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Tamerlan Tsarnaev was subsequently killed by police and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was captured. Tsarnaev was questioned by federal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7042814" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The recent Boston Marathon bombing, which killed three people, was carried out by Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was subsequently killed by police and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was captured.  Tsarnaev was questioned by federal agents for days without being advised of his “Miranda rights” to remain silent and to consult an attorney before speaking to them. <br />Tsarnaev’s Miranda-less interrogation has led to a debate over a little-known “public safety” exception to the Miranda Rule allowing for the unwarned interrogations of criminal suspects.  The agents’ refusal to “Mirandize” Tsarnaev wasn’t rooted in an emergency, however, but in a Justice Department memo urging them to disregard the Miranda Rule. <br />This article explains the Miranda Rule, the public safety exception, and the Justice Department’s interpretation of the exception. The article then explores why the interpretation is ineffective and unwise, and an example of the deterioration of constitutional rights in America.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7042814" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0709e8f2231ab4cae486deba2a6ffd75" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33697765,"asset_id":7042814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33697765/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7042814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7042814"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7042814, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7042814", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7042814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7042814; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7042814"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7042814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7042814"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7042814; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7042814]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7042814").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7042814").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10142454" data-work_id="10142454" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10142454/U_S_Presidential_Authority_and_Domestic_Drone_Missile_Strikes">U.S. Presidential Authority and Domestic Drone Missile Strikes </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Over the past decade news of unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV, or drone) missile strikes against terrorist hideouts in the Middle East have become commonplace. This drone capability has enabled the US military to take the fight to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10142454" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Over the past decade news of unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV, or drone) missile strikes against terrorist hideouts in the Middle East have become commonplace. This drone capability has enabled the US military to take the fight to America’s enemies but in 2011 one particular drone strike caused an enormous controversy when the target was an American citizen. The targeted strike that killed Anwar al-Awlaki on September 30, 2011 generated tremendous debate over the legality of such action and the probability of a domestic drone missile strike.  US congressmen openly questioned whether the president of the United States possessed the constitutional authority to target an American citizen overseas and whether the president could lawfully order a drone missile strike against a terrorist on American soil. <br />In this article the authors discuss whether the president has the legal authority to take such action and under what circumstances, centering on several factors: the wartime authority possessed by the president; what constitutes an imminent threat to our nation justifying UCAV use; whether US citizenship offers protection from US military action; whether our homeland is a theater of war; and constitutional limitations on civilian law enforcement’s use of deadly physical force.  The authors conclude that under present presidential interpretation of constitutional authority, the president does have the authority to authorize a domestic drone missile strike.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10142454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e744429b2e328f0fa2a38fb10f48ba6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36252915,"asset_id":10142454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36252915/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10142454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10142454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10142454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10142454", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10142454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10142454; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10142454"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10142454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10142454"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10142454; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10142454]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10142454").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10142454").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10142454"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10142454]'), work: {"id":10142454,"title":"U.S. Presidential Authority and Domestic Drone Missile Strikes ","created_at":"2015-01-13T06:38:58.691-08:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/10142454/U_S_Presidential_Authority_and_Domestic_Drone_Missile_Strikes","slug":"U_S_Presidential_Authority_and_Domestic_Drone_Missile_Strikes","dom_id":"work_10142454","summary":"Over the past decade news of unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV, or drone) missile strikes against terrorist hideouts in the Middle East have become commonplace. This drone capability has enabled the US military to take the fight to America’s enemies but in 2011 one particular drone strike caused an enormous controversy when the target was an American citizen. The targeted strike that killed Anwar al-Awlaki on September 30, 2011 generated tremendous debate over the legality of such action and the probability of a domestic drone missile strike. US congressmen openly questioned whether the president of the United States possessed the constitutional authority to target an American citizen overseas and whether the president could lawfully order a drone missile strike against a terrorist on American soil. \nIn this article the authors discuss whether the president has the legal authority to take such action and under what circumstances, centering on several factors: the wartime authority possessed by the president; what constitutes an imminent threat to our nation justifying UCAV use; whether US citizenship offers protection from US military action; whether our homeland is a theater of war; and constitutional limitations on civilian law enforcement’s use of deadly physical force. The authors conclude that under present presidential interpretation of constitutional authority, the president does have the authority to authorize a domestic drone missile strike.\n","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36252915,"asset_id":10142454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36252915/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36252915/US_Presidential_Authority__to_Order_a_Domestic_Drone_Strike.docx?1738141537=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DU_S_Presidential_Authority_and_Domestic.docx\u0026Expires=1742059657\u0026Signature=DI6jfRVCPOePJw9nO2-8G3z2NTj2h-zKqNJxViEQe93mAluGnIiXLJqukwhDwnj3Xrka8LiCGtoVa5M8nXawFz4nBftyYvxHSY8rULECCdSN4B0KYwli3fPuXZpZ8RI3uyWoY~w8s79Ysx09ol3~M5mrC78kEUbE3qwt8p8vLwYv3IhzywEdYa03z1D95LEe1Rt0zR3sO89Tk~PDtCohutOcVHH6c9l9UUYTbJmH8DMjdspqWo6qCHAzjV67WRD5-5pb5gdw~NBdb2eAnF-tEhvrYAq8cJ9Y28kM0zzmD~RuGJnVQFYmWmyVbBo6W8s3dfjXpIUkeFU8IX5i4DPveA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36252915/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36252915/mini_magick20190309-31891-1dh2cfg.png?1552168761"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":36252915,"asset_id":10142454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36252915/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36252915/US_Presidential_Authority__to_Order_a_Domestic_Drone_Strike.docx?1738141537=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DU_S_Presidential_Authority_and_Domestic.docx\u0026Expires=1742059657\u0026Signature=DI6jfRVCPOePJw9nO2-8G3z2NTj2h-zKqNJxViEQe93mAluGnIiXLJqukwhDwnj3Xrka8LiCGtoVa5M8nXawFz4nBftyYvxHSY8rULECCdSN4B0KYwli3fPuXZpZ8RI3uyWoY~w8s79Ysx09ol3~M5mrC78kEUbE3qwt8p8vLwYv3IhzywEdYa03z1D95LEe1Rt0zR3sO89Tk~PDtCohutOcVHH6c9l9UUYTbJmH8DMjdspqWo6qCHAzjV67WRD5-5pb5gdw~NBdb2eAnF-tEhvrYAq8cJ9Y28kM0zzmD~RuGJnVQFYmWmyVbBo6W8s3dfjXpIUkeFU8IX5i4DPveA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36252915/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36252915/mini_magick20190309-31891-1dh2cfg.png?1552168761"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":46,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33851557" data-work_id="33851557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33851557/The_Reasonableness_of_Remote_Deadly_Force_to_Counter_Anticipatory_Danger">The Reasonableness of Remote Deadly Force to Counter Anticipatory Danger</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As American police departments embrace the new technology of unmanned aerial vehicles it is time to asses their utility when it comes to the issue of deadly force. Under present American legal constraints it is almost impossible for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33851557" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As American police departments embrace the new technology of unmanned aerial vehicles it is time to asses their utility when it comes to the issue of deadly force.  Under present American legal constraints it is almost impossible for police to justify the use of deadly force by drone aircraft to counter anticipatory danger to the public.  This article explains the practical issues involved in this emerging area of law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33851557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a70fe355a34f703d205ea7a0fbb6a3e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53831811,"asset_id":33851557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53831811/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33851557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33851557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33851557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33851557", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33851557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33851557; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33851557"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33851557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33851557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33851557; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33851557]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33851557").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33851557").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34411544" data-work_id="34411544" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34411544/Considering_the_Remote_Use_of_Force_via_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles">Considering the Remote Use of Force via Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Consider the following scenario: A man robs a liquor store at gunpoint, but as he flees he is confronted by an armed police unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). He points his gun at the hovering aircraft and fires several bullets. An officer... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34411544" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Consider the following scenario: A man robs a liquor store at gunpoint, but as he flees he is confronted by an armed police unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). He points his gun at the hovering aircraft and fires several bullets. An officer remotely operating the UAV sees the robber shoot on his monitor and presses a button that activates a firearm on the UAV, shooting the robber. This scenario may seem like science fiction, but it is not. Although this situation has yet to occur, it will surely be played out soon in some U.S. city. It nearly happened in June, 2011, in North Dakota when a farmer refused to return cattle that had strayed onto his property from a neighboring farm. When the owner of the cattle called police, they were met by an irate farmer who brandished a rifle and ran inside his home. The police surrounded the home and, using a UAV lent by the Department of Homeland Security, were able to determine when the farmer had put is rifle down. Police then arrested him.[1] The UAV used to help the sheriff had a camera, but some models can be rigged to fire grenades, rubber bullets, tear gas canisters, and electronic stun darts.[2] Police chiefs planning to use UAVs only for surveillance may decide they want to take advantage of all the options available if they are aware of them. " It might be advantageous to have…[a] less lethal weapons platform on the UAV, " observed one police official in Texas, expressing sentiments likely shared by many of his peers who would prefer to fully utilize UAVs rather than underutilize expensive technology. [3] It may be only a matter of time, then, before the police, who may already use UAVs for monitoring vehicle traffic or looking for lost children, begin using them for patrol. The desire to fully utilize UAV capability could lead to arming police UAVs in the same manner as human patrol officers, with all the force options available—including deadly physical force— to UAV operators. It follows, then, that UAVs equipped to use force would raise many of the same concerns that arise regarding officers' use of force. While no one has yet filed a Title 42 U.S.C § 1983 claim against a police officer or department alleging the improper use of force via police UAV, police officials should not assume that such allegations will never be made.[4] Current police training guidelines, state law and federal law, or court decisions have only begun considering the myriad issues posed by police UAV use. As of December 2014, 11 states enacted laws regulating police and private UAV usage, while legislation is pending in 35 other states.[5] The full impact of these laws are yet to be realized. However, it is possible to make some important observations concerning the constitutionality of the remote use of force via police UAV.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34411544" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b1b622f0ae05b180702edcc463a79508" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54291532,"asset_id":34411544,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54291532/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34411544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34411544"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34411544, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34411544", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34411544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34411544; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34411544"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34411544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34411544"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34411544; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34411544]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34411544").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34411544").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34411554" data-work_id="34411554" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34411554/Considering_Privacy_Issues_Raised_by_the_Use_of_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles">Considering Privacy Issues Raised by the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Consider the following scenario: A camera equipped unmanned police aerial vehicle (UAV) is on routine patrol at an altitude of fifty feet-just over tree top level. The police operator flies the UAV past an apartment house, where people on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34411554" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Consider the following scenario: A camera equipped unmanned police aerial vehicle (UAV) is on routine patrol at an altitude of fifty feet-just over tree top level. The police operator flies the UAV past an apartment house, where people on upper floors are see in varying state of undress through several open windows. The occupants are shocked by the presence of the UAV and immediately complain to the local police chief. Soon, an attorney representing several apartment house residents threatens to file a civil lawsuit against the police department alleging the invasion of personal privacy. The potential uses for police unmanned aerial vehicles seem, at present, almost limitless. Many UAV models are cheaper than cruisers and helicopters to purchase and operate, and their ability to fly and hover at varying heights makes them more nimble than conventional helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. Their use is, however, fraught with many legal issues and may interfere with citizens' expectations of privacy, leaving police departments vulnerable to civil lawsuits.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34411554" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d3ba5189f48b97ce543e602a73df099" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54291539,"asset_id":34411554,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54291539/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34411554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34411554"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34411554, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34411554", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34411554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34411554; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34411554"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34411554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34411554"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34411554; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34411554]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34411554").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34411554").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34411565" data-work_id="34411565" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34411565/Considering_Protocols_for_the_Use_of_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles">Considering Protocols for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Consider the following scenario: A uniformed patrol supervisor for a police department is confronted with several important issues simultaneously: a possible toxic waste spill; a missing teenager; and a large, angry crowd marching toward... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34411565" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Consider the following scenario: A uniformed patrol supervisor for a police department is confronted with several important issues simultaneously: a possible toxic waste spill; a missing teenager; and a large, angry crowd marching toward city hall demanding a meeting with the mayor. The supervisor considers employing the police department's new UAV and consults the operations manual but, as it offers no guidance, the supervisor is left to determine how best to use the UAV. Some law enforcement agencies are already using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) while numerous others, both large and small, urban and rural, are presently considering acquiring a UAV. 1 The temptation to purchase UAVs is significant, as their potential uses might seem almost limitless and they are much less costly than cruisers and helicopters to purchase and operate. Their use, however, is fraught with potential problems that might negate their advantages over traditional law enforcement equipment and methods. Failing to consider the potential legal pitfalls and litigation emanating from UAV use can result in numerous citizen complaints and involve an agency and its officials in costly litigation that could have been prevented. UAVs on Patrol Recent changes by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have eased the requirements for UAV use. UAV pilots no longer need to be licensed pilots as was once required, which also means that the expensive and time-consuming process of training a police officer to become licensed to pilot a UAV is no longer necessary. Now, the FAA has determined that anyone over 16 years of age who pays the $150 fee and passes a basic test can pilot a UAV. 2 An added attraction of UAVs is that they can be sent into situations that would otherwise require sending police officers into harm's way, such as toxic waste spill sites, flooded areas, forest fires, active shooter situations, and searches for wanted criminals. This capability alone can tip the balance in favor of purchasing one. Agencies already use unmanned ground vehicles for bomb disposal and entering barricaded felon situations. 3 Given all that UAVs can do, the question for law enforcement leaders becomes, why wouldn't you immediately purchase one? Legal Research Though law enforcement UAV use is still in its infancy and the potential civil liability is far from certain, it is imperative that prior to acquiring and using UAVs on patrol, leaders invest in legal research. A good place to start is with the office of the civil legal representative for the government entity sponsoring the law enforcement agency, such as a city or county attorney's office. A cautionary note to law enforcement leaders is that these attorneys invariably " drive</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34411565" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ec45cc8feb8be8b378e2533d3bd75ff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54291551,"asset_id":34411565,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54291551/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34411565 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34411565"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34411565, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34411565", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34411565]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34411565").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34411565").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34411706" data-work_id="34411706" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34411706/The_History_of_the_U_S_Supreme_Court_in_Special_Term">The History of the U.S. Supreme Court in Special Term</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34411706" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="408aaacf5cc702862bd8786874f5dc46" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54291687,"asset_id":34411706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54291687/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34411706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34411706"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34411706, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34411706", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34411706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34411706; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34411706"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34411706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34411706"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34411706; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34411706]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34411706").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34411706").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34411731" data-work_id="34411731" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34411731/The_Summer_of_1942_Eight_German_Saboteurs_in_America">The Summer of 1942: Eight German Saboteurs in America</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The summer of 1942 was not an auspicious time for America. Only six months into what was to become the bloodiest war in recorded history, our nation found itself slowly making the transition from peacetime production to producing war... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34411731" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The summer of 1942 was not an auspicious time for America. Only six months into what was to become the bloodiest war in recorded history, our nation found itself slowly making the transition from peacetime production to producing war materials. Additionally, the drafting of young men, which had started two years earlier, increased exponentially. Other nations, like Canada and Britain had, by 1942, been at war for almost three years, and were well-versed in the hardships of war; we were still learning. Our only recent experience with war had been an eighteen month long journey through Western Europe in the Great War. Though we lost too many young men to the fighting 'over there,' we hadn't suffered any home-front losses. Now, however, six months after the Japanese sneak attack at Pearl Harbor left our Pacific fleet in ruins, the Germans were enjoying unrestricted submarine warfare off our east coast, sending our merchant ships to the bottom with sickening regularity, and condemning hundreds of sailors to their watery deaths. We should have been better prepared for the German onslaught, for our navy had been engaging in a game of military " cat and mouse " with the Germans U-boats since 1941 but even the U-boat attack and sinking of the destroyer Ruben James had failed to wake up our political and military leaders to the new realities of war. Additionally, President Roosevelt's Lend-Lease Program had seriously weakened our defenses, when, in late 1940 we transferred ownership of fifty old, but still capable WW I destroyers to Britain. Finally, we had not even begun a merchant convoy system whereby merchant ships were guarded across the Atlantic. Finally, coastal cities observed few blackout precautions, and our seaboard cities and coastline was clearly visible to German U-boats prowling for prey off our coast. Into this maelstrom entered eight German saboteurs. * In Germany, the Abwehr, the German intelligence agency, began recruiting a cadre of saboteurs with the intent of landing them in America. Their mission was to disrupt aluminum production and destroy munitions factories. As half-baked and ridiculous at it all seemed in retrospect, at the time Operation Pastorius, as it was called, was as sensible as it was audacious. The Germans were very aware that America's massive industrial output was rapidly being turned into war production, and aluminum was used in everything from ship to aircraft. Hitler's Germany, then already having trouble staying ahead of the British in producing war material, knew that they could never keep up if American factories achieved large scale war production levels. Walter Kappe, a German Army veteran and rabid Nazi, who had spent many of the inter-war years in America's Midwest, was, due to his familiarity with the United States, put in charge of the operation. While military strategists poured over maps of America and its factories, Kappe crisscrossed Germany looking for suitable saboteur recruits. Though</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34411731" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f95710d46794301c286d74f70df9114f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54291728,"asset_id":34411731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54291728/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34411731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34411731"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34411731, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34411731", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34598905]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34598905").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34598905").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36430331" data-work_id="36430331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36430331/The_Mayflower_Murder_Tryall_docx">The Mayflower Murder Tryall.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As most all American schoolchildren are taught, the Mayflower was loaded with Puritans looking to escape religious oppression in England. But about half the hundred passengers were not Puritans. They were simply poor folk looking to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36430331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As most all American schoolchildren are taught, the Mayflower was loaded with Puritans looking to escape religious oppression in England. But about half the hundred passengers were not Puritans.  They were simply poor folk looking to escape poverty and start life anew in the Americas. They had to work together to survive. Yet, for all of their mutual cooperation in fending off starvation and laying the groundwork for the establishment of a colony, there were always underlying tensions. From 1620 through 1630 there was much tension between the Puritans and the others, called Strangers, over the way the colony’s leadership handled questions of religious tolerance, social concerns, and financial matters. This article examines the social, religious, and political differences, as well as the personal greed and ambition that resulted in John Billington becoming infamous as America’s first murderer. In doing so, Billington’s life, his trial, and his punishment will be examined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36430331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3127db050535211b37c9175d9627915" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56343771,"asset_id":36430331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56343771/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36430331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36430331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36430331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36430331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36430331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36430331; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36430331"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36430331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36430331"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36430331; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36430331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36430331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36430331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_85842124" data-work_id="85842124" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85842124/Understanding_Bush_v_Gore">Understanding Bush v Gore</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 2000 George W Bush and Albert Gore were involved in perhaps the closest presidential election in US history. This is the story behind how the issue ended up in the US Supreme Court where the justices decided the outcome of the election... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_85842124" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2000 George W Bush and Albert Gore were involved in perhaps the closest presidential election in US history. This is the story behind how the issue ended up in the US Supreme Court where the justices decided the outcome of the election -- a unique event in presidential politics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/85842124" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d4cb62858287d1731f4061505ce4bd4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":90420711,"asset_id":85842124,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90420711/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_85842124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="85842124"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 85842124, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_85842124", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_85842124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85842124; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_85842124"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_85842124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85842124"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85842124; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85842124]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_85842124").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_85842124").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="85842124"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71638" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Gore">Al Gore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71638" type="text/json">{"id":71638,"name":"Al Gore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Gore","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="475578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electoral_College">Electoral College</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="475578" type="text/json">{"id":475578,"name":"Electoral College","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electoral_College","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="714649" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/President_George_W._Bush">President George W. Bush</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="714649" type="text/json">{"id":580462,"name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Supreme_Court","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=85842124]'), work: {"id":85842124,"title":"Understanding Bush v Gore","created_at":"2022-08-29T08:55:29.760-07:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/85842124/Understanding_Bush_v_Gore","slug":"Understanding_Bush_v_Gore","dom_id":"work_85842124","summary":"In 2000 George W Bush and Albert Gore were involved in perhaps the closest presidential election in US history. This is the story behind how the issue ended up in the US Supreme Court where the justices decided the outcome of the election -- a unique event in presidential politics. 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However, Chief Justice Marshall's opinion was written against the backdrop of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_85842815" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 1804 case of Marbury v Madison is read and studied by almost every law student. The decision in the case established the doctrine of judicial review.  However, Chief Justice Marshall's opinion was written against the backdrop of political intrigue that spurred Marshall on to use the case as a means of gaining power and prestige for the nascent court.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/85842815" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a9c149bef01e6abb366b3bd098fb28a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":90421154,"asset_id":85842815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90421154/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_85842815 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="85842815"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 85842815, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_85842815", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_85842815 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85842815; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_85842815"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_85842815 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85842815"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85842815; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85842815]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_85842815").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_85842815").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="85842815"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review">Judicial review</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7813" type="text/json">{"id":6375,"name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Jefferson","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41509" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Adams">John Adams</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41509" type="text/json">{"id":7813,"name":"Judicial review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=85842815]'), work: {"id":85842815,"title":"Understanding Marbury v Madison1","created_at":"2022-08-29T09:09:36.096-07:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/85842815/Understanding_Marbury_v_Madison1","slug":"Understanding_Marbury_v_Madison1","dom_id":"work_85842815","summary":"The 1804 case of Marbury v Madison is read and studied by almost every law student. 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And the 2022 case that overturned Roe -- Dobb v Jackson -- is likewise poorly understood. This paper sheds light on the two cases and reveals some details that help explain the meaning... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_97181646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 1973 case of Roe v Wade is not well understood. And the 2022 case that overturned Roe -- Dobb v Jackson -- is likewise poorly understood. This paper sheds light on the two cases and reveals some details that help explain the meaning of the two cases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/97181646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80ff04da920148158b47184c6c0d5b70" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":98874225,"asset_id":97181646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98874225/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_97181646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="97181646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 97181646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_97181646", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_97181646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 97181646; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_97181646"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_97181646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="97181646"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 97181646; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=97181646]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_97181646").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_97181646").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="97181646"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1541096" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roe_Vs._Wade">Roe Vs. Wade</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1541096" type="text/json">{"id":1541096,"name":"Roe Vs. Wade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roe_Vs._Wade","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=97181646]'), work: {"id":97181646,"title":"Understanding Roe v Wade and Dobbs v Jackson","created_at":"2023-02-19T14:56:24.681-08:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/97181646/Understanding_Roe_v_Wade_and_Dobbs_v_Jackson","slug":"Understanding_Roe_v_Wade_and_Dobbs_v_Jackson","dom_id":"work_97181646","summary":"The 1973 case of Roe v Wade is not well understood. And the 2022 case that overturned Roe -- Dobb v Jackson -- is likewise poorly understood. This paper sheds light on the two cases and reveals some details that help explain the meaning of the two cases. 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Wade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roe_Vs._Wade","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2023,"publication_year_with_fallback":2023,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":21,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124036499" data-work_id="124036499" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124036499/The_Boston_Game">The Boston Game</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper explores a little known version of football that was played in the northeastern United States for a few years in the 1860s and 1870s. It served as a bridge between association football rules (soccer) and rugby (which morphed in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_124036499" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores a little known version of football that was played in the northeastern United States for a few years in the 1860s and 1870s. It served as a bridge between association football rules (soccer) and rugby (which morphed in gridiron football).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124036499" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81a0749455ea54f7b75cac9132bc2bf9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118336561,"asset_id":124036499,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118336561/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124036499 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124036499"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124036499, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124036499", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124036499 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124036499; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_124036499"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_124036499 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124036499"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124036499; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124036499]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124036499").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124036499").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124036499"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124036499]'), work: {"id":124036499,"title":"The Boston Game","created_at":"2024-09-20T08:50:33.099-07:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/124036499/The_Boston_Game","slug":"The_Boston_Game","dom_id":"work_124036499","summary":"This paper explores a little known version of football that was played in the northeastern United States for a few years in the 1860s and 1870s. 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Korematsu v United States is often misunderstood and needs to be carefully analyzed in order to decipher what the High Court was actually saying... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_124036694" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">2024 is the 80th anniversary of one of the most controversial U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Korematsu v United States is often misunderstood and needs to be carefully analyzed in order to decipher what the High Court was actually saying with its decision. This paper illuminates the backdrop of the case so the reader can better understand the Court's reasoning.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124036694" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8bcb3fe7e958a7af4e9960d69eb2a885" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118336700,"asset_id":124036694,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118336700/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124036694 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124036694"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124036694, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124036694", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124036694 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124036694; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_124036694"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_124036694 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124036694"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124036694; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124036694]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124036694").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124036694").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124036694"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123257" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Internment">Japanese Internment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="123257" type="text/json">{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124036694]'), work: {"id":124036694,"title":"Understanding Korematsu v United States","created_at":"2024-09-20T09:00:37.232-07:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/124036694/Understanding_Korematsu_v_United_States","slug":"Understanding_Korematsu_v_United_States","dom_id":"work_124036694","summary":"2024 is the 80th anniversary of one of the most controversial U.S. Supreme Court decisions. 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Roosevelt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"id":2020334,"name":"Korematsu v. United States (1944)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korematsu_v._United_States_1944_"}],"publication_year":2024,"publication_year_with_fallback":2024,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":6,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127692675" data-work_id="127692675" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127692675/Thomas_Jennings_and_the_Fickle_Finger_of_Fate">Thomas Jennings and the Fickle Finger of Fate</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">On the 40th anniversary of the discovery of DNA 'fingerprinting,' this article details the very first American criminal arrested and tried in court using a suspect's fingerprints. The 1910 trial of Thomas Jennings was a landmark case in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127692675" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On the 40th anniversary of the discovery of DNA 'fingerprinting,' this article details the very first American criminal arrested and tried in court using a suspect's fingerprints. The 1910 trial of Thomas Jennings was a landmark case in American criminal law that is now wholly forgotten. However, on the occasion of the anniversary of the discovery of DNA 'fingerprinting,' legal scholars may see a similarity between the way the two discoveries changed criminal law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127692675" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="302751404ac4d40c54d742d2d7c1573d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121387786,"asset_id":127692675,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121387786/download_file?st=MTc0MjA1NjA1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11491830" href="https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary">Michael T Geary</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11491830" type="text/json">{"id":11491830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Geary","domain_name":"albertus","page_name":"MichaelGeary","display_name":"Michael T Geary","profile_url":"https://albertus.academia.edu/MichaelGeary","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127692675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127692675"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127692675, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127692675", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127692675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127692675; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127692675"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127692675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127692675"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127692675; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127692675]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127692675").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127692675").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127692675"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11846" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_Forensic_Science_">DNA (Forensic Science)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11846" type="text/json">{"id":11846,"name":"DNA (Forensic Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_Forensic_Science_","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127692675]'), work: {"id":127692675,"title":"Thomas Jennings and the Fickle Finger of Fate","created_at":"2025-02-16T10:04:11.792-08:00","owner_id":11491830,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/127692675/Thomas_Jennings_and_the_Fickle_Finger_of_Fate","slug":"Thomas_Jennings_and_the_Fickle_Finger_of_Fate","dom_id":"work_127692675","summary":"On the 40th anniversary of the discovery of DNA 'fingerprinting,' this article details the very first American criminal arrested and tried in court using a suspect's fingerprints. The 1910 trial of Thomas Jennings was a landmark case in American criminal law that is now wholly forgotten. However, on the occasion of the anniversary of the discovery of DNA 'fingerprinting,' legal scholars may see a similarity between the way the two discoveries changed criminal law. 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