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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kidneys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Liver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Veins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Molecular biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edema</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="استسقاء (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استسقاء (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandu" title="Kandu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kandu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9F" title="Şiş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şiş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%85" title="اؤدم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤدم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A5" title="শোথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শোথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-ch%C3%A9ng" title="Chúi-chéng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-chéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BA" title="Ацёк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ацёк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Оток – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оток" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edem" title="Edem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A9m" title="Edém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98dem" title="Ødem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ødem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96dem" title="Ödem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ödem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turse" title="Turse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Οίδημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οίδημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemo" title="Edemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="خیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedema" title="Oedema – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Oedema" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92d%C3%A8me" title="Œdème – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œdème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89id%C3%A9ime" title="Éidéime – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éidéime" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A2%85" title="부종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumburi" title="Kumburi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kumburi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81" title="Այտուց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այտուց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB" title="शोफ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शोफ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edem" title="Edem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemo" title="Edemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembap" title="Sembap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sembap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%BAgur" title="Bjúgur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjúgur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%AA" title="בצקת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בצקת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0" title="ಉಬ್ಬರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಬ್ಬರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%85" title="وَرَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وَرَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83" title="Домбығу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Домбығу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambazi" title="Tambazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tambazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedema" title="Oedema – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oedema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABska" title="Tūska – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tūska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%A9ma" title="Ödéma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ödéma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedeem" title="Oedeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oedeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82" title="मंबू – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मंबू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E8%85%AB" title="浮腫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="浮腫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98dem" title="Ødem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ødem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98dem" title="Ødem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ødem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଇଡିମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଡିମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shish" title="Shish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%87" title="بوغمه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوغمه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrz%C4%99k" title="Obrzęk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrzęk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4%C3%A4zwasser" title="Hääzwasser – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hääzwasser" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edem" title="Edem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkillikuy" title="Punkillikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punkillikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BA" title="Отёк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отёк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edema" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunciuni" title="Vunciuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vunciuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedema" title="Oedema – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oedema" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuch" title="Opuch – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opuch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edem" title="Edem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otok" title="Otok – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Otok" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edem" title="Edem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turvotus" title="Turvotus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turvotus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96dem" title="Ödem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ödem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbil" title="Bilbil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bilbil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்வீக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்வீக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="ఎదీమా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎదీమా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="อาการบวมน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาการบวมน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96dem" title="Ödem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ödem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Набряк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Набряк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جسم میں پانی کا جمع ہونا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جسم میں پانی کا جمع ہونا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foegfouz" title="Foegfouz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Foegfouz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_n%E1%BB%81" title="Phù nề – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phù nề" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinme" title="Udinme – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Udinme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%82%BF" title="水肿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水肿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%85%AB" title="水腫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水腫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dropsy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dropsy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dropsy (disambiguation)">dropsy (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edema_(plants)" title="Edema (plants)">edema (plants)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Edema</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Oedema, œdema, fluid retention, water retention, dropsy, hydropsy</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Combinpedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Combinpedal.jpg/220px-Combinpedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Combinpedal.jpg/330px-Combinpedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Combinpedal.jpg/440px-Combinpedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4060" data-file-height="3985" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">"Pitting" edema</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">nephrology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Skin which feels tight, area may feel heavy<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Sudden or gradual<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Generalized, localized<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">Venous insufficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney problems">kidney problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoalbuminemia" title="Hypoalbuminemia">low protein levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver problems">liver problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">lymphedema</a><sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on a <a href="/wiki/Physical_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exam">physical exam</a><sup id="cite_ref-FP2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Based on cause<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edema</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), also spelled <b>oedema</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), and also known as <b>fluid retention</b>, <b>dropsy</b> and <b>hydropsy</b>, is the build-up of fluid in the body's <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected.<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms may include skin that feels tight, the area feeling heavy, and joint stiffness.<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Causes may include <a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">venous insufficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney problems">kidney problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoalbuminemia" title="Hypoalbuminemia">low protein levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver problems">liver problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, infections, <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">kwashiorkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, certain medications, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">lymphedema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also occur in immobile patients (stroke, spinal cord injury, aging), or with temporary immobility such as prolonged sitting or standing, and during <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition is more concerning if it starts suddenly, or pain or shortness of breath is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment depends on the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the underlying mechanism involves <a href="/wiki/Hypernatremia" title="Hypernatremia">sodium retention</a>, decreased salt intake and a <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Mer2019_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevating the legs and <a href="/wiki/Support_stockings" class="mw-redirect" title="Support stockings">support stockings</a> may be useful for edema of the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-FP2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older people are more commonly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-FP2019_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἴδημα</span></span> <i>oídēma</i> meaning 'swelling'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Edema" title="Special:EditPage/Edema">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_area">Specific area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An edema will occur in specific organs as part of inflammations, <a href="/wiki/Tendonopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendonopathy">tendinitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, for instance. Certain organs develop edema through tissue specific mechanisms. Examples of edema in specific organs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">Peripheral edema</a> (“dependent” edema of legs) is extracellular fluid accumulation in the lower extremities caused by the effects of gravity, and occurs when fluid pools in the lower parts of the body, including the feet, legs, or hands. This often occurs in immobile patients, such as paraplegics or quadriplegics, pregnant women, or in otherwise healthy people due to <a href="/wiki/Hypervolemia" title="Hypervolemia">hypervolemia</a> or maintaining a standing or seated posture for an extended period of time. It can occur due to diminished venous return of blood to the heart due to congestive heart failure or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>. It can also occur in patients with increased hydrostatic venous pressure or decreased oncotic venous pressure, due to obstruction of lymphatic or venous vessels draining the lower extremity. Certain drugs (for example, amlodipine) can cause pedal edema.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a> is extracellular fluid accumulation in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-IQ2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can occur in toxic or abnormal metabolic states and conditions such as systemic lupus or reduced oxygen at high altitudes. It causes drowsiness or loss of consciousness, leading to <a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">brain herniation</a> and death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a> occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to the removal of blood via the pulmonary veins. This is usually due to failure of the left ventricle of the heart. It can also occur in altitude sickness or on inhalation of toxic chemicals. Pulmonary edema produces shortness of breath. <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusions</a> may occur when fluid also accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Pleural" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural">pleural</a> cavity.</li> <li>Edema may also be found in the cornea of the eye with <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratitis" title="Keratitis">keratitis</a>, or after surgery. Affected people may perceive coloured haloes around bright lights.</li> <li>Edema surrounding the eyes is called <a href="/wiki/Periorbital_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="Periorbital edema">periorbital edema</a> (puffy eyes) . The periorbital tissues are most noticeably swollen immediately after waking, perhaps as a result of the gravitational redistribution of fluid in the horizontal position.</li> <li>Common appearances of <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous">cutaneous</a> edema are observed with <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> bites, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> bites, bee stings (<a href="/wiki/Wheal_and_flare" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheal and flare">wheal and flare</a>), and skin contact with certain plants such as <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Western_poison_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Western poison oak">western poison oak</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter of which are termed <i><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a></i>.</li> <li>Another cutaneous form of edema is <a href="/wiki/Myxedema" title="Myxedema">myxedema</a>, which is caused by increased deposition of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. In myxedema (and a variety of other rarer conditions) edema is caused by an increased tendency of the tissue to hold water within its extracellular space. In myxedema, this is due to an increase in hydrophilic carbohydrate-rich molecules (perhaps mostly <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaluronin">hyaluronin</a>) deposited in the tissue matrix. Edema forms more easily in dependent areas in the elderly (sitting in chairs at home or on aeroplanes) and this is not well understood. Estrogens alter body weight in part through changes in tissue water content. There may be a variety of poorly understood situations in which transfer of water from tissue matrix to lymphatics is impaired because of changes in the hydrophilicity of the tissue or failure of the 'wicking' function of terminal lymphatic capillaries.</li> <li>Myoedema is localized mounding of muscle tissue due to percussive pressure, such as flicking the relaxed muscle with the forefinger and thumb. It produces a mound, visible, firm and non-tender at the point of tactile stimulus approximately 1-2 seconds after stimulus, subsiding back to normal after 5-10 seconds. It is a sign in hypothyroid myopathy, such as <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann_syndrome" title="Hoffmann syndrome">Hoffmann syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">lymphedema</a>, abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by failure of the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>. This may be due to obstruction from, for example, pressure from a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> or enlarged <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a>, destruction of lymph vessels by <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection (such as <a href="/wiki/Podoconiosis" title="Podoconiosis">elephantiasis</a>). It is most commonly due to a failure of the pumping action of muscles due to immobility, most strikingly in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, or paraplegia. It has been suggested that the edema that occurs in some people following use of aspirin-like cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen or indomethacin may be due to inhibition of lymph heart action.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery" style="margin-top:1em;"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Foot two weeks post-surgery."><img alt="Foot two weeks post-surgery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG/150px-Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG/225px-Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG/300px-Geschwollener_menschlicher_Fu%C3%9F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foot two weeks post-surgery.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MyParonychia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The distal phalanx of the right finger exhibits edema due to acute paronychia."><img alt="The distal phalanx of the right finger exhibits edema due to acute paronychia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MyParonychia.jpg/150px-MyParonychia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MyParonychia.jpg/225px-MyParonychia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MyParonychia.jpg/300px-MyParonychia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="174" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanx" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanx">distal phalanx</a> of the right finger exhibits edema due to <a href="/wiki/Acute_paronychia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute paronychia">acute paronychia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeverePedalEdema.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Severe edema in the legs and feet."><img alt="Severe edema in the legs and feet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SeverePedalEdema.jpg/150px-SeverePedalEdema.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SeverePedalEdema.jpg/225px-SeverePedalEdema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SeverePedalEdema.jpg/300px-SeverePedalEdema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Severe edema in the legs and feet.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalized">Generalized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generalized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rise in <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a> occurs in cardiac failure. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in <a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8790586_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8790586-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Causes of edema that are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, pleural effusions, <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">peripheral edema</a>. Such severe systemic edema is called <a href="/wiki/Anasarca" title="Anasarca">anasarca</a>. In rare cases, a <a href="/wiki/Parvovirus_B19" title="Parvovirus B19">parvovirus B19</a> infection may cause generalized edemas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23472922_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23472922-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a low plasma <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a> is widely cited for the edema of nephrotic syndrome, most physicians note that the edema may occur before there is any significant protein in the urine (<a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a>) or fall in plasma protein level. Most forms of nephrotic syndrome are due to biochemical and structural changes in the basement membrane of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli, and these changes occur, if to a lesser degree, in the vessels of most other tissues of the body. Thus the resulting increase in permeability that leads to protein in the urine can explain the edema if all other vessels are more permeable as well.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9185099_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9185099-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as the previously mentioned conditions, edemas often occur during the late stages of pregnancy in some women. This is more common with those of a history of pulmonary problems or poor circulation also being intensified if arthritis is already present in that particular woman. Women who already have arthritic problems most often have to seek medical help for pain caused from over-reactive swelling. Edemas that occur during pregnancy are usually found in the lower part of the leg, usually from the calf down. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a> is a condition in a baby characterized by an accumulation of fluid in at least two body compartments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart">Heart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pumping force of the <a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">heart</a> should help to keep a normal pressure within the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. But if the heart begins to fail (a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>) the pressure changes can cause very severe water retention. In this condition water retention is mostly visible in the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a>, feet and <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankles</a>, but water also collects in the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, where it causes a chronic <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a>. This condition is usually treated with <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">diuretics</a>; otherwise, the water retention may cause breathing problems and additional stress on the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidneys">Kidneys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kidneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another cause of severe water retention is <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a> are no longer able to filter fluid out of the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and turn it into <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">Kidney disease</a> often starts with <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, for instance in the case of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>. This type of water retention is usually visible in the form of swollen <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver">Liver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> (scarring) of the liver is a common cause of edema in the legs and abdominal cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veins">Veins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phlebetic lymphedema (or phlebolymphedema) is seen in untreated <a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">chronic venous insufficiency</a> and is the most common type of edema (approx. 90%).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a combination venous/lymphatic disorder that originates in defective "leaky" veins that allows the blood to back flow (<a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">venous reflux</a>), slowing the return of the blood to the heart (<a href="/wiki/Venous_stasis" title="Venous stasis">venous stasis</a>). The venous pressure in the legs changes dramatically while standing compared to lying down. How much pressure there is depends on the person's height, in the average adult person, it is 8 mm Hg while lying down and 100 mm Hg while standing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In venous insufficiency, venous stasis results in abnormally high venous pressure (venous hypertension) and greater permeability of blood capillaries (capillary hyperpermeability), to drain the blood through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system slowly removes excess fluid and proteins from the veins in the lower legs towards the upper body; however, as it is not as efficient as an unimpaired circulatory system, swelling (edema) is visible, particularly in the ankles and lower leg. The chronic increased fluid in the lymphatic system and capillary hyperpermeability causes an inflammatory response which leads to tissue fibrosis of both veins and lymphatic system, opening of arteriovenous shunts, all of which then worsens the condition in a vicious cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swollen <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a>, feet and <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankles</a> are common in late <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. The problem is partly caused by the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> on the major <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvis</a>. It usually clears up after delivery of the baby, and is mostly not a cause for concern,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it should always be reported to a doctor. </p><p>Lack of exercise is another common cause of water retention in the legs. Exercise helps the leg <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> work against <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> to return <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">heart</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> travels too slowly and starts to pool in the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a> <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>, the pressure can force too much fluid out of the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a> <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> into the tissue spaces. The <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> may break, leaving small blood marks under the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> themselves can become swollen, painful and distorted – a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Varicose_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Varicose vein">varicose veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a> action is needed not only to keep <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> flowing through the <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> but also to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> to fulfil its "overflow" function. Long-haul <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flights</a>, lengthy <a href="/wiki/Bed-rest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed-rest">bed-rest</a>, immobility caused by <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> and so on, are all potential causes of water retention. Even very small exercises such as rotating <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankles</a> and wiggling <a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">toes</a> can help to reduce it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications">medications</a> are prone to causing water retention. These include <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, thereby including drugs for <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)">hormone replacement therapy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-blockers">beta-blockers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_water_retention" title="Premenstrual water retention">Premenstrual water retention</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">breast tenderness</a>, is common.<sup id="cite_ref-Copstead-KirkhornBanasik2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copstead-KirkhornBanasik2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19099613_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19099613-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pooler2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooler2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six factors can contribute to the formation of edema:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>increased <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a>;</li> <li>reduced colloidal or <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a> within blood vessels;</li> <li>increased tissue colloidal or oncotic pressure;</li> <li>increased blood vessel wall permeability (such as <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>);</li> <li>obstruction of fluid clearance in the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>;</li> <li>changes in the water-retaining properties of the tissues themselves. Raised hydrostatic pressure often reflects retention of water and sodium by the kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Starling_equation" title="Starling equation">Starling equation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result, the colloidal or <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a> of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue. Starling's equation states that the rate of leakage of fluid is determined by the difference between the two forces and also by the permeability of the vessel wall to water, which determines the rate of flow for a given force imbalance. Most water leakage occurs in capillaries or post capillary <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a>, which have a <a href="/wiki/Semi-permeable_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-permeable membrane">semi-permeable membrane</a> wall that allows water to pass more freely than protein. (The protein is said to be reflected and the efficiency of reflection is given by a reflection constant of up to 1.) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in the variables in Starling's equation can contribute to the formation of edemas either by an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the blood vessel, a decrease in the oncotic pressure within the blood vessel or an increase in vessel wall permeability. The latter has two effects. It allows water to flow more freely and it reduces the colloidal or oncotic pressure difference by allowing protein to leave the vessel more easily.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another set of vessels known as the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> acts like an "overflow" and can return much excess fluid to the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>. But even the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> can be overwhelmed, and if there is simply too much fluid, or if the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> is congested, then the fluid will remain in the tissues, causing swellings in <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankles</a>, feet, <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> or any other part of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_biology">Molecular biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Molecular biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The excessive <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> (interstitial fluid) in edemas is to a substantial degree caused by an increased <a href="/wiki/Vascular_permeability" title="Vascular permeability">permeability</a> of the smallest blood vessels (<a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a>). This permeability is modulated by numerous biochemical chain reactions and can therefore be unbalanced by many influences.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33744890_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33744890-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Involved in these processes are, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_protein" title="Transmembrane protein">transmembrane proteins</a> <a href="/wiki/Occludin" title="Occludin">occludin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudin" title="Claudin">claudins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction_protein_ZO-1" title="Tight junction protein ZO-1">tight junction protein ZO-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadherin" title="Cadherin">cadherins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catenin" title="Catenin">catenins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinin" title="Actinin">actinin</a>, which are directed by intracellular signal chains, in particular in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">protein kinase C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17554565_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17554565-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="right"> <caption>Grading of edema<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Grade </th> <th scope="col">Definition </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Absent </th> <td>Absent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">+ </th> <td>Mild: Both feet / ankles </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">++ </th> <td>Moderate: Both feet,<br /> plus lower legs,<br /> hands or lower arms </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">+++ </th> <td>Severe: Generalised<br /> bilateral pitting edema,<br /> including both feet,<br /> legs, arms and face </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Edema may be described as <b>pitting edema</b>, or <b>non-pitting edema</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-webmd_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmd-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure. <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">Peripheral</a> pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention. It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, either directly or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, or local conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">thrombophlebitis</a>, insect bites, and <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with such conditions as <a href="/wiki/Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">lymphedema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipedema" title="Lipedema">lipedema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myxedema" title="Myxedema">myxedema</a>. </p><p>Edema caused by malnutrition defines <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">kwashiorkor</a>, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_dermatitis" title="Ulcerative dermatitis">ulcerating dermatoses</a>, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Case_11-leftN.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with a swollen face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Case_11-leftN.PNG/116px-Case_11-leftN.PNG" decoding="async" width="116" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Case_11-leftN.PNG/174px-Case_11-leftN.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Case_11-leftN.PNG/232px-Case_11-leftN.PNG 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vein obstruction causes facial edema while lying down to sleep.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Case_11-rightN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The same man with no swelling in his face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Case_11-rightN.png/180px-Case_11-rightN.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Case_11-rightN.png/270px-Case_11-rightN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Case_11-rightN.png/360px-Case_11-rightN.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">After being upright all day, the swelling disappears.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>When possible, treatment involves resolving the underlying cause. Many cases of <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> disease are treated with <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">diuretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment may also involve positioning the affected body parts to improve drainage. For example, swelling in feet or ankles may be reduced by having the person lie down in bed or sit with the feet propped up on cushions. <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_pneumatic_compression" title="Intermittent pneumatic compression">Intermittent pneumatic compression</a> can be used to pressurize tissue in a limb, forcing fluids—both blood and <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>—to flow out of the compressed area.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edema&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IQ2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IQ2016_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/"><i>Causes and signs of edema</i></a>. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+and+signs+of+edema&rft.pub=Institute+for+Quality+and+Efficiency+in+Health+Care+%28IQWiG%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK279409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mer2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mer2019_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/symptoms-of-cardiovascular-disorders/edema">"Edema - Cardiovascular Disorders"</a>. <i>Merck Manuals Professional Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Manuals+Professional+Edition&rft.atitle=Edema+-+Cardiovascular+Disorders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fcardiovascular-disorders%2Fsymptoms-of-cardiovascular-disorders%2Fedema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FP2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FP2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FP2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FP2019_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familydoctor.org/condition/edema/?adfree=true">"Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment"</a>. <i>Family doctor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/training/3.1/20.html">Nutrition in Emergencies > Measuring œdema</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218035923/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/training/3.1/20.html">Archived</a> 2017-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Erin Boyd, reviewed by Diane Holland, Nutrition in Emergencies Unit, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>. Retrieved Nov 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webmd-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webmd_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth" class="citation web cs1">Booth S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pitting-edema">"Pitting Edema"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Pitting+Edema&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fheart-disease%2Fpitting-edema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/"><i>Causes and signs of edema</i></a>. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 30 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+and+signs+of+edema&rft.pub=Institute+for+Quality+and+Efficiency+in+Health+Care+%28IQWiG%29&rft.date=2016-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK279409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleskaOlszewskiCakalaCwikla2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zaleska M, Olszewski WL, Cakala M, Cwikla J, Budlewski T (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492553">"Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Enhances Formation of Edema Tissue Fluid Channels in Lymphedema of Lower Limbs"</a>. <i>Lymphatic Research and Biology</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 146–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Flrb.2014.0010">10.1089/lrb.2014.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492553">4492553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25748341">25748341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lymphatic+Research+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Intermittent+Pneumatic+Compression+Enhances+Formation+of+Edema+Tissue+Fluid+Channels+in+Lymphedema+of+Lower+Limbs&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-153&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25748341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Flrb.2014.0010&rft.aulast=Zaleska&rft.aufirst=Marzanna&rft.au=Olszewski%2C+Waldemar+L.&rft.au=Cakala%2C+Marta&rft.au=Cwikla%2C+Jaroslaw&rft.au=Budlewski%2C+Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234" class="extiw" title="d:Q152234">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R60.9">R60.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=782.3">782.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004487">D004487</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb9148.htm">9148</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm">003103</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Disturbances of<br />skin sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">Pallor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livedo" title="Livedo">Livedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livedo_reticularis" title="Livedo reticularis">Livedo reticularis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petechia" title="Petechia">Petechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanch_(medical)" title="Blanch (medical)">Blanching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">Peripheral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasarca" title="Anasarca">Anasarca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">Desquamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous condition">Induration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">Diaphoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neck_mass" title="Neck mass">Neck mass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asboe-Hansen_sign" title="Asboe-Hansen sign">Asboe-Hansen sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspitz%27s_sign" title="Auspitz's sign">Auspitz's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsari%27s_sign" title="Borsari's sign">Borsari's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braverman%27s_sign" title="Braverman's sign">Braverman's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowe_sign" title="Crowe sign">Crowe sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennie%E2%80%93Morgan_fold" title="Dennie–Morgan fold">Dennie–Morgan fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_sign" title="Darier's sign">Darier's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimple_sign" title="Dimple sign">Fitzpatrick's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florid_cutaneous_papillomatosis" title="Florid cutaneous papillomatosis">Florid cutaneous papillomatosis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottron%27s_sign" title="Gottron's sign">Gottron's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson%27s_sign" title="Hutchinson's sign">Hutchinson's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeway_lesion" title="Janeway lesion">Janeway lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%27s_sign" title="Kerr's sign">Kerr's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koebner_phenomenon" title="Koebner phenomenon">Koebner's phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koplik%27s_spots" title="Koplik's spots">Koplik's spots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leser%E2%80%93Tr%C3%A9lat_sign" title="Leser–Trélat sign">Leser-Trelat sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolsky%27s_sign" title="Nikolsky's sign">Nikolsky's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastia%27s_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastia's sign">Pastia's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_sign" title="Russell's sign">Russell's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_striae" title="Wickham striae">Wickham striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_isotopic_response" title="Wolf's isotopic response">Wolf's isotopic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munro%27s_microabscess" title="Munro's microabscess">Munro's microabscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mees%27_lines" title="Mees' lines">Aldrich-Mees' lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau%27s_lines" title="Beau's lines">Beau's lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muehrcke%27s_nails" title="Muehrcke's nails">Muehrcke's lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry%27s_nails" title="Terry's nails">Terry's nails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disorders_of_volume_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Template:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Template talk:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders_of_volume_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders of volume state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disorders_of_volume_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disorders of <a href="/wiki/Volume_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume status">volume state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volume_contraction" title="Volume contraction">Volume contraction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">Hypovolemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypervolemia" title="Hypervolemia">Hypervolemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasarca" title="Anasarca">Anasarca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphedema" title="Lymphedema">Lymphedema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cause of fluid collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transudate" title="Transudate">transudate</a></li></ul></li> <li>By site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">hydrothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosalpinx" title="Hydrosalpinx">hydrosalpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperaemia" title="Hyperaemia">hyperaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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