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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Surfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planting_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planting_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Planting design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planting_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_furniture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_furniture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Garden furniture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_furniture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunlight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunlight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Sunlight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunlight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_garden_designers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_garden_designers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable garden designers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_garden_designers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of gardens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_gardens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of gardens subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Islamic gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mediterranean gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_formal_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_formal_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Renaissance formal gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_formal_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_Landscape_and_Naturalistic_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Landscape_and_Naturalistic_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>English Landscape and Naturalistic gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Landscape_and_Naturalistic_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cottage_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cottage_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cottage gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cottage_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitchen_garden_or_potager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitchen_garden_or_potager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kitchen garden or potager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitchen_garden_or_potager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shakespeare_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Shakespeare garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Rock garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Native garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Contemporary garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Residential gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>East Asian gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="تصميم حدائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصميم حدائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Садова-паркавае мастацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садова-паркавае мастацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Градинско-парково изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Градинско-парково изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havekunst" title="Havekunst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havekunst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartenkunst" title="Gartenkunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gartenkunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiakujundus" title="Aiakujundus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aiakujundus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cardenarto" title="Ĝardenarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝardenarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="طراحی باغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی باغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_des_jardins" title="Art des jardins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art des jardins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%9B%90_%EB%94%94%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B8" title="정원 디자인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정원 디자인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Այգեգործական արվեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այգեգործական արվեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="उद्यान रूपांकन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्यान रूपांकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerttervez%C3%A9s" title="Kerttervezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerttervezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ガーデンデザイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガーデンデザイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_ogrodowa" title="Sztuka ogrodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka ogrodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Садово-парковое искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Садово-парковое искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutarhasuunnittelu" title="Puutarhasuunnittelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puutarhasuunnittelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdskonst" title="Trädgårdskonst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trädgårdskonst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="การออกแบบสวนสาธารณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การออกแบบสวนสาธารณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A7e_tasar%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Bahçe tasarımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bahçe tasarımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Садово-паркове мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Садово-паркове мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="园林设计 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="园林设计" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Designing plans for layout and planting of gardens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Garden design</b> is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and planting of <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a> and landscapes. Garden design may be done by the garden owner themselves, or by professionals of varying levels of experience and expertise. Most professional <a href="/wiki/Garden_designer" title="Garden designer">garden designers</a> have some training in horticulture and the principles of design. Some are also <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architects</a>, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license. Amateur gardeners may also attain a high level of experience from extensive hours working in their own gardens, through casual study, serious study in <a href="/wiki/Master_gardener_program" title="Master gardener program">Master gardener programs</a>, or by joining <a href="/wiki/Garden_club" title="Garden club">gardening clubs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether gardens are designed by a professional or an amateur, certain principles form the basis of effective garden design, resulting in the creation of gardens to meet the needs, goals, and desires of the users or owners of the gardens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg/220px-Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg/330px-Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg/440px-Walkway_through_the_rose_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Curved garden paths are a common form of <a href="/wiki/Hardscape" title="Hardscape">hardscaping</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Elements of garden design include the layout of <a href="/wiki/Hardscape" title="Hardscape">hardscape</a> such as paths, walls, water features, sitting areas and <a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">decking</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Softscape" title="Softscape">softscape</a>, that is, the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, <a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)" title="Habit (biology)">growth habit</a>, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choice of plants in terms of speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a>, bloom-time, and many other characteristics. </p><p>Important considerations in the garden design include how the garden will be used, the desired stylistic genre (formal or informal, modern or traditional, etc.), and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the prescribed budget. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A garden's location can have a substantial influence on its design. Topographical landscape features such as steep slopes, vistas, hills, and outcrops may suggest or determine aspects of design such as layout and can be used and augmented to create a particular impression.<sup id="cite_ref-6_Most_Beautiful_Garden_Designs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_Most_Beautiful_Garden_Designs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soils of the site will affect what types of plant may be grown, as will the garden's <a href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">climate zone</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>. The locational context of the garden can also influence its design. For example, an urban setting may require a different design style in contrast to a rural one. Similarly, a windy coastal location may necessitate a different treatment compared to a sheltered inland site.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quality of a garden's <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> can have a significant influence on a garden's design and its subsequent success. Soil influences the availability of water and nutrients, the activity of soil micro-organisms, and temperature within the root zone, and thus may have a determining effect on the types of plants which will grow successfully in the garden. However, soils may be replaced or improved to make them more suitable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andains_de_compost,_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Andains_de_compost%2C_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG/220px-Andains_de_compost%2C_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Andains_de_compost%2C_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG/330px-Andains_de_compost%2C_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Andains_de_compost%2C_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG/440px-Andains_de_compost%2C_sur_une_plateforme_de_compostage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Alignment of several compost piles on a composting facility in France</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, garden soil is improved by amendment, the process of adding beneficial materials to the native <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a>. The added materials, which may consist of <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, sand, mineral dust, or manure, among others, are mixed with the soil to the preferred depth. The amount and type of amendment may depend on many factors, including the amount of existing soil humus, the soil structure (clay, silt, sand, loam, etc.), the soil acidity/alkalinity, and the choice of plants to be grown. One source states that, "conditioning the soil thoroughly before planting enables the plants to establish themselves quickly and so play their part in the design."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all gardens are, or should be, amended in this manner, since many plants prefer an impoverished soil. In this case, poor soil is better than a rich soil that has been artificially enriched.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hortus_conclusus" title="Hortus conclusus">Hortus conclusus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled garden</a></div> <p>The design of a garden can be affected by the nature of its boundaries, both external and internal, and in turn the design can influence the boundaries, including via creation of new ones. Planting can be used to modify an existing boundary line by softening or widening it. Introducing internal boundaries can help divide or break up a garden into smaller areas. </p><p>The main types of boundary within a garden are hedges, walls and fences. A hedge may be evergreen or deciduous, formal or informal, short or tall, depending on the style of the garden and purpose of the boundary. A wall has a strong foundation beneath it at all points,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is usually – but not always – built from brick, stone or concrete blocks. A fence differs from a wall in that it is anchored only at intervals, and is usually constructed using wood or metal (such as iron or wire mesh). </p><p>Boundaries may be constructed for several reasons: to keep out livestock or intruders, to provide privacy, to create shelter from strong winds and provide micro-climates, to screen unattractive structures or views, and to create an element of surprise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surfaces">Surfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In temperate western gardens, a smooth expanse of <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawn</a> is often considered essential to a garden. However, garden designers may use other surfaces, for example those "made up of loose gravel, small pebbles, or wood chips" to create a different appearance and feel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designers may also use the contrast in texture and color between different surfaces to create an overall pattern in the design. </p><p>Surfaces for paths and access points are chosen for practical as well as aesthetic reasons. Issues such as safety, maintenance and durability may need to be considered by the designer. Gardens designed for public access need to cope with heavier foot traffic and hence may use surfaces – such as resin-bonded gravel – that are rarely used in private gardens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planting-design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Planting-design.jpg/220px-Planting-design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Planting-design.jpg/330px-Planting-design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Planting-design.jpg/440px-Planting-design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Naturalistic planting design</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planting_design">Planting design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Planting design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planting design requires design talent and aesthetic judgement combined with a good level of horticultural, ecological and cultural knowledge. It includes two major traditions: formal rectilinear planting design (Persia and Europe); and formal asymmetrical (Asia) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalistic_planting_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalistic planting design (page does not exist)">naturalistic planting design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> are credited with originating aesthetic and diverse planting design. A correct Persian garden will be divided into four sectors with water being very important for both irrigation and aesthetics. The four sectors symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> elements of sky, earth, water and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Persian_Garden_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Persian_Garden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planting in ancient and Medieval European gardens was often a mix of herbs for medicinal use, vegetables for consumption, and flowers for decoration. Purely aesthetic planting layouts developed after the Medieval period in <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_gardens" title="Category:Renaissance gardens">Renaissance gardens</a>, as are shown in late-Renaissance paintings and plans. The designs of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian Renaissance garden</a> were geometrical and plants were used to form spaces and patterns. The <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">gardens of the French Renaissance</a> and Baroque <i><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">jardin à la française</a></i> era continued the <a href="/wiki/Formal_garden" title="Formal garden">formal garden</a> planting aesthetic. </p><p>In Asia the asymmetrical traditions of planting design in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese gardens">Japanese gardens</a> originated in the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a> of China. The gardens' plantings have a controlled but naturalistic aesthetic. In Europe the arrangement of plants in informal groups developed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Landscape_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape garden">English Landscape Garden</a> style, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">French landscape garden</a>, and was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">picturesque</a> art movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Application">Application</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A planting plan gives specific instructions, often for a <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractor</a> about how the soil is to be prepared, what species are to be planted, what size and spacing is to be used and what maintenance operations are to be carried out under the contract. Owners of private gardens may also use planting plans, not for contractual purposes, as an aid to thinking about a design and as a record of what has been planted. A <a href="/wiki/Planting_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planting strategy">planting strategy</a> is a long-term strategy for the design, establishment and management of different types of vegetation in a landscape or garden. </p><p>Planting can be established by directly employed gardeners and horticulturalists or it can be established by a landscape contractor (also known as a landscape gardener). Landscape contractors work to drawings and specifications prepared by garden designers or landscape architects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosenneuheitengarten,_Baden-Baden_2018_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rosenneuheitengarten%2C_Baden-Baden_2018_%287%29.jpg/220px-Rosenneuheitengarten%2C_Baden-Baden_2018_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rosenneuheitengarten%2C_Baden-Baden_2018_%287%29.jpg/330px-Rosenneuheitengarten%2C_Baden-Baden_2018_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rosenneuheitengarten%2C_Baden-Baden_2018_%287%29.jpg/440px-Rosenneuheitengarten%2C_Baden-Baden_2018_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5468" data-file-height="3539" /></a><figcaption>Garden chairs in Rosenneuheitengarten Beutig in Baden-Baden, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garden_furniture">Garden furniture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Garden furniture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garden_furniture" title="Garden furniture">Garden furniture</a></div> <p>Garden furniture may range from a patio set consisting of a table, four or six chairs and a <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">parasol</a>, through benches, swings, various lighting, to stunning artifacts in brutal concrete or weathered oak.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patio_heater" title="Patio heater">Patio heaters</a>, that run on bottled <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, are often used to enable people to sit outside at night or in cold weather. A <a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">picnic table</a> is used for the purpose of eating a meal outdoors such as in a <a href="/wiki/Garden_room" title="Garden room">garden room</a>. The materials used to manufacture modern patio furniture include <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stones</a>, metals, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a>, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resins">resins</a>, glass, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">treated</a> woods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden,_Kampala,_Uganda_(15299305026).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Garden%2C_Kampala%2C_Uganda_%2815299305026%29.jpg/220px-Garden%2C_Kampala%2C_Uganda_%2815299305026%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Garden%2C_Kampala%2C_Uganda_%2815299305026%29.jpg/330px-Garden%2C_Kampala%2C_Uganda_%2815299305026%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Garden%2C_Kampala%2C_Uganda_%2815299305026%29.jpg/440px-Garden%2C_Kampala%2C_Uganda_%2815299305026%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landscape_lighting" title="Landscape lighting">Garden lighting</a> in Kampala, Uganda</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_lighting" title="Landscape lighting">Garden lighting</a> can be an important aspect of garden design. In most cases, various types of lighting techniques may be classified and defined by heights: safety lighting, uplighting, and downlighting. Safety lighting is the most practical application. However, it is more important to determine the type of lamps and fittings needed to create the desired effects. </p><p>Light regulates three major plant processes: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phototropism" title="Phototropism">phototropism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">photoperiodism</a>. Photosynthesis provides the energy required to produce the energy source of plants. Phototropism is the effect of light on plant growth that causes the plant to grow toward or away from the light.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photoperiodism is a plant's response or capacity to respond to photoperiod, a recurring cycle of light and dark periods of constant length.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunlight">Sunlight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sunlight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade garden</a></div> <p>While sunlight is not always easily controlled by the gardener, it is an important element of garden design. The amount of available light is a critical factor in determining what plants may be grown. Sunlight will, therefore, have a substantial influence on the character of the garden. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">rose garden</a> is generally not successful in full shade, while a garden of <a href="/wiki/Hosta" title="Hosta">hostas</a> may not thrive in hot sun. As another example, a vegetable garden may need to be placed in a sunny location, and if that location is not ideal for the overall garden design goals, the designer may need to change other aspects of the garden. </p><p>In some cases, the amount of available sunlight can be influenced by the gardener. The location of trees, other shade plants, garden structures, or, when designing an entire property, even buildings, might be selected or changed based on their influence in increasing or reducing the amount of sunlight provided to various areas of the property. In other cases, the amount of sunlight is not under the gardener's control. Nearby buildings, plants on other properties, or simply the climate of the local area, may limit the available sunlight. Or, substantial changes in the light conditions of the garden may not be within the gardener's means. In this case, it is important to plan a garden that is compatible with the existing light conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_garden_designers">Notable garden designers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable garden designers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arit_Anderson" title="Arit Anderson">Arit Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bannerman" title="Isabel Bannerman">Isabel Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Beardshaw" title="Chris Beardshaw">Chris Beardshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Clark_(garden_designer)" title="Emma Clark (garden designer)">Emma Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Eberle" title="Sarah Eberle">Sarah Eberle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Frost_(garden_designer)" title="Adam Frost (garden designer)">Adam Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Gavin" title="Diarmuid Gavin">Diarmuid Gavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Girard_(garden_designer)" title="Dominique Girard (garden designer)">Dominique Girard</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll" title="Gertrude Jekyll">Gertrude Jekyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Jellicoe" title="Geoffrey Jellicoe">Geoffrey Jellicoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Waterbury_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Waterbury Johnston">Lawrence Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Martin_(garden_designer)" title="William Martin (garden designer)">William Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunmy%C5%8D_Masuno" title="Shunmyō Masuno">Shunmyō Masuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Oudolf" title="Piet Oudolf">Piet Oudolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Page" title="Russell Page">Russell Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Pearson_(garden_designer)" title="Dan Pearson (garden designer)">Dan Pearson</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_(garden_designer)" title="James Russell (garden designer)">James Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Suarez_(garden_designer)" title="Diego Suarez (garden designer)">Diego Suarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Suga_(garden_designer)" title="Hirofumi Suga (garden designer)">Hirofumi Suga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Swift" title="Joe Swift">Joe Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Turner_(garden_designer)" title="Roger Turner (garden designer)">Roger Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleve_West" title="Cleve West">Cleve West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(garden_designer)" title="Andrew Wilson (garden designer)">Andrew Wilson</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_gardens">Types of gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_gardens">Islamic gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islamic gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></div> <p>Garden design and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a> tradition began with creating the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a>, in Western Asia. It evolved over the centuries, and in the different cultures Islamic dynasties came to rule in Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, North Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg/220px-Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg/330px-Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg/440px-Beautiful_pavilion_of_Faiz_Baksh_terrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3478" data-file-height="3297" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shalamar_Gardens,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalamar Gardens, Lahore">Shalamar Gardens, Lahore</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg/220px-Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg/330px-Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg/440px-Aa_generalife_water_and_garden_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Inspired by Islamic/Moorish gardens, the Patio de la Acequia (Courtyard of the Canal), <a href="/wiki/Generalife" title="Generalife">Generalife</a>, Granada, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Some styles and examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal gardens">Mughal gardens</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nishat_Bagh" title="Nishat Bagh">Nishat Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)">Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjore_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinjore Gardens">Yadavindra Gardens (Pinjore)</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Humayun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Humayun">Tomb of Humayun</a> gardens</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh (garden)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Bagh-e Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh_(Srinagar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)">Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>—<a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a> and gardens</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalife" title="Generalife">Generalife</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg/220px-Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg/330px-Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg/440px-Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Patio" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Patio">Andalusian Patio</a> of Córdoba, Spain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_gardens">Mediterranean gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mediterranean gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garden design history and precedents from the Mediterranean region include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Ancient Greek and Hellenistic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Ancient Roman gardens</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">Peristyle</a> gardens – evolved into <a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Horti Sallustiani</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish gardens">Spanish gardens</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_patio" title="Andalusian patio">Andalusian patio</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_formal_gardens">Renaissance formal gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Renaissance formal gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG/220px-Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG/330px-Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG/440px-Plan_Ogrodu_Saskiego.JPG 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Garden" title="Saxon Garden">Jardin de Saxe</a></i> (Plan of the Saxon Garden)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg/220px-Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg/330px-Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg/440px-Gogerddan_map_115_Gogerddan_Gardens_1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6552" data-file-height="4172" /></a><figcaption>A plan of a formal garden for a country estate in Wales, 1765</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Formal_garden" title="Formal garden">formal garden</a> in the Persian and European garden design traditions is rectilinear and axial in design. The equally formal garden, without axial symmetry (asymmetrical) or other geometries, is the garden design tradition of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese gardens</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">Zen garden</a> of rocks, moss and raked gravel is an example. The Western model is an ordered garden laid out in carefully planned geometric and often symmetrical lines. Lawns and hedges in a formal garden need to be kept neatly clipped for maximum effect. Trees, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrubs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">foliage</a> are carefully arranged, shaped and continually maintained. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg/220px-French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg/330px-French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg/440px-French_Formal_Garden_in_Loire_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry" title="Château de Villandry">Château de Villandry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a> or <i>jardin à la française</i>, is a specific kind of formal garden, laid out in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a>; it is centered on the façade of a building, with radiating <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">avenues</a> and paths of gravel, lawns, <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterres</a> and pools (<i>bassins</i>) of reflective water enclosed in geometric shapes by stone coping, with fountains and sculpture. The French formal garden style has origins in fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian Renaissance garden</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boboli_Gardens" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Lante" title="Villa Lante">Villa Lante</a> in Italy. The style was brought to France and expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">gardens of the French Renaissance</a>. Some of the earliest formal <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterres</a> of clipped evergreens were those laid out at <a href="/wiki/Anet" title="Anet">Anet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mollet" title="Claude Mollet">Claude Mollet</a>, the founder of a dynasty of nurserymen-designers that lasted deep into the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> are an ultimate example of <i>jardin à la française</i>, composed of many different distinct gardens, and designed by André Le Nôtre. </p><p>English Renaissance gardens in a rectilinear formal design were a feature of the <a href="/wiki/Stately_homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stately homes">stately homes</a>. The introduction of the parterre was at <a href="/wiki/Wilton_House" title="Wilton House">Wilton House</a> in the 1630s. In the early eighteenth century, the publication of <a href="/wiki/Dezallier_d%27Argenville" title="Dezallier d'Argenville">Dezallier d'Argenville</a>, <i> La théorie et la pratique du jardinage</i> (1709) was translated into English and German, and was the central document for the later formal gardens of Continental Europe. </p><p>Traditional formal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish garden</a> design evolved with <a href="/wiki/Persian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian garden">Persian garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_gardens" title="Category:Renaissance gardens">European Renaissance garden</a> influences. The internationally renowned <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalife" title="Generalife">Generalife</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, built in the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> era, have influenced design for centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_Exposition_of_1929" title="Ibero-American Exposition of 1929">Ibero-American Exposition of 1929</a> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain was located in the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Luisa Park">Maria Luisa Park</a> (<i>Parque de Maria Luisa</i>) designed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Nicolas_Forestier" title="Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier">Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formal gardening in the Italian and French manners was reintroduced at the turn of the twentieth century. <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Farrand" title="Beatrix Farrand">Beatrix Farrand</a>'s formal Italian garden areas at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> in Washington, D.C., and <a href="/wiki/Achille_Duch%C3%AAne" title="Achille Duchêne">Achille Duchêne</a>'s restored French water parterre at <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> in England are examples of the modern formal garden. The Conservatory Garden in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> of New York City features a formal garden, as do many other parks and estates such as <a href="/wiki/Filoli" title="Filoli">Filoli</a> in California. </p><p>The simplest formal garden would be a box-trimmed hedge lining or enclosing a carefully laid out <a href="/wiki/Flowerbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowerbed">flowerbed</a> or garden bed of simple geometric shape, such as a <a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">knot garden</a>. The more developed and elaborate formal gardens contain statuary and fountains. </p><p>Features in a formal garden may include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosquet" title="Bosquet">Bosquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broderie_(garden_feature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broderie (garden feature)">Broderie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyecatcher_(landscape)" title="Eyecatcher (landscape)">Eyecatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_sculpture" title="Garden sculpture">Garden sculpture</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_maze" title="Hedge maze">Hedge maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27eau" title="Jeux d'eau">Jeux d'eau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">Pavilion</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">Pergola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_theater" title="Sylvan theater">Sylvan theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(gardening)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (gardening)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">Topiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Landscape_and_Naturalistic_gardens">English Landscape and Naturalistic gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: English Landscape and Naturalistic gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_landscape_gardens" title="List of landscape gardens">List of landscape gardens</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a> style practically swept away the geometries of earlier English and European Renaissance formal gardens. <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_%22Capability%22_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancelot "Capability" Brown">Lancelot "Capability" Brown</a> were leading proponents, among many other designers. The naturalistic English garden style (French:<i> Jardin anglais</i>, Italian: <i>Giardino all'inglese</i>, German: <i>Englischer Landschaftsgarten</i>) of the 1730s and on transformed private and civic garden design across Europe. The <a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">French landscape garden</a> subsequently continued the style's development on the Continent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XN_Kerascoet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/XN_Kerascoet.jpg/220px-XN_Kerascoet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/XN_Kerascoet.jpg/330px-XN_Kerascoet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/XN_Kerascoet.jpg/440px-XN_Kerascoet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clematis" title="Clematis">clematis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatched roof</a>: a cottage garden in Brittany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cottage_gardens">Cottage gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cottage gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage garden</a></div> <p>A cottage garden uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible plants. Cottage gardens go back many centuries, but their popularity grew in 1870s England in response to the more structured Victorian <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English estate gardens</a> that used restrained designs with massed beds of brilliantly colored greenhouse annuals. They are more casual by design, depending on grace and charm rather than grandeur and formal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influential British garden authors and designers, <a href="/wiki/William_Robinson_(gardener)" title="William Robinson (gardener)">William Robinson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gravetye_Manor" title="Gravetye Manor">Gravetye Manor</a> in Sussex, and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll" title="Gertrude Jekyll">Gertrude Jekyll</a> at <a href="/wiki/Munstead_Wood" title="Munstead Wood">Munstead Wood</a> in Surrey, both wrote and gardened in England. Jekyll's series of thematic gardening books emphasized the importance and value of natural plantings were an influence in Europe and the United States. Also influential half a century later was <a href="/wiki/Margery_Fish" title="Margery Fish">Margery Fish</a>, whose surviving garden at <a href="/wiki/East_Lambrook_Manor" title="East Lambrook Manor">East Lambrook Manor</a> emphasizes, among other things, native plant life and the natural patterns produced by self-spreading and self-seeding. </p><p>The earliest cottage gardens were far more practical than modern versions—with an emphasis on vegetables and herbs, along with fruit trees, beehives, and even livestock if land allowed. Flowers were used to fill any spaces in between. Over time, flowers became more dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern day cottage gardens include countless regional and personal variations of the more traditional English cottage garden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitchen_garden_or_potager">Kitchen garden or potager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kitchen garden or potager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen garden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VillandryPotager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/VillandryPotager.jpg/220px-VillandryPotager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/VillandryPotager.jpg/330px-VillandryPotager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/VillandryPotager.jpg/440px-VillandryPotager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Formal potager at Villandry, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakespeare_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Shakespeare_garden.jpg/220px-Shakespeare_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Shakespeare_garden.jpg/330px-Shakespeare_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Shakespeare_garden.jpg/440px-Shakespeare_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>'s 1906 book,<i>Flowers from Shakespeare's Garden: a Posy from the Plays</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional kitchen garden, also known as a potager, is a seasonally used space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots with square or rectangular beds, but the kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its design. </p><p>The kitchen garden may be a <a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">landscape design</a> feature that can be the central feature of an ornamental, all-season landscape, but can be little more than a humble vegetable plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers, but it is also a structured garden space, a design based on repetitive geometric patterns. </p><p>The kitchen garden has year-round visual appeal and can incorporate permanent <a href="/wiki/Perennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennials">perennials</a> or woody plantings around (or among) the <a href="/wiki/Annual_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual plants">annual plants</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shakespeare_garden">Shakespeare garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shakespeare garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare garden</a></div> <p>A Shakespeare garden is a themed garden that cultivates plants mentioned in the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. In English-speaking countries, particularly the United States, these are often public gardens associated with parks, universities, and Shakespeare festivals. Shakespeare gardens are sites of cultural, educational, and romantic interest and can be locations for outdoor weddings. </p><p>Signs near the plants usually provide relevant quotations. A Shakespeare garden usually includes several dozen species, either in herbaceous profusion or in a geometric layout with <a href="/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens" title="Buxus sempervirens">boxwood</a> dividers. Typical amenities are walkways and benches and a weather-resistant bust of Shakespeare. Shakespeare gardens may accompany <a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan architecture">reproductions of Elizabethan architecture</a>. Some Shakespeare gardens also grow species typical of the Elizabethan period but not mentioned in Shakespeare's plays or poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_garden">Rock garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rock garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock garden</a></div> <p>A rock garden, also known as rockery or <a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">alpine garden</a>, is a type of garden that features extensive use of rocks and stones, along with plants native to rocky or <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> environments. Rock garden plants tend to be small, both because many of the species are naturally small, and so as not to cover up the rocks. They may be grown in troughs (containers), or in the ground. The plants will usually be types that prefer well-drained soil and less water. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seiganji02s3872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Seiganji02s3872.jpg/220px-Seiganji02s3872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Seiganji02s3872.jpg/330px-Seiganji02s3872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Seiganji02s3872.jpg/440px-Seiganji02s3872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A rock garden in Seiganji, <a href="/wiki/Maibara" class="mw-redirect" title="Maibara">Maibara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiga_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiga prefecture">Shiga prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The usual form of a rock garden is a pile of rocks, large and small, aesthetically arranged and with small gaps between, where the plants are rooted. Some rock gardens are designed and built to look like natural <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a> of bedrock. Stones are aligned to suggest a bedding plane and plants are used to conceal the joints between the stones. This type of rock garden was popular in Victorian times, often designed and built by professional landscape architects. The same approach is sometimes used in modern campus or commercial <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscaping</a>, but can also be applied in smaller private gardens. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Japanese rock garden</a>, in the west often referred to as "Zen garden", is a special kind of rock garden which contains few plants. Some rock gardens incorporate <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>. </p><p>Rock gardens have become increasingly popular as landscape features in tropical countries such as Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of wet weather and heavy shade trees, along with the use of <a href="/wiki/Weed_control#Coverings" title="Weed control">heavy weed mats</a> to stop unwanted plant growth, has made this type of arrangement ideal for both residential and commercial gardens due to its easier maintenance and drainage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_garden">Native garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Native garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Natural landscaping</a></div> <p>Natural landscaping, also called native gardening, is the use of <a href="/wiki/Native_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plants">native plants</a>, including trees, shrubs, <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">groundcover</a>, and grasses which are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> to the geographic area of the garden. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg/220px-Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg/330px-Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg/440px-Banksia_spinulosa_claret_styles_Georges_River_NP_email.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Banksia_spinulosa" title="Banksia spinulosa">Banksia spinulosa</a></i>, a Sydney local plant which attracts wildlife</figcaption></figure> <p>Natural landscaping is adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a> and should require no <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a> and watering to maintain, given that native plants have adapted and evolved to local conditions over thousands of years. However, these applications may be necessary for some preventive care of trees and other vegetation in areas of degraded or weedy landscapes. </p><p>Native plants suit today's interest in <a href="/wiki/Low-maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-maintenance">low-maintenance</a> gardening and landscaping, with many species vigorous and hardy and able to survive winter cold and summer heat. Once established, they can flourish without <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> or fertilization, and are resistant to most pests and diseases. Many municipalities have quickly recognized the benefits of natural landscaping due to municipal budget constraints and reductions and the general public is now benefiting from the implementation of natural landscaping techniques to save water and create more personal time. </p><p>Native plants provide suitable habitat for native species of butterflies, birds, <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, and other wildlife. They provide more variety in gardens by offering myriad alternatives to the often planted <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. The indigenous plants have co-evolved with animals, fungi and microbes, to form a complex network of relationships. They are the foundation of their native <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, or natural communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallamy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallamy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such gardens often benefit from the plants being evolved and habituated to the local climate, pests and herbivores, and soil conditions, and so may require fewer to no <a href="/wiki/Soil_amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil amendments">soil amendments</a>, irrigation, pesticides, and <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a> for a lower maintenance, more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable</a> landscape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_garden">Contemporary garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporarygarden2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Contemporarygarden2.jpg/220px-Contemporarygarden2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Contemporarygarden2.jpg/330px-Contemporarygarden2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Contemporarygarden2.jpg/440px-Contemporarygarden2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary garden</figcaption></figure> <p>The contemporary style garden has gained popularity in the UK in the last ten years. This is partly due to the increase of modern housing with small gardens as well as the cultural shift towards contemporary design. This style of garden can be defined by the use "clean" design lines, with focus on <a href="/wiki/Hardscape" title="Hardscape">hard landscaping materials</a> like stone, hardwood, rendered walls. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporarygarden1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Contemporarygarden1.jpg/220px-Contemporarygarden1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Contemporarygarden1.jpg/330px-Contemporarygarden1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Contemporarygarden1.jpg/440px-Contemporarygarden1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary water feature</figcaption></figure> <p>Planting style is bold but simple with the use of drifts of one or two plants that repeat throughout the design. Grasses are a very popular choice for this style of design. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_lighting" title="Landscape lighting">Garden lighting</a> plays an integral role in modern garden design. Subtle lighting effects can be achieved with the use of carefully placed low voltage <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lights</a> incorporated into paving and walls. With the combination of increasing demand for more efficient lighting, increasing availability of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable designs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> considerations, and aesthetic and safety concerns, the methods and equipment of outdoor <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">illumination</a> have been evolving. The increasing use of LEDs, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_voltage" title="Low voltage">low voltage</a> fixtures, energy efficient lamps, and energy-saving <a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">lighting design</a> are examples of innovation in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_gardens">Residential gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Residential gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Front_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Front garden">Front garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back garden</a></div> <p>A residential or private domestic garden such as the <a href="/wiki/Front_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Front garden">front garden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">back garden</a> is the most common form of garden. The front garden may be a formal and semi-public space and so subject to the constraints of convention and local laws. While typically found in the <a href="/wiki/Yard_(land)" title="Yard (land)">yard</a> of the residence, a garden may also be established on a <a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof</a>, in an <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">balcony</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Windowbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Windowbox">windowboxes</a>, or on a <a href="/wiki/Patio_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Patio garden">patio</a>. Residential gardens are typically designed at <a href="/wiki/Human_scale" title="Human scale">human scale</a>, as they are most often intended for private use. However, the garden of a <a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">great house</a> or a large <a href="/wiki/Estate_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate (house)">estate</a> may be larger than a public park, and may contain specialized gardens (such as those for exhibiting one particular type of plant) and <a href="/wiki/Eyecatcher_(landscape)" title="Eyecatcher (landscape)">eyecatchers</a>. </p><p>Some early residential gardens include the Donnell Garden in Sonoma, California. The garden was designed by landscape architect, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Church_(landscape_architect)" title="Thomas Church (landscape architect)">Thomas Church</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Halprin" title="Lawrence Halprin">Lawrence Halprin</a> and architect, <a href="/wiki/George_T._Rockrise" title="George T. Rockrise">George T. Rockrise</a>, which was completed in 1948. The garden is currently regarded as a modernist icon and has been applauded for its well maintained garden of its time. The garden was recognized for its unique and organic forms that represented a modern style of California. The garden is on top of a hillside overlooking the northern area of San Francisco Bay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian_gardens">East Asian gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: East Asian gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Japanese rock garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></div> <p>Japanese and Korean gardens, originally influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese gardens</a>, can be found at private homes, in neighbourhood or city parks, and at historical landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a>. Some of the Japanese gardens most famous in the Western world and Japan are Japanese gardens in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden"><i>karesansui</i></a> tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> temple garden is a well-known example. There are Japanese gardens of various styles, with plantings often evoking <i><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">wabi-sabi</a></i> simplicity. In Japanese culture, garden-making is a high art, intimately linked to the arts of <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ink_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink painting">ink paintin</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Gardens">Gardens portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_gardener" title="Celebrity gardener">Celebrity gardener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided garden design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History of gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gardening_articles" title="Index of gardening articles">Index of gardening articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6_Most_Beautiful_Garden_Designs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6_Most_Beautiful_Garden_Designs_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dronezon.com/best-drone-videos/six-most-beautiful-gardens-by-drone-calms-the-heart-and-mind/">"6 Most Beautiful Gardens Designed To Calm The Mind"</a>. <i>Dronezon</i>. 18 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dronezon&rft.atitle=6+Most+Beautiful+Gardens+Designed+To+Calm+The+Mind&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dronezon.com%2Fbest-drone-videos%2Fsix-most-beautiful-gardens-by-drone-calms-the-heart-and-mind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Royal Horticultural Society encyclopedia of gardening</i> (Rev. and updated ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. 2012. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409383949" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409383949"><bdi>978-1409383949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Horticultural+Society+encyclopedia+of+gardening&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28-29&rft.edition=Rev.+and+updated&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409383949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brookes, John (1991). <i>The Book of Garden Design.</i> New York: A Dorling Kindersly Book, pp.213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-516695-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-516695-6">0-02-516695-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brookes, John (1998). <i>Natural Landscapes.</i> New York : Dorling Kindersly Limited, pp.54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-1995-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-1995-5">0-7894-1995-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainablehorticulture.com/myth-soil_amendments.pdf">"Welcome sustainablehorticulture.com - BlueHost.com"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.sustainablehorticulture.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sustainablehorticulture.com&rft.atitle=Welcome+sustainablehorticulture.com+-+BlueHost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainablehorticulture.com%2Fmyth-soil_amendments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_D._G._Hessayon1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._G._Hessayon" title="D. G. Hessayon">Dr D. G. Hessayon</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780903505376"><i>The Garden DIY Expert</i></a></span>. pbi publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903505-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-903505-37-1"><bdi>0-903505-37-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+DIY+Expert&rft.pub=pbi+publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-903505-37-1&rft.au=Dr+D.+G.+Hessayon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780903505376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brookes, John (1991). <i>The Book of Garden Design.</i> New York : A Dorling Kindersly Book, pp.226. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-516695-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-516695-6">0-02-516695-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Persian_Garden-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Persian_Garden_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1372/">"The Persian Garden"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=The+Persian+Garden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1372%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Book of Garden Furniture</i>, Charles Thonger, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-554-70114-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-554-70114-6">0-554-70114-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Horticultural Society (1980). <i>Houseplants.</i> Ortho Books and the Franklin Library,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Phoroperiodism." <i>The Merriam-Webster Dicrionary Online.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sevilla5.com/monuments/plespana.html">Sevilla-Parque de Maria Luisa. accessed 8 April 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulman, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott-James, <i>The Pleasure Garden</i>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1996" class="citation book cs1">Warren, William (1996). <i>Thai Garden Style</i>. Singapore: Asia Books Co., Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai+Garden+Style&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Asia+Books+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tallamy-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tallamy_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Tallamy2009" class="citation cs2">Douglas Tallamy (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szK9uNKvTkQC"><i>Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants</i></a>, Timber Press, p. 25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604691467" title="Special:BookSources/9781604691467"><bdi>9781604691467</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+Nature+Home%3A+How+You+Can+Sustain+Wildlife+with+Native+Plants&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781604691467&rft.au=Douglas+Tallamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszK9uNKvTkQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landscape-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landscape_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Landscape Lighting Book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-45136-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-45136-3">0-471-45136-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tclf.org/landscapes/donnell-garden">"The Cultural Landscape Foundation"</a>. <i>tclf.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tclf.org&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Landscape+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftclf.org%2Flandscapes%2Fdonnell-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+design" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_design&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Garden_design" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Garden design">Garden design</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Blomfield, Reginald Theodore. <i>The Formal Garden in England.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formalgardenine00blomgoog">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/sajh/Formal_Garden.htm">San Juan</a></li> <li>Gang Chen, Landscape Architecture: Planting Design Illustrated (ArchiteG, Inc. 2012)</li> <li>Gertrude Jekyll <i>Colour schemes for the flower garden</i> (1914)</li> <li>Richard L. Austin <i>Elements of Planting Design</i> (Wiley 2001)</li> <li>Nick Robinson, Jia-Hua WuThe <i>Planting Design Handbook</i> (Ashgate 2004)</li> <li>Piet Oudolf, Noel Kingsbury <i>Planting Design: Gardens in Time and Space</i> (Timber Press 2005)</li> <li>Weishan, Michael. <i>The New Traditional Garden: A Practical Guide to Creating and Restoring Authentic American Gardens for Homes of All Ages</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-42041-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-42041-1">0-345-42041-1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" 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