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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_spoken_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_spoken_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relationships with spoken languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_spoken_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_grammar_and_simultaneity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_grammar_and_simultaneity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spatial grammar and simultaneity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_grammar_and_simultaneity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-manual_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-manual_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Non-manual elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-manual_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Iconicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Written forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Sign perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deaf_communities_and_Deaf_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaf_communities_and_Deaf_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Deaf communities and Deaf culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaf_communities_and_Deaf_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_sign_languages_in_hearing_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_sign_languages_in_hearing_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Use of sign languages in hearing communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_sign_languages_in_hearing_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Legal recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_Union_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_Union_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sign Union flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_Union_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_endangerment_and_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_endangerment_and_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Language endangerment and extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_endangerment_and_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_systems_similar_to_sign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_systems_similar_to_sign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Communication systems similar to sign language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communication_systems_similar_to_sign_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communication systems similar to sign language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communication_systems_similar_to_sign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manual_codes_for_spoken_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_codes_for_spoken_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Manual codes for spoken languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_codes_for_spoken_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Baby_sign_language"_with_hearing_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Baby_sign_language"_with_hearing_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"Baby sign language" with hearing children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Baby_sign_language"_with_hearing_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Home sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primate_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primate_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Primate use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primate_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gestural_theory_of_human_language_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gestural_theory_of_human_language_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gestural theory of human language origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gestural_theory_of_human_language_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals_related_to_sign_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals_related_to_sign_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Academic journals related to sign languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals_related_to_sign_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sign language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebaretaal" title="Gebaretaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gebaretaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="የምልክት ቋንቋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የምልክት ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="साइन लैंग्वेज – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="साइन लैंग्वेज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="لغة إشارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة إشارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նշանի Լեզուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նշանի Լեզուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_de_se%C3%B1es" title="Llingua de señes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua de señes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইশারা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইশারা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utau" title="Utau – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Utau" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%BA-g%C3%AD" title="Chhiú-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiú-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Мова жэстаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мова жэстаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мігоўная мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мігоўная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सांकेतिक भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सांकेतिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palba" title="Palba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Palba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Жестомимичен език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жестомимичен език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1_%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="བརྡ སྐད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྡ སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_de_signes" title="Llengua de signes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua de signes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znakov%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Znakový jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znakový jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_arwyddion" title="Iaith arwyddion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith arwyddion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegnsprog" title="Tegnsprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tegnsprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A4rdensprache" title="Gebärdensprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebärdensprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="བརྡ་སྐད་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བརྡ་སྐད་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viipekeel" title="Viipekeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viipekeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Νοηματική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοηματική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngua_di_s%C3%A9gn" title="Léngua di ségn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Léngua di ségn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_de_se%C3%B1as" title="Lengua de señas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua de señas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signolingvo" title="Signolingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Signolingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keinu_hizkuntza" title="Keinu hizkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Keinu hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زبان اشاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اشاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknm%C3%A1l" title="Teknmál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teknmál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_des_signes" title="Langue des signes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue des signes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebeartetaal" title="Gebeartetaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gebeartetaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_chomhartha%C3%ADochta" title="Teanga chomharthaíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga chomharthaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_de_sinais" title="Lingua de sinais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua de sinais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BA-ng%C3%AE" title="Sú-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sú-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%99%94" title="수화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ժեստերի լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժեստերի լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सांकेतिक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांकेतिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znakovni_jezici" title="Znakovni jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znakovni jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat" title="Bahasa isyarat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa isyarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_de_signos" title="Lingua de signos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua de signos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Къухамындтыты æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къухамындтыты æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolimi_lwezandla" title="Ngolimi lwezandla – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ngolimi lwezandla" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1knm%C3%A1l" title="Táknmál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Táknmál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dei_segni" title="Lingua dei segni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua dei segni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שפת סימנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת סימנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_ya_ishara" title="Lugha ya ishara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha ya ishara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Жест тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жест тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_gesticulatoriae" title="Linguae gesticulatoriae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae gesticulatoriae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABmju_valoda" title="Zīmju valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīmju valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C5%B3_kalba" title="Gestų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gestų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelnyelv" title="Jelnyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jelnyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सांकेतिक भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सांकेतिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Знаковен јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаковен јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_tas-Sinjali" title="Lingwa tas-Sinjali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa tas-Sinjali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="لغة اشاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغة اشاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat" title="Bahasa isyarat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa isyarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дохионы хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дохионы хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebarentaal" title="Gebarentaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebarentaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="साङ्केतिक भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साङ्केतिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" title="手話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="手話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaggio_d%22e_signe" title="Lenguaggio d"e signe – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lenguaggio d"e signe" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegnspr%C3%A5k" title="Tegnspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tegnspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiknspr%C3%A5k" title="Teiknspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teiknspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo-ishora_tili" title="Imo-ishora tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imo-ishora tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੈਨਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਨਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سینت بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینت بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_di_se%C3%B1a" title="Idioma di seña – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma di seña" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اشاروي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اشاروي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_dij_segn" title="Lenghe dij segn – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe dij segn" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_migowy" title="Język migowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język migowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_de_sinais" title="Língua de sinais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua de sinais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_semnelor" title="Limba semnelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba semnelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_da_segns" title="Lingua da segns – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua da segns" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жестовый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жестовый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Жестовые языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жестовые языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хамсаныы тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хамсаныы тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_de_sos_sinnos" title="Limba de sos sinnos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba de sos sinnos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_e_shenjave" title="Gjuha e shenjave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha e shenjave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_d%C3%AE_signa" title="Lingua dî signa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua dî signa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A5%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සංඥා භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඥා භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sign language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posunkov%C3%A1_re%C4%8D" title="Posunková reč – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Posunková reč" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znakovni_jezik" title="Znakovni jezik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znakovni jezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fara-ka_hadal" title="Fara-ka hadal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fara-ka hadal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95" title="زمانی ئاماژە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئاماژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Знаковни језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Знаковни језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znakovni_jezik" title="Znakovni jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Znakovni jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viittomakielet" title="Viittomakielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viittomakielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teckenspr%C3%A5k" title="Teckenspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teckenspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_pakumpas" title="Wikang pakumpas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang pakumpas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ภาษามือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони ишоратӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ишоратӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Faret_dili" title="İşaret dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşaret dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жестова мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жестова мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اشاراتی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشاراتی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_dei_s%C3%A9gni" title="Łéngua dei ségni – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua dei ségni" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_k%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Ngôn ngữ ký hiệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ ký hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ssikiil" title="Kässikiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kässikiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="手语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="手语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שטום לשון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטום לשון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="手語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="手語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_languages&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about primary sign languages of the deaf. For signed versions of spoken languages, see <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">manually coded language</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASL_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ASL_family.jpg/220px-ASL_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ASL_family.jpg/330px-ASL_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ASL_family.jpg/440px-ASL_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Two men and a woman signing <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (2008)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm/220px-seek%3D5-Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="880" data-mwtitle="Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_(1913).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_(1913).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm/Preservation_of_the_Sign_Language_%281913%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Preservation of the Sign Language</i>, George W. Veditz (1913)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sign languages</b> (also known as <b>signed languages</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with <a href="#Non-manual_elements">non-manual markers</a>. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-SLM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sign languages are not universal and are usually not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are similarities among different sign languages. </p><p>Linguists consider both spoken and signed communication to be types of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>, meaning that both emerged through an abstract, protracted aging process and evolved over time without meticulous planning.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is supported by the fact that there is substantial overlap between the neural substrates of sign and spoken language processing, despite the obvious differences in modality.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sign language should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Non_verbal_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Non verbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>. Linguists also distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or obtained from them, such as constructed manual codes for spoken languages, <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">baby sign</a>", and signs learned by non-human primates. </p><p>Wherever communities of <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> people exist, sign languages have developed as useful means of communication and form the core of local <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">deaf cultures</a>. Although signing is used primarily by the deaf and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hard of hearing</a>, it is also used by hearing individuals, such as those <a href="/wiki/Muteness" title="Muteness">unable to physically speak</a>, those who have trouble with oral language due to a disability or condition (<a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">augmentative and alternative communication</a>), and those with deaf family members including <a href="/wiki/Child_of_deaf_adult" title="Child of deaf adult">children of deaf adults</a>. </p><p>The number of sign languages worldwide is not precisely known. Each country generally has its own native sign language; some have more than one. The 2021 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> lists 150 sign languages,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the SIGN-HUB Atlas of Sign Language Structures lists over 200 and notes that there are more that have not been documented or discovered yet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a> is the most-used sign language in the world, and <i>Ethnologue</i> ranks it as the 151st most "spoken" language in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sign languages have obtained some form of <a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">legal recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sign_language" title="History of sign language">History of sign language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg/170px-Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg/255px-Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg/340px-Arte_para_ense%C3%B1ar_a_hablar_a_los_mudos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Juan Pablo Bonet, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos</i></span> ("Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak") (Madrid, 1620)</figcaption></figure> <p>Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history. One of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century BC, in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>, where <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> says: "If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present?"<sup id="cite_ref-bauman2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bauman2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of what is known about pre-19th-century sign languages is limited to the manual alphabets (fingerspelling systems) that were invented to facilitate the transfer of words from a spoken language to a sign language, rather than documentation of the language itself. </p><p>Debate around European <a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">monastic sign languages</a> developed in the Middle Ages has come to regard them as gestural systems rather than true sign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monastic sign languages were the basis for the first known manual alphabet used in deaf schools, developed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Ponce de León">Pedro Ponce de León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/220px--Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm/Alphabets_-_Ghanaian_Sign_Language.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Ghanaian Sign Language alphabet</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there.<sup id="cite_ref-Wurtzburg_and_Campbell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurtzburg_and_Campbell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These records include the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> in 1527 and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Coronado</a> in 1541. </p><p>In 1620, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Bonet" title="Juan Pablo Bonet">Juan Pablo Bonet</a> published <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos</i></span> ('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak') in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics, setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jbulwer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jbulwer.jpg/170px-Jbulwer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jbulwer.jpg/255px-Jbulwer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jbulwer.jpg/340px-Jbulwer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Chirogram from <i>Chirologia</i>, 1644</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as secret communication,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public speaking, or communication by or with deaf people.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1648, <a href="/wiki/John_Bulwer" title="John Bulwer">John Bulwer</a> described "Master Babington", a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of <a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">tactile signing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1680, <a href="/wiki/George_Dalgarno" title="George Dalgarno">George Dalgarno</a> published <i>Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he presented his own method of deaf education, including an "arthrological" alphabet, where letters are indicated by pointing to different joints of the fingers and palm of the left hand. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some have speculated that they can be traced to early <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> manual alphabets.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern <a href="/wiki/Two-handed_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-handed alphabet">two-handed alphabet</a> appeared in 1698 with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Digiti Lingua</i></span> (Latin for <i>Language</i> [or <i>Tongue</i>] <i>of the Finger</i>), a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_La_Fin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de La Fin (page does not exist)">Charles de La Fin</a> published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Brow=B), and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other British systems.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described such codes for both English and Latin. </p><p>By 1720, the British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of this alphabet have been used by deaf communities, at least in education, in the former British colonies India, Australia, New Zealand, Uganda and South Africa, as well as the republics and provinces of the former Yugoslavia, Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean, Indonesia, Norway, Germany and the United States. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Polygar_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygar war">Polygar Wars</a> against the British, <a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a> communicated with <a href="/wiki/Veerapandiya_Kattabomman" title="Veerapandiya Kattabomman">Veerapandiya Kattabomman</a>'s mute younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Oomaithurai" title="Oomaithurai">Oomaithurai</a>, by using their own sign language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="grammar needs work (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé de l'Épée">Charles-Michel de l'Épée</a> published his manual alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived largely unchanged in France and North America until the present time. In 1755, Abbé de l'Épée founded the first school for deaf children in Paris; <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a> was arguably its most famous graduate. Clerc went to the United States with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet</a> to found the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a> in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallaudet's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Miner_Gallaudet" title="Edward Miner Gallaudet">Edward Miner Gallaudet</a>, founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in Washington, D.C., which in 1864 became the National Deaf-Mute College. Now called <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a>, it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a>, formerly known as Gestuno, is used mainly at international deaf events such as the <a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a> and meetings of the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_the_Deaf" title="World Federation of the Deaf">World Federation of the Deaf</a>. While recent studies claim that International Sign is a kind of a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full sign language.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kee_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kee-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as <b>Gestuno</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>International Sign Pidgin</b><sup id="cite_ref-kee_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kee-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>International Gesture</b> (IG).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International Sign is a term used by the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_the_Deaf" title="World Federation of the Deaf">World Federation of the Deaf</a> and other international organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sign languages have capability and complexity equal to spoken languages; their study as part of the field of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> has demonstrated that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages.<sup id="cite_ref-klima_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klima-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SLM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such fundamental properties include <a href="/wiki/Duality_of_patterning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duality of patterning">duality of patterning</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duality of patterning means that languages are composed of smaller, meaningless units which can be combined into larger units with meaning (see below). The term recursion means that languages exhibit grammatical rules and the output of such a rule can be the input of the same rule. It is, for example, possible in sign languages to create <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clause">subordinate clauses</a> and a subordinate clause may contain another subordinate clause. </p><p>Sign languages are not <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a>—in other words, signs are conventional, often arbitrary and do not necessarily have a visual relationship to their referent, much as most spoken language is not <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoeic">onomatopoeic</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a> is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning, to be more fully expresse, whereasdthis is more suppressed in spoken language.,<sup id="cite_ref-Taub_2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taub_2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sign languages, like spoken languages, organize elementary, meaningless units into meaningful <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> units. This type of organization in natural language is often called <a href="/wiki/Duality_of_patterning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duality of patterning">duality of patterning</a>. As in spoken languages, these meaningless units are represented as (combinations of) <a href="/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)" title="Feature (linguistics)">features</a>, although coarser descriptions are often also made in terms of five "parameters": <a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">handshape</a> (or <i>handform</i>), <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">location</a> (or <i>place of articulation</i>), <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">movement</a>, and non-manual <a href="/wiki/Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">expression</a>. These meaningless units in sign languages were initially called <a href="/wiki/Chereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chereme">cheremes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Greek word for <i>hand</i>, by analogy to the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, from Greek for <i>voice</i>, of spoken languages. Now they are sometimes called phonemes when describing sign languages too, since the function is essentially the same, but more commonly discussed in terms of "features"<sup id="cite_ref-SLM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "parameters".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, both sign and spoken languages share the <a href="/wiki/Hockett%27s_design_features" title="Hockett's design features">characteristics</a> that linguists have found in all natural human languages, such as transitoriness, <a href="/wiki/Semanticity" title="Semanticity">semanticity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbitrariness" title="Arbitrariness">arbitrariness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)" title="Productivity (linguistics)">productivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_transmission" title="Traditional transmission">cultural transmission</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="further explanation of what is meant by these terms is needed (June 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common linguistic features of many sign languages are the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages" title="Classifier constructions in sign languages">classifier constructions</a>, a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> by means of changes of movement, and a <a href="/wiki/Topic-comment_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic-comment language">topic-comment</a> <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. More than spoken languages, sign languages can convey meaning by simultaneous means, e.g. by the use of <a href="/wiki/Signing_space" title="Signing space">space</a>, two manual articulators, and the signer's face and body. Though there is still much discussion on the topic of iconicity in sign languages, classifiers are generally considered to be highly iconic, as these complex constructions "function as predicates that may express any or all of the following: motion, position, stative-descriptive, or handling information".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term classifier is not used by everyone working on these constructions. Across the field of sign language linguistics the same constructions are also referred with other terms such as depictive signs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, linguists study sign languages as true languages, part of the field of linguistics. However, the category "sign languages" was not added to the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Bibliography" title="Linguistic Bibliography"><i>Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique</i></a> until the 1988 volume,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it appeared with 39 entries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_spoken_languages">Relationships with spoken languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationships with spoken languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hole%C4%8Dkova,_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hole%C4%8Dkova%2C_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg/220px-Hole%C4%8Dkova%2C_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hole%C4%8Dkova%2C_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg/330px-Hole%C4%8Dkova%2C_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hole%C4%8Dkova%2C_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg/440px-Hole%C4%8Dkova%2C_n%C3%A1pis_ve_znakov%C3%A9_%C5%99e%C4%8Di.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> Sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall: "Life is beautiful, be happy and love each other", by Czech sculptor <a href="/wiki/Zuzana_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEkov%C3%A1" title="Zuzana Čížková">Zuzana Čížková</a> on Holečkova Street in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%ADchov" title="Smíchov">Smíchov</a>, by a school for the deaf</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a common misconception<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that sign languages are <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">spoken language expressed in signs</a>, or that they were invented by hearing people.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities in <a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_the_brain" title="Sign language in the brain">language processing in the brain</a> between signed and spoken languages further perpetuated this misconception. Hearing teachers in deaf schools, such as Charles-Michel de l'Épée or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. Instead, sign languages, like all natural languages, are developed by the people who use them, in this case, deaf people, who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language. </p><p>As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. Sign languages vary in how much they borrow from spoken languages. In many sign languages, a manual alphabet ("fingerspelling") may be used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language. This is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, such as initialized signs, in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/220px--Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="368" data-mwtitle="Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_(BSL).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_(BSL).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm/Keep_Wales_Safe_This_Winter-_British_Sign_Language_%28BSL%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A January 2021 <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> video informing viewers of their new <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">COVID-19</a> regulations</figcaption></figure> <p>On the whole, though, sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development. For example, <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL) and <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken <a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a> than it does with English.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages, or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages, is a good example of this. It has only one sign language with two variants due to its history of having two major educational institutions for the deaf which have served different geographic areas of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_grammar_and_simultaneity">Spatial grammar and simultaneity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spatial grammar and simultaneity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hello1.ogv/220px--Hello1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Hello1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hello1.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Hello1.ogv/Hello1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Hello1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Hello1.ogv/Hello1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Hello1.ogv/Hello1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Hello</i> in ASL (American Sign Language)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hello2.ogv/220px--Hello2.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Hello2.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hello2.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Hello2.ogv/Hello2.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Hello2.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Hello2.ogv/Hello2.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Hello2.ogv/Hello2.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Another variation of <i>hello</i> in ASL (American Sign Language)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight), but may also exploit tactile features (<a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">tactile sign languages</a>). Spoken language is by and large linear; only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual and, hence, can use a simultaneous expression, although this is limited articulatorily and linguistically. Visual perception allows processing of simultaneous information. </p><p>One way in which many sign languages take advantage of the spatial nature of the language is through the use of classifiers. <a href="/wiki/Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages" title="Classifier constructions in sign languages">Classifiers</a> allow a signer to spatially show a referent's type, size, shape, movement, or extent. </p><p>The possible simultaneity of sign languages in contrast to spoken languages is sometimes exaggerated. The use of two manual articulators is subject to motor constraints, resulting in a large extent of symmetry<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or signing with one articulator only. Further, sign languages, just like spoken languages, depend on linear sequencing of signs to form sentences; the greater use of simultaneity is mostly seen in the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (internal structure of individual signs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-manual_elements">Non-manual elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-manual elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></div> <p>Sign languages convey much of their <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> through non-manual elements. Postures or movements of the body, head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth are used in various combinations to show several categories of information, including <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical</a> distinction, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> structure, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbial</a> content, and <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> functions. </p><p>At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified for non-manual elements in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for <i>angry</i> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a>. Non-manual elements may also be lexically contrastive. For example, in ASL (American Sign Language), facial components distinguish some signs from other signs. An example is the sign translated as <i>not yet</i>, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as <i>late</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthings</a>, which are (parts of) spoken words accompanying lexical signs, can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for <i>doctor</i> and <i>battery</i> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Sign Language of the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the content of a signed sentence is produced manually, many grammatical functions are produced non-manually (i.e., with the face and the torso).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such functions include questions, negation, relative clauses and topicalization.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASL and BSL use similar non-manual marking for yes/no questions, for example. They are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker&Cokely_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker&Cokely-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sutton-Spence&Woll_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-Spence&Woll-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some adjectival and adverbial information is conveyed through non-manual elements, but what these elements are varies from language to language. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means "carelessly", but a similar non-manual in BSL means "boring" or "unpleasant".<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton-Spence&Woll_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-Spence&Woll-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discourse functions such as <a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">turn taking</a> are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconicity">Iconicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iconicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a> is similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Arbitrariness#Linguistics" title="Arbitrariness">arbitrariness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first studies on iconicity in ASL were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many early sign language linguists rejected the notion that iconicity was an important aspect of sign languages, considering most perceived iconicity to be extralinguistic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-klima_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klima-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mimetic aspects of sign language (signs that imitate, mimic, or represent) are found in abundance across a wide variety of sign languages. For example, when deaf children learning sign language try to express something but do not know the associated sign, they will often invent an iconic sign that displays mimetic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it never disappears from a particular sign language, iconicity is gradually weakened as forms of sign languages become more customary and are subsequently grammaticized. As a form becomes more conventional, it becomes disseminated in a methodical way phonologically to the rest of the sign language community.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nancy Frishberg concluded that though originally present in many signs, iconicity is degraded over time through the application of natural grammatical processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a> was one of the first to suggest that the properties of ASL give it a clear advantage in terms of learning and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his study, Brown found that when a group of six hearing children were taught signs that had high levels of iconic mapping they were significantly more likely to recall the signs in a later memory task than another group of six children that were taught signs that had little or no iconic properties. In contrast to Brown, linguists <a href="/wiki/Elissa_L._Newport" title="Elissa L. Newport">Elissa Newport</a> and Richard Meier found that iconicity "appears to have virtually no impact on the acquisition of American Sign Language".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central task for the pioneers of sign language linguistics was trying to prove that ASL was a real language and not merely a collection of gestures or "English on the hands." One of the prevailing beliefs at this time was that "real languages" must consist of an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning. Thus, if ASL consisted of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, it could not be considered a real language. As a result, iconicity as a whole was largely neglected in research of sign languages for a long time. However, iconicity also plays a role in many spoken languages. Spoken <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> for example exhibits many words mimicking the sounds of their potential referents (see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Japanese sound symbolism</a>). Later researchers, thus, acknowledged that natural languages do not need to consist of an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visual nature of sign language simply allows for a greater degree of iconicity compared to spoken languages as most real-world objects can be described by a prototypical shape (e.g., a table usually has a flat surface), but most real-world objects do not make prototypical sounds that can be mimicked by spoken languages (e.g., tables do not make prototypical sounds). However, sign languages are not fully iconic. On the one hand, there are also many arbitrary signs in sign languages and, on the other hand, the grammar of a sign language puts limits to the degree of iconicity: All known sign languages, for example, express lexical concepts via manual signs. From a truly iconic language one would expect that a concept like smiling would be expressed by mimicking a smile (i.e., by performing a smiling face). All known sign languages, however, do not express the concept of smiling by a smiling face, but by a manual sign.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a> perspective rejects a more traditional definition of iconicity as a relationship between linguistic form and a concrete, real-world referent. Rather it is a set of selected correspondences between the form and meaning of a sign.<sup id="cite_ref-Taub_2001_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taub_2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, iconicity is grounded in a language user's mental representation ("<a href="/wiki/Construal" title="Construal">construal</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">cognitive grammar</a>). It is defined as a fully grammatical and central aspect of a sign language rather than a peripheral phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cognitive linguistics perspective allows for some signs to be fully iconic or partially iconic given the number of correspondences between the possible parameters of form and meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_2000_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a> (ISL) sign for <i>ask</i> has parts of its form that are iconic ("movement away from the mouth" means "something coming from the mouth"), and parts that are arbitrary (the handshape, and the orientation).<sup id="cite_ref-Meir_2010_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meir_2010-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many signs have <a href="/wiki/Metaphoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphoric">metaphoric</a> mappings as well as iconic or metonymic ones. For these signs there are three-way correspondences between a form, a concrete source and an abstract target meaning. The ASL sign LEARN has this three-way correspondence. The abstract target meaning is "learning". The concrete source is putting objects into the head from books. The form is a grasping hand moving from an open palm to the forehead. The iconic correspondence is between form and concrete source. The metaphorical correspondence is between concrete source and abstract target meaning. Because the concrete source is connected to two correspondences linguistics refer to metaphorical signs as "double mapped".<sup id="cite_ref-Taub_2001_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taub_2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_2000_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meir_2010_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meir_2010-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_families.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sign language families I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sign_language_families.svg/300px-Sign_language_families.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sign_language_families.svg/450px-Sign_language_families.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sign_language_families.svg/600px-Sign_language_families.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><b>The classification of Sign Language families</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5d6a8f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">French Sign Language family</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1e2f5d; color:white;"> </span> →<a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) cluster</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#93a1c7; color:black;"> </span> →<a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a> cluster</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a8d3db; color:black;"> </span> →<a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a> cluster</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9c6cd0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish Sign Language</a> family</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a596d8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign Language family</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b08660; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign Language family</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#660066; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese sign languages</a> & some Thai and Lao SLs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#383834; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab sign-language family</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9691; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign Language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bd4b31; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign Language family</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4b874b; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a> family (British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1c5e31; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African Sign Language</a> (within the BANZSL family)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;"> </span> Isolated languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e6e6e6; color:black;"> </span> No data</div></figcaption></figure><p>Sign languages may be classified by how they arise. </p><p>In non-signing communities, <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a> is not a full language, but closer to a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>. Home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family, where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign. Such systems are not generally passed on from one generation to the next. Where they are passed on, <a href="/wiki/Creole_genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole genesis">creolization</a> would be expected to occur, resulting in a full language. However, home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language; examples include various <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a> and gestural systems across West Africa, such as <a href="/wiki/Mofu-Gudur_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mofu-Gudur Sign Language">Mofu-Gudur</a> in Cameroon. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign language</a> is a local indigenous language that typically arises over several generations in a relatively insular community with a high incidence of deafness, and is used both by the deaf and by a significant portion of the hearing community, who have deaf family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of these is probably the extinct <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a> of the U.S., but there are also numerous village languages scattered throughout Africa, Asia, and America. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deaf-community_sign_language" title="Deaf-community sign language">Deaf-community sign languages</a>, on the other hand, arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities. These include school sign, such as <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a>, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as <a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako Sign Language</a>, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. At first, Deaf-community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population, in many cases not even by close family members. However, they may grow, in some cases becoming a language of instruction and receiving official recognition, as in the case of ASL. </p><p>Both contrast with <a href="/wiki/Speech_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech taboo">speech-taboo</a> languages such as the various <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian sign languages">Aboriginal Australian sign languages</a>, which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf. It is doubtful whether most of these are languages in their own right, rather than manual codes of spoken languages, though a few such as <a href="/wiki/Yolngu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolngu Sign Language">Yolngu Sign Language</a> are independent of any particular spoken language. Hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages, as in <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a>; this was a contact signing system or <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> that was evidently not used by deaf people in the Plains nations, though it presumably influenced home sign. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language contact</a> and creolization is common in the development of sign languages, making clear family classifications difficult– it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language, or whether there was one or several parent languages, such as several village languages merging into a Deaf-community language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between sign and spoken languages (<a href="/wiki/Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">contact sign</a>, a kind of pidgin), and between sign languages and <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestural systems</a> used by the broader community. For example, <a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a>, a village sign language of Ghana, may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal features</a> including prosody and phonetics.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wittmann,_H._1991_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann,_H._1991-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lao_sign_language_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lao_sign_language_025.jpg/220px-Lao_sign_language_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lao_sign_language_025.jpg/330px-Lao_sign_language_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lao_sign_language_025.jpg/440px-Lao_sign_language_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Young students learn some words of <a href="/wiki/Lao_sign_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao sign language">Lao sign language</a> from Suliphone, a deaf artist. This was one of several activities at a school book party sponsored by Big Brother Mouse, a literacy project in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> where Suliphone works.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> and <a href="/wiki/NZSL" class="mw-redirect" title="NZSL">NZSL</a> are usually considered to be a language known as <a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African Sign Language</a> are also related to BSL.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish Sign Language</a> and its descendants <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic Sign Language</a> are largely mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese Sign Language</a> derive from Swedish SL, though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible Finnish SL.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Danish SL has French SL influence and Wittmann (1991) places them in that family,<sup id="cite_ref-Wittmann,_H._1991_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann,_H._1991-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he proposes that Swedish, Finnish, and Portuguese SL are instead related to <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign Language Family</a> includes the following languages: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean Sign Language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdian_Sign_Language" title="Cape Verdian Sign Language">Cape Verdian Sign Language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some reports also say that the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Sign_Language" title="São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language">São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language</a> is largely intelligible with Portuguese Sign.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Sign Language">Indian Sign Language</a> (ISL) is similar to <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Taiwanese Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean Sign Language</a> are thought to be members of a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign Language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">French Sign Language family</a>. There are a number of sign languages that emerged from <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (LSF), or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include: <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a> (NGT), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian Sign Language</a> (along with its twin <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian Sign Language</a> and its offspring <a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a>) and others. <ul><li>A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL. <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a> is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. <a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a>.</li> <li>According to an SIL report,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around <a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak Sign Language</a>. This group may also include <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a> sign languages.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a> (DGS) gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish Sign Language</a>; it also at least strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a>, though it is unclear whether the latter derives from DGS or from <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian Sign Language</a>, which is in the French family.</li> <li>The southern dialect of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign Language</a> gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign Language</a>, used in Hong Kong and Macau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons Sign Language</a> may be the source of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a> (VGT) though this is unclear.</li> <li>Sign languages of <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian Sign Language">Jordan</a>, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi Arabia</a>) may be part of a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>, or may be one dialect of a larger <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Arabic Sign Language">Eastern Arabic Sign Language</a>.</li> <li>Known <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate#Sign_language_isolates" title="Language isolate">isolates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island Sign Language</a>.</li></ul> <p>The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in Montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Wittmann classification of sign languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Primary<br />language </th> <th>Primary<br />group </th> <th>Auxiliary<br />language </th> <th>Auxiliary<br />group </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prototype-A<sup id="cite_ref-pro-A_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-A-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prototype-R<sup id="cite_ref-pro-R_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-R-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BSL-derived</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">DGS-derived</a> </td> <td>1 or 2 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">JSL-derived</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> <p>– </p> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">LSF-derived</a> </td> <td>30 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">LSG</a>-derived </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">1?</a> </p> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In his classification, the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from any other language.<sup id="cite_ref-pro-A_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-A-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prototype-R languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype-A language (in many cases thought to have been French Sign Language) by a process Kroeber (1940) called "<a href="/wiki/Stimulus_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus diffusion">stimulus diffusion</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pro-R_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-R-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The families of <a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">DGS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">JSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">LSF</a> (and possibly <a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">LSG</a>) were the products of <a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">creolization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexification</a> of prototype languages.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages, as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a></div> <p>Linguistic typology (going back to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>) is based on word structure and distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> classes such as <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinating</a>/concatenating, <a href="/wiki/Inflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflexion">inflectional</a>, polysynthetic, incorporating, and isolating ones. </p><p>Sign languages vary in word-order typology. For example, Austrian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a> are <a href="/wiki/Subject-object-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-object-verb">Subject-object-verb</a> while ASL is <a href="/wiki/Subject-verb-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-verb-object">Subject-verb-object</a>. Influence from the surrounding spoken languages is not improbable. </p><p>Sign languages tend to be incorporating classifier languages, where a classifier handshape representing the object is incorporated into those transitive verbs which allow such modification. For a similar group of intransitive verbs (especially motion verbs), it is the subject which is incorporated. Only in a very few sign languages (for instance Japanese Sign Language) are agents ever incorporated. In this way, since subjects of intransitives are treated similarly to objects of transitives, incorporation in sign languages can be said to follow an ergative pattern. </p><p>Brentari<sup id="cite_ref-Brentari1998_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brentari1998-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditory) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. That means, that one syllable (i.e. one word, one sign) can express several morphemes, e.g., subject and object of a verb determine the direction of the verb's movement (inflection). </p><p>Another aspect of typology that has been studied in sign languages is their systems for <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typologically significant differences have been found between sign languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition">Acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></div> <p>Children who are exposed to a sign language from birth will acquire it, just as hearing children acquire their native spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study done at McGill University, they found that American Sign Language users who acquired the language natively (from birth) performed better when asked to copy videos of ASL sentences than ASL users who acquired the language later in life. They also found that there are differences in the grammatical morphology of ASL sentences between the two groups, all suggesting that there is a very important critical period in learning signed languages.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acquisition of non-manual features follows an interesting pattern: When a word that always has a particular non-manual feature associated with it (such as a <a href="/wiki/Wh_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh question">wh-question</a> word) is learned, the non-manual aspects are attached to the word but do not have the flexibility associated with adult use. At a certain point, the non-manual features are dropped and the word is produced with no facial expression. After a few months, the non-manuals reappear, this time being used the way adult signers would use them.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_forms">Written forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Written forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Notation"></span> Sign languages do not have a traditional or formal written form. Many deaf people do not see a need to write their own language.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several ways to represent sign languages in written form have been developed. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a>, devised by Dr. <a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a> for his 1965 <i>Dictionary of American Sign Language</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-StokoeWilliam_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StokoeWilliam-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an abstract <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> notation system. Designed specifically for representing the use of the hands, it has no way of expressing facial expression or other non-manual features of sign languages. However, his was designed for research, particularly in a dictionary, not for general use.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a> (HamNoSys), developed in the early 1990s, is a detailed phonetic system, not designed for any one sign language, and intended as a transcription system for researchers rather than as a practical script.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Peterson" title="David J. Peterson">David J. Peterson</a> has attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-friendly known as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dedalvs.com/slipa.html">Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a>, developed by Valerie Sutton in 1974, is a system for representing sign languages phonetically (including <a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">mouthing</a>, facial expression and dynamics of movement). The script is sometimes used for detailed research, language documentation, as well as publishing texts and works in sign languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a> is another orthography which is largely phonemic. However, a few signs are <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographs</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Ideograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograph">ideographs</a> due to regional variation in sign languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a> is a system designed primarily for education of deaf children by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_James_Supalla" title="Samuel James Supalla">Sam Supalla</a> which uses a minimalist collection of symbols in the order of Handshape-Location-Movement. Many signs can be written the same way (<a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homograph</a>).</li> <li>The Alphabetic Writing System for sign languages (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Sistema de escritura alfabética</i></span>, SEA, by its Spanish name and acronym), developed by linguist Ángel Herrero Blanco and two deaf researchers, Juan José Alfaro and Inmacualada Cascales, was published as a book in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made accessible in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a> on-line.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system makes use of the letters of the Latin alphabet with a few diacritics to represent sign through the morphemic sequence S L C Q D F (bimanual sign, place, contact, handshape, direction and internal form). The resulting words are meant to be read by signing. The system is designed to be applicable to any sign language with minimal modification and to be usable through any medium without special equipment or software. Non-manual elements can be encoded to some extent, but the authors argue that the system does not need to represent all elements of a sign to be practical, the same way written oral language does not. The system has seen some updates which are kept publicly on a wiki page.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Center for Linguistic Normalization of Spanish Sign Language has made use of SEA to transcribe all signs on its dictionary.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>So far, there is no consensus regarding the written form of sign language. Except for SignWriting, none are widely used. Maria Galea writes that SignWriting "is becoming widespread, uncontainable and untraceable. In the same way that works written in and about a well developed writing system such as the Latin script, the time has arrived where SW is so widespread, that it is impossible in the same way to list all works that have been produced using this writing system and that have been written about this writing system."<sup id="cite_ref-GaleaLinguistic_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaleaLinguistic-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Santa_Catarina" title="Federal University of Santa Catarina">Federal University of Santa Catarina</a> accepted a dissertation written in Brazilian Sign Language using Sutton SignWriting for a master's degree in linguistics. The dissertation "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System" by João Paulo Ampessan states that "the data indicate the need for [non-manual expressions] usage in writing sign language".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_perception">Sign perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sign perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a native signer, sign <a href="/wiki/Categorical_perception" title="Categorical perception">perception</a> influences how the mind makes sense of their visual language experience. For example, a handshape may vary based on the other signs made before or after it, but these variations are arranged in perceptual categories during its development. The mind detects handshape contrasts but groups similar handshapes together in one category.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different handshapes are stored in other categories. The mind ignores some of the similarities between different perceptual categories, at the same time preserving the visual information within each perceptual category of handshape variation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_society">In society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaf_communities_and_Deaf_culture">Deaf communities and Deaf culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deaf communities and Deaf culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></div> <p>When deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population, deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community.<sup id="cite_ref-WollLadd2003_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WollLadd2003-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deaf communities are very widespread in the world, associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and throughout a nation, and the cultures they have developed are very rich. </p><p>One example of sign language variation in the deaf community is <a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a>. This sign language was developed in the black deaf community as a variant during the American era of segregation and racism, where young black deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white deaf peers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_sign_languages_in_hearing_communities">Use of sign languages in hearing communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Use of sign languages in hearing communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On occasion, where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough, a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community, forming what is sometimes called a "village sign language"<sup id="cite_ref-ZeshanDeVos2012_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZeshanDeVos2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "shared signing community".<sup id="cite_ref-Kisch2008_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisch2008-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically this happens in small, tightly integrated communities with a closed gene pool. Famous examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language#Yucatec_Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Yucatec Maya Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul> <p>In such communities deaf people are generally well-integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged, so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate "Deaf" community.<sup id="cite_ref-WollLadd2003_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WollLadd2003-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a> arose in a context of extensive speech taboos, such as during mourning and initiation rites. They are or were especially highly developed among the <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warumungu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Warumungu people">Warumungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri">Dieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_people" title="Kaytetye people">Kaytetye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_people" title="Arrernte people">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_language" title="Warlmanpa language">Warlmanpa</a>, and are based on their respective spoken languages. </p><p>A sign language arose among tribes of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a>) before European contact. It was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, as well as by deaf people. There are especially users today among the <a href="/wiki/Crow_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow tribe">Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>. </p><p>Sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasingly, hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language. In the U.S., enrollment for ASL (American Sign Language) classes as part of students' choice of second language is on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand, one year after the passing of NZSL Act 2006 in parliament, a NZSL curriculum was released for schools to take NZSL as an optional subject. The curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from Years 7 to 10, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/schools-to-put-sign-language-on-curriculum/7XXV6VUP2WMOD77LOS7E3H4IRY/">NZ Herald</a>, 2007). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_recognition">Legal recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition of sign languages</a></div> <p>Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all. Sarah Batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities, but as the communication medium of language communities.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_1996" title="Broadcasting Act 1996">Broadcasting Act 1996</a> addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has since been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation#Sign_language" title="Language interpretation">Language interpretation § Sign language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg/220px-2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg/330px-2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg/440px-2017_Woodstock_022_J%C4%99zyk_migowy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5070" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish Sign Language</a> interpreter at the <a href="/wiki/Przystanek_Woodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Przystanek Woodstock">Przystanek Woodstock</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people, sign language interpreters are often used. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since sign languages are distinct <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> with their own <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, different from any spoken language. </p><p>The interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country, such as <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (LSF) and spoken French in France, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a> (LSE) to spoken Spanish in Spain, <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL) and spoken English in the U.K., and <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) and spoken English in the U.S. and most of anglophone Canada (since BSL and ASL are distinct sign languages both used in English-speaking countries), etc. Sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired (such as between LSE and English), are also available, albeit less frequently. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/220px--Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm/Red_de_museos_para_la_atencion_a_personas_con_discapacidad.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video about access to cultural institutions in Mexico, with Mexican Sign Language interpretation and captions in Spanish</figcaption></figure> <p>Sign language is sometimes provided for <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programmes</a> that include speech. The signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen, with the programme being <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner. Typically for <a href="/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conferences</a> such as those given by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>, the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time. Live sign interpretation of important televised events is increasingly common but still an informal industry <sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional analogue broadcasting, some programmes are repeated outside main viewing hours with a signer present.<sup id="cite_ref-RNID_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNID-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some emerging <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RNID_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNID-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A deaf person using a remote VRS interpreter to communicate with a hearing person</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first demonstrations of the ability for <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">videophone</a> (trademarked as the Picturephone) was introduced to the public at the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>– two deaf users were able to freely communicate with each other between the fair and another city.<sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, video communication did not become widely available until sufficient bandwidth for the high volume of video data became available in the early 2000s. </p><p>The Internet now allows deaf people to talk via a <a href="/wiki/Video_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Video link">video link</a>, either with a special-purpose <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">videophone</a> designed for use with sign language or with "off-the-shelf" <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video services</a> designed for use with broadband and an ordinary computer <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">special videophones</a> that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than 'off-the-shelf' services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages. Some advanced equipment enables a person to remotely control the other person's video camera, in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera better to understand the signing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Video_interpreter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Video_interpreter.svg/170px-Video_interpreter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Video_interpreter.svg/255px-Video_interpreter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Video_interpreter.svg/340px-Video_interpreter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Video interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_remote_interpreting" title="Video remote interpreting">Video remote interpreting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a></div> <p>Interpreters may be physically present with both parties to the conversation but, since the technological advancements in the early 2000s, provision of interpreters in remote locations has become available. In <a href="/wiki/Video_remote_interpreting" title="Video remote interpreting">video remote interpreting</a> (VRI), the two clients (a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other) are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link. VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. </p><p>However, VRI cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. With <a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">video relay service</a> (VRS), the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter. </p><p>With recent developments in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, some recent deep learning based <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation_of_sign_languages" title="Machine translation of sign languages">machine translation algorithms</a> have been developed which automatically translate short videos containing sign language directly to written language.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Sign language has been incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must have a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a> video track available to play alongside the film via a <a href="/wiki/Second_screen" title="Second screen">second screen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_Union_flag">Sign Union flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sign Union flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_Union_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sign_Union_flag.svg/187px-Sign_Union_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sign_Union_flag.svg/281px-Sign_Union_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sign_Union_flag.svg/374px-Sign_Union_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The Sign Union flag</figcaption></figure><p>The Sign Union flag was designed by <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Balard" title="Arnaud Balard">Arnaud Balard</a>. After studying flags around the world and <a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">vexillology</a> principles for two years, Balard revealed the design of the flag, featuring the stylized outline of a hand. The three colors which make up the flag design are representative of Deafhood and humanity (dark blue), sign language (turquoise), and enlightenment and hope (yellow). Balard intended the flag to be an international symbol which welcomes deaf people.<sup id="cite_ref-DeafArt2020_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeafArt2020-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_endangerment_and_extinction">Language endangerment and extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language endangerment and extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any spoken language, sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming <a href="/wiki/Endangered_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered languages">endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shift</a> to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with <a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a>, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered; for example, New Zealand Sign Language is losing users.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style="min-width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>Endangered sign languages</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a> (AdaSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign Language</a> (BKSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benkala_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Benkala Sign Language">Benkala Sign Language</a> (KK)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish Sign Language</a> (FinSSL)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a> (HPSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a> (IUR)<sup id="cite_ref-Access_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Access-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country Sign Language</a> (KS)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a> (MSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok Sign Language</a> (OBSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Chiangmai Sign Language">Old Chiangmai Sign Language</a> (OCSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a> (PISL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providencia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Providencia Sign Language">Providencia Sign Language</a> (PSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese Sign Language</a> (RSL)<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_120-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style="min-width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>Extinct sign languages</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Naga_Sign_Language" title="Angami Naga Sign Language">Angami Naga Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a> (MVSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a> (VLSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish Sign Language</a> (OKSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitta_Pitta_language#Sign" title="Pitta Pitta language">Pitta Pitta sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwarra_language#Sign" title="Warluwarra language">Warluwarra sign language</a></li></ul> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_systems_similar_to_sign_language">Communication systems similar to sign language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Communication systems similar to sign language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of communication systems that are similar in some respects to sign languages, while not having all the characteristics of a full sign language, particularly its grammatical structure. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_codes_for_spoken_languages">Manual codes for spoken languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Manual codes for spoken languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></div> <p>When Deaf and Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language. In particular, when people devise one-for-one sign-for-word correspondences between spoken words (or even <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a>) and signs that represent them, the system that results is a manual code for a spoken language, rather than a natural sign language. Such systems may be invented in an attempt to help teach Deaf children the spoken language, and generally are not used outside an educational context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Baby_sign_language"_with_hearing_children"><span id=".22Baby_sign_language.22_with_hearing_children"></span>"Baby sign language" with hearing children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: "Baby sign language" with hearing children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></div> <p>Some hearing parents teach signs to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs are seen as a beneficial option for better communication.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This reduces the confusion between parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is in contrast to hearing children who grow up with Deaf parents, who generally acquire the full sign language natively, the same as Deaf children of Deaf parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_sign">Home sign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Home sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">Home sign</a></div> <p>Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a> (sometimes "kitchen sign").<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child naturally invents signs to help meet his or her communication needs, and may even develop a few grammatical rules for combining short sequences of signs. Still, this kind of system is inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language. No type of home sign is recognized as a full language.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primate_use">Primate use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primate use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language#Primate_use_of_sign_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language § Primate use of sign language</a></div> <p>There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching signs to non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in order to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MoA_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoA-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn3_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn3-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn4_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn4-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn5_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn5-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn6_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn6-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn10_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn10-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn7_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn7-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn8_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn8-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, linguists generally point out that this does not constitute knowledge of a human <i>language</i> as a complete system, rather than simply signs/words.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include: </p> <ul><li>Chimpanzees: <a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nim_Chimpsky" title="Nim Chimpsky">Nim Chimpsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loulis_(chimpanzee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loulis (chimpanzee)">Loulis</a></li> <li>Gorillas: <a href="/wiki/Koko_(gorilla)" title="Koko (gorilla)">Koko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(gorilla)" title="Michael (gorilla)">Michael</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gestural_theory_of_human_language_origins">Gestural theory of human language origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gestural theory of human language origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language#Gestural_theory" title="Origin of language">Origin of language § Gestural theory</a></div> <p>One theory of the evolution of human language states that it developed first as a gestural system, which later shifted to speech.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wittmann,_H._1991_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann,_H._1991-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important question for this gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_language" title="Animal language">Animal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneme#Chereme" title="Phoneme">Chereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_number_gestures" title="Chinese number gestures">Chinese number gestures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang signal">Gang signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestures">Gestures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards" title="List of international common standards">List of international common standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List of sign languages by number of native signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_communication" title="Manual communication">Manual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacommunicative_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacommunicative competence">Metacommunicative competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Sign_Language_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Sign Language communication">Modern Sign Language communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Origin of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_glove" title="Sign language glove">Sign language glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_infants_and_toddlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in infants and toddlers">Sign language in infants and toddlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language media">Sign language media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sign_Language_Studies" title="Sign Language Studies">Sign Language Studies</a></i> (journal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics_of_sign_languages" title="Sociolinguistics of sign languages">Sociolinguistics of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation_of_sign_languages" title="Machine translation of sign languages">Machine translation of sign languages</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SLM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLM_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/what-sign-language">"What is Sign Language?"</a>. Linguistic society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195125/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/what-sign-language">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Sign+Language%3F&rft.pub=Linguistic+society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fcontent%2Fwhat-sign-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp. 267–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrettenbreinPapittoFriedericiZaccarella2021" class="citation journal cs1">Trettenbrein, Patrick C.; Papitto, Giorgio; Friederici, Angela D.; Zaccarella, Emiliano (2021-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7814757">"Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: An ALE meta‐analysis of sign language"</a>. <i>Human Brain Mapping</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 699–712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhbm.25254">10.1002/hbm.25254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-9471">1065-9471</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7814757">7814757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33118302">33118302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Brain+Mapping&rft.atitle=Functional+neuroanatomy+of+language+without+speech%3A+An+ALE+meta%E2%80%90analysis+of+sign+language&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=699-712&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7814757%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1065-9471&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33118302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhbm.25254&rft.aulast=Trettenbrein&rft.aufirst=Patrick+C.&rft.au=Papitto%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Friederici%2C+Angela+D.&rft.au=Zaccarella%2C+Emiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7814757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2021" class="citation cs2">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021), "Sign language", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/sign-language"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a> (24th ed.), SIL International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402155824/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/sign-language">archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sign+language&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.edition=24th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Fsign-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosemannSteinbach2021" class="citation cs2">Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, eds. (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222932/https://www.sign-hub.eu/atlas"><i>Atlas of Sign Language Structures</i></a>, Sign-hub, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sign-hub.eu/atlas">the original</a> on 2021-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Sign+Language+Structures&rft.pub=Sign-hub&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sign-hub.eu%2Fatlas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200">What are the top 200 most spoken languages?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923161950/https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200/">Archived</a> 2023-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012). <i>Sign Language Legislation in the European Union – Edition II</i>. European Union of the Deaf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bauman2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bauman2008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman2008" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Dirksen (2008). <i>Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4619-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+your+eyes%3A+Deaf+studies+talking&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4619-7&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Dirksen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26203846">Stokoe, William C. "Approaching Monastic Sign Language". Sign Language Studies 58 (1988): 37–47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127123810/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26203846">Archived</a> 2023-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Sayers, Edna Edith [Lois Bragg]. "Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2 (1997): 1–25; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/silence-and-sign-language-in-medieval-monasticism/24F1883B33891602C2DAFF8F40B4272B">Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, C.900–1200. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127123256/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/silence-and-sign-language-in-medieval-monasticism/24F1883B33891602C2DAFF8F40B4272B">Archived</a> 2023-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/60144627/_Deafness_and_Nonspeaking_in_Late_Medieval_Iceland_1200_1550_Viator_51_1_2020_311_344">Tirosh, Yoav. "Deafness and Nonspeaking in Late Medieval Iceland (1200–1550)," Viator 51.1 (2020): 311-344</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127122031/https://www.academia.edu/60144627/_Deafness_and_Nonspeaking_in_Late_Medieval_Iceland_1200_1550_Viator_51_1_2020_311_344">Archived</a> 2023-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_E._Nielsen" title="Kim E. Nielsen">Nielsen, Kim</a> (2012). <i>A Disability History of the United States</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-080702204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-080702204-7"><bdi>978-080702204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Disability+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-080702204-7&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wurtzburg_and_Campbell-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wurtzburg_and_Campbell_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. "North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact," <i>International Journal of American Linguistics,</i> Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 153-167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620) <i>Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar á ablar los Mudos</i>. Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsímil accesible en la <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/reduccion-de-las-letras-y-arte-para-ensenar-a-hablar-a-los-mudos--0/html/ff9182e0-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064.htm">"Reduction de las letras y arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Virtual_Library" title="Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library">Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004150037/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com:80/obra-visor/reduccion-de-las-letras-y-arte-para-ensenar-a-hablar-a-los-mudos--0/html/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miguel+de+Cervantes+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Reduction+de+las+letras+y+arte+para+ense%C3%B1ar+a+ablar+los+mudos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fobra-visor%2Freduccion-de-las-letras-y-arte-para-ensenar-a-hablar-a-los-mudos--0%2Fhtml%2Fff9182e0-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span>, online (Spanish) scan of book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, John (1641). <i>Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger</i>. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116–117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public speaking.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulwer, J. (1648) <i>Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend</i>, London: Humphrey and Moseley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalgarno, George. <i>Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor</i>. Oxford: Halton, 1680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Wilkins (1641) above. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26204860.pdf">"The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sign Language Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 322–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsls.2002.0010">10.1353/sls.2002.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26204860">26204860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144243540">144243540</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104091153/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26204860">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2004) <i>A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet</i>. British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles de La Fin (1692). <i>Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent ...</i> London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27245872">27245872</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canlas, Loida (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903131510/http://clerccenter.gallaudet.edu/Literacy/MSSDLRC/clerc/">"Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World"</a>. The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102153517/https://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/podcasts/sign-language-works.htm">"How Sign Language Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_You_Should_Know" title="Stuff You Should Know">Stuff You Should Know</a></i>. 2014-02-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/podcasts/sign-language-works.htm">the original</a> on 2018-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff+You+Should+Know&rft.atitle=How+Sign+Language+Works&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuffyoushouldknow.com%2Fpodcasts%2Fsign-language-works.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Supalla, Ted & Rebecca Webb (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Emmorey" title="Karen Emmorey">Emmorey, Karen</a> & Judy Reilly (eds). <i>Language, gesture, and space.</i> (International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 333–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kee-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kee_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kee_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeeNapier2002" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, Rachel; Napier, Jemina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233659867">"Interpreting into International Sign Pidgin"</a>. <i>Sign Language & Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 27–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsll.5.1.04mck">10.1075/sll.5.1.04mck</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526073548/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233659867_Interpreting_into_International_Sign_Pidgin_An_analysis">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klima-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klima_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klima_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Klima" title="Edward Klima">Klima, Edward S.</a>; & <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Bellugi" title="Ursula Bellugi">Bellugi, Ursula</a>. (1979). <i>The signs of language</i>. 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Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 37-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Johnston" title="Trevor Johnston">Johnston, Trevor</a> A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726084538/http://homepage.mac.com/trevor.a.johnston/dissertation.htm"><i>Auslan: The Sign Language of the Australian Deaf community</i></a>. 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(ed.): Dictionaries of Linguistics and Communication Science. Volume: Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicars" class="citation web cs1">Vicars, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-layout/parameters.htm#:~:text=Note%20if%20you%20are%20taking,%2C%20movement%2C%20and%20palm%20orientation.">"American Sign Language: "parameters"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ASL University</i>. 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Deaf Resource Library, Yale University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deaflibrary.org/asl.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519230633/http://www.deaflibrary.org/asl.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Battison, Robbin (1978). <i>Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language.</i> Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Scott K. 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(2006). "Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure". <i>Language and Cognitive Processes</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 608–635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01690960500139363">10.1080/01690960500139363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13572435">13572435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Cognitive+Processes&rft.atitle=Grammatical+processing+in+American+Sign+Language%3A+Age+of+first-language+acquisition+effects+in+relation+to+syntactic+structure&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=608-635&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01690960500139363&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13572435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boudreault&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Mayberry%2C+Rachel+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker&Cokely-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker&Cokely_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980). <i>American Sign Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.</i> Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton-Spence&Woll-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton-Spence&Woll_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton-Spence&Woll_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998). <i>The linguistics of British Sign Language.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman, <i>On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.</i> New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122678509" title="Special:BookSources/9780122678509">9780122678509</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBross2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bross, F. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/008405">"What is iconicity?"</a>. <i>Sign Language & Linguistics</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 73–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsll.22003.bro">10.1075/sll.22003.bro</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sign+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.atitle=What+is+iconicity%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-102&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsll.22003.bro&rft.aulast=Bross&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingbuzz.net%2Flingbuzz%2F008405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrishberg1975" class="citation journal cs1">Frishberg, N (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in America". <i>Language</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 696–719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412894">10.2307/412894</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412894">412894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Arbitrariness+and+Iconicity%3A+Historical+Change+in+America&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=696-719&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frishberg&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlima,_EdwardBellugi,_Ursula1989" class="citation journal cs1">Klima, Edward; Bellugi, Ursula (1989). "The Signs of Language". <i>Sign Language Studies</i>. <b>1062</b> (1): 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sign+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Signs+of+Language&rft.volume=1062&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Klima%2C+Edward&rft.au=Bellugi%2C+Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brentari, Diane. "Introduction." Sign Languages, 2011, pp. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, R (1978). "Why Are Signed Languages Easier to Learn than Spoken Languages? Part Two". <i>Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 25–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3823113">10.2307/3823113</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3823113">3823113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Signed+Languages+Easier+to+Learn+than+Spoken+Languages%3F+Part+Two&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25-44&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3823113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3823113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewportMeier1985" class="citation book cs1">Newport, Elissa; Meier, Richard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosslinguistics0001unse/page/881"><i>The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition</i></a>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosslinguistics0001unse/page/881">881–938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898593670" title="Special:BookSources/0898593670"><bdi>0898593670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crosslinguistic+study+of+language+acquisition&rft.pages=881-938&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0898593670&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Elissa&rft.au=Meier%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrosslinguistics0001unse%2Fpage%2F881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the history of research on iconicity in sign languages see, for example: Vermeerbergen, Myriam (2006): Past and current trends in sign language research. In: Language & Communication, 26(2). 168-192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilcox_2004-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox_2004_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, S (2004). "Conceptual spaces and embodied actions: Cognitive iconicity and signed languages". <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 119–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcogl.2004.005">10.1515/cogl.2004.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Conceptual+spaces+and+embodied+actions%3A+Cognitive+iconicity+and+signed+languages&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-47&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fcogl.2004.005&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilcox_2000-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox_2000_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox_2000_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox, P. (2000). <i>Metaphor in American Sign Language</i>. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meir_2010-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meir_2010_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meir_2010_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeir2010" class="citation journal cs1">Meir, I (2010). "Iconicity and metaphor: Constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms". <i>Language</i>. <b>86</b> (4): 865–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2010.0044">10.1353/lan.2010.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117619041">117619041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Iconicity+and+metaphor%3A+Constraints+on+metaphorical+extension+of+iconic+forms&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=865-96&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2010.0044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117619041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meir&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeirSandlerPaddenAronoff2010" class="citation book cs1">Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy; <a href="/wiki/Carol_Padden" title="Carol Padden">Padden, Carol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aronoff" title="Mark Aronoff">Aronoff, Mark</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandlersignlab.haifa.ac.il/html/html_eng/pdf/EMERGING_SIGN_LANGUAGES.pdf">"Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mmJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539003-2"><bdi>978-0-19-539003-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779907637">779907637</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114125751/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mmJAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+18%3A+Emerging+sign+languages&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Deaf+Studies%2C+Language%2C+and+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779907637&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539003-2&rft.aulast=Meir&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Padden%2C+Carol&rft.au=Aronoff%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsandlersignlab.haifa.ac.il%2Fhtml%2Fhtml_eng%2Fpdf%2FEMERGING_SIGN_LANGUAGES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frishberg, Nancy (1987). "Ghanaian Sign Language." In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.), <i>Gallaudet encyclopaedia of deaf people and deafness</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070792296" title="Special:BookSources/9780070792296">9780070792296</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittmann,_H._1991-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann,_H._1991_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann,_H._1991_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann,_H._1991_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann, H. (1991). Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement. <i>Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée</i>, 10(1), 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Gordon (2008), under nsr <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nsr">"Maritime Sign Language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014547/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nsr">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+Sign+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dnsr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span> and sfs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sfs">"South African Sign Language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921104537/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sfs">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Sign+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dsfs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com/eritrea/">"State of Eritrea"</a>. <i>African Sign Languages Resource Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513205208/https://africansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com/eritrea/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Sign+Languages+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=State+of+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJepsen2015" class="citation book cs1">Jepsen, Julie (2015). <i>Sign Languages of the World: a Comparative Handbook</i>. De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign+Languages+of+the+World%3A+a+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jepsen&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com/cape-verde/">"Cape Verde"</a>. <i>African Sign Languages Resource Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513193111/https://africansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com/cape-verde/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Sign+Languages+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Cape+Verde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com%2Fcape-verde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinto, Mariana Correia (2017-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2017/11/14/p3/noticia/o-que-todos-deviamos-saber-sobre-lingua-gestual-em-dez-pontos-1828846">"O que todos devíamos saber sobre língua gestual (em dez pontos)"</a>. <i>PÚBLICO</i> (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513195919/https://www.publico.pt/2017/11/14/p3/noticia/o-que-todos-deviamos-saber-sobre-lingua-gestual-em-dez-pontos-1828846">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C3%9ABLICO&rft.atitle=O+que+todos+dev%C3%ADamos+saber+sobre+l%C3%ADngua+gestual+%28em+dez+pontos%29&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Mariana+Correia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fp3%2Fnoticia%2Fo-que-todos-deviamos-saber-sobre-lingua-gestual-em-dez-pontos-1828846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com/sao-tome-and-principe/">"Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe"</a>. <i>African Sign Languages Resource Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513201434/https://africansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com/sao-tome-and-principe/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Sign+Languages+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricansignlanguagesresourcecenter.com%2Fsao-tome-and-principe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Susan D. <i>et al.</i> (2010). "Variation in East Asian Sign Language Structures" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xI0uqGyrsN8C&pg=PA499"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xI0uqGyrsN8C&pg=PA499">Sign Languages,<i></i></a>, p. 499, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-026">"SIL Electronic Survey Reports: The signed languages of Eastern Europe"</a>. 2012-01-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114060622/http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-026">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIL+Electronic+Survey+Reports%3A+The+signed+languages+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsilesr%2Fabstract.asp%3Fref%3D2005-026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons,_Gary_F.Charles_D._Fennig2018" class="citation web cs1">Simons, Gary F.; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/bibliography.asp">"Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources"</a>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (21st ed.). SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725072840/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/bibliography.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Bibliography+of+Ethnologue+Data+Sources&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethno_docs%2Fbibliography.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann's classification went into Ethnologue's database where it is still cited.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent edition of Ethnologue in 1992 went up to 81 sign languages, ultimately adopting Wittmann's distinction between primary and alternate sign languages (going back ultimately to Stokoe 1974) and, more vaguely, some other traits from his analysis. The 2013 version (17th edition) of <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> is now up to 137 sign languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pro-A-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pro-A_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pro-A_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These are <a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a>, Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urub%C3%BA-Kaapor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language">Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a> (Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a>, and maybe the various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_Hill-Country_sign_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thai Hill-Country sign languages (page does not exist)">Thai Hill-Country sign languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons Sign Language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan sign languages">Nohya Maya Sign Language</a>. Wittmann also includes, bizarrely, Chinese characters and Egyptian hieroglyphs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pro-R-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pro-R_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pro-R_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These are <a href="/wiki/Providencia_Island_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Providencia Island Sign Language">Providencia Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kod_Tangan_Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia">Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia</a> (manually signed Malay), <a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestuno">Gestuno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a> (Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language), <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a> (with possible admixture), <a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan sign languages</a>, and perhaps BSL, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana Sign Language">Tijuana</a> (spurious), <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a> sign languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Auxiliary sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey) at all, are mostly used by the deaf as well, and some primary sign languages (such as ASL and <a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a>) have acquired auxiliary usages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann includes in this class <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a> (at least 14 different languages), <a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic sign language">Monastic sign language</a>, Thai Hill-Country sign languages (possibly including languages in Vietnam and Laos), and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan sign languages</a> (14 deaf schools with different sign languages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on <a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">creolization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexification</a> in spoken languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brentari1998-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brentari1998_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brentari, Diane (1998) <i>A prosodic model of sign language phonology</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrentari2002" class="citation book cs1">Brentari, Diane (2002). "Modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics". In P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Nov</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cision+PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=Deluxe+Launches+First+Brazilian+Sign+Language+%28LIBRAS%29+Localization+Service+Outside+Brazil&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fdeluxe-launches-first-brazilian-sign-language-libras-localization-service-outside-brazil-300521137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinepedia.com/accessibility/accessibility-the-audio-track-file/">"Accessibility & The Audio Track File"</a>. <i>Cinepedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114215528/https://cinepedia.com/accessibility/accessibility-the-audio-track-file/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cinepedia&rft.atitle=Accessibility+%26+The+Audio+Track+File&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcinepedia.com%2Faccessibility%2Faccessibility-the-audio-track-file%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeafArt2020-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeafArt2020_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurr2020" class="citation web cs1">Durr, Patti (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deaf-art.org/profiles/arnaud-balard/">"Arnaud Balard"</a>. <i>Deaf Art</i>. National Technical Institute for the Deaf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417191152/https://deaf-art.org/profiles/arnaud-balard/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deaf+Art&rft.atitle=Arnaud+Balard&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Durr&rft.aufirst=Patti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeaf-art.org%2Fprofiles%2Farnaud-balard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickford, J. Albert, and Melanie McKay-Cody (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/12/96/81/129681979560727324424065691676610323327/SignLanguageRevitalizationChapter_author_preprint.pdf">"Endangerment and revitalization of sign languages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831131013/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/12/96/81/129681979560727324424065691676610323327/SignLanguageRevitalizationChapter_author_preprint.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 255–264 in <i>The Routledge handbook of language revitalization</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/hps">"Did you know Hawai'i Sign Language is critically endangered?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307065744/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/hps">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Hawai%27i+Sign+Language+is+critically+endangered%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2Fhps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC"><i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195139778" title="Special:BookSources/9780195139778"><bdi>9780195139778</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114125752/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>. <q>The language is considered to be endangered. 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place-names and cultural items.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=9780195139778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl_dDVctycgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeeMcKee2016" class="citation cs2">McKee, Rachel; McKee, David (2016), "Assessing the vitality of NZSL", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/centres-and-institutes/dsru/McKee-Vitality-TISLR-2016-FINAL-edit-.pdf"><i>12th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Melbourne, Australia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102128/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/centres-and-institutes/dsru/McKee-Vitality-TISLR-2016-FINAL-edit-.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-11-01</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+vitality+of+NZSL&rft.btitle=12th+International+Conference+on+Theoretical+Issues+in+Sign+Language+Research&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=McKee%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victoria.ac.nz%2Flals%2Fcentres-and-institutes%2Fdsru%2FMcKee-Vitality-TISLR-2016-FINAL-edit-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickfordAlbertLewisSimons2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bickford; Albert, J.; Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. (2014). "Rating the vitality of sign languages". <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=Rating+the+vitality+of+sign+languages&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Bickford&rft.au=Albert%2C+J.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+M.+Paul&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velupillai-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_120-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2012" class="citation book cs1">Velupillai, Viveka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXQinkZvEVAC"><i>An Introduction to Linguistic Typology</i></a>. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027211989" title="Special:BookSources/9789027211989"><bdi>9789027211989</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526073542/https://books.google.com/books?id=WXQinkZvEVAC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Linguistic+Typology&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789027211989&rft.aulast=Velupillai&rft.aufirst=Viveka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWXQinkZvEVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uclan.ac.uk/research/activity/atlas-of-world-languages-in-danger">"Sign languages in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Project"</a>. <i>University of Central Lancashire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823105244/https://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/activity/atlas-of-world-languages-in-danger">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Central+Lancashire&rft.atitle=Sign+languages+in+UNESCO%27s+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuclan.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Factivity%2Fatlas-of-world-languages-in-danger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Access-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Access_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2001" class="citation journal cs1">MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Canadian Psychology</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0086880">10.1037/h0086880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Psychology&rft.atitle=Access+to+justice+for+deaf+Inuit+in+Nunavut%3A+The+role+of+%22Inuit+sign+language%22&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0086880&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Zeshan" title="Ulrike Zeshan">Zeshan, Ulrike</a>. (2007). <i>The ethics of documenting sign languages in village communities.</i> In Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond & David Nathan (eds) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrelp.org/publications/ldlt/papers/ldlt_31.pdf"><i>Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031540/http://www.hrelp.org/publications/ldlt/papers/ldlt_31.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London: SOAS. p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor-DiLeva, Kim. Once Upon A Sign : Using American Sign Language To Engage, Entertain, And Teach All Children, p. 15. Libraries Unlimited, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 29 Feb. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/baby_sign_language_a_helpful_communication_tool">"Baby sign language: A helpful communication tool"</a>. <i>Child & Family Development</i>. 2020-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Child+%26+Family+Development&rft.atitle=Baby+sign+language%3A+A+helpful+communication+tool&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canr.msu.edu%2Fnews%2Fbaby_sign_language_a_helpful_communication_tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Goldin-Meadow (Goldin-Meadow 2003, Van Deusen, Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001) has done extensive work on home sign systems. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kendon" title="Adam Kendon">Adam Kendon</a> (1988) published a seminal study of the homesign system of a deaf <a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga</a> woman from the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> highlands, with special emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The one possible exception to this is Rennellese Sign Language, which has the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code [rsi]. It only ever had one deaf user, and thus appears to have been a home sign system that was mistakenly-accepted into the ISO 639-3 standard. It has been proposed for deletion from the standard. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2016-002.pdf">"Change Request Number: 2016-002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISO 639-3</i>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128214659/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2016-002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+639-3&rft.atitle=Change+Request+Number%3A+2016-002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fcr_files%2F2016-002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoA-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoA_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremack_and_Premack1984" class="citation book cs1">Premack and Premack, David and Ann J (1984). <i>The Mind of an Ape</i> (1st ed.). NY: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393015812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393015812"><bdi>978-0393015812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+an+Ape&rft.place=NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0393015812&rft.aulast=Premack+and+Premack&rft.aufirst=David+and+Ann+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plooij, F.X. (1978) "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.) <i>Action, Gesture and Symbol</i> New York: Academic Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishida1968" class="citation journal cs1">Nishida, T (1968). "The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains". <i>Primates</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 167–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01730971">10.1007/bf01730971</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F213162">2433/213162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28751730">28751730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primates&rft.atitle=The+social+group+of+wild+chimpanzees+in+the+Mahali+Mountains&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=167-224&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2433%2F213162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28751730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01730971&rft.aulast=Nishida&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn3-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn3_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremack1985" class="citation journal cs1">Premack, D (1985). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy". <i>Cognition</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 207–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-0277%2885%2990036-8">10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4017517">4017517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39292094">39292094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=%27Gavagai%21%27+or+the+future+of+the+animal+language+controversy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-296&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39292094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4017517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-0277%2885%2990036-8&rft.aulast=Premack&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn4-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn4_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerGardner1969" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, R.A.; Gardner, B.T. (1969). "Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee". <i>Science</i>. <b>165</b> (3894): 664–672. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...165..664G">1969Sci...165..664G</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.384.4164">10.1.1.384.4164</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.165.3894.664">10.1126/science.165.3894.664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5793972">5793972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Teaching+Sign+Language+to+a+Chimpanzee&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=3894&rft.pages=664-672&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.384.4164%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5793972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.165.3894.664&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...165..664G&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+B.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn5-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn5_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, R.A., Gardner, B.T., and Van Cantfort, T.E. (1989), <i>Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees</i>, Albany: SUNY Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn6-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn6_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrace, H.S. (1979). <i>Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language</i> New York: Knopf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn10-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn10_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage-RumbaughRumbaughMcDonald1985" class="citation journal cs1">Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S; Rumbaugh, D.M.; McDonald, K. (1985). "Language learning in two species of apes". <i>Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 653–665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0149-7634%2885%2990012-0">10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4080283">4080283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:579851">579851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+and+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=Language+learning+in+two+species+of+apes&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=653-665&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A579851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4080283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0149-7634%2885%2990012-0&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=E.S&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+D.M.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn7-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn7_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, F.G. and Linden E. (1981), <i>The education of Koko</i>, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn8-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn8_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.) <i>"Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes</i>: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 511–539. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511665486.021">10.1017/CBO9780511665486.021</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511665486" title="Special:BookSources/9780511665486">9780511665486</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallman1992" class="citation book cs1">Wallman, Joel (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apinglanguage00wall_0"><i>Aping Language</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40666-6"><bdi>978-0-521-40666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aping+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40666-6&rft.aulast=Wallman&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapinglanguage00wall_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/~mcnair/Teaching/3206-S2004/Animal_Communication.htm">"Animal Communication"</a>. Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207132421/http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/~mcnair/Teaching/3206-S2004/Animal_Communication.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Communication&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcc.gatech.edu%2F~mcnair%2FTeaching%2F3206-S2004%2FAnimal_Communication.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartVaillette2001" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Thomas W.; Vaillette, Nathan (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagefilesmat00stew"><i>Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagefilesmat00stew/page/26">26–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-5076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-5076-1"><bdi>978-0-8142-5076-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Files%3A+Materials+for+an+Introduction+to+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=26-31&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-5076-1&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft.au=Vaillette%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagefilesmat00stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Stephen R. (2004). <i>Doctor Doolittle's Delusion</i>. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. pp. 263–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10339-7"><bdi>978-0-300-10339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctor+Doolittle%27s+Delusion&rft.place=New+Haven+CT&rft.pages=263-300&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10339-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkinRodmanHyams2007" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2007). <i>An introduction to language</i> (8th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 352–356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-1773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-1773-1"><bdi>978-1-4130-1773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+language&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=352-356&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4130-1773-1&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Rodman%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hyams%2C+Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewes1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>14</b>: 5–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201401">10.1086/201401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146288708">146288708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Primate+communication+and+the+gestural+origin+of+language&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=5-32&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146288708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hewes&rft.aufirst=Gordon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harnad, S. R., Steklis, H. D., & Lancaster, J. E. (1976). Origins and evolution of language and speech. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimura, Doreen (1993). <i>Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann, H. (1980). Intonation in Glottogenesis. <i>The Melody of Language</i> 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanBavelierCorinaJezzard2002" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, A. J.; Bavelier, D; Corina, D; Jezzard, P; Neville, HJ (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing". <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 76–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn775">10.1038/nn775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11753419">11753419</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2745545">2745545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Period+for+Right+Hemisphere+Recruitment+in+American+Sign+Language+Processing&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-80&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2745545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11753419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn775&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Bavelier%2C+D&rft.au=Corina%2C+D&rft.au=Jezzard%2C+P&rft.au=Neville%2C+HJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steklis, H. D., & Harnad, S. (1976). From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. In Origins and evolution of language and speech (pp. 445-455). <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw (2003). <i>Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology</i>, 5th edition, Worth Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blondin-Massé, Alexandre; Harnad, Stevan; Picard, Olivier; and St-Louis, Bernard (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271438/1/Harnad-Lefebvre-bookFIN-REV.pdf">Symbol Grounding and the Origin of Language: From Show to Tell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121152032/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271438/1/Harnad-Lefebvre-bookFIN-REV.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In, Lefebvre, Claire; Cohen, Henri; and Comrie, Bernard (eds.) <i>New Perspectives on the Origins of Language.</i> Benjamin</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronoffMeirSandler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250214">"The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>81</b> (2): 301–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2005.0043">10.1353/lan.2005.0043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250214">3250214</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22223926">22223926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+Sign+Language+Morphology&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-44&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250214%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22223926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2005.0043&rft.aulast=Aronoff&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Meir%2C+Irit&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. (1996). "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press, pp. 39+</li> <li>Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar." <i>Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky</i>, 81–91. New York: Falmer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Emmorey" title="Karen Emmorey">Emmorey, Karen</a>; & <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Lane" title="Harlan Lane">Lane, Harlan L.</a> (Eds.). (2000). <i>The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima</i>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3246-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3246-7">0-8058-3246-7</a>.</li> <li>Fischer, Susan D. (1974). "Sign language and linguistic universals." <i>Actes du Colloque franco-allemand de grammaire générative</i>, 2.187–204. Tübingen: Niemeyer.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1978" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles". <i>Siple</i>. <b>1978</b>: 309–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Siple&rft.atitle=Sign+languages+and+creoles&rft.volume=1978&rft.pages=309-31&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Susan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2003), <i>The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language</i>, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003</li> <li>Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008). <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i>, 15th edition. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6">978-1-55671-159-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55671-159-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55671-159-X">1-55671-159-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113003139/http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp">Archived</a> January 13, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sections for primary sign languages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90008">Browse by Language Family</a> and alternative ones <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90503">Browse by Language Family</a>.</li> <li>Groce, Nora E. (1988). <i>Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-27041-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-27041-X">0-674-27041-X</a>.</li> <li>Healy, Alice F. (1980). "Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language?" In: Sebeok, Thomas A. & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, Speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum, 141–43.</li> <li>Kamei, Nobutaka (2004). <i>The Sign Languages of Africa</i>, "Journal of African Studies" (Japan Association for African Studies) Vol. 64, March, 2004. [NOTE: Kamei lists 23 African sign languages in this article].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKegl1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Kegl" class="mw-redirect" title="Judy Kegl">Kegl, Judy</a> (1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview". <i>Signpost</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 24–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signpost&rft.atitle=The+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language+Project%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kegl&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Kegl" class="mw-redirect" title="Judy Kegl">Kegl, Judy</a>, Senghas A., Coppola M (1999). "Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua." In: M. DeGraff (ed.), <i>Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisition, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax</i>, pp. 179–237. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Kegl" class="mw-redirect" title="Judy Kegl">Kegl, Judy</a> (2004). "Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition Issues." In: Jenkins, Lyle (ed.), <i>Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language</i>. John Benjamins.</li> <li>Kendon, Adam. (1988). <i>Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1940" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Kroeber, Alfred L.</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1940.42.1.02a00020">"Stimulus diffusion"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>42</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1940.42.1.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1940.42.1.02a00020</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Stimulus+diffusion&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1940.42.1.02a00020&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1940.42.1.02a00020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984). <i>The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-19460-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-19460-8">0-674-19460-8</a>.</li> <li>Lane, Harlan L. (1984). <i>When the mind hears: A history of the deaf</i>. New York: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50878-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50878-5">0-394-50878-5</a>.</li> <li>Madell, Samantha (1998). <i>Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan – A Comparison</i>. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171315/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~gamgee/writing_handtalk.html">Archived</a> June 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Madsen, Willard J. (1982), <i>Intermediate Conversational Sign Language</i>. Gallaudet University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913580-79-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913580-79-0">978-0-913580-79-0</a>.</li> <li>O'Reilly, S. (2005). <i>Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland</i>. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Padden" title="Carol Padden">Padden, Carol</a>; & <a href="/wiki/Tom_Humphries" title="Tom Humphries">Humphries, Tom</a>. (1988). <i>Deaf in America: Voices from a culture</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-19423-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-19423-3">0-674-19423-3</a>.</li> <li>Pfau, Roland, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (eds.), <i>Sign language. An international handbook (HSK – Handbooks of linguistics and communication science).</i> Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</li> <li>Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987). <i>What the hands reveal about the brain</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Premack" title="David Premack">Premack, David</a>, & Ann J. Premack (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/The_mind_of_an_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="The mind of an ape">The mind of an ape</a></i>. New York: Norton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremack1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Premack" title="David Premack">Premack, David</a> (1985). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy". <i>Cognition</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 207–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-0277%2885%2990036-8">10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4017517">4017517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39292094">39292094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=%27Gavagai%21%27+or+the+future+of+the+animal+language+controversy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-96&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39292094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4017517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-0277%2885%2990036-8&rft.aulast=Premack&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASign+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Sacks, Oliver W.</a> (1989). <i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Voices" title="Seeing Voices">Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf</a></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06083-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06083-0">0-520-06083-0</a>.</li> <li>Sandler, Wendy (2003). "Sign Language Phonology". In William Frawley (Ed.), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://sandlersignlab.haifa.ac.il/pdf/Sign%20Language%20Phonology%20OEL.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li>Sandler, Wendy & Lillo-Martin, Diane (2001). "Natural sign languages". In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.), <i>Handbook of linguistics</i> (pp. 533–562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20497-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20497-0">0-631-20497-0</a>.</li> <li>Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988). <i>Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development</i>. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0046-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-0046-8">0-8058-0046-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0078-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-0078-6">0-8058-0078-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Stokoe" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Stokoe">Stokoe, William C.</a> (1960, 1978). <i>Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf</i>. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers, No. 8, Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. 2d ed., Silver Spring: Md: Linstok Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Stokoe" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Stokoe">Stokoe, William C.</a> (1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345–71.</li> <li>Twilhaar, Jan Nijen, and Beppie van den Bogaerde. 2016. <i>Concise Lexicon for Sign Linguistics</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company.</li> <li>Valli, Clayton, Ceil Lucas, and Kristin Mulrooney. (2005) <i>Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction</i>, 4th Ed. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.</li> <li>Van Deusen-Phillips S.B., Goldin-Meadow S., Miller P.J., 2001. <i>Enacting Stories, Seeing Worlds: Similarities and Differences in the Cross-Cultural Narrative Development of Linguistically Isolated Deaf Children</i>, Human Development, Vol. 44, No. 6.</li> <li>Wilbur, R.B. (1987). <i>American Sign Language: Linguistic and applied dimensions</i>. San Diego, CA: College-Hill.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margalit_Fox" title="Margalit Fox">Fox, Margalit</a> (2007) <i>Talking Hands: What Sign Language Reveals About the Mind </i>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4712-2">978-0-7432-4712-2</a></li> <li>Quenqua, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/science/sign-language-researchers-broaden-science-lexicon.html">Pushing Science's Limits in Sign Language Lexicon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, December 4, 2012, p. D1 and published online at NYTimes.com on December 3, 2012. Retrieved on December 7, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_journals_related_to_sign_languages">Academic journals related to sign languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Academic journals related to sign languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Annals_of_the_Deaf" title="American Annals of the Deaf">American Annals of the Deaf</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University_Press" title="Gallaudet University Press">Gallaudet University Press</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalofasl.com/">Journal of American Sign Language and Literature</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aslized.org/">ASLized!</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Deaf_Studies_and_Deaf_Education" title="Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education">Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sign_Language_Studies" title="Sign Language Studies">Sign Language Studies</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University_Press" title="Gallaudet University Press">Gallaudet University Press</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/sll/main">Sign Language & Linguistics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Sign language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sign_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:sign language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Sign_language" class="extiw" title="c:category:Sign language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="b:American Sign Language">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sign_language" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sign language">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228" class="extiw" title="d:Q34228">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><i>Note: the articles for <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">specific sign languages</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a>) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages.</i> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsf.wikisign.org/wiki/Langue:Signes_du_Monde">Langue:Signes du Monde</a>, directory for all online Sign Languages dictionaries <span class="languageicon">(in French and English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/slling-l/">List Serv for Sign Language Linguistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013082721/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/slling-l.html">Archived</a> 2004-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musslap.zcu.cz/en/about-project/">The MUSSLAP Project</a>, Multimodal Human Speech and Sign Language Processing for Human-Machine Communication</li> <li>Mallery, Garrick. 1879–1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17451/17451-h/17451-h.htm">Sign Language among North American Indians, by Garrick Mallery.</a> <i>Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes. A first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.<i></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tv.signlangtv.org/">signlangtv.org</a>, a project documenting sign language television shows for the deaf around the world</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sign_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br />families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br /> Aboriginal</a><br /> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li> <li>Yan-nhaŋu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br /> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jordanian</li> <li>Lebanese</li> <li>Palestinian</li> <li>Syrian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fijian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a> <ul><li>Shanghai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a> <ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br /> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a> <ul><li>Yangon</li> <li>Mandalay</li></ul></li> <li>Cambodian</li> <li>Costa Rican</li> <li>Dominican</li> <li>Jamaican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li> <li>Oneida (OSL)</li> <li>Panamanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li> <li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br />(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ethiopian</li> <li>Chadian</li> <li>Ghanaian</li> <li>Guinean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li> <li>Moroccan</li> <li>Nigerian</li> <li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br /> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li> <li>Kosovar</li> <li>Serbian</li> <li>Slovenian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li> <li>Teknmál</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon_Sign_Language" title="Saigon Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br /> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li> <li>Beluchistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li> <li>Bombay</li> <li>Calcutta</li> <li>Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li> <li>North West Frontier Province</li> <li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li> <li><i>Chilmark</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan (Meemul Tziij)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Highland Maya</li> <li>Yucatec <ul><li>Chicán</li> <li>Nohkop</li> <li>Nohya</li> <li>Trascorral</li> <li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe</li> <li>Apsáalooke</li> <li>Arikara</li> <li>Chaticks si Chaticks</li> <li>Cheyenne</li> <li>Coahuilteco</li> <li>Dane-zaa</li> <li>Diné</li> <li>Hinono'eino</li> <li>Hiraacá</li> <li>Icāk</li> <li>Karankawa</li> <li>Liksiyu</li> <li>Maagiadawa</li> <li>Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk</li> <li>Nakota</li> <li>Ni Mii Puu</li> <li>Niimíipuu</li> <li>Niitsítapi</li> <li>Nųmą́khų́·ki</li> <li>Nʉmʉnʉʉ</li> <li>Omaha</li> <li>Palus</li> <li>Piipaash</li> <li>Ppáⁿkka</li> <li>Schitsu'umsh</li> <li>Shiwinna</li> <li>Sioux</li> <li>Taos</li> <li>Tickanwa•tic</li> <li>Tháumgá</li> <li>Tsuu T'ina</li> <li>Umatilla</li> <li>Wazhazhe</li> <li>Wichita</li> <li>Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e</li> <li>Wyandot</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A'aninin</li> <li>Kalispel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</a></li> <li>Nesilextcl'n</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuswap Sign Language (page does not exist)">Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</a></li> <li>Sqeliz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br /> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a> <ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li> <li>Inuit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li> <li>Kisindo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">M'bour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Naga_Sign_Language" title="Angami Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li> <li>West African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li> <li>Mofu-Gudur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Algeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dt>Cameroon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd> <dt>Ghana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd> <dt>Ivory Coast</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd> <dt>Mali</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd> <dt>Nigeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd> <dt>Senegal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd> <dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd> <dt>Tanzania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd> <dt>Uganda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd> <dt>Zambia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bengal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dt>Cambodia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd> <dt>Hong Kong</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a></dd> <dt>India</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naga_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></dd> <dt>Indonesia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd> <dt>Iran</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></dd> <dt>Iraq</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd> <dt>Israel</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd> <dt>Korea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd> <dt>Kazakhstan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd> <dt>Laos</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd> <dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd> <dt>Maldives</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd> <dt>Mongolia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd> <dt>Nepal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd> <dt>Saudi Arabia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd> <dt>Sri Lanka</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd> <dt>Taiwan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd> <dt>Tajikistan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Tibet</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd> <dt>Thailand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></dd> <dt>Vietnam</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Armenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd> <dt>Austria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd> <dt>Azerbaijan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd> <dt>Belgium</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd> <dt>Croatia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd> <dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Sign Language (page does not exist)">Faroese (Teknmál)</a></dd> <dt>Estonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd> <dt>Finland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd> <dt>France</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd> <dt>Germany</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd> <dt>Greece</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd> <dt>Hungary</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd> <dt>Iceland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd> <dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd> <dt>Kosovo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd> <dt>Latvia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd> <dt>Lithuania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd> <dt>Moldova</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd> <dt>North Macedonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd> <dt>Northern Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd> <dt>Norway</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd> <dt>Poland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd> <dt>Russia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Slovenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd> <dt>Spain</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd> <dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd> <dt>Switzerland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd> <dt>Turkey</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd> <dt>Ukraine</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br />Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></dd> <dt>Belize</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></dd> <dt>Canada</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfoot</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd> <dt>Cayman</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd> <dt>Costa Rica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd> <dt>Cuba</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd> <dt>Greenland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd> <dt>Guatemala</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dt>Haiti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd> <dt>Honduras</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd> <dt>Mexico</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd> <dt>Nicaragua</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a></dd> <dt>Panama</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd> <dt>El Salvador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Salvadoran_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Salvadoran Sign Language (page does not exist)">Old Salvadoran</a></dd> <dt>United States</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfeet</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Cheyenne</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd> <dd>Navajo</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo Family</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland Indigenous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd> <dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd> <dt>New Zealand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd> <dt>Papua New Guinea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd> <dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd> <dt>Bolivia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></dd> <dt>Chile</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd> <dt>Colombia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd> <dt>Ecuador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd> <dt>Paraguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd> <dt>Peru</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd> <dt>Venezuela</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br /> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chilmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">Home sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASLwrite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/60px-ASLwrite.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/90px-ASLwrite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/120px-ASLwrite.png 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br /> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br /> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign-language_films" title="Category:Sign-language films">Films (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language_television_shows" title="Category:Sign language television shows">Television shows (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Aron_Borg" title="Pär Aron Borg">Pär Aron Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Abbé de l'Épée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac_(horse_racing)" title="Tic-tac (horse racing)">Tic-tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>. <p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. </p> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129609-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122390">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langage par signes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932219x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langage par signes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932219x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571306">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="znakový jazyk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116781&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543872305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641014">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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