters, resulting in what Joshi has called the "single greatest correspondence Lovecraft ever wrote."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236–242-283">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_and_other_legal_issues">Copyright and other legal issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Copyright and other legal issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Derleth_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Derleth facing left in 1962" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/August_Derleth_closeup.jpg/220px-August_Derleth_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/August_Derleth_closeup.jpg/330px-August_Derleth_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/August_Derleth_closeup.jpg/440px-August_Derleth_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>August Derleth in 1962</figcaption></figure> Despite several claims to the contrary, there is currently no evidence that any company or individual owns the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> to any of Lovecraft's works, and it is generally accepted that it has passed into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198312Wallace202327–28-284">[277]</a> Lovecraft specified that <a href="/wiki/R._H._Barlow" title="R. H. Barlow">R. H. Barlow</a> would serve as the executor of his <a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary estate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006b237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsJoshi1996b-285">[278]</a> but these instructions were not incorporated into his will. Nevertheless, his surviving aunt carried out his expressed wishes, and Barlow was given control of Lovecraft's literary estate upon his death. Barlow deposited the bulk of the papers, including the voluminous correspondence, in the <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a>, and attempted to organize and maintain Lovecraft's other writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390de_Camp1975430–432Wetzel19833–4-286">[279]</a> Lovecraft protégé <a href="/wiki/August_Derleth" title="August Derleth">August Derleth</a>, an older and more established writer than Barlow, vied for control of the literary estate. He and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wandrei" title="Donald Wandrei">Donald Wandrei</a>, a fellow protégé and co-owner of <a href="/wiki/Arkham_House" title="Arkham House">Arkham House</a>, falsely claimed that Derleth was the true literary executor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640–641de_Camp1975430–432Wetzel19834–6-287">[280]</a> Barlow capitulated, and later committed suicide in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975432Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198310–12-288">[281]</a> This gave Derleth and Wandrei complete control over Lovecraft's corpus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198311Wallace202335-289">[282]</a> On October 9, 1947, Derleth purchased all rights to the stories that were published in Weird Tales. However, since April 1926 at the latest, Lovecraft reserved all second printing rights to stories published in Weird Tales. Therefore, Weird Tales only owned the rights to at most six of Lovecraft's tales. If Derleth legally obtained the copyrights to these tales, there is no evidence that they were renewed before the rights expired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b640–641Wallace202342-290">[283]</a> Following Derleth's death in 1971, Donald Wandrei sued his estate to challenge Derleth's will, which stated that he only held the copyrights and royalties to Lovecraft's works that were published under both his and Derleth's names. Arkham House's lawyer, Forrest D. Hartmann, argued that the rights to Lovecraft's works were never renewed. Wandrei won the case, but Arkham House's actions regarding copyright have damaged their ability to claim ownership of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_"Donald_Wandrei_v._The_Estate_of_August_Derleth"_HypothesisWallace202338–39-291">[284]</a> In <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_A_Life" title="H. P. Lovecraft: A Life">H. P. Lovecraft: A Life</a>, S. T. Joshi concludes that Derleth's claims are "almost certainly fictitious" and argues that most of Lovecraft's works that were published in the amateur press are likely in the public domain. The copyright for Lovecraft's works would have been inherited by the only surviving heir named in his 1912 will, his aunt Annie Gamwell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640Lovecraft2006b237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_Copyrights-292">[285]</a> When she died in 1941, the copyrights passed to her remaining descendants, Ethel Phillips Morrish and Edna Lewis. They signed a document, sometimes referred to as the Morrish-Lewis gift, permitting Arkham House to republish Lovecraft's works while retaining their ownership of the copyrights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b641Wetzel198324–25-293">[286]</a> Searches of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> have failed to find any evidence that these copyrights were renewed after the 28-year period, making it likely that these works are in the public domain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198325-294">[287]</a> However, the Lovecraft literary estate, reconstituted in 1998 under Robert C. Harrall, has claimed that they own the rights. They have been based in Providence since 2009 and have been granting the rights to Lovecraft's works to several publishers. Their claims have been criticized by scholars, such as Chris J. Karr, who has argued that the rights had not been renewed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202341-295">[288]</a> Joshi has withdrawn his support for his conclusion, and now supports the estate's copyright claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202342-296">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography" title="H. P. Lovecraft bibliography">H. P. Lovecraft bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:H._P._Lovecraft_scholars" title="Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars">H. P. Lovecraft scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_(crater)" title="Lovecraft (crater)">Lovecraft</a>, a crater on Mercury named for the author</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Lovecraft did not coin the term "Cthulhu Mythos". Instead, this term was coined by later authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The house was later moved to 65 Prospect Street to accommodate the building of <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>'s Art Building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724-103">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> He wrote several travelogues, including one on Quebec that was his longest singular work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom2015451–452Evans2005104Joshi2001272–273-110">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> This is the only one of Lovecraft's stories that was published as a book during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001382–383-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._Paul_Cook" title="W. Paul Cook">W. Paul Cook</a> previously made an abortive attempt to publish "<a href="/wiki/The_Shunned_House" title="The Shunned House">The Shunned House</a>" as a small book between 1927 and 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001262–263-123">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "Grippe" is an archaic term for <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lexico_Dictionaries''2020-128">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> L. Sprague de Camp also stated that the two men began calling each other "Monstro". This is a direct reference to the nicknames that Lovecraft gave to some of his correspondents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795-208">[203]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Lewis Theobald, Jun., the full version of Grandpa Theobald, was derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Theobald" title="Lewis Theobald">Lewis Theobald</a>, an eighteenth-century Shakespearean scholar who was fictionalized in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001217–218Wetzel198319–20-280">[274]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTierney2001">Tierney 2001</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010b">Joshi 2010b</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891–2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891–2_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFFaig1991">Faig 1991</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515–16Faig199149-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515–16Faig199149_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFFaig1991">Faig 1991</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893–4-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893–4_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517–18-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517–18_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2001">Joshi 2001</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517–18-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517–18_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517–18_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, pp. 33, 36; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530–31-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530–31_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 32; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145–146Joshi200120–23St._Armand1975140–141-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145–146Joshi200120–23St._Armand1975140–141_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145–146Joshi200120–23St._Armand1975140–141_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLovecraft2006a">Lovecraft 2006a</a>, pp. 145–146; <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2001">Joshi 2001</a>, pp. 20–23; <a href="#CITEREFSt._Armand1975">St. Armand 1975</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723–4de_Camp197518-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723–4de_Camp197518_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFSt._Armand1972">St. Armand 1972</a>, pp. 3–4; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFFaig1991">Faig 1991</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537–39St._Armand19724-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537–39St._Armand19724_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 37–39; <a href="#CITEREFSt._Armand1972">St. Armand 1972</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147–48Faig19914-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147–48Faig19914_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 98; <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2001">Joshi 2001</a>, pp. 47–48; <a href="#CITEREFFaig1991">Faig 1991</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543–45Cannon198915-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543–45Cannon198915_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 43–45; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551–53Cannon19893-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551–53Cannon19893_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551–53Cannon19893_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 126; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 51–53; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126–127de_Camp197527-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126–127de_Camp197527_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 126–127; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551–52-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551–52_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2001">Joshi 2001</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFFaig1991">Faig 1991</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167–68de_Camp197566St._Armand19723-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167–68de_Camp197566St._Armand19723_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2001">Joshi 2001</a>, pp. 67–68; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFSt._Armand1972">St. Armand 1972</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner201552–53-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner201552–53_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2015">Bonner 2015</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001">Joshi & Schultz 2001</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 138; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576–77-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576–77_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576–77-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576–77_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 145; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578–79-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578–79_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 145; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145–155de_Camp197584-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145–155de_Camp197584_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, pp. 145–155; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584–84-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584–84_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 84–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 153; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 180; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121–122-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121–122_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 182; <a href="#CITEREFde_Camp1975">de Camp 1975</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 210; <a href="#CITEREFCannon1989">Cannon 1989</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi2010a">Joshi 2010a</a>, p. 273; 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Garden City, New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00578-4"><bdi>0-385-00578-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/979196">979196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190754775">190754775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovecraft%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F979196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190754775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=0-385-00578-4&rft.aulast=de+Camp&rft.aufirst=L.+Sprague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flovecraftbiog00deca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirda2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Dirda, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630185357/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/cthulhu-for-president-2/">"Cthulhu for President"</a>. 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Publishers Weekly. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0000-0019">0000-0019</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/609957378">609957378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Terror+Eternal%3A+The+Enduring+Popularity+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.issn=0000-0019&rft.aulast=Dziemianowicz&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Findustry-news%2Fpublisher-news%2Farticle%2F43793-terror-eternal-the-enduring-popularity-of-h-p-lovecraft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhart2005" class="citation news cs1">Eberhart, John Mark (February 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395548/the-library-of-lovecraft/">"The Library of Lovecraft"</a>. The Kansas City Star. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-1067">0745-1067</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216121455/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395548/the-library-of-lovecraft/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=The+Library+of+Lovecraft&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2005-02-13&rft.issn=0745-1067&rft.aulast=Eberhart&rft.aufirst=John+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F65395548%2Fthe-library-of-lovecraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElfren2016" class="citation book cs1">Elfren, Isabella van (2016). 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Mythlore. 33 (125): 85–98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815942">26815942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159074285">159074285</a> – via SWOSU Digital Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=Cults+of+Lovecraft%3A+The+Impact+of+H.P.+Lovecraft%27s+Fiction+on+Contemporary+Occult+Practices&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=125&rft.pages=85-98&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26815942%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159074285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Engle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1034%26context%3Dmythlore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Timothy H. 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Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 45–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3415-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3415-X"><bdi>0-8386-3415-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22766987">22766987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Parents+of+Howard+Phillips+Lovecraft&rft.btitle=An+Epicure+in+the+Terrible%3A+A+Centennial+Anthology+of+Essays+in+Honor+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Madison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=45-77&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22766987&rft.isbn=0-8386-3415-X&rft.aulast=Faig&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3oH_VdH3BcC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Finn" title="Mark Finn">Finn, Mark</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrygBQAAQBAJ">Blood and Thunder: The Life and Art of Robert E. 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Howard Foundation Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-304-03152-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-304-03152-5"><bdi>978-1-304-03152-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923870328">923870328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Thunder%3A+The+Life+and+Art+of+Robert+E.+Howard&rft.place=Cross+Plains%2C+Texas&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Robert+E.+Howard+Foundation+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F923870328&rft.isbn=978-1-304-03152-5&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrygBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatley2013" class="citation web cs1">Flatley, Joseph L. 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The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013156/https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/4849860/the-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Cthulhu%3A+Real+Prayer+for+a+Fake+Tentacle&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.aulast=Flatley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F11%2F12%2F4849860%2Fthe-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2016" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (March 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/16/hp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia">"Lost HP Lovecraft Work Commissioned by Houdini Escapes Shackles of History"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008115009/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/16/hp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lost+HP+Lovecraft+Work+Commissioned+by+Houdini+Escapes+Shackles+of+History&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fmar%2F16%2Fhp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2015" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (November 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/09/world-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image">"World Fantasy Award Drops HP Lovecraft as Prize Image"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118192211/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/09/world-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Fantasy+Award+Drops+HP+Lovecraft+as+Prize+Image&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Fnov%2F09%2Fworld-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFooy2011" class="citation news cs1">Fooy, Frederick (October 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southbrooklynpost.com/2011/10/hp-lovecraft/">"Resident Horror Genius"</a>. South Brooklyn Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802114048/http://southbrooklynpost.com/2011/10/hp-lovecraft/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Brooklyn+Post&rft.atitle=Resident+Horror+Genius&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=Fooy&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthbrooklynpost.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fhp-lovecraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale1960" class="citation magazine cs1">Gale, Floyd C. (April 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1957-12/Galaxy_1957_12#page/n101/mode/2up">"Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf"</a>. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 100–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy%27s+5+Star+Shelf&rft.pages=100-103&rft.date=1960-04&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Floyd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgalaxymagazine-1957-12%2FGalaxy_1957_12%23page%2Fn101%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrad2021" class="citation journal cs1">Garrad, Jonathan (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgf.cardiffuniversitypress.org/articles/abstract/49/">"Gamifying Fictions of Defeat: Adaptations of Lovecraft to Games Media"</a>. Studies in Gothic Fiction. 7: 20–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2407">2156-2407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Gothic+Fiction&rft.atitle=Gamifying+Fictions+of+Defeat%3A+Adaptations+of+Lovecraft+to+Games+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=20-29&rft.date=2021-11&rft.issn=2156-2407&rft.aulast=Garrad&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsgf.cardiffuniversitypress.org%2Farticles%2Fabstract%2F49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollop2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Gollop" title="Julian Gollop">Gollop, Julian</a> (November 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/the-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games/">"The Gollop Chamber: Where Are All the Lovecraftian Games?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Gamer" title="PC Gamer">PC Gamer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151043/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games/">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=The+Gollop+Chamber%3A+Where+Are+All+the+Lovecraftian+Games%3F&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Gollop&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fthe-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich2004" class="citation journal cs1">Goodrich, Peter (Spring 2004). "Mannerism and the Macabre in H. P. Lovecraft's Dunsanian 'Dream-Quest'". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 15 (1 (57)): 37–48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521">0897-0521</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43308683">43308683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Fantastic+in+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Mannerism+and+the+Macabre+in+H.+P.+Lovecraft%27s+Dunsanian+%27Dream-Quest%27&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1+%2857%29&rft.pages=37-48&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43308683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0897-0521&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2024" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, David J. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gD7VEAAAQBAJ">Midnight Rambles: H. P. Lovecraft in Gotham</a>. Empire State Editions (First ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781531504434">10.1515/9781531504434</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0443-4"><bdi>978-1-5315-0443-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.6014260">jj.6014260</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370486835">1370486835</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/111383">111383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+Rambles%3A+H.+P.+Lovecraft+in+Gotham&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Empire+State+Editions&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1370486835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.6014260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781531504434&rft.isbn=978-1-5315-0443-4&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgD7VEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2005" class="citation news cs1">Grant, Gavin J. 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The Los Angeles Times. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216121529/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395523/that-delicious-feeling-of-dread/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=That+Delicious+Feeling+of+Dread&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Gavin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F65395523%2Fthat-delicious-feeling-of-dread%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Gray, John (October 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/10/weird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft">"Weird Realism: John Gray on the Moral Universe of H P Lovecraft"</a>. New Statesman. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-924X">1758-924X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414140517/http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/10/weird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Weird+Realism%3A+John+Gray+on+the+Moral+Universe+of+H+P+Lovecraft&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.issn=1758-924X&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2F2014%2F10%2Fweird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneScott1948" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Greene" title="Sonia Greene">Greene, Sonia</a>; Scott, Winfield Townley (August 22, 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003143/https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:425853/PDF/">"Howard Phillips Lovecraft as His Wife Remembers Him"</a>. The Providence Journal. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406">2574-3406</a>. 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Extrapolation. 50 (3): 512–533, 375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.2009.50.3.8">10.3828/extr.2009.50.3.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5483">0014-5483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162319821">162319821</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2152642098">2152642098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extrapolation&rft.atitle=Mind+Out+of+Time%3A+Identity%2C+Perception%2C+and+the+Fourth+Dimension+in+H.+P.+Lovecraft%27s+%27The+Shadow+Out+of+Time%27+and+%27The+Dreams+in+the+Witch+House%27&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=512-533%2C+375&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162319821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0014-5483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fextr.2009.50.3.8&rft.aulast=Halpurn&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Labossiere%2C+Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambly1996" class="citation book cs1">Hambly, Barbara (1996). 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New York: Ballantine Books. pp. vii–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38422-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-38422-9"><bdi>0-345-38422-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34669226">34669226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Man+Who+Loved+His+Craft&rft.btitle=The+Transition+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+The+Road+to+Madness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=vii-x&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34669226&rft.isbn=0-345-38422-9&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantke2013" class="citation book cs1">Hantke, Steffen (2013). 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Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-01682-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-01682-8"><bdi>0-313-01682-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608158798">608158798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+H.P.+Lovecraft+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608158798&rft.isbn=0-313-01682-8&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft.au=Schultz%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyawoc_PbF4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, S. T. (August 2015). "Charles Baxter on Lovecraft". Lovecraft Annual (9): 105–122. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868501">26868501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=Charles+Baxter+on+Lovecraft&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=105-122&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2013" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efmXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">"Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies'"</a>. In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-9235-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026953908">1026953908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lovecraft%27s+%27Dunsanian+Studies%27&rft.btitle=Critical+Essays+on+Lord+Dunsany&rft.pages=241-264&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026953908&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-9235-4&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefmXAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1996b" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. 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West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5"><bdi>0-940884-89-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34906142">34906142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+A+Life&rft.place=West+Warwick%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Necronomicon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34906142&rft.isbn=0-940884-89-5&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2016" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. 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Wildside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-2754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-2754-3"><bdi>978-1-4794-2754-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988396691">988396691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+The+Decline+of+the+West&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988396691&rft.isbn=978-1-4794-2754-3&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaklDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2010a" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. T. (2010a). I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9824296-7-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9824296-7-9"><bdi>978-0-9824296-7-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650504348">650504348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190428196">190428196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+Providence%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Hippocampus+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650504348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190428196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-9824296-7-9&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1984" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, S. T. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_09v03n02_1984-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n21/mode/2up">"The Development of Lovecraftian Studies 1971–1982 (Part I)"</a>. Lovecraft Studies. 3 (2): 62–71. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361">0899-8361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Lovecraftian+Studies+1971%E2%80%931982+%28Part+I%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62-71&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0899-8361&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLovecraft_Studies_09v03n02_1984-Fall_CosmicJukebox%2Fpage%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1985a" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, S. T. 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Lovecraft Studies. 4 (1): 18–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361">0899-8361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Lovecraftian+Studies%2C+1971%E2%80%931982+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-28&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0899-8361&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLovecraft_Studies_10v04n01_1985-Spring_CosmicJukebox%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1985b" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, S. T. 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Lovecraft Studies. 4 (2): 54–65. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361">0899-8361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Lovecraftian+Studies%2C+1971%E2%80%931982+%28Part+III%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=54-65&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0899-8361&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLovecraft_Studies_11v04n02_1985-Fall_CosmicJukebox%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2017" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. T. 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Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. pp. ix–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8"><bdi>978-1-61146-241-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973481779">973481779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Lovecraftian+Poe%3A+Essays+on+Influence%2C+Reception%2C+Interpretation%2C+and+Transformation&rft.place=Bethlehem%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=ix-xiv&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973481779&rft.isbn=978-1-61146-241-8&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnexDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2010b" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, S. 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Lovecraft Annual (4): 171–201. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868421">26868421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=Time%2C+Space%2C+and+Natural+Law%3A+Science+and+Pseudo-Science+in+Lovecraft&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=171-201&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarr2018" class="citation web cs1">Karr, Chris J. 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New York: Sporting Gentlemen. pp. 87–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-05248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-05248-9"><bdi>978-0-578-05248-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/665081122">665081122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Indeterminacy&rft.btitle=Against+Religion%3A+The+Atheist+Writings+of+H.P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87-99&rft.pub=Sporting+Gentlemen&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F665081122&rft.isbn=978-0-578-05248-9&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdplAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovecraft2009a" class="citation web cs1">Lovecraft, H. 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Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 39–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1332-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-1332-5"><bdi>0-8214-1332-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43567292">43567292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amateur+Journalism&rft.btitle=Lord+of+a+Visible+World%3A+An+Autobiography+in+Letters&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=39-86&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43567292&rft.isbn=0-8214-1332-5&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovecraft1968" class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. P. (1968) [sent May 16, 1926]. "To James F. Morton". In Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). Selected Letters. Vol. II. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-034-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-034-3"><bdi>0-87054-034-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152654519">1152654519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+James+F.+Morton&rft.btitle=Selected+Letters&rft.place=Sauk+City%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Arkham+House&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152654519&rft.isbn=0-87054-034-3&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovecraft1976a" class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. P. (1976a). Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_H._P._Lovecraft_IV_(1932%E2%80%931934)" title="Selected Letters of H. P. Lovecraft IV (1932–1934)">Selected Letters</a>. Vol. IV. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-035-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-035-1"><bdi>0-87054-035-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20590805">20590805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Letters&rft.place=Sauk+City%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Arkham+House&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20590805&rft.isbn=0-87054-035-1&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovecraft1976b" class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. P. 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Extrapolation. 38 (3): 175–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.1997.38.3.175">10.3828/extr.1997.38.3.175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5483">0014-5483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164434496">164434496</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/234914041">234914041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extrapolation&rft.atitle=Shadows+over+Lovecraft%3A+Reactionary+Fantasy+and+Immigrant+Eugenics&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-192&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164434496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0014-5483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fextr.1997.38.3.175&rft.aulast=Lovett-Graff&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubnow2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lubnow, Fred S. 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Lovecraft Annual (13): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868571">26868571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=The+Lovecraftian+Solar+System&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Lubnow&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrobert2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Macrobert, Franch A. 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Mythlore. 36 (2): 165–184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809310">26809310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165217534">165217534</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2036317509">2036317509</a> – via SWOSU Digital Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=Letting+Sleeping+Abnormalities+Lie%3A+Lovecraft+and+the+Futility+of+Divination&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-184&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26809310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165217534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Carol+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1160%26context%3Dmythlore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreland2018" class="citation book cs1">Moreland, Sean (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OaBtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Introduction: The Critical (After)Life of Supernatural Horror in Literature"</a>. 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Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-95477-6_1">10.1007/978-3-319-95477-6_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95477-6"><bdi>978-3-319-95477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Critical+%28After%29Life+of+Supernatural+Horror+in+Literature&rft.btitle=New+Directions+in+Supernatural+Horror+Literature%3A+The+Critical+Influence+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-95477-6_1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-95477-6&rft.aulast=Moreland&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOaBtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosig1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_W._Mosig" title="Dirk W. 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West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. pp. 111–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940884-90-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940884-90-8"><bdi>978-0-940884-90-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681921217">681921217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+After+Lovecraft%3A+Reminiscences+of+a+Non-Entity&rft.btitle=Mosig+at+Last%3A+A+Psychologist+Looks+at+H.P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=West+Warwick%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=111-116&rft.pub=Necronomicon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681921217&rft.isbn=978-0-940884-90-8&rft.aulast=Mosig&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%8Dzan+Dirk+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYM8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosig2001" class="citation book cs1">Mosig, Yōzan Dirk W. 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Lovecraft Studies. 5 (2): 54–67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361">0899-8361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Studies&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Arkham+Country&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=54-67&rft.date=1986-10-01&rft.issn=0899-8361&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLovecraft_Studies_13v05n02_1986-Fall_CosmicJukebox%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1991–1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Murray, Will (1991–1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155022/https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/">"Lovecraft's Arkham Country"</a>. 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Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880448-60-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-880448-60-2"><bdi>1-880448-60-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48566644">48566644</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190964524">190964524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+of+the+Imagination%3A+Essays+on+Fantastic+Literature&rft.place=Berkeley+Heights%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48566644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190964524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=1-880448-60-2&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Uf0_uuAjs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1943" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Townley_Scott" title="Winfield Townley Scott">Scott, Winfield Townley</a> (December 26, 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/case-howard-phillips-lovecraft-providence-ri/fkrvngvdcjypddxylgqmvsyigyxexnle_s072_1629584077003">"The Case of Howard Phillips Lovecraft of Providence, R.I."</a> The Providence Journal. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406">2574-3406</a>. 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P. Lovecraft"</a>. The Providence Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406">2574-3406</a>. Retrieved June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Providence+Journal&rft.atitle=NecronomiCon+Providence+to+celebrate+life+and+work+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.date=2015-08-16&rft.issn=2574-3406&rft.aulast=Siclen&rft.aufirst=Bill+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Farticle%2F20150816%2FENTERTAINMENTLIFE%2F150819592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2017" class="citation news cs1">Silva, Christianna (June 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/530186764/h-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles">"H. P. Lovecraft's Monster Is Wrapping Family Game Night Up In Tentacles"</a>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228173021/https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/530186764/h-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%27s+Monster+Is+Wrapping+Family+Game+Night+Up+In+Tentacles&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Christianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F06%2F07%2F530186764%2Fh-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Andy (August 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.providencejournal.com/entertainmentlife/20170816/necronomicon-homage-to-hp-lovecraft-returns-to-providence">"NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence"</a>. The Providence Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406">2574-3406</a>. Retrieved June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Providence+Journal&rft.atitle=NecronomiCon%2C+homage+to+H.+P.+Lovecraft%2C+returns+to+Providence&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.issn=2574-3406&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fentertainmentlife%2F20170816%2Fnecronomicon-homage-to-hp-lovecraft-returns-to-providence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, E. Mariah (2021). "Aliens, Robots & Virtual Reality Idols in the Science Fiction of H.P Lovecraft, Isaac Asimov and William Gibson". <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies" title="Science Fiction Studies">Science Fiction Studies</a>. 48 (3): 600–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsfs.2021.0055">10.1353/sfs.2021.0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5621/sciefictstud.48.3.0600">10.5621/sciefictstud.48.3.0600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245664184">245664184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Aliens%2C+Robots+%26+Virtual+Reality+Idols+in+the+Science+Fiction+of+H.P+Lovecraft%2C+Isaac+Asimov+and+William+Gibson&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=600-604&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245664184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.48.3.0600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsfs.2021.0055&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=E.+Mariah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperling2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sperling, Alison (August 2016). "H. P. Lovecraft's Weird Body". Lovecraft Annual (10): 75–100. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868514">26868514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%27s+Weird+Body&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=75-100&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868514%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Sperling&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Armand1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand" title="Barton Levi St. Armand">St. Armand, Barton Levi</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/1972_Jan.pdf">"Facts in the Case of H. 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Rhode Island History. 31 (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4619">0035-4619</a> – via Rhode Island Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhode+Island+History&rft.atitle=Facts+in+the+Case+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0035-4619&rft.aulast=St.+Armand&rft.aufirst=Barton+Levi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rihs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2F1972_Jan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Armand1975" class="citation journal cs1">St. Armand, Barton Levi (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/calib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046">"H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent"</a>. Caliban. 12 (1): 127–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcalib.1975.1046">10.3406/calib.1975.1046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0575-2124">0575-2124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220649713">220649713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caliban&rft.atitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+New+England+Decadent&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-155&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220649713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0575-2124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcalib.1975.1046&rft.aulast=St.+Armand&rft.aufirst=Barton+Levi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcalib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Bernd (2005). H. P. Lovecraft and the Literature of the Fantastic: Explorations in a Literary Genre. Munich: GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-84462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-84462-8"><bdi>978-3-638-84462-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724541939">724541939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft+and+the+Literature+of+the+Fantastic%3A+Explorations+in+a+Literary+Genre&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F724541939&rft.isbn=978-3-638-84462-8&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Talbot, Nick (August 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150902025924/http://thequietus.com/articles/16129-alan-moore-providence-cthulhu-philosophy-language-lovecraft">"All About Alienation: Alan Moore On Lovecraft And Providence"</a>. The Quietus. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2634-2030">2634-2030</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequietus.com/articles/16129-alan-moore-providence-cthulhu-philosophy-language-lovecraft">the original</a> on September 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quietus&rft.atitle=All+About+Alienation%3A+Alan+Moore+On+Lovecraft+And+Providence&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft.issn=2634-2030&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequietus.com%2Farticles%2F16129-alan-moore-providence-cthulhu-philosophy-language-lovecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Tierney" title="Richard L. Tierney">Tierney, Richard L.</a> (2001) [first published 1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dX30AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">"The Derleth Mythos"</a>. In Schweitzer, Darrell (ed.). Discovering H. P. Lovecraft. Holicog, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2"><bdi>978-1-4344-4912-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/114786517">114786517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Derleth+Mythos&rft.btitle=Discovering+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Holicog%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F114786517&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-4912-2&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdX30AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouponce2013" class="citation book cs1">Touponce, William F. 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Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F321959">10.7560/321959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2195-9"><bdi>978-1-4773-2195-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159658615">1159658615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241275357">241275357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renegades+and+Rogues%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Robert+E.+Howard&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159658615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241275357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F321959&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2195-9&rft.aulast=Vick&rft.aufirst=Todd+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEd4EEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2023" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Nathaniel R. (2023). "Disseminating Lovecraft: The Proliferation of Unsanctioned Derivative Works in the Absence of an Operable Copyright Monopoly". In Lanzendörfer, Tim; Dreysse Passos de Carvalho, Max José (eds.). The Medial Afterlives of H.P. Lovecraft. Palgrave Studies in Adaptation and Visual Culture. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 27–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-13765-5_2">10.1007/978-3-031-13765-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13764-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13764-8"><bdi>978-3-031-13764-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disseminating+Lovecraft%3A+The+Proliferation+of+Unsanctioned+Derivative+Works+in+the+Absence+of+an+Operable+Copyright+Monopoly&rft.btitle=The+Medial+Afterlives+of+H.P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Adaptation+and+Visual+Culture&rft.pages=27-44&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-13765-5_2&rft.isbn=978-3-031-13764-8&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzel1983" class="citation book cs1">Wetzel, George T. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aetherial.net/static/lovecraft/Wetzel_The_Lovecraft_Scholar.pdf">The Lovecraft Scholar</a> (PDF). Darien, Connecticut: Hobgoblin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lovecraft+Scholar&rft.place=Darien%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Hobgoblin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aetherial.net%2Fstatic%2Flovecraft%2FWetzel_The_Lovecraft_Scholar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1975" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Colin (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/strengthtodreaml00wils">The Strength to Dream: Literature and the Imagination</a> (Second ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6819-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6819-7"><bdi>978-0-8371-6819-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630646359">630646359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strength+to+Dream%3A+Literature+and+the+Imagination&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630646359&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-6819-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrengthtodreaml00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1950" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edmund (1950) [first published November 24, 1945]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auPpqXw6bGQC&pg=PA286">"Tales of the Marvellous and the Ridiculous"</a>. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Macmillan. pp. 286–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52667-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52667-2"><bdi>0-374-52667-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964373">964373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tales+of+the+Marvellous+and+the+Ridiculous&rft.btitle=Classics+and+Commercials%3A+A+Literary+Chronicle+of+the+Forties&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=286-290&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964373&rft.isbn=0-374-52667-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauPpqXw6bGQC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohleber1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Wohleber, Curt (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/man-who-can-scare-stephen-king?page=show">"The Man Who Can Scare Stephen King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>. Vol. 46, no. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220300/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/man-who-can-scare-stephen-king?page=show">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Can+Scare+Stephen+King&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1995-12&rft.aulast=Wohleber&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fman-who-can-scare-stephen-king%3Fpage%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolanin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wolanin, Tyler L. (August 2013). "New Deal Politics in the Correspondence of H. P. Lovecraft". Lovecraft Annual (7): 3–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868464">26868464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=New+Deal+Politics+in+the+Correspondence+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3-35&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868464%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Wolanin&rft.aufirst=Tyler+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Woodard, Ben (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://continentcontinent.cc/archives/issues/issue-1-1-2011/mad-speculation-and-absolute-inhumanism">"Mad Speculation and Absolute Inhumanism: Lovecraft, Ligotti, and the Weirding of Philosophy"</a>. Continent. 1 (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-9920">2159-9920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continent&rft.atitle=Mad+Speculation+and+Absolute+Inhumanism%3A+Lovecraft%2C+Ligotti%2C+and+the+Weirding+of+Philosophy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=2159-9920&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontinentcontinent.cc%2Farchives%2Fissues%2Fissue-1-1-2011%2Fmad-speculation-and-absolute-inhumanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Boston_Globe1937" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228223254/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32716288/the-boston-globe/">"Wrote of His Last Month Alive"</a>. The Boston Globe. March 15, 1937. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791">0743-1791</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32716288/the-boston-globe/">the original</a> on February 28, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Wrote+of+His+Last+Month+Alive&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1937-03-15&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F32716288%2Fthe-boston-globe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeller2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zeller, Benjamin E. (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11010018">"Altar Call of Cthulhu: Religion and Millennialism in H.P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos"</a>. Religions. 11 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11010018">10.3390/rel11010018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213736759">213736759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Altar+Call+of+Cthulhu%3A+Religion+and+Millennialism+in+H.P.+Lovecraft%27s+Cthulhu+Mythos&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213736759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11010018&rft.aulast=Zeller&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11010018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_Anderson" title="James Arthur Anderson">Anderson, James Arthur</a>; Joshi, S. T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iKjDwAAQBAJ">Out of the Shadows: A Structuralist Approach to Understanding the Fiction of H. P. Lovecraft</a>. Rockville, Maryland: Wildside Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23860%2Fdiss-anderson-james-1992">10.23860/diss-anderson-james-1992</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-0384-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-0384-4"><bdi>978-1-4794-0384-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1127558354">1127558354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171675509">171675509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+A+Structuralist+Approach+to+Understanding+the+Fiction+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1127558354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171675509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23860%2Fdiss-anderson-james-1992&rft.isbn=978-1-4794-0384-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Arthur&rft.au=Joshi%2C+S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iKjDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burleson, Donald R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hplovecraftcriti0000burl">H. P. Lovecraft: A Critical Study</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23255-8"><bdi>978-0-313-23255-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299389026">299389026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190394934">190394934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+A+Critical+Study&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299389026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190394934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-313-23255-8&rft.aulast=Burleson&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhplovecraftcriti0000burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallaghan2013" class="citation book cs1">Callaghan, Gavin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7xPrPHTLjMC">H. P. Lovecraft's Dark Arcadia: The Satire, Symbology and Contradiction</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0239-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-0239-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856844361">856844361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%27s+Dark+Arcadia%3A+The+Satire%2C+Symbology+and+Contradiction&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856844361&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0239-4&rft.aulast=Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7xPrPHTLjMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cannon, Peter, ed. (1998). <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Remembered" title="Lovecraft Remembered">Lovecraft Remembered</a>. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87054-173-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87054-173-5"><bdi>978-0-87054-173-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260088015">260088015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovecraft+Remembered&rft.place=Sauk+City%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Arkham+House&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260088015&rft.isbn=978-0-87054-173-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carter, Lin (1972). <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Look_Behind_the_Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos">Lovecraft: A Look Behind the "Cthulhu Mythos"</a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-04166-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-04166-4"><bdi>0-586-04166-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2213597">2213597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190363598">190363598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovecraft%3A+A+Look+Behind+the+%22Cthulhu+Mythos%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2213597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190363598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=0-586-04166-4&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frierson, Meade; Frierson, Penny (March 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanac.org/fanzines/HPL/hpl_frierson_1979.pdf">HPL: A Tribute to Howard Phillips Lovecraft</a> (PDF). Birmingham, Alabama: Meade and Penny Frierson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/315586">315586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HPL%3A+A+Tribute+to+Howard+Phillips+Lovecraft&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Meade+and+Penny+Frierson&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F315586&rft.aulast=Frierson&rft.aufirst=Meade&rft.au=Frierson%2C+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanac.org%2Ffanzines%2FHPL%2Fhpl_frierson_1979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Grueso, Fernando Darío (2013). La ficción científica. 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Madrid: UAM Ediciones. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15366%2Fficcion.cientif2013">10.15366/ficcion.cientif2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8344-376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8344-376-7"><bdi>978-84-8344-376-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026295184">1026295184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183258592">183258592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ficci%C3%B3n+cient%C3%ADfica.+G%C3%A9nero%2C+Po%C3%A9tica+y+sus+relaciones+con+la+literatura+oral+tradicional%3A+El+papel+de+H.+P.+Lovecraft+como+mediador&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Colecci%C3%B3n+Estudios&rft.pub=UAM+Ediciones&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026295184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A183258592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15366%2Fficcion.cientif2013&rft.isbn=978-84-8344-376-7&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Grueso&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Dar%C3%ADo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hegyi, Pál (2019). Lovecraft Laughing: Uncanny Memes in the Weird. Department of American Studies, University of Szeged. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14232%2Famericana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft">10.14232/americana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5423-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5423-56-7"><bdi>978-615-5423-56-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8160851320">8160851320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192043054">192043054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovecraft+Laughing%3A+Uncanny+Memes+in+the+Weird&rft.pub=Department+of+American+Studies%2C+University+of+Szeged&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8160851320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192043054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14232%2Famericana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft&rft.isbn=978-615-5423-56-7&rft.aulast=Hegyi&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq, Michel</a>; King, Stephen (2005). <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_Against_the_World,_Against_Life" title="H. 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Cernunnos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932416-18-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-932416-18-8"><bdi>1-932416-18-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151841813">1151841813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190374730">190374730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+Against+the+World%2C+Against+Life&rft.pub=Cernunnos&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151841813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190374730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=1-932416-18-8&rft.aulast=Houellebecq&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=King%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. T. (1980). H. P. Lovecraft, Four Decades of Criticism (First ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-0442-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-0442-3"><bdi>0-8214-0442-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6085440">6085440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%2C+Four+Decades+of+Criticism&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6085440&rft.isbn=0-8214-0442-3&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Klinger, Leslie S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rF-BAAAQBAJ">The New Annotated H. P. Lovecraft</a> (First ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-453-4"><bdi>978-0-87140-453-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884500241">884500241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218735034">218735034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Annotated+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884500241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218735034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-453-4&rft.aulast=Klinger&rft.aufirst=Leslie+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rF-BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lévy, Maurice (1988) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGKxoVwGKNgC">Lovecraft: A Study in the Fantastic</a>. 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Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1956-7"><bdi>978-0-8143-1956-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491484555">491484555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190967971">190967971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovecraft%3A+A+Study+in+the+Fantastic&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491484555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190967971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1956-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vy&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGKxoVwGKNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long" title="Frank Belknap Long">Long, Frank Belknap</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDySDwAAQBAJ">Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Nightside</a>. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87054-068-8"><bdi>0-87054-068-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2034623">2034623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160306366">160306366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howard+Phillips+Lovecraft%3A+Dreamer+on+the+Nightside&rft.place=Sauk+City%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Arkham+House&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2034623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160306366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=0-87054-068-8&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Frank+Belknap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDySDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ludueña, Fabián; de Acosta, Alejandro (2015). H. P. Lovecraft: The Disjunction in Being. Translated by de Acosta, Alejandro. United States: Schism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5058-6600-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5058-6600-1"><bdi>978-1-5058-6600-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935704008">935704008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+The+Disjunction+in+Being&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Schism&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935704008&rft.isbn=978-1-5058-6600-1&rft.aulast=Ludue%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Fabi%C3%A1n&rft.au=de+Acosta%2C+Alejandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. 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New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-1212-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8154-1212-6"><bdi>0-8154-1212-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50212624">50212624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovecraft+at+Last%3A+The+Master+of+Horror+in+His+Own+Words&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50212624&rft.isbn=0-8154-1212-6&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft.au=Conover%2C+Willis&rft.au=Joshi%2C+S.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. 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New York: Dell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50660-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-50660-3"><bdi>0-440-50660-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36165172">36165172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36165172&rft.isbn=0-440-50660-3&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedhplovec00love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. P. (2012). Joshi, S. T. (ed.). The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature (Second ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61498-028-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61498-028-5"><bdi>978-1-61498-028-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855115722">855115722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Supernatural+Horror+in+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Hippocampus+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855115722&rft.isbn=978-1-61498-028-5&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Stephen; Philip, Barnard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6CvDQAAQBAJ">Pentecostal Modernism: Lovecraft, Los Angeles and World-Systems Culture</a>. New Directions in Religion and Literature. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781474238762">10.5040/9781474238762</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3873-1"><bdi>978-1-4742-3873-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065524061">1065524061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148868506">148868506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecostal+Modernism%3A+Lovecraft%2C+Los+Angeles+and+World-Systems+Culture&rft.series=New+Directions+in+Religion+and+Literature&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1065524061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148868506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781474238762&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3873-1&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Philip%2C+Barnard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6CvDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Martin, Sean Elliot (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/881">H.P. Lovecraft and the Modernist Grotesque</a> (PhD thesis). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Duquesne University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448610167" title="Special:BookSources/9781448610167"><bdi>9781448610167</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/601419113">601419113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191576874">191576874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=H.P.+Lovecraft+and+the+Modernist+Grotesque&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Duquesne+University&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F601419113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191576874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=9781448610167&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Sean+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsc.duq.edu%2Fetd%2F881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Migliore, Andrew; Strysik, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/lurkerinlobbygui0000migl">The Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H. P. Lovecraft</a>. Portland, Oregon: Night Shade Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892389-35-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-892389-35-0"><bdi>978-1-892389-35-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023313647">1023313647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152612871">152612871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lurker+in+the+Lobby%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Cinema+of+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Night+Shade+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1023313647&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152612871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-892389-35-0&rft.aulast=Migliore&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Strysik%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flurkerinlobbygui0000migl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montaclair, Florent; Picot, Jean-Pierre (1997). Fantastique et événement : Étude comparée des œuvres de Jules Verne et Howard P. Lovecraft. Annales littéraires (in French). Vol. 621. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pufc.1726">10.4000/books.pufc.1726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-692-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-692-0"><bdi>978-2-84867-692-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1286480358">1286480358</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228019349">228019349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastique+et+%C3%A9v%C3%A9nement+%3A+%C3%89tude+compar%C3%A9e+des+%C5%93uvres+de+Jules+Verne+et+Howard+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Besan%C3%A7on&rft.series=Annales+litt%C3%A9raires&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Franche-Comt%C3%A9&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1286480358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228019349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pufc.1726&rft.isbn=978-2-84867-692-0&rft.aulast=Montaclair&rft.aufirst=Florent&rft.au=Picot%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Eric (2016). The Republic of Cthulhu: Lovecraft, the Weird Tale, and Conspiracy Theory. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21983%2FP3.0155.1.00">10.21983/P3.0155.1.00</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9982375-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9982375-6-5"><bdi>978-0-9982375-6-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1135348793">1135348793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165947887">165947887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Cthulhu%3A+Lovecraft%2C+the+Weird+Tale%2C+and+Conspiracy+Theory&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Punctum+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1135348793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165947887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21983%2FP3.0155.1.00&rft.isbn=978-0-9982375-6-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH.+P.+Lovecraft" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> H. P. Lovecraft at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" class="extiw" title="c:H. P. Lovecraft">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" class="extiw" title="q:H. P. Lovecraft">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Howard Phillips Lovecraft">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566" class="extiw" title="d:Q169566">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about H. P. Lovecraft <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=66470391&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=66470391">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=66470391&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By H. P. Lovecraft <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=66470391&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=66470391">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=66470391&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hplovecraft.com/">The H. P. Lovecraft Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hplhs.org/">The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=73">H. P. Lovecraft Collection</a> in the Special Collections at the <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journal/lovecraftannual">Lovecraft Annual</a>, a scholarly journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weirdprovidence.org/">The Lovecraft Arts & Sciences Council</a>, a non-profit educational organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?165">H. P. Lovecraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566#P1233" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lovecraft_h_p">H. P. Lovecraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522454/">H. P. Lovecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/H.P.+Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_editions">Online editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Online editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/h-p-lovecraft">Works by H. P. Lovecraft in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34724">Works by Howard Phillips Lovecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips">Works by H. P. Lovecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H%2E%20P%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H%2E%20P%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H%2E%20Phillips%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20P%2E%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-1937%22%20AND%20Lovecraft%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about H. P. Lovecraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/424">Works by H. P. Lovecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="H._P._Lovecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:H._P._Lovecraft" title="Template:H. P. Lovecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:H._P._Lovecraft" title="Template talk:H. P. Lovecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:H._P._Lovecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:H. P. Lovecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="H._P._Lovecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. P. Lovecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography" title="H. P. Lovecraft bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Beast_in_the_Cave" title="The Beast in the Cave">The Beast in the Cave</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_(short_story)" title="The Alchemist (short story)">The Alchemist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tomb_(short_story)" title="The Tomb (short story)">The Tomb</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dagon_(short_story)" title="Dagon (short story)">Dagon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Reminiscence_of_Dr._Samuel_Johnson" title="A Reminiscence of Dr. Samuel Johnson">A Reminiscence of Dr. Samuel Johnson</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Polaris_(short_story)" title="Polaris (short story)">Polaris</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_of_Sleep" title="Beyond the Wall of Sleep">Beyond the Wall of Sleep</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Memory_(H._P._Lovecraft)" title="Memory (H. P. Lovecraft)">Memory</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Bugs" title="Old Bugs">Old Bugs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Transition_of_Juan_Romero" title="The Transition of Juan Romero">The Transition of Juan Romero</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_White_Ship_(story)" title="The White Ship (story)">The White Ship</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Street_(short_story)" title="The Street (short story)">The Street</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doom_That_Came_to_Sarnath" title="The Doom That Came to Sarnath">The Doom That Came to Sarnath</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Statement_of_Randolph_Carter" title="The Statement of Randolph Carter">The Statement of Randolph Carter</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Terrible_Old_Man" title="The Terrible Old Man">The Terrible Old Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tree_(short_story)" title="The Tree (short story)">The Tree</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar" title="The Cats of Ulthar">The Cats of Ulthar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Temple_(Lovecraft_short_story)" title="The Temple (Lovecraft short story)">The Temple</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Facts_Concerning_the_Late_Arthur_Jermyn_and_His_Family" title="Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family">Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Celepha%C3%AFs" title="Celephaïs">Celephaïs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_Beyond_(short_story)" title="From Beyond (short story)">From Beyond</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nyarlathotep_(short_story)" title="Nyarlathotep (short story)">Nyarlathotep</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Picture_in_the_House" title="The Picture in the House">The Picture in the House</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ex_Oblivione" title="Ex Oblivione">Ex Oblivione</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Ermengarde" title="Sweet Ermengarde">Sweet Ermengarde</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nameless_City" title="The Nameless City">The Nameless City</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_Iranon" title="The Quest of Iranon">The Quest of Iranon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon-Bog" title="The Moon-Bog">The Moon-Bog</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Outsider_(short_story)" title="The Outsider (short story)">The Outsider</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Gods" title="The Other Gods">The Other Gods</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Music_of_Erich_Zann" title="The Music of Erich Zann">The Music of Erich Zann</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Herbert_West%E2%80%93Reanimator" title="Herbert West–Reanimator">Herbert West–Reanimator</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hypnos_(short_story)" title="Hypnos (short story)">Hypnos</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_the_Moon_Brings" title="What the Moon Brings">What the Moon Brings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Azathoth_(short_story)" title="Azathoth (short story)">Azathoth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Hound" title="The Hound">The Hound</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lurking_Fear" title="The Lurking Fear">The Lurking Fear</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rats_in_the_Walls" title="The Rats in the Walls">The Rats in the Walls</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unnamable_(short_story)" title="The Unnamable (short story)">The Unnamable</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Festival_(short_story)" title="The Festival (short story)">The Festival</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shunned_House" title="The Shunned House">The Shunned House</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook" title="The Horror at Red Hook">The Horror at Red Hook</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/He_(short_story)" title="He (short story)">He</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Vault" title="In the Vault">In the Vault</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cool_Air" title="Cool Air">Cool Air</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pickman%27s_Model" title="Pickman's Model">Pickman's Model</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Key" title="The Silver Key">The Silver Key</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Strange_High_House_in_the_Mist" title="The Strange High House in the Mist">The Strange High House in the Mist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space" title="The Colour Out of Space">The Colour Out of Space</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Descendant_(short_story)" title="The Descendant (short story)">The Descendant</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Necronomicon" title="History of the Necronomicon">History of the Necronomicon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Very_Old_Folk" title="The Very Old Folk">The Very Old Folk</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ibid_(short_story)" title="Ibid (short story)">Ibid</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Dunwich_Horror" title="The Dunwich Horror">The Dunwich Horror</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Dreams_in_the_Witch_House" title="The Dreams in the Witch House">The Dreams in the Witch House</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thing_on_the_Doorstep" title="The Thing on the Doorstep">The Thing on the Doorstep</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Evil_Clergyman" title="The Evil Clergyman">The Evil Clergyman</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Book_(short_story)" title="The Book (short story)">The Book</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Haunter_of_the_Dark" title="The Haunter of the Dark">The Haunter of the Dark</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath" title="The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath">The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whisperer_in_Darkness" title="The Whisperer in Darkness">The Whisperer in Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth" title="The Shadow over Innsmouth">The Shadow over Innsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time" title="The Shadow Out of Time">The Shadow Out of Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Charles_Dexter_Ward" title="The Case of Charles Dexter Ward">The Case of Charles Dexter Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Green_Meadow" title="The Green Meadow">The Green Meadow</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Gods" title="Poetry and the Gods">Poetry and the Gods</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Crawling_Chaos" title="The Crawling Chaos">The Crawling Chaos</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Horror_at_Martin%27s_Beach" title="The Horror at Martin's Beach">The Horror at Martin's Beach</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Under_the_Pyramids" title="Under the Pyramids">Under the Pyramids</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Yig" title="The Curse of Yig">The Curse of Yig</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mound_(novella)" title="The Mound (novella)">The Mound</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Medusa%27s_Coil" title="Medusa's Coil">Medusa's Coil</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Horror_in_the_Museum" title="The Horror in the Museum">The Horror in the Museum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Through_the_Gates_of_the_Silver_Key" title="Through the Gates of the Silver Key">Through the Gates of the Silver Key</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Aeons" title="Out of the Aeons">Out of the Aeons</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tree_on_the_Hill" title="The Tree on the Hill">The Tree on the Hill</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Till_A%27_the_Seas" title="Till A' the Seas">Till A' the Seas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Walls_of_Eryx" title="In the Walls of Eryx">In the Walls of Eryx</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungi_from_Yuggoth" title="Fungi from Yuggoth">Fungi from Yuggoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cancer_of_Superstition" title="The Cancer of Superstition">The Cancer of Superstition</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature" title="Supernatural Horror in Literature">Supernatural Horror in Literature</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Quebec_and_the_Stars" title="To Quebec and the Stars">To Quebec and the Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography:_Some_Notes_on_a_Nonentity" title="Autobiography: Some Notes on a Nonentity">Autobiography: Some Notes on a Nonentity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkham" title="Arkham">Arkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country" title="Lovecraft Country">Lovecraft Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%27lyeh" title="R'lyeh">R'lyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necronomicon" title="Necronomicon">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_West%E2%80%93Reanimator" title="Herbert West–Reanimator">Herbert West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Carter" title="Randolph Carter">Randolph Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Warren" title="Harley Warren">Harley Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azathoth" title="Azathoth">Azathoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu" title="Cthulhu">Cthulhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarlathotep" title="Nyarlathotep">Nyarlathotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shub-Niggurath" title="Shub-Niggurath">Shub-Niggurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastur" title="Hastur">Hastur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_A_Life" title="H. P. Lovecraft: A Life">H. P. Lovecraft: A Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_Against_the_World,_Against_Life" title="H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life">H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_H._P._Lovecraft_Encyclopedia" title="An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia">An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Biography" title="Lovecraft: A Biography">Lovecraft: A Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Look_Behind_the_Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos">Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes/Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronomicon" title="Necronomicon">Necronomicon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lovecraft Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Derleth" title="August Derleth">August Derleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith" title="Clark Ashton Smith">Clark Ashton Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long" title="Frank Belknap Long">Frank Belknap Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">Lovecraft studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_influenced_by_the_Cthulhu_Mythos" title="List of works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos">Works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_(band)" title="H. P. Lovecraft (band)">H. P. Lovecraft (band)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_Historical_Society" title="H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society">H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adaptations_of_works_by_H._P._Lovecraft" title="Category:Adaptations of works by H. P. Lovecraft">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_(crater)" title="Lovecraft (crater)">Lovecraft (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton_Regio" title="Belton Regio">Cthulhu Macula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklo" title="Aklo">Aklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Cycle" title="Dream Cycle">Dream Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft:_Fear_of_the_Unknown" title="Lovecraft: Fear of the Unknown">Lovecraft: Fear of the Unknown (documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Greene" title="Sonia Greene">Sonia Greene (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thing_in_the_Moonlight" title="The Thing in the Moonlight">The Thing in the Moonlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:H._P._Lovecraft" title="Category:H. P. Lovecraft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cthulhu_Mythos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Template:Cthulhu Mythos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Template talk:Cthulhu Mythos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cthulhu Mythos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cthulhu_Mythos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cthulhu_Mythos_writers" title="Category:Cthulhu Mythos writers">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith" title="Clark Ashton Smith">Clark Ashton Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long" title="Frank Belknap Long">Frank Belknap Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Derleth" title="August Derleth">August Derleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Cthulhu3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cthulhu3.jpg/80px-Cthulhu3.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cthulhu3.jpg/120px-Cthulhu3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cthulhu3.jpg/160px-Cthulhu3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="5841" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_deities" title="Cthulhu Mythos deities">Deities</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azathoth" title="Azathoth">Azathoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu" title="Cthulhu">Cthulhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastur" title="Hastur">Hastur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarlathotep" title="Nyarlathotep">Nyarlathotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shub-Niggurath" title="Shub-Niggurath">Shub-Niggurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsathoggua" title="Tsathoggua">Tsathoggua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_species" title="Cthulhu Mythos species">Species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_One" title="Deep One">Deep Ones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Thing" title="Elder Thing">Elder Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounds_of_Tindalos" title="Hounds of Tindalos">Hounds of Tindalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi-Go" title="Mi-Go">Mi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Men" title="Serpent Men">Serpent Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoggoth" title="Shoggoth">Shoggoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklo" title="Aklo">Aklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Cycle" title="Dream Cycle">Dream Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore%27s_The_Courtyard" title="Alan Moore's The Courtyard">Alan Moore's The Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomicon" title="Neonomicon">Neonomicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_(Avatar_Press)" title="Providence (Avatar Press)">Providence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_anthology" title="Cthulhu Mythos anthology">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cthulhu_Mythos_books" title="List of Cthulhu Mythos books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cthulhu_Mythos_characters" title="List of Cthulhu Mythos characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_influenced_by_the_Cthulhu_Mythos" title="List of works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos">Works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="H._P._Lovecraft&#039;s_&quot;The_Call_of_Cthulhu&quot;_(1926)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="Template:The Call of Cthulhu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="Template talk:The Call of Cthulhu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Call of Cthulhu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="H._P._Lovecraft&#039;s_&quot;The_Call_of_Cthulhu&quot;_(1926)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. P. Lovecraft</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>" (1926)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu_(film)" title="The Call of Cthulhu (film)">The Call of Cthulhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_Girl_of_Cthulhu" title="Call Girl of Cthulhu">Call Girl of Cthulhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_(film)" title="Underwater (film)">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_(role-playing_game)" title="Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)">Role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_The_Card_Game" title="Call of Cthulhu: The Card Game">The Card Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth" title="Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth">Dark Corners of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_The_Wasted_Land" title="Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land">The Wasted Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_(video_game)" title="Call of Cthulhu (video game)">Call of Cthulhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_anthology" title="Cthulhu Mythos anthology">anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="H._P._Lovecraft&#039;s_At_the_Mountains_of_Madness_(1931)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="Template:At the Mountains of Madness"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="Template talk:At the Mountains of Madness"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="Special:EditPage/Template:At the Mountains of Madness"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="H._P._Lovecraft&#039;s_At_the_Mountains_of_Madness_(1931)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. P. Lovecraft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a> (1931)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Thing" title="Elder Thing">Elder Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoggoth" title="Shoggoth">Shoggoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountains_of_Madness" title="The Mountains of Madness">The Mountains of Madness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequel works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_Ice" title="Prisoner of Ice">Prisoner of Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Colder_War" title="A Colder War">A Colder War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness_and_Other_Novels" title="At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels">At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronomicon:_The_Best_Weird_Tales_of_H._P._Lovecraft:_Commemorative_Edition" title="Necronomicon: The Best Weird Tales of H. P. Lovecraft: Commemorative Edition">Necronomicon: The Best Weird Tales of H. P. Lovecraft: Commemorative Edition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="H._P._Lovecraft&#039;s_The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth_(1931)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Shadow_Over_Innsmouth" title="Template:The Shadow Over Innsmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Shadow_Over_Innsmouth" title="Template talk:The Shadow Over Innsmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Shadow_Over_Innsmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Shadow Over Innsmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="H._P._Lovecraft&#039;s_The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth_(1931)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. P. Lovecraft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth" title="The Shadow over Innsmouth">The Shadow over Innsmouth</a> (1931)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_One" title="Deep One">Deep One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_(2000_film)" title="Cthulhu (2000 film)">Cthulhu</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon_(film)" title="Dagon (film)">Dagon</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_(2007_film)" title="Cthulhu (2007 film)">Cthulhu</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsmouth_(film)" title="Innsmouth (film)">Innsmouth</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_(film)" title="Underwater (film)">Underwater</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Deep_Ones" title="The Deep Ones">The Deep Ones</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadows_over_Innsmouth" title="Shadows over Innsmouth">Shadows over Innsmouth</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_Shadows_Over_Innsmouth" title="Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth">Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Litany_of_Earth" title="The Litany of Earth">The Litany of Earth</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Tide" title="Winter Tide">Winter Tide</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Roots_(novel)" title="Deep Roots (novel)">Deep Roots</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Comet" title="Shadow of the Comet">Shadow of the Comet</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsmouth_no_Yakata" title="Innsmouth no Yakata">Innsmouth no Yakata</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorhead" title="Anchorhead">Anchorhead</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonbane" title="Demonbane">Demonbane</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth" title="Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth">Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_for_Love:_Date_to_Die_For" title="Sucker for Love: Date to Die For">Sucker for Love: Date to Die For</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Podcasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lovecraft_Investigations" title="The Lovecraft Investigations">The Lovecraft Investigations: The Shadow Over Innsmouth</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Re-Animator" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Re-Animator" title="Template:Re-Animator"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Re-Animator" title="Template talk:Re-Animator"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Re-Animator" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Re-Animator"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Re-Animator" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Re-Animator_(film_series)" title="Re-Animator (film series)">Re-Animator</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DEDDE2;"><div>Based on "<a href="/wiki/Herbert_West%E2%80%93Reanimator" title="Herbert West–Reanimator">Herbert West–Reanimator</a>" (1921–22) by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. P. Lovecraft</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEDDE2;">Film series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Animator" title="Re-Animator">Re-Animator</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Re-Animator" title="Bride of Re-Animator">Bride of Re-Animator</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Re-Animator" title="Beyond Re-Animator">Beyond Re-Animator</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEDDE2;">Musical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Animator:_The_Musical" title="Re-Animator: The Musical">Re-Animator: The Musical</a> (2011–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEDDE2;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_The_Wasted_Land" title="Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land">Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DEDDE2;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Re-Animator_(film_series)" title="Category:Re-Animator (film series)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121371765">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368643283">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368643291">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368643275">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368643267">5</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66470391">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50179/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8Mxk7qCcqvj33FMMwYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118729241">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80017007">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913507k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913507k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448086">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000957">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35313949">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009786&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000085419&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX984653">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000338601">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/38623">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068946473">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90138190">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000226288&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000013933&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038920">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64633">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200107165">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz2wc314fjgq3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810626704005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264728005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512994306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14130771">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00242790?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w_tc9GEAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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