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class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_cultural_centre_for_musical_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>A cultural centre for musical modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_cultural_centre_for_musical_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_development_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research and development teams</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_and_development_teams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research and development teams subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_developed_at_IRCAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_developed_at_IRCAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Software developed at IRCAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_developed_at_IRCAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works_composed_at_IRCAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works_composed_at_IRCAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable works composed at IRCAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works_composed_at_IRCAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IRCAM</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_et_coordination_acoustique/musique" title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_et_coordination_acoustique/musique" title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_Recherche_et_Coordination_Acoustique/Musique" title="Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="مؤسسه پژوهش و هماهنگی صوت‌شناسی و موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه پژوهش و هماهنگی صوت‌شناسی و موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_et_coordination_acoustique/musique" title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_Recherche_et_Coordination_Acoustique/Musique" title="Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9D)" title="המכון למחקר ולתיאום אקוסטי מוזיקלי (אירקאם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המכון למחקר ולתיאום אקוסטי מוזיקלי (אירקאם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_et_coordination_acoustique/musique" title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IRCAM" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Інститут дослідження та координації акустики й музики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інститут дослідження та координації акустики й музики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=IRCAM&params=48.8598_N_2.3513_E_region:FR_dim:2km_source:frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.8598°N 2.3513°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.8598; 2.3513</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French research institute</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Institut_royal_de_la_culture_amazighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut royal de la culture amazighe">Institut royal de la culture amazighe</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predio_Ircam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Predio_Ircam.jpg/250px-Predio_Ircam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Predio_Ircam.jpg/330px-Predio_Ircam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Predio_Ircam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Western façade of the IRCAM building</figcaption></figure> <p><b>IRCAM</b> (French: <i>Ircam, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique</i></span></i>, English: Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music) is a French institute dedicated to the research of music and sound, especially in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant garde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electro-acoustical art music</a>. It is situated next to, and is organisationally linked with, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a> in Paris. The extension of the building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a>. Much of the institute is located underground, beneath the fountain to the east of the buildings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_centre_for_musical_research">A centre for musical research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A centre for musical research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg/220px-IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg/330px-IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg/440px-IRCAM_machine_room_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>IRCAM's machine room in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Several concepts for electronic music and audio processing have emerged at IRCAM. <a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a> pioneered work on <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a> at IRCAM, and <a href="/wiki/Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a> originally wrote <a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max</a> at IRCAM in the mid-1980s, which would become the real-time audio processing graphical programming environment Max/MSP. Max/MSP has subsequently become a widely used tool in electroacoustic music. Many of the techniques associated with <a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">spectralism</a>, such as analyses based on <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transforms</a>, were made practical by technological contributions at IRCAM. For instance, researchers at IRCAM have developed a special microphone capable of isolating each of the cello's four strings for separate amplification or electronic treatment. Along with tools for sound synthesis and analysis, IRCAM has played an instrumental role in developing programs for visualization of musical form with the creation of <a href="/wiki/OpenMusic" title="OpenMusic">OpenMusic</a>, a Lisp-based visual programming language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRCAM provides classes to train composers in music technology.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composers who do not have programming experience to create the technology end of a piece for ensemble and electronics are provided with an assistant who helps them to realise technically intensive parts of the piece. The assistant will follow the conceptual advice of a composer with no technology experience to realize a computer part, or will help a composer who can program in Max/MSP to make their "patch" more efficient and elegant. <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Murail" title="Tristan Murail">Tristan Murail</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sint%C3%A9grations" title="Désintégrations">Désintégrations</a></i> is an example of a piece realized in this program by a composer with significant technological skill, whereas <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Orpheus" title="The Mask of Orpheus">The Mask of Orpheus</a></i> required an active and creative role for the technology assistants, such as Barry Anderson and Ian Dearden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_cultural_centre_for_musical_modernism">A cultural centre for musical modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A cultural centre for musical modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from electroacoustic programmes, IRCAM has programmes in contemporary classical music. It has disseminated music of post <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> modernist musicians such as that of <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, as well as younger performers and composers. Musical spectralism such as that of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Murail" title="Tristan Murail">Tristan Murail</a>, has also received support from IRCAM. Murail taught at IRCAM for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a>, whose work has been influenced by spectralism, has also been supported by IRCAM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorn1995p._363,_fn3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorn1995p._363,_fn3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRCAM has also helped to develop various performance models. A resident ensemble of IRCAM, <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_InterContemporain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble InterContemporain">Ensemble InterContemporain</a>, specialised in contemporary classical music, where each performer could be called upon to perform solo literature or ensemble literature. The Ensemble InterContemporain has been a model for many large ensembles in Europe, for example the <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Modern" title="Ensemble Modern">Ensemble Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klangforum_Wien" title="Klangforum Wien">Klangforum Wien</a>. Many classical contemporary pieces have been written for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber orchestra">chamber orchestra</a> section of Ensemble InterContemporain. </p><p>There are regular concerts at IRCAM.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970 President <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> asked Pierre Boulez to found an institution for research in music. In 1973 the section of the building underneath <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_Igor-Stravinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place Igor-Stravinsky (page does not exist)">Place Igor-Stravinsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Igor-Stravinsky" class="extiw" title="fr:Place Igor-Stravinsky">fr</a>]</span> was finished, and IRCAM opened in 1977. From the outset, Boulez was in charge of the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial administrators included <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinko_Globokar" title="Vinko Globokar">Vinko Globokar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a>. 1990 Ircam established the Cursus Program for young Composers, a training in Computer Music and Composition. In 1992 Boulez, who then became honorary director, was succeeded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurent_Bayle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurent Bayle (page does not exist)">Laurent Bayle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Bayle" class="extiw" title="fr:Laurent Bayle">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a> became the new head of the institute. On 1 January 2006, Stiegler became Director of Cultural Development at the Centre Pompidou and was replaced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Madlener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Madlener (page does not exist)">Frank Madlener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Madlener" class="extiw" title="fr:Frank Madlener">fr</a>]</span>. </p><p>The creation of IRCAM coincided with the rise of the debates about <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> in culture and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorn199532_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorn199532-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its multimedia library<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the first music <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">hybrid libraries</a> to have been created with close to 1000 hours of recorded music and over 2,000 scientific articles available online, in addition to its physical collections of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> and books on music and related domains. </p><p>Several international conferences have been held at IRCAM: </p> <ul><li>ICMC, the yearly <a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Conference" title="International Computer Music Conference">International Computer Music Conference</a>, in 1984</li> <li>ISMIR 2002, the 3rd international conference on <a href="/wiki/Music_information_retrieval" title="Music information retrieval">music information retrieval</a>, in October 2002<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NIME-06, the 6th International Conference on <a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a>, in June 2006</li> <li>Acanthes, a yearly summer festival and series of composition workshops started in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development_teams">Research and development teams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research and development teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Instrumental acoustics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_acoustics" title="Room acoustics">Room acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li>Musical perception and <a href="/wiki/Music_cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Music cognition">cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound analysis">Analysis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sound_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound synthesis">synthesis</a></li> <li>Music representations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a> and software engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Online services">Online services</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_developed_at_IRCAM">Software developed at IRCAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software developed at IRCAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some software is being developed at IRCAM, such as <a href="/wiki/OpenMusic" title="OpenMusic">OpenMusic</a>, AudioSculpt, OMax, Spat, Modalys, <a href="/wiki/Antescofo" title="Antescofo">Antescofo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchid%C3%A9e" title="Orchidée">Orchidée</a>. </p><p>Orchidée is developed as a tool to aid in orchestral composition in which musical scores using traditional instruments are generated by imitating a target input sound. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a>'s 2008 piece, "Speakings", a composition based on emulating speech patterns and inflections. Orchidée is capable of computing the complex combinatorial possibilities of an orchestra based on <i>musical attributes</i> such as dynamics and instruments, <i>perceptual attributes</i> such as brightness, and <i>timbre models</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRCAM software is distributed via a subscription-based Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, IRCAM Forum has 534 members including individual artists and art institutions around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRCAM Forum members gather yearly at IRCAM for workshops regarding new technologies developed at IRCAM and elsewhere. IRCAM has also created a music file format, <code>.sf</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the domain of music and generative artificial intelligence IRCAM has developed a learning framework for generating a neural network model from audio data named RAVE (Realtime Audio Variational autoEncoder) and that allows both fast and high-quality audio waveform synthesis (20x real-time at 48 kHz sampling rate on standard CPU). Models can be used in real time for various applications, audio generativity/timbre transformation/transfer either as a <a href="/wiki/Vst_plugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vst plugin">VST plugin</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Max/MSP" class="mw-redirect" title="Max/MSP">Max/MSP</a>. </p><p>There are also partnerships with companies such as Cycling 74 (<a href="/wiki/Max/MSP" class="mw-redirect" title="Max/MSP">Max/MSP</a>) and Flux:: (IRCAM Tools) for the development of proprietary software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works_composed_at_IRCAM">Notable works composed at IRCAM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable works composed at IRCAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/IRCAM" title="Special:EditPage/IRCAM">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Kyburz" title="Hanspeter Kyburz">Hanspeter Kyburz</a>: <i>ΟΥΤΙΣ</i>, music theatre for ensemble and electronics (2000–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Aperghis" title="Georges Aperghis">Georges Aperghis</a>: <i>Machinations</i>, musical spectacle for four women and computer (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Barlow" title="Clarence Barlow">Clarence Barlow</a>: <i>Çogluotobüsisletmesi</i>, versions for piano (1978), magnetic tape (1980), and piano with tape (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>: <i>Antara</i> for ensemble and electronics (1986–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>: <i>Chemins ex V</i>, for clarinet and 4C computer (1980)</li> <li>Luciano Berio: <i>Orfeo II</i>, opera for voice, orchestras, and tapes (1984)</li> <li>Luciano Berio: <i>La Voix des voies</i>, spectacle-exposition for tape and diaporama (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Orpheus" title="The Mask of Orpheus">The Mask of Orpheus</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anth%C3%A8mes" title="Anthèmes">Anthèmes</a> II</i>, for violin and electronics (1997)</li> <li>Pierre Boulez: <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_de_l%27ombre_double" title="Dialogue de l'ombre double">Dialogue de l'ombre double</a></i>, for clarinet and tape (1985); version for bassoon and electronics (1995)</li> <li>Pierre Boulez: <i><a href="/wiki/...explosante-fixe..." title="...explosante-fixe...">...explosante-fixe...</a></i>, version for two flutes, <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>-flute, electronics, and orchestra (1993)</li> <li>Pierre Boulez: <i>Répons</i>, for six soloists, chamber ensemble, electronic sounds, and live electronics (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>: <i>Roaratorio</i>, an Irish Circus on <i><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a>: <i>Double Bind?</i> for violin and electronics (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a>: <i>Stria</i>, for magnetic tape (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_Czernowin" title="Chaya Czernowin">Chaya Czernowin</a>: "Hidden", for string quartet and electronics (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Denisov" title="Edison Denisov">Edison Denisov</a>: <i>Sur la Nappe d'un étang glacé</i>, for nine instruments and tape (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Pablo" title="Luis de Pablo">Luis de Pablo</a>: <i>Tornasol</i> (1980–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Decoust" title="Michel Decoust">Michel Decoust</a>: <i>Interphone</i>, for soprano and tape (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Druckman" title="Jacob Druckman">Jacob Druckman</a>: <i>Animus IV</i> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Dusapin" title="Pascal Dusapin">Pascal Dusapin</a>: <i>To Be Sung</i>, chamber opera in 43 numbers (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Essl" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlheinz Essl">Karlheinz Essl</a>: <i>Entsagung</i> (1993) for ensemble and electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero" title="Lorenzo Ferrero">Lorenzo Ferrero</a>: <i>Ombres</i> (1984) for ensemble and live electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Francesconi" title="Luca Francesconi">Luca Francesconi</a>: <i>Etymo</i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Gehlhaar" title="Rolf Gehlhaar">Rolf Gehlhaar</a>: <i>Pas à pas</i>, for tape and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_music" title="Spatial music">spatialization</a> equipment (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Grisey" title="Gérard Grisey">Gérard Grisey</a>: <i>Les Chants de l'Amour</i>, for twelve mixed voices and magnétic tape (1982–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Haas" title="Georg Friedrich Haas">Georg Friedrich Haas</a>: <i>Les temps tiraillés</i>, for 2 violins, bassoon, and electronics (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a>: <i>Advaya</i>, for cello and electronics (1994)</li> <li>Jonathan Harvey: <i>Bhakti</i> (1982)</li> <li>Jonathan Harvey: <i><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></i>, for concrete sounds treated by computer (1980)</li> <li>Jonathan Harvey: <i>Ritual Melodies</i>, for magnetic tape (1990)</li> <li>Jonathan Harvey: String Quartet No. 4 with live electronics (2003)</li> <li>Jonathan Harvey: <i>Speakings</i>, for orchestra and live electronics (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_H%C3%B6ller" title="York Höller">York Höller</a>: <i>Antiphon</i>, for string quartet and tape (1977)</li> <li>York Höller: <i>Arcus</i> (1978)</li> <li>York Höller: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita#Opera_and_musical_theatre" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i>, opera in two acts after the novel by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a> (1989)</li> <li>York Höller: <i>Résonance</i> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panayiotis_Kokoras" title="Panayiotis Kokoras">Panayiotis Kokoras</a>: <i>Morphallaxis</i> (2008) for ensemble and electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kolb" title="Barbara Kolb">Barbara Kolb</a>: <i>Millefoglie</i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leroux" title="Philippe Leroux">Philippe Leroux</a>: <i>M</i> for ensemble and electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Michaël Lévinas">Michaël Lévinas</a>: <i>Rebonds</i> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg" title="Magnus Lindberg">Magnus Lindberg</a>: <i>Joy</i> for orchestra and electronics</li> <li>Magnus Lindberg: <i>Related Rocks</i> for two pianos, two percussionists, and electronics (1997)</li> <li>Magnus Lindberg: <i>Ur</i> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Lombardi_(composer)" title="Luca Lombardi (composer)">Luca Lombardi</a>: <i>Hasta que caigan las puertas del odio</i>, for choir (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Machover" title="Tod Machover">Tod Machover</a>: <i>Soft Morning, City!</i>, for soprano, contrabass and tape (1980)</li> <li>Tod Machover: <i><a href="/wiki/VALIS" class="mw-redirect" title="VALIS">VALIS</a></i>, opera for six voices, 4X computer, and images (1986–87/1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes%C3%ADas_Maiguashca" title="Mesías Maiguashca">Mesías Maiguashca</a>: <i>Fmélodies</i>, for ensemble and tape (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Manoury" title="Philippe Manoury">Philippe Manoury</a>: <i>Jupiter</i> for flute and live electronics</li> <li>Philippe Manoury: <i>Pluton</i> for piano and live electronics</li> <li>Philippe Manoury: <i>En Echo</i> for soprano voice and live electronics</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Maresz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Maresz (page does not exist)">Yan Maresz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Maresz" class="extiw" title="de:Yan Maresz">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Maresz" class="extiw" title="fr:Yan Maresz">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Maresz" class="extiw" title="it:Yan Maresz">it</a>]</span>: <i>Sul Segno</i>, for harp, guitar, cymbalon, contrabass and electronic equipment (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Murail" title="Tristan Murail">Tristan Murail</a>: <i>L'Esprit des dunes</i>, for chamber ensemble (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Nunes" title="Emmanuel Nunes">Emmanuel Nunes</a>: <i>Lichtung I</i> (1988/1991)</li> <li>Emmanuel Nunes: <i>Lichtung II</i>, for chamber ensemble and electronics (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Obst_(composer)" title="Michael Obst (composer)">Michael Obst</a>: <i>Kristallwelt</i>, for Ensemble and Electronics (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H.P._Platz" title="Robert H.P. Platz">Robert H.P. Platz</a>: <i>Pièce noire</i>, for thirteen musicians and tape (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a>: <i>Liège à Paris</i> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Horațiu Rădulescu">Horațiu Rădulescu</a>: <i>Incandescent Serene</i>, for contrabass and tape (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Reynolds" title="Roger Reynolds">Roger Reynolds</a>: <i>The Angel of Death</i>, for solo piano, chamber orchestra, and six-channel computer-processed sound (2001)</li> <li>Roger Reynolds: <i>Archipelago</i>, for orchestra and magnetic tape (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>: <i>Salome Dances for Peace</i>, for string quartet (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a>: <i>Inharmonique</i>, for soprano and tape (1977)</li> <li>Jean-Claude Risset: <i>Mirages</i>, for six musicians and tape (1978)</li> <li>Jean-Claude Risset: <i>Songes</i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rocha_Iturbide" title="Manuel Rocha Iturbide">Manuel Rocha Iturbide</a>: <i>Transiciones de Fase</i>, for brass quartet and electronics (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski" title="Frederic Rzewski">Frederic Rzewski</a>: <i>Instrumental Studies</i> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a>: <i>Lonh</i>, for soprano and electronics (1995–96)</li> <li>Kaija Saariaho: <i>NoaNoa</i>, for flute and electronics (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht#Scene_2:_Kathinkas_Gesang_als_Luzifers_Requiem" title="Samstag aus Licht">Kathinkas Gesang als Luzifers Requiem</a></i>, version for flute and 6-channel tape (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Stroppa" title="Marco Stroppa">Marco Stroppa</a>: <i>In cielo, in terra, in mare</i>, radiophonic opera on texts by Adolfo Moriconi (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukka_Tiensuu" title="Jukka Tiensuu">Jukka Tiensuu</a>: <i>Nemo</i> for ensemble (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Vi%C3%B1ao" title="Alejandro Viñao">Alejandro Viñao</a>: <i>Epitafios</i>, for mixed choir and electronics (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wessel" title="David Wessel">David Wessel</a>: <i>Antony</i> (1977)</li> <li>David Wessel: <i>Contacts Turbulents</i>, for saxophone and electronics (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Wishart" title="Trevor Wishart">Trevor Wishart</a>: <i>VOX-5</i>, an electroacoustic piece based around extended vocal techniques (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(musician)" title="James Wood (musician)">James Wood</a>: <i>Mountain Language</i>, for <a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">alphorn</a>, cow bells, MIDI keyboard and electronics (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>: <i>Psappha</i>, electronic version (1976/1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>: <i>Perfect Stranger</i> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zender" title="Hans Zender">Hans Zender</a>: <i>Lo Shu III</i>, for flute and twenty-four instrumentalists (1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliations">Affiliations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IRCAM is part of a consortium with Stanford's <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Center for Computer Research and Acoustics</a> (CCRMA) and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a> (CNMAT) in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronmusikstudion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronmusikstudion (page does not exist)">Elektronmusikstudion</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmusikstudion" class="extiw" title="sv:Elektronmusikstudion">sv</a>]</span>, Stockholm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIM" title="GRIM">GRIM</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe de recherche et d'improvisation musicales</i></span>), Marseille</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDIF" title="SDIF">SDIF</a> (Sound Description Interchange Format), developed at IRCAM and CNMAT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a> (Studio for Electro Instrumental Music), Amsterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WORM_(Rotterdam)" title="WORM (Rotterdam)">WORM</a>, Rotterdam studio and venue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_software" title="List of music software">List of music software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repmus.ircam.fr/openmusic/home">"openmusic:home [OpenMusic]"</a>. <i>repmus.ircam.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=repmus.ircam.fr&rft.atitle=openmusic%3Ahome+%5BOpenMusic%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepmus.ircam.fr%2Fopenmusic%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircam.fr/formations.html?&L=1">Software Training Courses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708015639/http%3A//www.ircam.fr/formations.html?%26L%3D1">Archived</a> 8 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive, IRCAM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2001">Anderson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorn1995p._363,_fn3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorn1995p._363,_fn3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorn1995">Born 1995</a>, p. 363, fn3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircam.fr/99.html?&L=1">Concerts, Performances</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708234452/http%3A//www.ircam.fr/99.html?%26L%3D1">Archived</a> 8 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive, IRCAM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManning2001">Manning 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorn199532-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorn199532_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorn1995">Born 1995</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ircam.fr/ressources/">"Pôle documentaire"</a>. <i>www.ircam.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ircam.fr&rft.atitle=P%C3%B4le+documentaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ircam.fr%2Fressources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircam.fr/62.html?L=1">Chronological History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802180211/http://www.ircam.fr/62.html?L=1">Archived</a> 2 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ismir2002.ismir.net/">"ISMIR 2002 - 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval"</a>. <i>ismir2002.ismir.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ismir2002.ismir.net&rft.atitle=ISMIR+2002+-+3rd+International+Conference+on+Music+Information+Retrieval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fismir2002.ismir.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Madlener" class="citation web cs1">Frank Madlener. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acanthes.ircam.fr/indexgb.html">"Acanthes@IRCAM"</a>. acanthes.ircam.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acanthes%40IRCAM&rft.pub=acanthes.ircam.fr&rft.au=Frank+Madlener&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facanthes.ircam.fr%2Findexgb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBob_Shingleton2010" class="citation web cs1">Bob Shingleton (5 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724060020/http://futureradio.co.uk/podcast/2010/september/chance-music-jonathan-harvey">"Chance Music with Jonathan Harvey (interview)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Future_Radio" title="Future Radio">Future Radio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://futureradio.co.uk/podcast/2010/september/chance-music-jonathan-harvey">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chance+Music+with+Jonathan+Harvey+%28interview%29&rft.pub=Future+Radio&rft.date=2010-09-05&rft.au=Bob+Shingleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffutureradio.co.uk%2Fpodcast%2F2010%2Fseptember%2Fchance-music-jonathan-harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.ircam.fr/?L=1">"Accueil | Ircam Forum"</a>. <i>forum.ircam.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forum.ircam.fr&rft.atitle=Accueil+%26%23124%3B+Ircam+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.ircam.fr%2F%3FL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521025140/http://www.ircam.fr/uploads/media/RA2011.pdf">"Ircam Activity Report 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircam.fr/uploads/media/RA2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ircam+Activity+Report+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ircam.fr%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FRA2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKabal" class="citation web cs1">Kabal, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/IRCAM/IRCAM.html">"Audio File Format Specifications"</a>. <i>Audio File Format Specifications</i>. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audio+File+Format+Specifications&rft.atitle=Audio+File+Format+Specifications&rft.aulast=Kabal&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca%2FDocuments%2FAudioFormats%2FIRCAM%2FIRCAM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/11579/">"Kaija Saariaho: <i>NoaNoa</i>"</a> (work details) (in French and English). <a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRCAM</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaija+Saariaho%3A+NoaNoa&rft.pub=IRCAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrahms.ircam.fr%2Fworks%2Fwork%2F11579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Julian (2001). "Murail, Tristan". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murail%2C+Tristan&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorn1995" class="citation book cs1">Born, Georgina (1995). <i>IRCAM, Boulez, and the Institutionalization of the Musical Avant-Garde</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRCAM%2C+Boulez%2C+and+the+Institutionalization+of+the+Musical+Avant-Garde&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Born&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManning2001" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Peter (2001). "Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique [IRCAM]". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Institut+de+Recherche+et+Coordination+Acoustique%2FMusique+%5BIRCAM%5D&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIRCAM" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Julian. 1989. "Désintégrations." Within liner notes to <i>Tristan Murail</i>. Montaigne MO 782175.</li> <li>Dearden, Ian. "The Electronic Music of <i>The Mask of Orpheus</i>." Within liner notes to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Orpheus" title="The Mask of Orpheus">The Mask of Orpheus</a></i> by Harrison Birtwistle. NMC D050, 1997.</li> <li>Machover, Todd (ed.). 1984. "Musical Thought at IRCAM". <i>Contemporary Music Review</i> 1, part 1. London: Harwood Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7186-0272-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7186-0272-5">3-7186-0272-5</a> ISSN 0749-4467</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Peyser" title="Joan Peyser">Peyser, Joan</a>. 1976. <i>Boulez: Composer, Conductor, Enigma.</i> New York: Schirmer Books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRCAM&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Institut_de_recherche_et_coordination_acoustique/musique" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique">Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ircam.fr">IRCAM</a></span></span> – official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/?L=1"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Base Relationnelle d'Articles Hypertextes sur la Musique du 20e Siècle</i></span> (BRAHMS)</a> [relational database of articles on music of the 20th century] <span class="languageicon">(in French and English)</span></li></ul> <p><span 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style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Battier" title="Marc Battier">Marc Battier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boulanger" title="Richard Boulanger">Richard Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_di_Giugno" title="Giuseppe di Giugno">Giuseppe di Giugno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodge_(composer)" title="Charles Dodge (composer)">Charles Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lansky" title="Paul Lansky">Paul Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pape" title="Gérard Pape">Gérard Pape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Reynolds" title="Roger Reynolds">Roger Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(band)" title="The Hub (band)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimpin" title="Trimpin">Trimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Vercoe" title="Barry Vercoe">Barry Vercoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC"><img alt="CSIRAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/80px-CSIRAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/120px-CSIRAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/160px-CSIRAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/120px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/250px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChucK" title="ChucK">ChucK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composers_Desktop_Project" title="Composers Desktop Project">Composers Desktop Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)" title="FAUST (programming language)">FAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Music_Specification_Language" title="Hierarchical Music Specification Language">HMSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)" title="Kyma (sound design language)">Kyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop_orchestra" title="Laptop orchestra">Laptop orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max/MSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Mouse" title="Music Mouse">Music Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Pi" title="Sonic Pi">Sonic Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">CCRMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CEMAMu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center at Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Music_Studios" title="Experimental Music Studios">Experimental Music Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Sound_Lab" title="Princeton Sound Lab">Princeton Sound Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMARA" title="TIMARA">Oberlin TIMARA Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronic_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics">IEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Sound synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic_and_electroacoustic_music133" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_music" title="Template:Electronic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_music" title="Template talk:Electronic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_and_electroacoustic_music133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Machover#Hyperinstruments" title="Tod Machover">Hyperinstrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsound" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsound">Microsound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octophonic_sound" title="Octophonic sound">Octophonic sound</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape"><img alt="Magnetic tape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/120px-Magtape1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/250px-Magtape1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_electronic_music" title="Chilean electronic music">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_electronic_music" title="French electronic music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_electronic_music" title="German electronic music">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Foundation" title="Electronic Music Foundation">Electronic Music Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_Recherches_Musicales" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de Recherches Musicales">Groupe de Recherches Musicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sonology" title="Institute of Sonology">Institute of Sonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIME" class="mw-redirect" title="NIME">NIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Electro-Acoustic_Music_in_the_United_States" title="Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States">SEAMUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Toonzaal" title="De Toonzaal">Toonzaal</a> Studio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WORM_(Rotterdam)" title="WORM (Rotterdam)">WORM</a> studio</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radiophonic_Workshop" title="BBC Radiophonic Workshop">BBC Radiophonic Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium">Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Tape_Music_Center" title="San Francisco Tape Music Center">San Francisco Tape Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_d%27Essai" title="Studio d'Essai">Studio d'Essai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_for_Electronic_Music_(WDR)" title="Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)">Studio for Electronic Music (WDR, Cologne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_di_fonologia_musicale_di_Radio_Milano" title="Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano">Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579314#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406413041">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137748887">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1038042-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83011459">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118644229">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118644229">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007604834305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/ACR0000721">Mérimée</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/aaf06978-40fa-4219-a2aa-9557d3980522">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d6ee7a98-999e-4195-9295-59b8aea406e9">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/39598">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>18 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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