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class="sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM"><time dateTime="2024-11-30T10:00:00.000Z" class="sc-b42e7a8f-2 bGezbH">30 November 2024</time><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb"></div></div><div data-testid="byline-new-contributors" class="sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR"><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB"><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-6 boFwIm"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/ic//p0b1vd5n.jpg.webp" alt="By Richard Fisher profile image" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div><div><span class="sc-b42e7a8f-7 khDNZq">Richard Fisher</span><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-8 jtKrhe"><span><a href="https://twitter.com/rifish" target="_blank" class="sc-b42e7a8f-10 cSeenu">@rifish</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-4 cVwCpL"></div></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 EXUng"><div data-testid="hero-image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x3nv.jpg.webp" alt="Getty Images Garden of the Gods, Colorado (Credit: Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Getty Images</span></div></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><b id="these-giant-rocks-could-roll-at-any-moment.-the-fact-they-haven't-offers-a-window-into-the-shaking-of-ancient-earth." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">These giant rocks could roll at any moment. The fact they haven't offers a window into the shaking of ancient Earth.</b></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">They look like you could blow them over with a sneeze. Across the world, thousands of "<a target="_blank" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020AV000182" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">precariously balanced rocks</a>" are perched in strange positions, poised to topple. Once they would have been mere geological curiosities. Now they are improving our understanding of earthquake risk. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The fact that these delicately positioned boulders still stand provides windows into deep history, long before modern-day seismometers could measure the shaking ground. "The only witnesses that we can consult are these precarious rocks – they're the witnesses of what once happened," says geologist Dylan Rood of Imperial College London in the UK. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This, in turn, is allowing us to prepare for the future, by improving the earthquake hazard maps which inform disaster plans, insurance premiums and building codes. These wobbly, gravity-defying rocks are even helping engineers stress-test nuclear power plants, radioactive waste repositories and enormous dams. </p></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB"><h2 class="sc-518485e5-0 kRvAla"><span id="fragile-state" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC"><b id="fragile-state" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Fragile state</b></span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Precariously balanced rocks (otherwise known as PBRs) belong to a category of landform called "<a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70216772" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">fragile geological features</a>". Some exist due to erosion, such as rock arches or tower-like pinnacles. On land, Arches National Park in Utah hosts <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nps.gov/arch/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">thousands of these features</a>, where rainwater or <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt6r82p/revision/2" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">freeze-thaw action</a> has weathered sandstone to the point of imminent collapse. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_1" id="dotcom-mid_1" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x50v.jpg.webp" alt="Getty Images The constant action of water and sand can create iconic shapes such as the Delicate Arch found at Arches National Park in Utah (Credit: Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">The constant action of water and sand can create iconic shapes such as the Delicate Arch found at Arches National Park in Utah (Credit: Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Meanwhile at the coast, the sea can carve fragile geological features into cliff-faces: arches form, until they eventually crumble, leaving behind sea stacks. One of the best-known stacks is the <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-66404775" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Old Man of Hoy in Scotland's Orkney Islands</a>, often ascended by climbers. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Other fragile geological features grow over time, like icicle-shaped <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10950-017-9655-3" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">stalactites or stalagmites</a>. In some cases, they become many metres long, acquiring great weight, yet with a diameter no bigger than your arm. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">All these features are striking to look at, but precarious boulders are particularly photogenic: they look like they could be megaliths, placed on a perch by some past civilisation or deity. You can find them all over the world: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/yorkshire/brimham-rocks" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Brimham Rocks</a> in Yorkshire, England; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/krishnas-butter-ball" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Krishna's Butterball</a> in India, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kummakivi-balancing-rock" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Kummakivi</a> in Finland, to name just a few. In the US, they can be found scattered across several states, from the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/metolius-balancing-rocks" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Metolius rocks</a> of Oregon to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bubble-rock" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Bubble Rock</a> in Maine. In some countries, the rocks have even acquired religious significance: Buddhist devotees of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Donald_Stadtner2/publication/240619687_THE_GOLDEN_ROCK_AT_KYAIK-HTI-YO/links/555f84b708ae6f4dcc927038/THE-GOLDEN-ROCK-AT-KYAIK-HTI-YO.pdf" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Golden Rock</a> in Myanmar have coated it in gold leaf, and believe a strand of Buddha's hair prevents it toppling.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x40m.jpg.webp" alt="Getty Images The Golden Rock in Myanmar is a precarious boulder that has acquired religious significance and is now a major tourist attraction (Credit: Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">The Golden Rock in Myanmar is a precarious boulder that has acquired religious significance and is now a major tourist attraction (Credit: Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_2" id="dotcom-mid_2" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Precarious boulders gain their delicate balance for two reasons. Sometimes, glaciers have carried and dropped them in awkward positions. The forests of <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0120240069/648325/Precariously-Balanced-Rocks-in-Northern-New-York?redirectedFrom=fulltext" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">the northeastern US</a>, for example, are peppered with these so-called "erratics". Other times, the boulders only appear to have been placed on a perch: what's actually happened is that their base has been gradually eroded to a narrow neck. </p></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB"><h2 class="sc-518485e5-0 kRvAla"><span id="windows-to-history" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC"><b id="windows-to-history" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Windows to history</b></span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">While hikers tend to visit precarious boulders for the selfies, seismologists admire these rocks for different reasons – because they can reveal earthquake activity during the deep past. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">To appreciate how, you have to rewind to the early 1990s. Back then, geologists noticed a curious pattern in precarious boulders in California and Nevada: they were generally <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932796100296" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">less abundant close to fault boundaries</a>. This planted an idea: perhaps the rocks could reveal insights about ground shaking before precise seismometers were invented. If a precarious boulder is found in an area – and you can figure out how long it has been poised to fall – it means the ground has not rumbled enough to topple it.</p></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">Analysing them is improving the accuracy of earthquake hazard maps, especially for rare rumbles that only happen every few thousand years</span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">One of the first boulders to be analysed in this way was <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/2/444/119825/Omak-rock-and-the-1872-Pacific-Northwest" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Omak Rock in Washington State</a> – a glacial boulder balanced on a tiny perch, around 90km (55 miles) south of the US-Canada border. Back in 1872, a severe earthquake shook the Pacific Northwest, but the technology of that time could not capture exactly how much the earth moved. Omak Rock's survival on its perch helped geologists estimate an upper bound on how much shaking may have happened.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_3" id="dotcom-mid_3" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">It's even more difficult to assess earthquake impacts before human records began. In the field of <a target="_blank" href="https://paleoseismicity.org/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">paleoseismology</a>, geologists look for signs of pre-historic ground motion like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X22001350" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">fault ruptures</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1068797108000084" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">landslides</a> or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abm2996" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">tsunami detritus</a>, but many quakes leave little trace in the geological record. When seismologists find precarious boulders that have stood for thousands of years, however, they serve as witnesses of such rare events. Analysing them is improving the accuracy of earthquake hazard maps, especially for rare rumbles that only happen every few thousand years. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In September, for example, researchers with the US Geological Survey published an analysis of precarious boulders left behind by glaciers in <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0120240069/648325/Precariously-Balanced-Rocks-in-Northern-New-York?redirectedFrom=fulltext" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">New York state and Vermont</a>. Fortunately, there were no surprises – the boulders suggested their maps were broadly accurate – but that's not always the case.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x4cj.jpg.webp" alt="Enchanted Brides Anna and Dylan Rood, a married geologist couple, pose for their wedding photos on a boulder in Cornwall (Credit: Enchanted Brides)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Enchanted Brides</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Anna and Dylan Rood, a married geologist couple, pose for their wedding photos on a boulder in Cornwall (Credit: Enchanted Brides)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Two geologists who have helped to <a target="_blank" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020AV000182" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">refine and fine-tune the analysis of precarious rocks</a> are Anna and Dylan Rood – a married couple based at Imperial College London. They have developed a more precise, probability-based methodology for studying these seismic witnesses. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">If you came across the Roods scrutinising a precarious boulder in the field, you'd know it was them because the rock would be peppered with coloured tape. Along with lidar (light detection and ranging) scans and drone photography, these markers help them to create 3D computer models of the rocks, so they can simulate what would happen to them in various earthquake scenarios.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_4" id="dotcom-mid_4" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"We can calculate the probability of that rock toppling across a range of ground shakings, from very short, small shaking up to really extreme shaking," says Anna.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0k4x4kx.jpg.webp" alt="Anna and Dylan Rood Markers are used along with Lidar and drones to see if the boulders move over time (Credit: Anna and Dylan Rood)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Anna and Dylan Rood</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Markers are used along with Lidar and drones to see if the boulders move over time (Credit: Anna and Dylan Rood)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">It's also important to check the boulders were actually wobbly during past quakes. To date their precarity, the Roods analyse <a target="_blank" href="https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacial-geology/dating-glacial-sediments-2/cosmogenic-nuclide-dating/cosmogenic_nuclide_datin/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">cosmogenic isotopes</a> within the rocks' quartz minerals, such as beryllium-10. These isotopes form when cosmic rays strike the quartz and are therefore more abundant when the rock's surface has been exposed to the atmosphere. This reveals how long a boulder has stood on its narrow perch, or alternatively if its base was once buried in soil or other detritus. "It's a clock," explains Dylan. "We can model when the rock was exposed."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">With these techniques, the Roods have shown that some US hazard maps may require an update. By analysing precarious boulders at <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0220220287/633179/San-Andreas-Fault-Earthquake-Hazard-Model" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Lovejoy Buttes</a>, close to the San Andreas fault in the Los Angeles region, they found the <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/95/3/1776/633179/San-Andreas-Fault-Earthquake-Hazard-Model" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">risks from a one-in-10,000-year quake may have been overestimated</a>. The shake would be 65% less powerful in this region than previously estimated, they concluded. </p></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB"><h2 class="sc-518485e5-0 kRvAla"><span id="vital-infrastructure" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC"><b id="vital-infrastructure" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Vital infrastructure</b></span><span id="" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC"> </span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The Roods first met one another while <a target="_blank" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020AV000182" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">analysing precarious rocks</a> near the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/16WCEE/WCEE2017-3632.pdf" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Diablo Canyon nuclear power station</a> in California. Since then, they and their colleagues have shown that the boulders can be particularly useful for stress-testing vulnerable infrastructure, such as nuclear facilities or <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/111/5/2673/600847/First-Use-of-Fragile-Geologic-Features-to-Set-the" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">large dams</a>. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_5" id="dotcom-mid_5" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In fact, precarious rocks have become so handy for the nuclear industry that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) now recommends they are studied for <a target="_blank" href="https://www.iaea.org/publications/15729/evaluation-of-probabilistic-seismic-hazard-analysis-psha-for-nuclear-installations-based-on-observational-data" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">earthquake hazard mitigation</a> near power plants. If engineers are <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54374465" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">risk-assessing a nuclear power station</a>, they need to know about the impact of the rare "big one" that could crack open their reactor. However, if there hasn't been one for millennia, it's difficult to estimate how bad it could be. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">When the Roods and colleagues <a target="_blank" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020AV000182" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">mapped and analysed the boulders near the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant</a> they were able to reduce the uncertainties in the hazard maps by nearly 50%. In late October, the pair were also due to begin studying France's fragile geological features, after the energy company EDF asked them to enhance the seismic hazard maps for the country's nuclear plants and hydroelectric dams. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In future, precarious boulders could also help engineers decide where to bury radioactive waste. One of the first test-cases for the rocks in nuclear planning was <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180608-the-search-for-safe-nuclear-waste-storage" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Yucca Mountain</a>, a potential nuclear waste repository in Nevada (<a target="_blank" href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-11-229" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">now-scrapped</a>). Researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno analysed <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_M.pdf" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">nearby precarious boulders</a> coated in "rock varnish", a clay-rich substance that builds up over long-term time in deserts. The varnish's presence told them some precarious rocks had stood without falling for as long as 80,000 years – hinting the quake risk to Yucca Mountain was acceptable. <i id="(read-more:" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">(Read more: </i><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241018-how-to-build-a-nuclear-tomb-to-last-millennia" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="how-to-build-a-nuclear-tomb-to-last-for-millennia" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">How to build a nuclear tomb to last for millennia</i></a><i id=")." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">).</i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">So, if you ever come across a precarious boulder when you're out on a hike, consider what it may have survived to remain in place. Even the Roods themselves still marvel that some of these wobbly rocks are still standing. "At one of the sites in California, you could actually rock them yourself. It really puts into context how fragile these are," says Dylan.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="*" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">*</i><a target="_blank" href="https://richardfisher.carrd.co/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="richard-fisher" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Richard Fisher</i></a><i id="is-the-author-of" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> is the author of </i><a target="_blank" href="https://www.hachette.co.uk/titles/richard-fisher/the-long-view/9781472285232/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="the-long-view:-why-we-need-to-transform-how-the-world-sees-time" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"><b id="the-long-view:-why-we-need-to-transform-how-the-world-sees-time" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">The Long View: Why We Need to Transform How the World Sees Time</b></i></a><i id=",-and-a-senior-editor-for" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">, and a senior editor for </i><a target="_blank" href="https://aeon.co/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="aeon" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Aeon</i></a><i id="." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">. </i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">-- </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="if-you-liked-this-story," class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">If you liked this story, </i><a target="_self" href="https://cloud.email.bbc.com/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned&&&&&" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="sign-up-for-the-essential-list-newsletter" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">sign up for The Essential List newsletter</i></a><i id="–-a-handpicked-selection-of-features,-videos-and-can't-miss-news,-delivered-to-your-inbox-twice-a-week." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> – a handpicked selection of features, 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cZNAZj"/></div><div data-testid="section-title-wrapper" class="sc-7a382a26-3 gOPBZn"><div><div class="sc-7a382a26-7 jlJwDB"><span data-testid="texas-title" class="sc-7a382a26-4 gtFsyR">Watch</span></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="texas-grid" class="sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt"><div class="sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT"><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kqkmz3/theory-of-evolution-how-did-charles-darwin-come-up-with-it-" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp" alt="Theory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Theory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The British naturalist embarked on an extraordinary journey, did hundreds of experiments, and wrote for 20 years.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">5 days ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Science</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kgbhr9/raja-the-elephant-asking-for-a-road-toll" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp" alt="Roger the elephant asking for a road toll" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Raja the elephant asking for a road toll</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">In Sri Lanka, a charming elephant cheekily halts traffic for treats. </p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">29 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kg9vy3/inside-the-hidden-world-of-rhino-romance" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp" alt="Inside the hidden world of rhino romance" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Inside the hidden world of rhino romance</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch two rhinoceroses involved in a game of 'kiss and chase'.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">24 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kgb8bw/a-mother-tiger-on-a-fierce-hunt-to-feed-her-cubs" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp" alt="Mother tiger hunts to feed her grown-up cubs" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">A mother tiger on a fierce hunt to feed her cubs</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">While her three offspring take a leisurely bath, this Bengal tiger mother must find food for the entire family.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">16 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kg9pkz/how-foxes-outsmart-world-s-heaviest-raptor-in-quest-for-food" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp" alt="How foxes outsmart birds in the quest for food" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">How foxes outsmart world's heaviest raptor in quest for food</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch red foxes challenge the Steller's sea eagle, the world's heaviest raptor, as they search for food in Japan.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">8 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kftjyg/homo-juluensis-possible-new-ancient-human-identified" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp" alt="'Homo juluensis': Possible new ancient human identified" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Homo juluensis: Possible 'new ancient human' identified</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Researchers may have identified a new human species that lived around 300,000 years ago in Asia.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">6 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Science</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kfz5wq/mum-saves-baby-seal-with-a-clever-trick" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kg006p.jpg.webp" alt="A baby seal saved by its mum" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Mum saves baby seal with a clever trick</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch as David Attenborough reveals the unique behaviour of a mother seal to protect her pup in icy waters.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">31 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcdnx2/mountain-goats-a-death-defying-battle-to-mate" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcf193.jpg.webp" alt="A death-defying battle for mating" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Mountain goats: A death-defying battle to mate</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch the world's largest species of goat fight for the right to mate, teetering on the edge of perilous drops.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">17 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kbdxh2/the-near-miraculous-escape-of-a-cave-swift" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp" alt="A near miraculous escape" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The near miraculous escape of a cave swift</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The Tam Nam Lod Cave is home to over a quarter of a million swifts. But there are hidden dangers.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">12 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0k6x6lp/meet-the-mudskipper-the-remarkable-fish-that-lives-on-land" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp" alt="Meet the mudskipper: The remarkable fish that live on land" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Meet the mudskipper: The remarkable fish that lives on land</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The mudskipper is a fish that can leap with a flick of its tail. Watch a particularly agile specimen in action.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">3 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0k74hwb/watch-the-dramatic-escape-of-tiny-fish-from-deadly-sharks" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp" alt="How a tiny fish escapes shark" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Watch the dramatic escape of tiny fish from deadly sharks</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The Moorish idol, a dramatic little fish with dazzling stripes, adopts a clever strategy to save its life.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">27 Nov 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jt8x5z/earth-tides-why-our-planet-s-crust-has-tides-too" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp" alt="Why our planet's crust has tides too" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Earth tides: Why our planet's crust has tides too</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">How do they differ from the ocean? A geophysicist breaks it down for us.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">28 Sep 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Weather & science</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jlbpl3/new-nasa-sonifications-listen-to-the-sound-of-the-universe" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jp0p4j.png.webp" alt="Screenshot 2024 08 22 at 8 51 13 PM" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">New Nasa sonifications: Listen to the sound of the Universe</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Nasa has released new 'sonifications' of the Universe on the 25th anniversary of Chandra, its X-ray Observatory.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">9 Sep 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Space</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jnbll0/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp" alt="Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">4 Sep 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Archaeology</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jl86q8/inside-the-world-s-largest-hurricane-simulator" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp" alt="Watch an indoor hurricane" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Inside the world's largest hurricane simulator</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">At the University of Miami, a large indoor air-sea interaction test facility measures the impact of storms.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">27 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jkkyc6/in-australia-sea-lions-help-researchers-map-the-ocean-floor" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jklf59.png.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jklf59.png.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jklf59.png.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jklf59.png.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jklf59.png.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jklf59.png.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jklf59.png.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jklf59.png.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jklf59.png.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jklf59.png.webp" alt="Screenshot 2024 08 20 at 2 00 51 PM min" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">In Australia, sea lions help researchers map the ocean floor</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Researchers in Australia put cameras on sea lions' backs to help them map the elusive ocean floor.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">21 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0cj109h/the-deadly-plants-hiding-in-your-garden" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0chx468.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0chx468.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0chx468.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0chx468.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0chx468.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0chx468.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0chx468.jpg.webp" alt="B5 X2 WA" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The deadly plants hiding in your garden</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The Poison Garden at the Alnwick Garden has around 100 toxic, intoxicating, and narcotic plants.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">20 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Nature</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jgsff2/the-scientists-drilling-into-an-active-icelandic-volcano" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jhk026.jpg.webp" alt="The scientists drilling into an anctive Icelandic volcano" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The scientists drilling into an active Icelandic volcano</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Scientists are preparing to drill into the rock of an Icelandic volcano to learn more about how volcanoes behave.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">17 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Climate solutions</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0cjxx9x/earth-s-spectacular-and-remote-capital-of-lightning" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp" alt="Catatumbo lightning" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Earth's spectacular and remote 'capital' of lightning</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">With storms occurring between 140 to 160 nights a year, it's no wonder the area is a world record holder.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">6 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">World of wonder</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jfr9y6/why-is-the-seine-only-kind-of-clean-" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp" alt="Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Despite big investments, the river is still unsafe after heavy rains. Did all the money go down the drain?</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">1 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside><aside data-testid="alaska-section-outer" data-analytics-group="true" data-analytics_group_type="alaska-5" data-analytics_group_position="2" data-analytics_group_item_count="5" data-analytics_group_name="More" class="sc-ba42a659-1 GdVOW"><div data-testid="alaska-section" class="sc-ba42a659-2 jqWjKw"><div class="sc-7a382a26-2 lhbHDZ"><div class="sc-7a382a26-1 vyVNI"><hr data-testid="alaska-line" class="sc-7a382a26-0 iphYZF"/></div><div data-testid="section-title-wrapper" class="sc-7a382a26-3 gOPBZn"><div><div class="sc-7a382a26-7 jlJwDB"><span data-testid="alaska-title" class="sc-7a382a26-4 gQxUVz">More</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ"><div data-testid="alaska-grid" class="sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ"><div data-testid="liverpool-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/news/articles/cg5yr5jr6pvo" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div class="sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr"><div class="sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA"><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 bCFJJn">3 hrs ago</span></div></div><div data-testid="liverpool-article" class="sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw" 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All rights reserved. <i id="" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> </i>The<i id="bbc" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> BBC </i>is<i id="not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> not responsible for the content of external sites.</i> <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><b id="read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Read about our approach to external linking.</b></a></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"> </p></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"page":{"@\"future\",\"article\",\"20241115-the-benefits-of-precarious-boulders\",":{"id":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future/article/20241115-the-benefits-of-precarious-boulders","contents":[{"type":"headline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"'They're the witnesses of what happened': The precarious boulders that defy earthquakes","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1732960800000}},{"type":"byline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"contributor","model":{"topicUrl":"future/author/richard-fisher","blocks":[{"type":"name","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"By Richard Fisher","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"By Richard Fisher","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"link","model":{"locator":"urn:bbc:twitter:user:@rifish","blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"@rifish","blocks":[{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"@rifish","locator":"https://twitter.com/rifish","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"@rifish","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"images","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Profile croppedheadshot","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Profile croppedheadshot","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":2678,"width":2678,"locator":"/p0b1vd5n.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":""}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1732960800000}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Garden of the Gods, Colorado (Credit: Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Garden of the Gods, Colorado (Credit: Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p0k4x3nv.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Getty Images"}}],"emphasiseImage":true}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"These giant rocks could roll at any moment. The fact they haven't offers a window into the shaking of ancient Earth.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"These giant rocks could roll at any moment. The fact they haven't offers a window into the shaking of ancient Earth.","attributes":["bold"]}}]}}],"bodyIntro":true}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"They look like you could blow them over with a sneeze. Across the world, thousands of \"precariously balanced rocks\" are perched in strange positions, poised to topple. Once they would have been mere geological curiosities. Now they are improving our understanding of earthquake risk. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"They look like you could blow them over with a sneeze. Across the world, thousands of \"","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"precariously balanced rocks","locator":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020AV000182","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"precariously balanced rocks","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\" are perched in strange positions, poised to topple. Once they would have been mere geological curiosities. Now they are improving our understanding of earthquake risk. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The fact that these delicately positioned boulders still stand provides windows into deep history, long before modern-day seismometers could measure the shaking ground. \"The only witnesses that we can consult are these precarious rocks – they're the witnesses of what once happened,\" says geologist Dylan Rood of Imperial College London in the UK. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The fact that these delicately positioned boulders still stand provides windows into deep history, long before modern-day seismometers could measure the shaking ground. \"The only witnesses that we can consult are these precarious rocks – they're the witnesses of what once happened,\" says geologist Dylan Rood of Imperial College London in the UK. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"This, in turn, is allowing us to prepare for the future, by improving the earthquake hazard maps which inform disaster plans, insurance premiums and building codes. These wobbly, gravity-defying rocks are even helping engineers stress-test nuclear power plants, radioactive waste repositories and enormous dams. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"This, in turn, is allowing us to prepare for the future, by improving the earthquake hazard maps which inform disaster plans, insurance premiums and building codes. These wobbly, gravity-defying rocks are even helping engineers stress-test nuclear power plants, radioactive waste repositories and enormous dams. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"subheadline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Fragile state","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Fragile state","attributes":["bold","h1"]}}]}}]}}],"level":2}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Precariously balanced rocks (otherwise known as PBRs) belong to a category of landform called \"fragile geological features\". Some exist due to erosion, such as rock arches or tower-like pinnacles. On land, Arches National Park in Utah hosts thousands of these features, where rainwater or freeze-thaw action has weathered sandstone to the point of imminent collapse. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Precariously balanced rocks (otherwise known as PBRs) belong to a category of landform called \"","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"fragile geological features","locator":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70216772","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"fragile geological features","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\". Some exist due to erosion, such as rock arches or tower-like pinnacles. 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","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_1"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The constant action of water and sand can create iconic shapes such as the Delicate Arch found at Arches National Park in Utah (Credit: Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The constant action of water and sand can create iconic shapes such as the Delicate Arch found at Arches National Park in Utah (Credit: Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The constant action of water and sand can create iconic shapes such as the Delicate Arch found at Arches National Park in Utah (Credit: Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The constant action of water and sand can create iconic shapes such as the Delicate Arch found at Arches National Park in Utah (Credit: Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p0k4x50v.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Getty Images"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Meanwhile at the coast, the sea can carve fragile geological features into cliff-faces: arches form, until they eventually crumble, leaving behind sea stacks. 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In some cases, they become many metres long, acquiring great weight, yet with a diameter no bigger than your arm. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Other fragile geological features grow over time, like icicle-shaped ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"stalactites or stalagmites","locator":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10950-017-9655-3","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"stalactites or stalagmites","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". In some cases, they become many metres long, acquiring great weight, yet with a diameter no bigger than your arm. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"All these features are striking to look at, but precarious boulders are particularly photogenic: they look like they could be megaliths, placed on a perch by some past civilisation or deity. You can find them all over the world: Brimham Rocks in Yorkshire, England; Krishna's Butterball in India, and Kummakivi in Finland, to name just a few. In the US, they can be found scattered across several states, from the Metolius rocks of Oregon to Bubble Rock in Maine. In some countries, the rocks have even acquired religious significance: Buddhist devotees of the Golden Rock in Myanmar have coated it in gold leaf, and believe a strand of Buddha's hair prevents it toppling.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"All these features are striking to look at, but precarious boulders are particularly photogenic: they look like they could be megaliths, placed on a perch by some past civilisation or deity. 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In the US, they can be found scattered across several states, from the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Metolius rocks","locator":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/metolius-balancing-rocks","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Metolius rocks","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" of Oregon to ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Bubble Rock","locator":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bubble-rock","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Bubble Rock","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" in Maine. In some countries, the rocks have even acquired religious significance: Buddhist devotees of the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Golden Rock","locator":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Donald_Stadtner2/publication/240619687_THE_GOLDEN_ROCK_AT_KYAIK-HTI-YO/links/555f84b708ae6f4dcc927038/THE-GOLDEN-ROCK-AT-KYAIK-HTI-YO.pdf","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Golden Rock","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" in Myanmar have coated it in gold leaf, and believe a strand of Buddha's hair prevents it toppling.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Golden Rock in Myanmar is a precarious boulder that has acquired religious significance and is now a major tourist attraction (Credit: Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Golden Rock in Myanmar is a precarious boulder that has acquired religious significance and is now a major tourist attraction (Credit: Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Golden Rock in Myanmar is a precarious boulder that has acquired religious significance and is now a major tourist attraction (Credit: Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Golden Rock in Myanmar is a precarious boulder that has acquired religious significance and is now a major tourist attraction (Credit: Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p0k4x40m.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Getty Images"}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_2"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Precarious boulders gain their delicate balance for two reasons. Sometimes, glaciers have carried and dropped them in awkward positions. The forests of the northeastern US, for example, are peppered with these so-called \"erratics\". Other times, the boulders only appear to have been placed on a perch: what's actually happened is that their base has been gradually eroded to a narrow neck. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Precarious boulders gain their delicate balance for two reasons. Sometimes, glaciers have carried and dropped them in awkward positions. The forests of ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"the northeastern US","locator":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0120240069/648325/Precariously-Balanced-Rocks-in-Northern-New-York?redirectedFrom=fulltext","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"the northeastern US","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", for example, are peppered with these so-called \"erratics\". Other times, the boulders only appear to have been placed on a perch: what's actually happened is that their base has been gradually eroded to a narrow neck. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"subheadline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Windows to history","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Windows to history","attributes":["bold","h1"]}}]}}]}}],"level":2}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"While hikers tend to visit precarious boulders for the selfies, seismologists admire these rocks for different reasons – because they can reveal earthquake activity during the deep past. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"While hikers tend to visit precarious boulders for the selfies, seismologists admire these rocks for different reasons – because they can reveal earthquake activity during the deep past. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"To appreciate how, you have to rewind to the early 1990s. Back then, geologists noticed a curious pattern in precarious boulders in California and Nevada: they were generally less abundant close to fault boundaries. This planted an idea: perhaps the rocks could reveal insights about ground shaking before precise seismometers were invented. If a precarious boulder is found in an area – and you can figure out how long it has been poised to fall – it means the ground has not rumbled enough to topple it.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"To appreciate how, you have to rewind to the early 1990s. Back then, geologists noticed a curious pattern in precarious boulders in California and Nevada: they were generally ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"less abundant close to fault boundaries","locator":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932796100296","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"less abundant close to fault boundaries","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". This planted an idea: perhaps the rocks could reveal insights about ground shaking before precise seismometers were invented. If a precarious boulder is found in an area – and you can figure out how long it has been poised to fall – it means the ground has not rumbled enough to topple it.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"Analysing them is improving the accuracy of earthquake hazard maps, especially for rare rumbles that only happen every few thousand years","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"One of the first boulders to be analysed in this way was Omak Rock in Washington State – a glacial boulder balanced on a tiny perch, around 90km (55 miles) south of the US-Canada border. Back in 1872, a severe earthquake shook the Pacific Northwest, but the technology of that time could not capture exactly how much the earth moved. Omak Rock's survival on its perch helped geologists estimate an upper bound on how much shaking may have happened.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"One of the first boulders to be analysed in this way was ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Omak Rock in Washington State","locator":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/2/444/119825/Omak-rock-and-the-1872-Pacific-Northwest","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Omak Rock in Washington State","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" – a glacial boulder balanced on a tiny perch, around 90km (55 miles) south of the US-Canada border. Back in 1872, a severe earthquake shook the Pacific Northwest, but the technology of that time could not capture exactly how much the earth moved. Omak Rock's survival on its perch helped geologists estimate an upper bound on how much shaking may have happened.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_3"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"It's even more difficult to assess earthquake impacts before human records began. In the field of paleoseismology, geologists look for signs of pre-historic ground motion like fault ruptures, landslides or tsunami detritus, but many quakes leave little trace in the geological record. When seismologists find precarious boulders that have stood for thousands of years, however, they serve as witnesses of such rare events. Analysing them is improving the accuracy of earthquake hazard maps, especially for rare rumbles that only happen every few thousand years. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"It's even more difficult to assess earthquake impacts before human records began. In the field of ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"paleoseismology","locator":"https://paleoseismicity.org/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"paleoseismology","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", geologists look for signs of pre-historic ground motion like ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"fault ruptures","locator":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X22001350","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"fault ruptures","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"landslides","locator":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1068797108000084","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"landslides","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" or ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"tsunami detritus","locator":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abm2996","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"tsunami detritus","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", but many quakes leave little trace in the geological record. When seismologists find precarious boulders that have stood for thousands of years, however, they serve as witnesses of such rare events. Analysing them is improving the accuracy of earthquake hazard maps, especially for rare rumbles that only happen every few thousand years. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In September, for example, researchers with the US Geological Survey published an analysis of precarious boulders left behind by glaciers in New York state and Vermont. Fortunately, there were no surprises – the boulders suggested their maps were broadly accurate – but that's not always the case.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In September, for example, researchers with the US Geological Survey published an analysis of precarious boulders left behind by glaciers in ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"New York state and Vermont","locator":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0120240069/648325/Precariously-Balanced-Rocks-in-Northern-New-York?redirectedFrom=fulltext","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"New York state and Vermont","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". Fortunately, there were no surprises – the boulders suggested their maps were broadly accurate – but that's not always the case.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Anna and Dylan Rood, a married geologist couple, pose for their wedding photos on a boulder in Cornwall (Credit: Enchanted Brides)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Anna and Dylan Rood, a married geologist couple, pose for their wedding photos on a boulder in Cornwall (Credit: Enchanted Brides)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Anna and Dylan Rood, a married geologist couple, pose for their wedding photos on a boulder in Cornwall (Credit: Enchanted Brides)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Anna and Dylan Rood, a married geologist couple, pose for their wedding photos on a boulder in Cornwall (Credit: Enchanted Brides)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p0k4x4cj.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Enchanted Brides"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Two geologists who have helped to refine and fine-tune the analysis of precarious rocks are Anna and Dylan Rood – a married couple based at Imperial College London. They have developed a more precise, probability-based methodology for studying these seismic witnesses. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Two geologists who have helped to ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"refine and fine-tune the analysis of precarious rocks","locator":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020AV000182","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"refine and fine-tune the analysis of precarious rocks","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" are Anna and Dylan Rood – a married couple based at Imperial College London. They have developed a more precise, probability-based methodology for studying these seismic witnesses. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"If you came across the Roods scrutinising a precarious boulder in the field, you'd know it was them because the rock would be peppered with coloured tape. Along with lidar (light detection and ranging) scans and drone photography, these markers help them to create 3D computer models of the rocks, so they can simulate what would happen to them in various earthquake scenarios.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"If you came across the Roods scrutinising a precarious boulder in the field, you'd know it was them because the rock would be peppered with coloured tape. Along with lidar (light detection and ranging) scans and drone photography, these markers help them to create 3D computer models of the rocks, so they can simulate what would happen to them in various earthquake scenarios.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_4"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"We can calculate the probability of that rock toppling across a range of ground shakings, from very short, small shaking up to really extreme shaking,\" says Anna.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"We can calculate the probability of that rock toppling across a range of ground shakings, from very short, small shaking up to really extreme shaking,\" says Anna.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Markers are used along with Lidar and drones to see if the boulders move over time (Credit: Anna and Dylan Rood)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Markers are used along with Lidar and drones to see if the boulders move over time (Credit: Anna and Dylan Rood)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Markers are used along with Lidar and drones to see if the boulders move over time (Credit: Anna and Dylan Rood)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Markers are used along with Lidar and drones to see if the boulders move over time (Credit: Anna and Dylan Rood)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p0k4x4kx.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Anna and Dylan Rood"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"It's also important to check the boulders were actually wobbly during past quakes. To date their precarity, the Roods analyse cosmogenic isotopes within the rocks' quartz minerals, such as beryllium-10. These isotopes form when cosmic rays strike the quartz and are therefore more abundant when the rock's surface has been exposed to the atmosphere. This reveals how long a boulder has stood on its narrow perch, or alternatively if its base was once buried in soil or other detritus. \"It's a clock,\" explains Dylan. \"We can model when the rock was exposed.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"It's also important to check the boulders were actually wobbly during past quakes. To date their precarity, the Roods analyse ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"cosmogenic isotopes","locator":"https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacial-geology/dating-glacial-sediments-2/cosmogenic-nuclide-dating/cosmogenic_nuclide_datin/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"cosmogenic isotopes","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" within the rocks' quartz minerals, such as beryllium-10. These isotopes form when cosmic rays strike the quartz and are therefore more abundant when the rock's surface has been exposed to the atmosphere. This reveals how long a boulder has stood on its narrow perch, or alternatively if its base was once buried in soil or other detritus. \"It's a clock,\" explains Dylan. \"We can model when the rock was exposed.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"With these techniques, the Roods have shown that some US hazard maps may require an update. By analysing precarious boulders at Lovejoy Buttes, close to the San Andreas fault in the Los Angeles region, they found the risks from a one-in-10,000-year quake may have been overestimated. The shake would be 65% less powerful in this region than previously estimated, they concluded. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"With these techniques, the Roods have shown that some US hazard maps may require an update. By analysing precarious boulders at ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Lovejoy Buttes","locator":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/doi/10.1785/0220220287/633179/San-Andreas-Fault-Earthquake-Hazard-Model","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Lovejoy Buttes","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", close to the San Andreas fault in the Los Angeles region, they found the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"risks from a one-in-10,000-year quake may have been overestimated","locator":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/95/3/1776/633179/San-Andreas-Fault-Earthquake-Hazard-Model","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"risks from a one-in-10,000-year quake may have been overestimated","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". The shake would be 65% less powerful in this region than previously estimated, they concluded. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"subheadline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Vital infrastructure ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Vital infrastructure","attributes":["bold","h1"]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" ","attributes":["h1"]}}]}}]}}],"level":2}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Roods first met one another while analysing precarious rocks near the Diablo Canyon nuclear power station in California. Since then, they and their colleagues have shown that the boulders can be particularly useful for stress-testing vulnerable infrastructure, such as nuclear facilities or large dams. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Roods first met one another while ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"analysing precarious rocks","locator":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020AV000182","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"analysing precarious rocks","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" near the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Diablo Canyon nuclear power station","locator":"https://www.wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/16WCEE/WCEE2017-3632.pdf","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Diablo Canyon nuclear power station","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" in California. Since then, they and their colleagues have shown that the boulders can be particularly useful for stress-testing vulnerable infrastructure, such as nuclear facilities or ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"large dams","locator":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/111/5/2673/600847/First-Use-of-Fragile-Geologic-Features-to-Set-the","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"large dams","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_5"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In fact, precarious rocks have become so handy for the nuclear industry that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) now recommends they are studied for earthquake hazard mitigation near power plants. If engineers are risk-assessing a nuclear power station, they need to know about the impact of the rare \"big one\" that could crack open their reactor. However, if there hasn't been one for millennia, it's difficult to estimate how bad it could be. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In fact, precarious rocks have become so handy for the nuclear industry that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) now recommends they are studied for ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"earthquake hazard mitigation","locator":"https://www.iaea.org/publications/15729/evaluation-of-probabilistic-seismic-hazard-analysis-psha-for-nuclear-installations-based-on-observational-data","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"earthquake hazard mitigation","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" near power plants. If engineers are ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"risk-assessing a nuclear power station","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54374465","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"risk-assessing a nuclear power station","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", they need to know about the impact of the rare \"big one\" that could crack open their reactor. However, if there hasn't been one for millennia, it's difficult to estimate how bad it could be. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"When the Roods and colleagues mapped and analysed the boulders near the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant they were able to reduce the uncertainties in the hazard maps by nearly 50%. In late October, the pair were also due to begin studying France's fragile geological features, after the energy company EDF asked them to enhance the seismic hazard maps for the country's nuclear plants and hydroelectric dams. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"When the Roods and colleagues ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"mapped and analysed the boulders near the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant","locator":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020AV000182","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"mapped and analysed the boulders near the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" they were able to reduce the uncertainties in the hazard maps by nearly 50%. In late October, the pair were also due to begin studying France's fragile geological features, after the energy company EDF asked them to enhance the seismic hazard maps for the country's nuclear plants and hydroelectric dams. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In future, precarious boulders could also help engineers decide where to bury radioactive waste. One of the first test-cases for the rocks in nuclear planning was Yucca Mountain, a potential nuclear waste repository in Nevada (now-scrapped). Researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno analysed nearby precarious boulders coated in \"rock varnish\", a clay-rich substance that builds up over long-term time in deserts. The varnish's presence told them some precarious rocks had stood without falling for as long as 80,000 years – hinting the quake risk to Yucca Mountain was acceptable. (Read more: How to build a nuclear tomb to last for millennia).","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In future, precarious boulders could also help engineers decide where to bury radioactive waste. One of the first test-cases for the rocks in nuclear planning was ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Yucca Mountain","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180608-the-search-for-safe-nuclear-waste-storage","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Yucca Mountain","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", a potential nuclear waste repository in Nevada (","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"now-scrapped","locator":"https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-11-229","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"now-scrapped","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"). Researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno analysed ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"nearby precarious boulders","locator":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-058/Ch_M.pdf","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"nearby precarious boulders","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" coated in \"rock varnish\", a clay-rich substance that builds up over long-term time in deserts. The varnish's presence told them some precarious rocks had stood without falling for as long as 80,000 years – hinting the quake risk to Yucca Mountain was acceptable. ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"(Read more: ","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"How to build a nuclear tomb to last for millennia","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241018-how-to-build-a-nuclear-tomb-to-last-millennia","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"How to build a nuclear tomb to last for millennia","attributes":["italic"]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":").","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"So, if you ever come across a precarious boulder when you're out on a hike, consider what it may have survived to remain in place. Even the Roods themselves still marvel that some of these wobbly rocks are still standing. \"At one of the sites in California, you could actually rock them yourself. It really puts into context how fragile these are,\" says Dylan.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"So, if you ever come across a precarious boulder when you're out on a hike, consider what it may have survived to remain in place. Even the Roods themselves still marvel that some of these wobbly rocks are still standing. \"At one of the sites in California, you could actually rock them yourself. It really puts into context how fragile these are,\" says Dylan.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"*Richard Fisher is the author of The Long View: Why We Need to Transform How the World Sees Time, and a senior editor for Aeon. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"*","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Richard Fisher","locator":"https://richardfisher.carrd.co/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Richard Fisher","attributes":["italic"]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" is the author of ","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"The Long View: Why We Need to Transform How the World Sees Time","locator":"https://www.hachette.co.uk/titles/richard-fisher/the-long-view/9781472285232/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Long View: Why We Need to Transform How the World Sees Time","attributes":["bold","italic"]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", and a senior editor for ","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Aeon","locator":"https://aeon.co/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Aeon","attributes":["italic"]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". 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