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octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"blog","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"blog_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.blog"> Blog <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-company-size-heading">By company size</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-company-size-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"enterprises","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"enterprises_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/enterprise"> Enterprises </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"small_and_medium_teams","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/team"> Small and medium teams </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"startups","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"startups_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups"> Startups </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"nonprofits","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry/nonprofits"> Nonprofits </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-use-case-heading">By use case</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-use-case-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"devsecops","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"devsecops_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/use-case/devsecops"> DevSecOps </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"devops","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"devops_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/use-case/devops"> DevOps </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"ci_cd","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd"> CI/CD </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_use_cases","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/use-case"> View all use cases </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"healthcare","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"healthcare_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare"> Healthcare </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"financial_services","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"financial_services_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services"> Financial services </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"manufacturing","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing"> Manufacturing </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"government","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"government_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry/government"> Government </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 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d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-topics-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"ai","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"ai_link_resources_navbar"}" href="/resources/articles/ai"> AI </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"devops","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"devops_link_resources_navbar"}" href="/resources/articles/devops"> DevOps </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"security","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"security_link_resources_navbar"}" href="/resources/articles/security"> Security </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"software_development","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"software_development_link_resources_navbar"}" href="/resources/articles/software-development"> Software Development </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"view_all_link_resources_navbar"}" href="/resources/articles"> View all </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-explore-heading">Explore</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-explore-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"learning_pathways","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"learning_pathways_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://resources.github.com/learn/pathways"> Learning Pathways <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"events_amp_webinars","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"events_amp_webinars_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://resources.github.com"> Events & Webinars <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"ebooks_amp_whitepapers","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"ebooks_amp_whitepapers_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers"> Ebooks & Whitepapers </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"customer_stories","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"customer_stories_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/customer-stories"> Customer Stories </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"partners","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"partners_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://partner.github.com"> Partners <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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system for blobs, objects, files, and data lake, for billions of files! Blob store has O(1) disk seek, cloud tiering. Filer supports Cloud Drive, cross-DC active-active replication, Kubernetes, POSIX FUSE mount, S3 API, S3 Gateway, Hadoop, WebDAV, encryption, Erasure Coding. </p> <div class="mb-2 d-flex flex-items-center Link--secondary"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link flex-shrink-0 mr-2"> <path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path> </svg> <span class="flex-auto min-width-0 css-truncate css-truncate-target 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align=\"center\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/seaweedfs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSponsor SeaweedFS via Patreon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-sponsor-seaweedfs-via-patreon\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Sponsor SeaweedFS via Patreon\" href=\"#sponsor-seaweedfs-via-patreon\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS is an independent Apache-licensed open source project with its ongoing development made\npossible entirely thanks to the support of these awesome \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/blob/master/backers.md\"\u003ebackers\u003c/a\u003e.\nIf you'd like to grow SeaweedFS even stronger, please consider joining our\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/seaweedfs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esponsors on Patreon\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYour support will be really appreciated by me and other supporters!\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGold Sponsors\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-gold-sponsors\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Gold Sponsors\" href=\"#gold-sponsors\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nodion.com\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/master/note/sponsor_nodion.png\" alt=\"nodion\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.piknik.com\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/master/note/piknik.png\" alt=\"piknik\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.keepsec.ca\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/master/note/keepsec.png\" alt=\"keepsec\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases/latest\"\u003eDownload Binaries for different platforms\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://join.slack.com/t/seaweedfs/shared_invite/enQtMzI4MTMwMjU2MzA3LTEyYzZmZWYzOGQ3MDJlZWMzYmI0OTE4OTJiZjJjODBmMzUxNmYwODg0YjY3MTNlMjBmZDQ1NzQ5NDJhZWI2ZmY\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS on Slack\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SeaweedFS\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS on Twitter\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://t.me/Seaweedfs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS on Telegram\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/SeaweedFS/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS on Reddit\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://groups.google.com/d/forum/seaweedfs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS Mailing List\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki\"\u003eWiki Documentation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/SeaweedFS_Architecture.pdf\"\u003eSeaweedFS White Paper\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1DcxKWlINc-HNCjhYeERkpGXXm6nTCES8mi2W5G0Z4Ts/edit?usp=sharing\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS Introduction Slides 2021.5\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/chrislusf/seaweedfs-introduction\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS Introduction Slides 2019.3\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTable of Contents\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-table-of-contents\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Table of Contents\" href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#quick-start\"\u003eQuick Start\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker\"\u003eQuick Start for S3 API on Docker\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#quick-start-with-single-binary\"\u003eQuick Start with Single Binary\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws\"\u003eQuick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#introduction\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#features\"\u003eFeatures\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#additional-features\"\u003eAdditional Features\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#filer-features\"\u003eFiler Features\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#example-using-seaweed-object-store\"\u003eExample: Using Seaweed Object Store\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#object-store-architecture\"\u003eArchitecture\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compared-to-other-file-systems\"\u003eCompared to Other File Systems\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compared-to-hdfs\"\u003eCompared to HDFS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compared-to-glusterfs-ceph\"\u003eCompared to GlusterFS, Ceph\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compared-to-glusterfs\"\u003eCompared to GlusterFS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compared-to-ceph\"\u003eCompared to Ceph\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compared-to-minio\"\u003eCompared to Minio\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#dev-plan\"\u003eDev Plan\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#installation-guide\"\u003eInstallation Guide\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#disk-related-topics\"\u003eDisk Related Topics\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#benchmark\"\u003eBenchmark\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#license\"\u003eLicense\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuick Start\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-quick-start\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Quick Start\" href=\"#quick-start\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuick Start for S3 API on Docker\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Quick Start for S3 API on Docker\" href=\"#quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edocker run -p 8333:8333 chrislusf/seaweedfs server -s3\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuick Start with Single Binary\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-quick-start-with-single-binary\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Quick Start with Single Binary\" href=\"#quick-start-with-single-binary\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDownload the latest binary from \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases\"\u003ehttps://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases\u003c/a\u003e and unzip a single binary file \u003ccode\u003eweed\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eweed.exe\u003c/code\u003e. Or run \u003ccode\u003ego install github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/weed@latest\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRun \u003ccode\u003eweed server -dir=/some/data/dir -s3\u003c/code\u003e to start one master, one volume server, one filer, and one S3 gateway.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso, to increase capacity, just add more volume servers by running \u003ccode\u003eweed volume -dir=\"/some/data/dir2\" -mserver=\"\u0026lt;master_host\u0026gt;:9333\" -port=8081\u003c/code\u003e locally, or on a different machine, or on thousands of machines. That is it!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Quick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS\" href=\"#quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSetup fast production-ready \u003ca href=\"https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-nzelz5gprlrjc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSeaweedFS S3 on AWS with cloudformation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-introduction\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Introduction\" href=\"#introduction\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS is a simple and highly scalable distributed file system. There are two objectives:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eto store billions of files!\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eto serve the files fast!\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS started as an Object Store to handle small files efficiently.\nInstead of managing all file metadata in a central master,\nthe central master only manages volumes on volume servers,\nand these volume servers manage files and their metadata.\nThis relieves concurrency pressure from the central master and spreads file metadata into volume servers,\nallowing faster file access (O(1), usually just one disk read operation).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere is only 40 bytes of disk storage overhead for each file's metadata.\nIt is so simple with O(1) disk reads that you are welcome to challenge the performance with your actual use cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS started by implementing \u003ca href=\"http://www.usenix.org/event/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Beaver.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFacebook's Haystack design paper\u003c/a\u003e.\nAlso, SeaweedFS implements erasure coding with ideas from\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-muralidhar.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ef4: Facebook’s Warm BLOB Storage System\u003c/a\u003e, and has a lot of similarities with \u003ca href=\"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-pan.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFacebook’s Tectonic Filesystem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn top of the object store, optional \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Directories-and-Files\"\u003eFiler\u003c/a\u003e can support directories and POSIX attributes.\nFiler is a separate linearly-scalable stateless server with customizable metadata stores,\ne.g., MySql, Postgres, Redis, Cassandra, HBase, Mongodb, Elastic Search, LevelDB, RocksDB, Sqlite, MemSql, TiDB, Etcd, CockroachDB, YDB, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor any distributed key value stores, the large values can be offloaded to SeaweedFS.\nWith the fast access speed and linearly scalable capacity,\nSeaweedFS can work as a distributed \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-as-a-Key-Large-Value-Store\"\u003eKey-Large-Value store\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS can transparently integrate with the cloud.\nWith hot data on local cluster, and warm data on the cloud with O(1) access time,\nSeaweedFS can achieve both fast local access time and elastic cloud storage capacity.\nWhat's more, the cloud storage access API cost is minimized.\nFaster and cheaper than direct cloud storage!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFeatures\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Features\" href=\"#features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdditional Features\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-additional-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Additional Features\" href=\"#additional-features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCan choose no replication or different replication levels, rack and data center aware.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAutomatic master servers failover - no single point of failure (SPOF).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAutomatic Gzip compression depending on file MIME type.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAutomatic compaction to reclaim disk space after deletion or update.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Store-file-with-a-Time-To-Live\"\u003eAutomatic entry TTL expiration\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAny server with some disk space can add to the total storage space.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdding/Removing servers does \u003cstrong\u003enot\u003c/strong\u003e cause any data re-balancing unless triggered by admin commands.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOptional picture resizing.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport ETag, Accept-Range, Last-Modified, etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport in-memory/leveldb/readonly mode tuning for memory/performance balance.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport rebalancing the writable and readonly volumes.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Tiered-Storage\"\u003eCustomizable Multiple Storage Tiers\u003c/a\u003e: Customizable storage disk types to balance performance and cost.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Cloud-Tier\"\u003eTransparent cloud integration\u003c/a\u003e: unlimited capacity via tiered cloud storage for warm data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Erasure-coding-for-warm-storage\"\u003eErasure Coding for warm storage\u003c/a\u003e Rack-Aware 10.4 erasure coding reduces storage cost and increases availability.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFiler Features\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-filer-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Filer Features\" href=\"#filer-features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Directories-and-Files\"\u003eFiler server\u003c/a\u003e provides \"normal\" directories and files via HTTP.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Stores\"\u003eFile TTL\u003c/a\u003e automatically expires file metadata and actual file data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/FUSE-Mount\"\u003eMount filer\u003c/a\u003e reads and writes files directly as a local directory via FUSE.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Store-Replication\"\u003eFiler Store Replication\u003c/a\u003e enables HA for filer meta data stores.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Active-Active-cross-cluster-continuous-synchronization\"\u003eActive-Active Replication\u003c/a\u003e enables asynchronous one-way or two-way cross cluster continuous replication.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Amazon-S3-API\"\u003eAmazon S3 compatible API\u003c/a\u003e accesses files with S3 tooling.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Hadoop-Compatible-File-System\"\u003eHadoop Compatible File System\u003c/a\u003e accesses files from Hadoop/Spark/Flink/etc or even runs HBase.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Async-Replication-to-Cloud\"\u003eAsync Replication To Cloud\u003c/a\u003e has extremely fast local access and backups to Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, Azure, BackBlaze.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/WebDAV\"\u003eWebDAV\u003c/a\u003e accesses as a mapped drive on Mac and Windows, or from mobile devices.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Data-Encryption\"\u003eAES256-GCM Encrypted Storage\u003c/a\u003e safely stores the encrypted data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Data-Structure-for-Large-Files\"\u003eSuper Large Files\u003c/a\u003e stores large or super large files in tens of TB.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Cloud-Drive-Architecture\"\u003eCloud Drive\u003c/a\u003e mounts cloud storage to local cluster, cached for fast read and write with asynchronous write back.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Gateway-to-Remote-Object-Storage\"\u003eGateway to Remote Object Store\u003c/a\u003e mirrors bucket operations to remote object storage, in addition to \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Cloud-Drive-Architecture\"\u003eCloud Drive\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eKubernetes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-kubernetes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Kubernetes\" href=\"#kubernetes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs-csi-driver\"\u003eKubernetes CSI Driver\u003c/a\u003e A Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver. \u003ca href=\"https://hub.docker.com/r/chrislusf/seaweedfs-csi-driver/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/e0c26fea9252da0bf4e6985dcf62e77aba5aed63f84f920eb4f73d5d9b42b75c/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f646f636b65722f70756c6c732f63687269736c7573662f7365617765656466732d6373692d6472697665722e7376673f6d61784167653d34383030\" alt=\"Docker Pulls\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/chrislusf/seaweedfs-csi-driver.svg?maxAge=4800\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs-operator\"\u003eSeaweedFS Operator\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample: Using Seaweed Object Store\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-example-using-seaweed-object-store\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Example: Using Seaweed Object Store\" href=\"#example-using-seaweed-object-store\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, the master node runs on port 9333, and the volume nodes run on port 8080.\nLet's start one master node, and two volume nodes on port 8080 and 8081. Ideally, they should be started from different machines. We'll use localhost as an example.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS uses HTTP REST operations to read, write, and delete. The responses are in JSON or JSONP format.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStart Master Server\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-start-master-server\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Start Master Server\" href=\"#start-master-server\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; ./weed master\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; ./weed master\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStart Volume Servers\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-start-volume-servers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Start Volume Servers\" href=\"#start-volume-servers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; weed volume -dir=\u0026quot;/tmp/data1\u0026quot; -max=5 -mserver=\u0026quot;localhost:9333\u0026quot; -port=8080 \u0026amp;\n\u0026gt; weed volume -dir=\u0026quot;/tmp/data2\u0026quot; -max=10 -mserver=\u0026quot;localhost:9333\u0026quot; -port=8081 \u0026amp;\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; weed volume -dir=\"/tmp/data1\" -max=5 -mserver=\"localhost:9333\" -port=8080 \u0026amp;\n\u0026gt; weed volume -dir=\"/tmp/data2\" -max=10 -mserver=\"localhost:9333\" -port=8081 \u0026amp;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWrite File\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-write-file\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Write File\" href=\"#write-file\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo upload a file: first, send a HTTP POST, PUT, or GET request to \u003ccode\u003e/dir/assign\u003c/code\u003e to get an \u003ccode\u003efid\u003c/code\u003e and a volume server URL:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign\n{\u0026quot;count\u0026quot;:1,\u0026quot;fid\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;3,01637037d6\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;url\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;127.0.0.1:8080\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;publicUrl\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;localhost:8080\u0026quot;}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign\n{\"count\":1,\"fid\":\"3,01637037d6\",\"url\":\"127.0.0.1:8080\",\"publicUrl\":\"localhost:8080\"}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSecond, to store the file content, send a HTTP multi-part POST request to \u003ccode\u003eurl + '/' + fid\u003c/code\u003e from the response:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; curl -F file=@/home/chris/myphoto.jpg http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6\n{\u0026quot;name\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;myphoto.jpg\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;size\u0026quot;:43234,\u0026quot;eTag\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;1cc0118e\u0026quot;}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; curl -F file=@/home/chris/myphoto.jpg http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6\n{\"name\":\"myphoto.jpg\",\"size\":43234,\"eTag\":\"1cc0118e\"}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo update, send another POST request with updated file content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor deletion, send an HTTP DELETE request to the same \u003ccode\u003eurl + '/' + fid\u003c/code\u003e URL:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSave File Id\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-save-file-id\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Save File Id\" href=\"#save-file-id\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow, you can save the \u003ccode\u003efid\u003c/code\u003e, 3,01637037d6 in this case, to a database field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe number 3 at the start represents a volume id. After the comma, it's one file key, 01, and a file cookie, 637037d6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe volume id is an unsigned 32-bit integer. The file key is an unsigned 64-bit integer. The file cookie is an unsigned 32-bit integer, used to prevent URL guessing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe file key and file cookie are both coded in hex. You can store the \u0026lt;volume id, file key, file cookie\u0026gt; tuple in your own format, or simply store the \u003ccode\u003efid\u003c/code\u003e as a string.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf stored as a string, in theory, you would need 8+1+16+8=33 bytes. A char(33) would be enough, if not more than enough, since most uses will not need 2^32 volumes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf space is really a concern, you can store the file id in your own format. You would need one 4-byte integer for volume id, 8-byte long number for file key, and a 4-byte integer for the file cookie. So 16 bytes are more than enough.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRead File\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-read-file\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Read File\" href=\"#read-file\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere is an example of how to render the URL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFirst look up the volume server's URLs by the file's volumeId:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; curl http://localhost:9333/dir/lookup?volumeId=3\n{\u0026quot;volumeId\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;3\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;locations\u0026quot;:[{\u0026quot;publicUrl\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;localhost:8080\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;url\u0026quot;:\u0026quot;localhost:8080\u0026quot;}]}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; curl http://localhost:9333/dir/lookup?volumeId=3\n{\"volumeId\":\"3\",\"locations\":[{\"publicUrl\":\"localhost:8080\",\"url\":\"localhost:8080\"}]}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince (usually) there are not too many volume servers, and volumes don't move often, you can cache the results most of the time. Depending on the replication type, one volume can have multiple replica locations. Just randomly pick one location to read.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow you can take the public URL, render the URL or directly read from the volume server via URL:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\" http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNotice we add a file extension \".jpg\" here. It's optional and just one way for the client to specify the file content type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you want a nicer URL, you can use one of these alternative URL formats:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\" http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6/my_preferred_name.jpg\n http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg\n http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg\n http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6\n http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6/my_preferred_name.jpg\n http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg\n http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg\n http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6\n http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you want to get a scaled version of an image, you can add some params:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200\u0026amp;width=200\nhttp://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200\u0026amp;width=200\u0026amp;mode=fit\nhttp://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200\u0026amp;width=200\u0026amp;mode=fill\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ehttp://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200\u0026amp;width=200\nhttp://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200\u0026amp;width=200\u0026amp;mode=fit\nhttp://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200\u0026amp;width=200\u0026amp;mode=fill\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRack-Aware and Data Center-Aware Replication\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rack-aware-and-data-center-aware-replication\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rack-Aware and Data Center-Aware Replication\" href=\"#rack-aware-and-data-center-aware-replication\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS applies the replication strategy at a volume level. So, when you are getting a file id, you can specify the replication strategy. For example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?replication=001\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecurl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?replication=001\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe replication parameter options are:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"000: no replication\n001: replicate once on the same rack\n010: replicate once on a different rack, but same data center\n100: replicate once on a different data center\n200: replicate twice on two different data center\n110: replicate once on a different rack, and once on a different data center\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e000: no replication\n001: replicate once on the same rack\n010: replicate once on a different rack, but same data center\n100: replicate once on a different data center\n200: replicate twice on two different data center\n110: replicate once on a different rack, and once on a different data center\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMore details about replication can be found \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Replication\"\u003eon the wiki\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also set the default replication strategy when starting the master server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAllocate File Key on Specific Data Center\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-allocate-file-key-on-specific-data-center\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Allocate File Key on Specific Data Center\" href=\"#allocate-file-key-on-specific-data-center\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eVolume servers can be started with a specific data center name:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\" weed volume -dir=/tmp/1 -port=8080 -dataCenter=dc1\n weed volume -dir=/tmp/2 -port=8081 -dataCenter=dc2\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e weed volume -dir=/tmp/1 -port=8080 -dataCenter=dc1\n weed volume -dir=/tmp/2 -port=8081 -dataCenter=dc2\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen requesting a file key, an optional \"dataCenter\" parameter can limit the assigned volume to the specific data center. For example, this specifies that the assigned volume should be limited to 'dc1':\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\" http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?dataCenter=dc1\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?dataCenter=dc1\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOther Features\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-other-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Other Features\" href=\"#other-features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Failover-Master-Server\"\u003eNo Single Point of Failure\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Optimization#insert-with-your-own-keys\"\u003eInsert with your own keys\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Optimization#upload-large-files\"\u003eChunking large files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Optimization#collection-as-a-simple-name-space\"\u003eCollection as a Simple Name Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eObject Store Architecture\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-object-store-architecture\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Object Store Architecture\" href=\"#object-store-architecture\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsually distributed file systems split each file into chunks, a central master keeps a mapping of filenames, chunk indices to chunk handles, and also which chunks each chunk server has.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe main drawback is that the central master can't handle many small files efficiently, and since all read requests need to go through the chunk master, so it might not scale well for many concurrent users.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstead of managing chunks, SeaweedFS manages data volumes in the master server. Each data volume is 32GB in size, and can hold a lot of files. And each storage node can have many data volumes. So the master node only needs to store the metadata about the volumes, which is a fairly small amount of data and is generally stable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe actual file metadata is stored in each volume on volume servers. Since each volume server only manages metadata of files on its own disk, with only 16 bytes for each file, all file access can read file metadata just from memory and only needs one disk operation to actually read file data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor comparison, consider that an xfs inode structure in Linux is 536 bytes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMaster Server and Volume Server\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-master-server-and-volume-server\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Master Server and Volume Server\" href=\"#master-server-and-volume-server\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe architecture is fairly simple. The actual data is stored in volumes on storage nodes. One volume server can have multiple volumes, and can both support read and write access with basic authentication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll volumes are managed by a master server. The master server contains the volume id to volume server mapping. This is fairly static information, and can be easily cached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn each write request, the master server also generates a file key, which is a growing 64-bit unsigned integer. Since write requests are not generally as frequent as read requests, one master server should be able to handle the concurrency well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWrite and Read files\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-write-and-read-files\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Write and Read files\" href=\"#write-and-read-files\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a client sends a write request, the master server returns (volume id, file key, file cookie, volume node URL) for the file. The client then contacts the volume node and POSTs the file content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a client needs to read a file based on (volume id, file key, file cookie), it asks the master server by the volume id for the (volume node URL, volume node public URL), or retrieves this from a cache. Then the client can GET the content, or just render the URL on web pages and let browsers fetch the content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease see the example for details on the write-read process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStorage Size\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-storage-size\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Storage Size\" href=\"#storage-size\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the current implementation, each volume can hold 32 gibibytes (32GiB or 8x2^32 bytes). This is because we align content to 8 bytes. We can easily increase this to 64GiB, or 128GiB, or more, by changing 2 lines of code, at the cost of some wasted padding space due to alignment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere can be 4 gibibytes (4GiB or 2^32 bytes) of volumes. So the total system size is 8 x 4GiB x 4GiB which is 128 exbibytes (128EiB or 2^67 bytes).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEach individual file size is limited to the volume size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSaving memory\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-saving-memory\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Saving memory\" href=\"#saving-memory\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll file meta information stored on a volume server is readable from memory without disk access. Each file takes just a 16-byte map entry of \u0026lt;64bit key, 32bit offset, 32bit size\u0026gt;. Of course, each map entry has its own space cost for the map. But usually the disk space runs out before the memory does.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTiered Storage to the cloud\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-tiered-storage-to-the-cloud\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Tiered Storage to the cloud\" href=\"#tiered-storage-to-the-cloud\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe local volume servers are much faster, while cloud storages have elastic capacity and are actually more cost-efficient if not accessed often (usually free to upload, but relatively costly to access). With the append-only structure and O(1) access time, SeaweedFS can take advantage of both local and cloud storage by offloading the warm data to the cloud.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsually hot data are fresh and warm data are old. SeaweedFS puts the newly created volumes on local servers, and optionally upload the older volumes on the cloud. If the older data are accessed less often, this literally gives you unlimited capacity with limited local servers, and still fast for new data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith the O(1) access time, the network latency cost is kept at minimum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf the hot/warm data is split as 20/80, with 20 servers, you can achieve storage capacity of 100 servers. That's a cost saving of 80%! Or you can repurpose the 80 servers to store new data also, and get 5X storage throughput.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to Other File Systems\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-other-file-systems\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to Other File Systems\" href=\"#compared-to-other-file-systems\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost other distributed file systems seem more complicated than necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS is meant to be fast and simple, in both setup and operation. If you do not understand how it works when you reach here, we've failed! Please raise an issue with any questions or update this file with clarifications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS is constantly moving forward. Same with other systems. These comparisons can be outdated quickly. Please help to keep them updated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to HDFS\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-hdfs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to HDFS\" href=\"#compared-to-hdfs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHDFS uses the chunk approach for each file, and is ideal for storing large files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS is ideal for serving relatively smaller files quickly and concurrently.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS can also store extra large files by splitting them into manageable data chunks, and store the file ids of the data chunks into a meta chunk. This is managed by \"weed upload/download\" tool, and the weed master or volume servers are agnostic about it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to GlusterFS, Ceph\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-glusterfs-ceph\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to GlusterFS, Ceph\" href=\"#compared-to-glusterfs-ceph\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe architectures are mostly the same. SeaweedFS aims to store and read files fast, with a simple and flat architecture. The main differences are\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeaweedFS optimizes for small files, ensuring O(1) disk seek operation, and can also handle large files.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeaweedFS statically assigns a volume id for a file. Locating file content becomes just a lookup of the volume id, which can be easily cached.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeaweedFS Filer metadata store can be any well-known and proven data store, e.g., Redis, Cassandra, HBase, Mongodb, Elastic Search, MySql, Postgres, Sqlite, MemSql, TiDB, CockroachDB, Etcd, YDB etc, and is easy to customize.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeaweedFS Volume server also communicates directly with clients via HTTP, supporting range queries, direct uploads, etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSystem\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFile Metadata\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFile Content Read\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePOSIX\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eREST API\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eOptimized for large number of small files\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSeaweedFS\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003elookup volume id, cacheable\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eO(1) disk seek\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSeaweedFS Filer\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLinearly Scalable, Customizable\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eO(1) disk seek\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFUSE\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGlusterFS\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ehashing\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFUSE, NFS\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCeph\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ehashing + rules\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFUSE\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMooseFS\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ein memory\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFUSE\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMinIO\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eseparate meta file for each file\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to GlusterFS\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-glusterfs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to GlusterFS\" href=\"#compared-to-glusterfs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGlusterFS stores files, both directories and content, in configurable volumes called \"bricks\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGlusterFS hashes the path and filename into ids, and assigned to virtual volumes, and then mapped to \"bricks\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to MooseFS\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-moosefs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to MooseFS\" href=\"#compared-to-moosefs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMooseFS chooses to neglect small file issue. From moosefs 3.0 manual, \"even a small file will occupy 64KiB plus additionally 4KiB of checksums and 1KiB for the header\", because it \"was initially designed for keeping large amounts (like several thousands) of very big files\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMooseFS Master Server keeps all meta data in memory. Same issue as HDFS namenode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to Ceph\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-ceph\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to Ceph\" href=\"#compared-to-ceph\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCeph can be setup similar to SeaweedFS as a key-\u0026gt;blob store. It is much more complicated, with the need to support layers on top of it. \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/issues/120\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/issues/120/hovercard\"\u003eHere is a more detailed comparison\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS has a centralized master group to look up free volumes, while Ceph uses hashing and metadata servers to locate its objects. Having a centralized master makes it easy to code and manage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCeph, like SeaweedFS, is based on the object store RADOS. Ceph is rather complicated with mixed reviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCeph uses CRUSH hashing to automatically manage data placement, which is efficient to locate the data. But the data has to be placed according to the CRUSH algorithm. Any wrong configuration would cause data loss. Topology changes, such as adding new servers to increase capacity, will cause data migration with high IO cost to fit the CRUSH algorithm. SeaweedFS places data by assigning them to any writable volumes. If writes to one volume failed, just pick another volume to write. Adding more volumes is also as simple as it can be.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS is optimized for small files. Small files are stored as one continuous block of content, with at most 8 unused bytes between files. Small file access is O(1) disk read.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeaweedFS Filer uses off-the-shelf stores, such as MySql, Postgres, Sqlite, Mongodb, Redis, Elastic Search, Cassandra, HBase, MemSql, TiDB, CockroachCB, Etcd, YDB, to manage file directories. These stores are proven, scalable, and easier to manage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSeaweedFS\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ecomparable to Ceph\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eadvantage\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMaster\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMDS\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003esimpler\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eVolume\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOSD\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eoptimized for small files\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFiler\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCeph FS\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003elinearly scalable, Customizable, O(1) or O(logN)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompared to MinIO\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compared-to-minio\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compared to MinIO\" href=\"#compared-to-minio\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO follows AWS S3 closely and is ideal for testing for S3 API. It has good UI, policies, versionings, etc. SeaweedFS is trying to catch up here. It is also possible to put MinIO as a gateway in front of SeaweedFS later.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO metadata are in simple files. Each file write will incur extra writes to corresponding meta file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO does not have optimization for lots of small files. The files are simply stored as is to local disks.\nPlus the extra meta file and shards for erasure coding, it only amplifies the LOSF problem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO has multiple disk IO to read one file. SeaweedFS has O(1) disk reads, even for erasure coded files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO has full-time erasure coding. SeaweedFS uses replication on hot data for faster speed and optionally applies erasure coding on warm data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO does not have POSIX-like API support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMinIO has specific requirements on storage layout. It is not flexible to adjust capacity. In SeaweedFS, just start one volume server pointing to the master. That's all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDev Plan\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dev-plan\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Dev Plan\" href=\"#dev-plan\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMore tools and documentation, on how to manage and scale the system.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRead and write stream data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport structured data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is a super exciting project! And we need helpers and \u003ca href=\"https://www.patreon.com/seaweedfs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esupport\u003c/a\u003e!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstallation Guide\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-installation-guide\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Installation Guide\" href=\"#installation-guide\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstallation guide for users who are not familiar with golang\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStep 1: install go on your machine and setup the environment by following the instructions at:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://golang.org/doc/install\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://golang.org/doc/install\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003emake sure to define your $GOPATH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStep 2: checkout this repo:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"git clone https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs.git\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003egit clone https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs.git\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStep 3: download, compile, and install the project by executing the following command\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"cd seaweedfs/weed \u0026amp;\u0026amp; make install\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecd\u003c/span\u003e seaweedfs/weed \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e make install\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnce this is done, you will find the executable \"weed\" in your \u003ccode\u003e$GOPATH/bin\u003c/code\u003e directory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDisk Related Topics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-disk-related-topics\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Disk Related Topics\" href=\"#disk-related-topics\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHard Drive Performance\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-hard-drive-performance\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Hard Drive Performance\" href=\"#hard-drive-performance\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen testing read performance on SeaweedFS, it basically becomes a performance test of your hard drive's random read speed. Hard drives usually get 100MB/s~200MB/s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSolid State Disk\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-solid-state-disk\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Solid State Disk\" href=\"#solid-state-disk\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo modify or delete small files, SSD must delete a whole block at a time, and move content in existing blocks to a new block. SSD is fast when brand new, but will get fragmented over time and you have to garbage collect, compacting blocks. SeaweedFS is friendly to SSD since it is append-only. Deletion and compaction are done on volume level in the background, not slowing reading and not causing fragmentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBenchmark\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-benchmark\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Benchmark\" href=\"#benchmark\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMy Own Unscientific Single Machine Results on Mac Book with Solid State Disk, CPU: 1 Intel Core i7 2.6GHz.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWrite 1 million 1KB file:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"Concurrency Level: 16\nTime taken for tests: 66.753 seconds\nCompleted requests: 1048576\nFailed requests: 0\nTotal transferred: 1106789009 bytes\nRequests per second: 15708.23 [#/sec]\nTransfer rate: 16191.69 [Kbytes/sec]\n\nConnection Times (ms)\n min avg max std\nTotal: 0.3 1.0 84.3 0.9\n\nPercentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)\n 50% 0.8 ms\n 66% 1.0 ms\n 75% 1.1 ms\n 80% 1.2 ms\n 90% 1.4 ms\n 95% 1.7 ms\n 98% 2.1 ms\n 99% 2.6 ms\n 100% 84.3 ms\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eConcurrency Level: 16\nTime taken for tests: 66.753 seconds\nCompleted requests: 1048576\nFailed requests: 0\nTotal transferred: 1106789009 bytes\nRequests per second: 15708.23 [#/sec]\nTransfer rate: 16191.69 [Kbytes/sec]\n\nConnection Times (ms)\n min avg max std\nTotal: 0.3 1.0 84.3 0.9\n\nPercentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)\n 50% 0.8 ms\n 66% 1.0 ms\n 75% 1.1 ms\n 80% 1.2 ms\n 90% 1.4 ms\n 95% 1.7 ms\n 98% 2.1 ms\n 99% 2.6 ms\n 100% 84.3 ms\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRandomly read 1 million files:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"Concurrency Level: 16\nTime taken for tests: 22.301 seconds\nCompleted requests: 1048576\nFailed requests: 0\nTotal transferred: 1106812873 bytes\nRequests per second: 47019.38 [#/sec]\nTransfer rate: 48467.57 [Kbytes/sec]\n\nConnection Times (ms)\n min avg max std\nTotal: 0.0 0.3 54.1 0.2\n\nPercentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)\n 50% 0.3 ms\n 90% 0.4 ms\n 98% 0.6 ms\n 99% 0.7 ms\n 100% 54.1 ms\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eConcurrency Level: 16\nTime taken for tests: 22.301 seconds\nCompleted requests: 1048576\nFailed requests: 0\nTotal transferred: 1106812873 bytes\nRequests per second: 47019.38 [#/sec]\nTransfer rate: 48467.57 [Kbytes/sec]\n\nConnection Times (ms)\n min avg max std\nTotal: 0.0 0.3 54.1 0.2\n\nPercentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)\n 50% 0.3 ms\n 90% 0.4 ms\n 98% 0.6 ms\n 99% 0.7 ms\n 100% 54.1 ms\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun WARP and launch a mixed benchmark.\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-run-warp-and-launch-a-mixed-benchmark\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Run WARP and launch a mixed benchmark.\" href=\"#run-warp-and-launch-a-mixed-benchmark\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"make benchmark\nwarp: Benchmark data written to \u0026quot;warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst\u0026quot; \nMixed operations.\nOperation: DELETE, 10%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 4m59s.\n * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s\n\nOperation: GET, 45%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s.\n * Throughput: 279.85 MiB/s, 27.99 obj/s\n\nOperation: PUT, 15%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s.\n * Throughput: 89.86 MiB/s, 8.99 obj/s\n\nOperation: STAT, 30%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s.\n * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s\n\nCluster Total: 369.74 MiB/s, 61.79 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s.\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emake benchmark\nwarp: Benchmark data written to \"warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst\" \nMixed operations.\nOperation: DELETE, 10%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 4m59s.\n * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s\n\nOperation: GET, 45%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s.\n * Throughput: 279.85 MiB/s, 27.99 obj/s\n\nOperation: PUT, 15%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s.\n * Throughput: 89.86 MiB/s, 8.99 obj/s\n\nOperation: STAT, 30%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s.\n * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s\n\nCluster Total: 369.74 MiB/s, 61.79 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s.\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo see segmented request statistics, use the --analyze.v parameter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"warp analyze --analyze.v warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst\n18642 operations loaded... Done!\nMixed operations.\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: DELETE - total: 1854, 10.0%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 1855:\n * Avg: 104ms, 50%: 30ms, 90%: 207ms, 99%: 1.355s, Fastest: 1ms, Slowest: 4.613s, StdDev: 320ms\n\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: GET - total: 8388, 45.3%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.12 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 279.77 MiB/s, 27.98 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 8389:\n * Avg: 221ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 492ms, 99%: 1.739s, Fastest: 8ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 383ms\n * TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 171ms, 99th: 669ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 163ms\n * First Access: Avg: 240ms, 50%: 105ms, 90%: 511ms, 99%: 2.08s, Fastest: 12ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 480ms\n * First Access TTFB: Avg: 88ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 38ms, 75th: 64ms, 90th: 179ms, 99th: 919ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 199ms\n * Last Access: Avg: 219ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 463ms, 99%: 1.782s, Fastest: 9ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 416ms\n * Last Access TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 161ms, 99th: 657ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 176ms\n\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: PUT - total: 2688, 14.5%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 89.83 MiB/s, 8.98 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 2689:\n * Avg: 1.165s, 50%: 878ms, 90%: 2.015s, 99%: 5.74s, Fastest: 99ms, Slowest: 8.264s, StdDev: 968ms\n\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: STAT - total: 5586, 30.2%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.113 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 5587:\n * Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 80ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 245ms, StdDev: 17ms\n * First Access: Avg: 14ms, 50%: 10ms, 90%: 33ms, 99%: 69ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 16ms\n * Last Access: Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 74ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 17ms\n\nCluster Total: 369.64 MiB/s, 61.77 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s.\nTotal Errors:0.\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ewarp analyze --analyze.v warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst\n18642 operations loaded... Done!\nMixed operations.\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: DELETE - total: 1854, 10.0%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 1855:\n * Avg: 104ms, 50%: 30ms, 90%: 207ms, 99%: 1.355s, Fastest: 1ms, Slowest: 4.613s, StdDev: 320ms\n\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: GET - total: 8388, 45.3%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.12 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 279.77 MiB/s, 27.98 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 8389:\n * Avg: 221ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 492ms, 99%: 1.739s, Fastest: 8ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 383ms\n * TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 171ms, 99th: 669ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 163ms\n * First Access: Avg: 240ms, 50%: 105ms, 90%: 511ms, 99%: 2.08s, Fastest: 12ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 480ms\n * First Access TTFB: Avg: 88ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 38ms, 75th: 64ms, 90th: 179ms, 99th: 919ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 199ms\n * Last Access: Avg: 219ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 463ms, 99%: 1.782s, Fastest: 9ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 416ms\n * Last Access TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 161ms, 99th: 657ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 176ms\n\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: PUT - total: 2688, 14.5%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 89.83 MiB/s, 8.98 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 2689:\n * Avg: 1.165s, 50%: 878ms, 90%: 2.015s, 99%: 5.74s, Fastest: 99ms, Slowest: 8.264s, StdDev: 968ms\n\n----------------------------------------\nOperation: STAT - total: 5586, 30.2%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.113 +0500 +05\n * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s\n\nRequests considered: 5587:\n * Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 80ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 245ms, StdDev: 17ms\n * First Access: Avg: 14ms, 50%: 10ms, 90%: 33ms, 99%: 69ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 16ms\n * Last Access: Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 74ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 17ms\n\nCluster Total: 369.64 MiB/s, 61.77 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s.\nTotal Errors:0.\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ehttp://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe text of this page is available for modification and reuse under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License and the GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003eBack to TOC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStargazers over time\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-stargazers-over-time\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Stargazers over time\" href=\"#stargazers-over-time\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://starchart.cc/chrislusf/seaweedfs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/2c318226e6170c568259117d23fe32303c6144f470496b721f22d894d051eacd/68747470733a2f2f7374617263686172742e63632f63687269736c7573662f7365617765656466732e737667\" alt=\"Stargazers over time\" data-canonical-src=\"https://starchart.cc/chrislusf/seaweedfs.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"SeaweedFS","anchor":"seaweedfs","htmlText":"SeaweedFS"},{"level":2,"text":"Sponsor SeaweedFS via Patreon","anchor":"sponsor-seaweedfs-via-patreon","htmlText":"Sponsor SeaweedFS via Patreon"},{"level":3,"text":"Gold Sponsors","anchor":"gold-sponsors","htmlText":"Gold Sponsors"},{"level":1,"text":"Table of Contents","anchor":"table-of-contents","htmlText":"Table of Contents"},{"level":1,"text":"Quick Start","anchor":"quick-start","htmlText":"Quick Start"},{"level":2,"text":"Quick Start for S3 API on Docker","anchor":"quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker","htmlText":"Quick Start for S3 API on Docker"},{"level":2,"text":"Quick Start with Single Binary","anchor":"quick-start-with-single-binary","htmlText":"Quick Start with Single Binary"},{"level":2,"text":"Quick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS","anchor":"quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws","htmlText":"Quick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS"},{"level":1,"text":"Introduction","anchor":"introduction","htmlText":"Introduction"},{"level":1,"text":"Features","anchor":"features","htmlText":"Features"},{"level":2,"text":"Additional Features","anchor":"additional-features","htmlText":"Additional Features"},{"level":2,"text":"Filer Features","anchor":"filer-features","htmlText":"Filer Features"},{"level":2,"text":"Kubernetes","anchor":"kubernetes","htmlText":"Kubernetes"},{"level":2,"text":"Example: Using Seaweed Object Store","anchor":"example-using-seaweed-object-store","htmlText":"Example: Using Seaweed Object Store"},{"level":3,"text":"Start Master Server","anchor":"start-master-server","htmlText":"Start Master Server"},{"level":3,"text":"Start Volume Servers","anchor":"start-volume-servers","htmlText":"Start Volume Servers"},{"level":3,"text":"Write File","anchor":"write-file","htmlText":"Write File"},{"level":3,"text":"Save File Id","anchor":"save-file-id","htmlText":"Save File Id"},{"level":3,"text":"Read File","anchor":"read-file","htmlText":"Read File"},{"level":3,"text":"Rack-Aware and Data Center-Aware Replication","anchor":"rack-aware-and-data-center-aware-replication","htmlText":"Rack-Aware and Data Center-Aware Replication"},{"level":3,"text":"Allocate File Key on Specific Data Center","anchor":"allocate-file-key-on-specific-data-center","htmlText":"Allocate File Key on Specific Data Center"},{"level":3,"text":"Other Features","anchor":"other-features","htmlText":"Other Features"},{"level":2,"text":"Object Store Architecture","anchor":"object-store-architecture","htmlText":"Object Store Architecture"},{"level":3,"text":"Master Server and Volume Server","anchor":"master-server-and-volume-server","htmlText":"Master Server and Volume Server"},{"level":3,"text":"Write and Read files","anchor":"write-and-read-files","htmlText":"Write and Read files"},{"level":3,"text":"Storage Size","anchor":"storage-size","htmlText":"Storage Size"},{"level":3,"text":"Saving memory","anchor":"saving-memory","htmlText":"Saving memory"},{"level":3,"text":"Tiered Storage to the cloud","anchor":"tiered-storage-to-the-cloud","htmlText":"Tiered Storage to the cloud"},{"level":2,"text":"Compared to Other File Systems","anchor":"compared-to-other-file-systems","htmlText":"Compared to Other File Systems"},{"level":3,"text":"Compared to HDFS","anchor":"compared-to-hdfs","htmlText":"Compared to HDFS"},{"level":3,"text":"Compared to GlusterFS, Ceph","anchor":"compared-to-glusterfs-ceph","htmlText":"Compared to GlusterFS, Ceph"},{"level":3,"text":"Compared to GlusterFS","anchor":"compared-to-glusterfs","htmlText":"Compared to GlusterFS"},{"level":3,"text":"Compared to MooseFS","anchor":"compared-to-moosefs","htmlText":"Compared to MooseFS"},{"level":3,"text":"Compared to Ceph","anchor":"compared-to-ceph","htmlText":"Compared to Ceph"},{"level":3,"text":"Compared to MinIO","anchor":"compared-to-minio","htmlText":"Compared to MinIO"},{"level":2,"text":"Dev Plan","anchor":"dev-plan","htmlText":"Dev Plan"},{"level":2,"text":"Installation Guide","anchor":"installation-guide","htmlText":"Installation Guide"},{"level":2,"text":"Disk Related Topics","anchor":"disk-related-topics","htmlText":"Disk Related Topics"},{"level":3,"text":"Hard Drive Performance","anchor":"hard-drive-performance","htmlText":"Hard Drive Performance"},{"level":3,"text":"Solid State Disk","anchor":"solid-state-disk","htmlText":"Solid State Disk"},{"level":2,"text":"Benchmark","anchor":"benchmark","htmlText":"Benchmark"},{"level":3,"text":"Run WARP and launch a mixed benchmark.","anchor":"run-warp-and-launch-a-mixed-benchmark","htmlText":"Run WARP and launch a mixed benchmark."},{"level":2,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"},{"level":2,"text":"Stargazers over time","anchor":"stargazers-over-time","htmlText":"Stargazers over time"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fseaweedfs%2Fseaweedfs"}},{"displayName":"CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","repoName":"seaweedfs","refName":"master","path":"CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","preferredFileType":"code_of_conduct","tabName":"Code of 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If you'd like to grow SeaweedFS even stronger, please consider joining our <a href="https://www.patreon.com/seaweedfs" rel="nofollow">sponsors on Patreon</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Your support will be really appreciated by me and other supporters!</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Gold Sponsors</h3><a id="user-content-gold-sponsors" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Gold Sponsors" href="#gold-sponsors"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 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href="https://join.slack.com/t/seaweedfs/shared_invite/enQtMzI4MTMwMjU2MzA3LTEyYzZmZWYzOGQ3MDJlZWMzYmI0OTE4OTJiZjJjODBmMzUxNmYwODg0YjY3MTNlMjBmZDQ1NzQ5NDJhZWI2ZmY" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS on Slack</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/SeaweedFS" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS on Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://t.me/Seaweedfs" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS on Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/SeaweedFS/" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS on Reddit</a></li> <li><a href="https://groups.google.com/d/forum/seaweedfs" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS Mailing List</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki">Wiki Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/SeaweedFS_Architecture.pdf">SeaweedFS White Paper</a></li> <li><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1DcxKWlINc-HNCjhYeERkpGXXm6nTCES8mi2W5G0Z4Ts/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS Introduction Slides 2021.5</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/chrislusf/seaweedfs-introduction" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS Introduction Slides 2019.3</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Table of Contents</h1><a id="user-content-table-of-contents" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Table of Contents" href="#table-of-contents"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#quick-start">Quick Start</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker">Quick Start for S3 API on Docker</a></li> <li><a href="#quick-start-with-single-binary">Quick Start with Single Binary</a></li> <li><a href="#quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws">Quick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="#features">Features</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#additional-features">Additional Features</a></li> <li><a href="#filer-features">Filer Features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#example-using-seaweed-object-store">Example: Using Seaweed Object Store</a></li> <li><a href="#object-store-architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="#compared-to-other-file-systems">Compared to Other File Systems</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#compared-to-hdfs">Compared to HDFS</a></li> <li><a href="#compared-to-glusterfs-ceph">Compared to GlusterFS, Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="#compared-to-glusterfs">Compared to GlusterFS</a></li> <li><a href="#compared-to-ceph">Compared to Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="#compared-to-minio">Compared to Minio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#dev-plan">Dev Plan</a></li> <li><a href="#installation-guide">Installation Guide</a></li> <li><a href="#disk-related-topics">Disk Related Topics</a></li> <li><a href="#benchmark">Benchmark</a></li> <li><a href="#license">License</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Quick Start</h1><a id="user-content-quick-start" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Quick Start" href="#quick-start"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Quick Start for S3 API on Docker</h2><a id="user-content-quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Quick Start for S3 API on Docker" href="#quick-start-for-s3-api-on-docker"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>docker run -p 8333:8333 chrislusf/seaweedfs server -s3</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Quick Start with Single Binary</h2><a id="user-content-quick-start-with-single-binary" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Quick Start with Single Binary" href="#quick-start-with-single-binary"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Download the latest binary from <a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases">https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases</a> and unzip a single binary file <code>weed</code> or <code>weed.exe</code>. Or run <code>go install github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/weed@latest</code>.</li> <li>Run <code>weed server -dir=/some/data/dir -s3</code> to start one master, one volume server, one filer, and one S3 gateway.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Also, to increase capacity, just add more volume servers by running <code>weed volume -dir="/some/data/dir2" -mserver="<master_host>:9333" -port=8081</code> locally, or on a different machine, or on thousands of machines. That is it!</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Quick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS</h2><a id="user-content-quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Quick Start SeaweedFS S3 on AWS" href="#quick-start-seaweedfs-s3-on-aws"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Setup fast production-ready <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-nzelz5gprlrjc" rel="nofollow">SeaweedFS S3 on AWS with cloudformation</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Introduction</h1><a id="user-content-introduction" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Introduction" href="#introduction"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS is a simple and highly scalable distributed file system. There are two objectives:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>to store billions of files!</li> <li>to serve the files fast!</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS started as an Object Store to handle small files efficiently. Instead of managing all file metadata in a central master, the central master only manages volumes on volume servers, and these volume servers manage files and their metadata. This relieves concurrency pressure from the central master and spreads file metadata into volume servers, allowing faster file access (O(1), usually just one disk read operation).</p> <p dir="auto">There is only 40 bytes of disk storage overhead for each file's metadata. It is so simple with O(1) disk reads that you are welcome to challenge the performance with your actual use cases.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS started by implementing <a href="http://www.usenix.org/event/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Beaver.pdf" rel="nofollow">Facebook's Haystack design paper</a>. Also, SeaweedFS implements erasure coding with ideas from <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-muralidhar.pdf" rel="nofollow">f4: Facebook’s Warm BLOB Storage System</a>, and has a lot of similarities with <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/fast21-pan.pdf" rel="nofollow">Facebook’s Tectonic Filesystem</a></p> <p dir="auto">On top of the object store, optional <a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Directories-and-Files">Filer</a> can support directories and POSIX attributes. Filer is a separate linearly-scalable stateless server with customizable metadata stores, e.g., MySql, Postgres, Redis, Cassandra, HBase, Mongodb, Elastic Search, LevelDB, RocksDB, Sqlite, MemSql, TiDB, Etcd, CockroachDB, YDB, etc.</p> <p dir="auto">For any distributed key value stores, the large values can be offloaded to SeaweedFS. With the fast access speed and linearly scalable capacity, SeaweedFS can work as a distributed <a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-as-a-Key-Large-Value-Store">Key-Large-Value store</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS can transparently integrate with the cloud. With hot data on local cluster, and warm data on the cloud with O(1) access time, SeaweedFS can achieve both fast local access time and elastic cloud storage capacity. What's more, the cloud storage access API cost is minimized. Faster and cheaper than direct cloud storage!</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Features</h1><a id="user-content-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Features" href="#features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Additional Features</h2><a id="user-content-additional-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Additional Features" href="#additional-features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Can choose no replication or different replication levels, rack and data center aware.</li> <li>Automatic master servers failover - no single point of failure (SPOF).</li> <li>Automatic Gzip compression depending on file MIME type.</li> <li>Automatic compaction to reclaim disk space after deletion or update.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Store-file-with-a-Time-To-Live">Automatic entry TTL expiration</a>.</li> <li>Any server with some disk space can add to the total storage space.</li> <li>Adding/Removing servers does <strong>not</strong> cause any data re-balancing unless triggered by admin commands.</li> <li>Optional picture resizing.</li> <li>Support ETag, Accept-Range, Last-Modified, etc.</li> <li>Support in-memory/leveldb/readonly mode tuning for memory/performance balance.</li> <li>Support rebalancing the writable and readonly volumes.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Tiered-Storage">Customizable Multiple Storage Tiers</a>: Customizable storage disk types to balance performance and cost.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Cloud-Tier">Transparent cloud integration</a>: unlimited capacity via tiered cloud storage for warm data.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Erasure-coding-for-warm-storage">Erasure Coding for warm storage</a> Rack-Aware 10.4 erasure coding reduces storage cost and increases availability.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Filer Features</h2><a id="user-content-filer-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Filer Features" href="#filer-features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Directories-and-Files">Filer server</a> provides "normal" directories and files via HTTP.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Stores">File TTL</a> automatically expires file metadata and actual file data.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/FUSE-Mount">Mount filer</a> reads and writes files directly as a local directory via FUSE.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Store-Replication">Filer Store Replication</a> enables HA for filer meta data stores.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Active-Active-cross-cluster-continuous-synchronization">Active-Active Replication</a> enables asynchronous one-way or two-way cross cluster continuous replication.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Amazon-S3-API">Amazon S3 compatible API</a> accesses files with S3 tooling.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Hadoop-Compatible-File-System">Hadoop Compatible File System</a> accesses files from Hadoop/Spark/Flink/etc or even runs HBase.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Async-Replication-to-Cloud">Async Replication To Cloud</a> has extremely fast local access and backups to Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, Azure, BackBlaze.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/WebDAV">WebDAV</a> accesses as a mapped drive on Mac and Windows, or from mobile devices.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Filer-Data-Encryption">AES256-GCM Encrypted Storage</a> safely stores the encrypted data.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Data-Structure-for-Large-Files">Super Large Files</a> stores large or super large files in tens of TB.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Cloud-Drive-Architecture">Cloud Drive</a> mounts cloud storage to local cluster, cached for fast read and write with asynchronous write back.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Gateway-to-Remote-Object-Storage">Gateway to Remote Object Store</a> mirrors bucket operations to remote object storage, in addition to <a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Cloud-Drive-Architecture">Cloud Drive</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Kubernetes</h2><a id="user-content-kubernetes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Kubernetes" href="#kubernetes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs-csi-driver">Kubernetes CSI Driver</a> A Container Storage Interface (CSI) Driver. <a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/chrislusf/seaweedfs-csi-driver/" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/e0c26fea9252da0bf4e6985dcf62e77aba5aed63f84f920eb4f73d5d9b42b75c/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f646f636b65722f70756c6c732f63687269736c7573662f7365617765656466732d6373692d6472697665722e7376673f6d61784167653d34383030" alt="Docker Pulls" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/chrislusf/seaweedfs-csi-driver.svg?maxAge=4800" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs-operator">SeaweedFS Operator</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Example: Using Seaweed Object Store</h2><a id="user-content-example-using-seaweed-object-store" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Example: Using Seaweed Object Store" href="#example-using-seaweed-object-store"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">By default, the master node runs on port 9333, and the volume nodes run on port 8080. Let's start one master node, and two volume nodes on port 8080 and 8081. Ideally, they should be started from different machines. We'll use localhost as an example.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS uses HTTP REST operations to read, write, and delete. The responses are in JSON or JSONP format.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Start Master Server</h3><a id="user-content-start-master-server" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Start Master Server" href="#start-master-server"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> ./weed master"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> ./weed master </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Start Volume Servers</h3><a id="user-content-start-volume-servers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Start Volume Servers" href="#start-volume-servers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> weed volume -dir="/tmp/data1" -max=5 -mserver="localhost:9333" -port=8080 & > weed volume -dir="/tmp/data2" -max=10 -mserver="localhost:9333" -port=8081 &"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> weed volume -dir="/tmp/data1" -max=5 -mserver="localhost:9333" -port=8080 & > weed volume -dir="/tmp/data2" -max=10 -mserver="localhost:9333" -port=8081 & </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Write File</h3><a id="user-content-write-file" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Write File" href="#write-file"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To upload a file: first, send a HTTP POST, PUT, or GET request to <code>/dir/assign</code> to get an <code>fid</code> and a volume server URL:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign {"count":1,"fid":"3,01637037d6","url":"127.0.0.1:8080","publicUrl":"localhost:8080"}"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign {"count":1,"fid":"3,01637037d6","url":"127.0.0.1:8080","publicUrl":"localhost:8080"} </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Second, to store the file content, send a HTTP multi-part POST request to <code>url + '/' + fid</code> from the response:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> curl -F file=@/home/chris/myphoto.jpg http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6 {"name":"myphoto.jpg","size":43234,"eTag":"1cc0118e"}"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> curl -F file=@/home/chris/myphoto.jpg http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6 {"name":"myphoto.jpg","size":43234,"eTag":"1cc0118e"} </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">To update, send another POST request with updated file content.</p> <p dir="auto">For deletion, send an HTTP DELETE request to the same <code>url + '/' + fid</code> URL:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6 </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Save File Id</h3><a id="user-content-save-file-id" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Save File Id" href="#save-file-id"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Now, you can save the <code>fid</code>, 3,01637037d6 in this case, to a database field.</p> <p dir="auto">The number 3 at the start represents a volume id. After the comma, it's one file key, 01, and a file cookie, 637037d6.</p> <p dir="auto">The volume id is an unsigned 32-bit integer. The file key is an unsigned 64-bit integer. The file cookie is an unsigned 32-bit integer, used to prevent URL guessing.</p> <p dir="auto">The file key and file cookie are both coded in hex. You can store the <volume id, file key, file cookie> tuple in your own format, or simply store the <code>fid</code> as a string.</p> <p dir="auto">If stored as a string, in theory, you would need 8+1+16+8=33 bytes. A char(33) would be enough, if not more than enough, since most uses will not need 2^32 volumes.</p> <p dir="auto">If space is really a concern, you can store the file id in your own format. You would need one 4-byte integer for volume id, 8-byte long number for file key, and a 4-byte integer for the file cookie. So 16 bytes are more than enough.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Read File</h3><a id="user-content-read-file" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Read File" href="#read-file"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Here is an example of how to render the URL.</p> <p dir="auto">First look up the volume server's URLs by the file's volumeId:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> curl http://localhost:9333/dir/lookup?volumeId=3 {"volumeId":"3","locations":[{"publicUrl":"localhost:8080","url":"localhost:8080"}]}"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> curl http://localhost:9333/dir/lookup?volumeId=3 {"volumeId":"3","locations":[{"publicUrl":"localhost:8080","url":"localhost:8080"}]} </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Since (usually) there are not too many volume servers, and volumes don't move often, you can cache the results most of the time. Depending on the replication type, one volume can have multiple replica locations. Just randomly pick one location to read.</p> <p dir="auto">Now you can take the public URL, render the URL or directly read from the volume server via URL:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=" http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg"><pre class="notranslate"><code> http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Notice we add a file extension ".jpg" here. It's optional and just one way for the client to specify the file content type.</p> <p dir="auto">If you want a nicer URL, you can use one of these alternative URL formats:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=" http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6/my_preferred_name.jpg http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6 http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6"><pre class="notranslate"><code> http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6/my_preferred_name.jpg http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6 http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">If you want to get a scaled version of an image, you can add some params:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200 http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200&mode=fit http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200&mode=fill"><pre class="notranslate"><code>http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200 http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200&mode=fit http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200&mode=fill </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rack-Aware and Data Center-Aware Replication</h3><a id="user-content-rack-aware-and-data-center-aware-replication" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rack-Aware and Data Center-Aware Replication" href="#rack-aware-and-data-center-aware-replication"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS applies the replication strategy at a volume level. So, when you are getting a file id, you can specify the replication strategy. For example:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?replication=001"><pre class="notranslate"><code>curl http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?replication=001 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">The replication parameter options are:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="000: no replication 001: replicate once on the same rack 010: replicate once on a different rack, but same data center 100: replicate once on a different data center 200: replicate twice on two different data center 110: replicate once on a different rack, and once on a different data center"><pre class="notranslate"><code>000: no replication 001: replicate once on the same rack 010: replicate once on a different rack, but same data center 100: replicate once on a different data center 200: replicate twice on two different data center 110: replicate once on a different rack, and once on a different data center </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">More details about replication can be found <a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Replication">on the wiki</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">You can also set the default replication strategy when starting the master server.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Allocate File Key on Specific Data Center</h3><a id="user-content-allocate-file-key-on-specific-data-center" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Allocate File Key on Specific Data Center" href="#allocate-file-key-on-specific-data-center"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Volume servers can be started with a specific data center name:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=" weed volume -dir=/tmp/1 -port=8080 -dataCenter=dc1 weed volume -dir=/tmp/2 -port=8081 -dataCenter=dc2"><pre class="notranslate"><code> weed volume -dir=/tmp/1 -port=8080 -dataCenter=dc1 weed volume -dir=/tmp/2 -port=8081 -dataCenter=dc2 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">When requesting a file key, an optional "dataCenter" parameter can limit the assigned volume to the specific data center. For example, this specifies that the assigned volume should be limited to 'dc1':</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=" http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?dataCenter=dc1"><pre class="notranslate"><code> http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?dataCenter=dc1 </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Other Features</h3><a id="user-content-other-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Other Features" href="#other-features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Failover-Master-Server">No Single Point of Failure</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Optimization#insert-with-your-own-keys">Insert with your own keys</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Optimization#upload-large-files">Chunking large files</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/wiki/Optimization#collection-as-a-simple-name-space">Collection as a Simple Name Space</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Object Store Architecture</h2><a id="user-content-object-store-architecture" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Object Store Architecture" href="#object-store-architecture"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Usually distributed file systems split each file into chunks, a central master keeps a mapping of filenames, chunk indices to chunk handles, and also which chunks each chunk server has.</p> <p dir="auto">The main drawback is that the central master can't handle many small files efficiently, and since all read requests need to go through the chunk master, so it might not scale well for many concurrent users.</p> <p dir="auto">Instead of managing chunks, SeaweedFS manages data volumes in the master server. Each data volume is 32GB in size, and can hold a lot of files. And each storage node can have many data volumes. So the master node only needs to store the metadata about the volumes, which is a fairly small amount of data and is generally stable.</p> <p dir="auto">The actual file metadata is stored in each volume on volume servers. Since each volume server only manages metadata of files on its own disk, with only 16 bytes for each file, all file access can read file metadata just from memory and only needs one disk operation to actually read file data.</p> <p dir="auto">For comparison, consider that an xfs inode structure in Linux is 536 bytes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Master Server and Volume Server</h3><a id="user-content-master-server-and-volume-server" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Master Server and Volume Server" href="#master-server-and-volume-server"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The architecture is fairly simple. The actual data is stored in volumes on storage nodes. One volume server can have multiple volumes, and can both support read and write access with basic authentication.</p> <p dir="auto">All volumes are managed by a master server. The master server contains the volume id to volume server mapping. This is fairly static information, and can be easily cached.</p> <p dir="auto">On each write request, the master server also generates a file key, which is a growing 64-bit unsigned integer. Since write requests are not generally as frequent as read requests, one master server should be able to handle the concurrency well.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Write and Read files</h3><a id="user-content-write-and-read-files" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Write and Read files" href="#write-and-read-files"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When a client sends a write request, the master server returns (volume id, file key, file cookie, volume node URL) for the file. The client then contacts the volume node and POSTs the file content.</p> <p dir="auto">When a client needs to read a file based on (volume id, file key, file cookie), it asks the master server by the volume id for the (volume node URL, volume node public URL), or retrieves this from a cache. Then the client can GET the content, or just render the URL on web pages and let browsers fetch the content.</p> <p dir="auto">Please see the example for details on the write-read process.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Storage Size</h3><a id="user-content-storage-size" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Storage Size" href="#storage-size"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In the current implementation, each volume can hold 32 gibibytes (32GiB or 8x2^32 bytes). This is because we align content to 8 bytes. We can easily increase this to 64GiB, or 128GiB, or more, by changing 2 lines of code, at the cost of some wasted padding space due to alignment.</p> <p dir="auto">There can be 4 gibibytes (4GiB or 2^32 bytes) of volumes. So the total system size is 8 x 4GiB x 4GiB which is 128 exbibytes (128EiB or 2^67 bytes).</p> <p dir="auto">Each individual file size is limited to the volume size.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Saving memory</h3><a id="user-content-saving-memory" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Saving memory" href="#saving-memory"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">All file meta information stored on a volume server is readable from memory without disk access. Each file takes just a 16-byte map entry of <64bit key, 32bit offset, 32bit size>. Of course, each map entry has its own space cost for the map. But usually the disk space runs out before the memory does.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Tiered Storage to the cloud</h3><a id="user-content-tiered-storage-to-the-cloud" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Tiered Storage to the cloud" href="#tiered-storage-to-the-cloud"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The local volume servers are much faster, while cloud storages have elastic capacity and are actually more cost-efficient if not accessed often (usually free to upload, but relatively costly to access). With the append-only structure and O(1) access time, SeaweedFS can take advantage of both local and cloud storage by offloading the warm data to the cloud.</p> <p dir="auto">Usually hot data are fresh and warm data are old. SeaweedFS puts the newly created volumes on local servers, and optionally upload the older volumes on the cloud. If the older data are accessed less often, this literally gives you unlimited capacity with limited local servers, and still fast for new data.</p> <p dir="auto">With the O(1) access time, the network latency cost is kept at minimum.</p> <p dir="auto">If the hot/warm data is split as 20/80, with 20 servers, you can achieve storage capacity of 100 servers. That's a cost saving of 80%! Or you can repurpose the 80 servers to store new data also, and get 5X storage throughput.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to Other File Systems</h2><a id="user-content-compared-to-other-file-systems" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to Other File Systems" href="#compared-to-other-file-systems"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Most other distributed file systems seem more complicated than necessary.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS is meant to be fast and simple, in both setup and operation. If you do not understand how it works when you reach here, we've failed! Please raise an issue with any questions or update this file with clarifications.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS is constantly moving forward. Same with other systems. These comparisons can be outdated quickly. Please help to keep them updated.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to HDFS</h3><a id="user-content-compared-to-hdfs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to HDFS" href="#compared-to-hdfs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">HDFS uses the chunk approach for each file, and is ideal for storing large files.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS is ideal for serving relatively smaller files quickly and concurrently.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS can also store extra large files by splitting them into manageable data chunks, and store the file ids of the data chunks into a meta chunk. This is managed by "weed upload/download" tool, and the weed master or volume servers are agnostic about it.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to GlusterFS, Ceph</h3><a id="user-content-compared-to-glusterfs-ceph" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to GlusterFS, Ceph" href="#compared-to-glusterfs-ceph"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The architectures are mostly the same. SeaweedFS aims to store and read files fast, with a simple and flat architecture. The main differences are</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>SeaweedFS optimizes for small files, ensuring O(1) disk seek operation, and can also handle large files.</li> <li>SeaweedFS statically assigns a volume id for a file. Locating file content becomes just a lookup of the volume id, which can be easily cached.</li> <li>SeaweedFS Filer metadata store can be any well-known and proven data store, e.g., Redis, Cassandra, HBase, Mongodb, Elastic Search, MySql, Postgres, Sqlite, MemSql, TiDB, CockroachDB, Etcd, YDB etc, and is easy to customize.</li> <li>SeaweedFS Volume server also communicates directly with clients via HTTP, supporting range queries, direct uploads, etc.</li> </ul> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>System</th> <th>File Metadata</th> <th>File Content Read</th> <th>POSIX</th> <th>REST API</th> <th>Optimized for large number of small files</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>SeaweedFS</td> <td>lookup volume id, cacheable</td> <td>O(1) disk seek</td> <td></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SeaweedFS Filer</td> <td>Linearly Scalable, Customizable</td> <td>O(1) disk seek</td> <td>FUSE</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>GlusterFS</td> <td>hashing</td> <td></td> <td>FUSE, NFS</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ceph</td> <td>hashing + rules</td> <td></td> <td>FUSE</td> <td>Yes</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>MooseFS</td> <td>in memory</td> <td></td> <td>FUSE</td> <td></td> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MinIO</td> <td>separate meta file for each file</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to GlusterFS</h3><a id="user-content-compared-to-glusterfs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to GlusterFS" href="#compared-to-glusterfs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">GlusterFS stores files, both directories and content, in configurable volumes called "bricks".</p> <p dir="auto">GlusterFS hashes the path and filename into ids, and assigned to virtual volumes, and then mapped to "bricks".</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to MooseFS</h3><a id="user-content-compared-to-moosefs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to MooseFS" href="#compared-to-moosefs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">MooseFS chooses to neglect small file issue. From moosefs 3.0 manual, "even a small file will occupy 64KiB plus additionally 4KiB of checksums and 1KiB for the header", because it "was initially designed for keeping large amounts (like several thousands) of very big files"</p> <p dir="auto">MooseFS Master Server keeps all meta data in memory. Same issue as HDFS namenode.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to Ceph</h3><a id="user-content-compared-to-ceph" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to Ceph" href="#compared-to-ceph"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Ceph can be setup similar to SeaweedFS as a key->blob store. It is much more complicated, with the need to support layers on top of it. <a href="https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/issues/120" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/issues/120/hovercard">Here is a more detailed comparison</a></p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS has a centralized master group to look up free volumes, while Ceph uses hashing and metadata servers to locate its objects. Having a centralized master makes it easy to code and manage.</p> <p dir="auto">Ceph, like SeaweedFS, is based on the object store RADOS. Ceph is rather complicated with mixed reviews.</p> <p dir="auto">Ceph uses CRUSH hashing to automatically manage data placement, which is efficient to locate the data. But the data has to be placed according to the CRUSH algorithm. Any wrong configuration would cause data loss. Topology changes, such as adding new servers to increase capacity, will cause data migration with high IO cost to fit the CRUSH algorithm. SeaweedFS places data by assigning them to any writable volumes. If writes to one volume failed, just pick another volume to write. Adding more volumes is also as simple as it can be.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS is optimized for small files. Small files are stored as one continuous block of content, with at most 8 unused bytes between files. Small file access is O(1) disk read.</p> <p dir="auto">SeaweedFS Filer uses off-the-shelf stores, such as MySql, Postgres, Sqlite, Mongodb, Redis, Elastic Search, Cassandra, HBase, MemSql, TiDB, CockroachCB, Etcd, YDB, to manage file directories. These stores are proven, scalable, and easier to manage.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>SeaweedFS</th> <th>comparable to Ceph</th> <th>advantage</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Master</td> <td>MDS</td> <td>simpler</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Volume</td> <td>OSD</td> <td>optimized for small files</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Filer</td> <td>Ceph FS</td> <td>linearly scalable, Customizable, O(1) or O(logN)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compared to MinIO</h3><a id="user-content-compared-to-minio" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compared to MinIO" href="#compared-to-minio"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">MinIO follows AWS S3 closely and is ideal for testing for S3 API. It has good UI, policies, versionings, etc. SeaweedFS is trying to catch up here. It is also possible to put MinIO as a gateway in front of SeaweedFS later.</p> <p dir="auto">MinIO metadata are in simple files. Each file write will incur extra writes to corresponding meta file.</p> <p dir="auto">MinIO does not have optimization for lots of small files. The files are simply stored as is to local disks. Plus the extra meta file and shards for erasure coding, it only amplifies the LOSF problem.</p> <p dir="auto">MinIO has multiple disk IO to read one file. SeaweedFS has O(1) disk reads, even for erasure coded files.</p> <p dir="auto">MinIO has full-time erasure coding. SeaweedFS uses replication on hot data for faster speed and optionally applies erasure coding on warm data.</p> <p dir="auto">MinIO does not have POSIX-like API support.</p> <p dir="auto">MinIO has specific requirements on storage layout. It is not flexible to adjust capacity. In SeaweedFS, just start one volume server pointing to the master. That's all.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Dev Plan</h2><a id="user-content-dev-plan" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Dev Plan" href="#dev-plan"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>More tools and documentation, on how to manage and scale the system.</li> <li>Read and write stream data.</li> <li>Support structured data.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">This is a super exciting project! And we need helpers and <a href="https://www.patreon.com/seaweedfs" rel="nofollow">support</a>!</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Installation Guide</h2><a id="user-content-installation-guide" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Installation Guide" href="#installation-guide"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Installation guide for users who are not familiar with golang</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto">Step 1: install go on your machine and setup the environment by following the instructions at:</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://golang.org/doc/install" rel="nofollow">https://golang.org/doc/install</a></p> <p dir="auto">make sure to define your $GOPATH</p> <p dir="auto">Step 2: checkout this repo:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="git clone https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs.git"><pre>git clone https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs.git</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Step 3: download, compile, and install the project by executing the following command</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="cd seaweedfs/weed && make install"><pre><span class="pl-c1">cd</span> seaweedfs/weed <span class="pl-k">&&</span> make install</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Once this is done, you will find the executable "weed" in your <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> directory</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Disk Related Topics</h2><a id="user-content-disk-related-topics" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Disk Related Topics" href="#disk-related-topics"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Hard Drive Performance</h3><a id="user-content-hard-drive-performance" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Hard Drive Performance" href="#hard-drive-performance"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When testing read performance on SeaweedFS, it basically becomes a performance test of your hard drive's random read speed. Hard drives usually get 100MB/s~200MB/s.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Solid State Disk</h3><a id="user-content-solid-state-disk" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Solid State Disk" href="#solid-state-disk"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To modify or delete small files, SSD must delete a whole block at a time, and move content in existing blocks to a new block. SSD is fast when brand new, but will get fragmented over time and you have to garbage collect, compacting blocks. SeaweedFS is friendly to SSD since it is append-only. Deletion and compaction are done on volume level in the background, not slowing reading and not causing fragmentation.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Benchmark</h2><a id="user-content-benchmark" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Benchmark" href="#benchmark"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">My Own Unscientific Single Machine Results on Mac Book with Solid State Disk, CPU: 1 Intel Core i7 2.6GHz.</p> <p dir="auto">Write 1 million 1KB file:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Concurrency Level: 16 Time taken for tests: 66.753 seconds Completed requests: 1048576 Failed requests: 0 Total transferred: 1106789009 bytes Requests per second: 15708.23 [#/sec] Transfer rate: 16191.69 [Kbytes/sec] Connection Times (ms) min avg max std Total: 0.3 1.0 84.3 0.9 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms) 50% 0.8 ms 66% 1.0 ms 75% 1.1 ms 80% 1.2 ms 90% 1.4 ms 95% 1.7 ms 98% 2.1 ms 99% 2.6 ms 100% 84.3 ms"><pre class="notranslate"><code>Concurrency Level: 16 Time taken for tests: 66.753 seconds Completed requests: 1048576 Failed requests: 0 Total transferred: 1106789009 bytes Requests per second: 15708.23 [#/sec] Transfer rate: 16191.69 [Kbytes/sec] Connection Times (ms) min avg max std Total: 0.3 1.0 84.3 0.9 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms) 50% 0.8 ms 66% 1.0 ms 75% 1.1 ms 80% 1.2 ms 90% 1.4 ms 95% 1.7 ms 98% 2.1 ms 99% 2.6 ms 100% 84.3 ms </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Randomly read 1 million files:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Concurrency Level: 16 Time taken for tests: 22.301 seconds Completed requests: 1048576 Failed requests: 0 Total transferred: 1106812873 bytes Requests per second: 47019.38 [#/sec] Transfer rate: 48467.57 [Kbytes/sec] Connection Times (ms) min avg max std Total: 0.0 0.3 54.1 0.2 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms) 50% 0.3 ms 90% 0.4 ms 98% 0.6 ms 99% 0.7 ms 100% 54.1 ms"><pre class="notranslate"><code>Concurrency Level: 16 Time taken for tests: 22.301 seconds Completed requests: 1048576 Failed requests: 0 Total transferred: 1106812873 bytes Requests per second: 47019.38 [#/sec] Transfer rate: 48467.57 [Kbytes/sec] Connection Times (ms) min avg max std Total: 0.0 0.3 54.1 0.2 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms) 50% 0.3 ms 90% 0.4 ms 98% 0.6 ms 99% 0.7 ms 100% 54.1 ms </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Run WARP and launch a mixed benchmark.</h3><a id="user-content-run-warp-and-launch-a-mixed-benchmark" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Run WARP and launch a mixed benchmark." href="#run-warp-and-launch-a-mixed-benchmark"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="make benchmark warp: Benchmark data written to "warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst" Mixed operations. Operation: DELETE, 10%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 4m59s. * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s Operation: GET, 45%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s. * Throughput: 279.85 MiB/s, 27.99 obj/s Operation: PUT, 15%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s. * Throughput: 89.86 MiB/s, 8.99 obj/s Operation: STAT, 30%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s. * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s Cluster Total: 369.74 MiB/s, 61.79 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s."><pre class="notranslate"><code>make benchmark warp: Benchmark data written to "warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst" Mixed operations. Operation: DELETE, 10%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 4m59s. * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s Operation: GET, 45%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s. * Throughput: 279.85 MiB/s, 27.99 obj/s Operation: PUT, 15%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s. * Throughput: 89.86 MiB/s, 8.99 obj/s Operation: STAT, 30%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s. * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s Cluster Total: 369.74 MiB/s, 61.79 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s. </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">To see segmented request statistics, use the --analyze.v parameter.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="warp analyze --analyze.v warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst 18642 operations loaded... Done! Mixed operations. ---------------------------------------- Operation: DELETE - total: 1854, 10.0%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s Requests considered: 1855: * Avg: 104ms, 50%: 30ms, 90%: 207ms, 99%: 1.355s, Fastest: 1ms, Slowest: 4.613s, StdDev: 320ms ---------------------------------------- Operation: GET - total: 8388, 45.3%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.12 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 279.77 MiB/s, 27.98 obj/s Requests considered: 8389: * Avg: 221ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 492ms, 99%: 1.739s, Fastest: 8ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 383ms * TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 171ms, 99th: 669ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 163ms * First Access: Avg: 240ms, 50%: 105ms, 90%: 511ms, 99%: 2.08s, Fastest: 12ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 480ms * First Access TTFB: Avg: 88ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 38ms, 75th: 64ms, 90th: 179ms, 99th: 919ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 199ms * Last Access: Avg: 219ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 463ms, 99%: 1.782s, Fastest: 9ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 416ms * Last Access TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 161ms, 99th: 657ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 176ms ---------------------------------------- Operation: PUT - total: 2688, 14.5%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 89.83 MiB/s, 8.98 obj/s Requests considered: 2689: * Avg: 1.165s, 50%: 878ms, 90%: 2.015s, 99%: 5.74s, Fastest: 99ms, Slowest: 8.264s, StdDev: 968ms ---------------------------------------- Operation: STAT - total: 5586, 30.2%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.113 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s Requests considered: 5587: * Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 80ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 245ms, StdDev: 17ms * First Access: Avg: 14ms, 50%: 10ms, 90%: 33ms, 99%: 69ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 16ms * Last Access: Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 74ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 17ms Cluster Total: 369.64 MiB/s, 61.77 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s. Total Errors:0."><pre class="notranslate"><code>warp analyze --analyze.v warp-mixed-2023-10-16[102354]-l70a.csv.zst 18642 operations loaded... Done! Mixed operations. ---------------------------------------- Operation: DELETE - total: 1854, 10.0%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 6.19 obj/s Requests considered: 1855: * Avg: 104ms, 50%: 30ms, 90%: 207ms, 99%: 1.355s, Fastest: 1ms, Slowest: 4.613s, StdDev: 320ms ---------------------------------------- Operation: GET - total: 8388, 45.3%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.12 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 279.77 MiB/s, 27.98 obj/s Requests considered: 8389: * Avg: 221ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 492ms, 99%: 1.739s, Fastest: 8ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 383ms * TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 171ms, 99th: 669ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 163ms * First Access: Avg: 240ms, 50%: 105ms, 90%: 511ms, 99%: 2.08s, Fastest: 12ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 480ms * First Access TTFB: Avg: 88ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 38ms, 75th: 64ms, 90th: 179ms, 99th: 919ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 199ms * Last Access: Avg: 219ms, 50%: 106ms, 90%: 463ms, 99%: 1.782s, Fastest: 9ms, Slowest: 8.633s, StdDev: 416ms * Last Access TTFB: Avg: 81ms, Best: 2ms, 25th: 24ms, Median: 39ms, 75th: 65ms, 90th: 161ms, 99th: 657ms, Worst: 4.783s StdDev: 176ms ---------------------------------------- Operation: PUT - total: 2688, 14.5%, Size: 10485760 bytes. Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.115 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 89.83 MiB/s, 8.98 obj/s Requests considered: 2689: * Avg: 1.165s, 50%: 878ms, 90%: 2.015s, 99%: 5.74s, Fastest: 99ms, Slowest: 8.264s, StdDev: 968ms ---------------------------------------- Operation: STAT - total: 5586, 30.2%, Concurrency: 20, Ran 5m0s, starting 2023-10-16 10:23:57.113 +0500 +05 * Throughput: 18.63 obj/s Requests considered: 5587: * Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 80ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 245ms, StdDev: 17ms * First Access: Avg: 14ms, 50%: 10ms, 90%: 33ms, 99%: 69ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 16ms * Last Access: Avg: 15ms, 50%: 11ms, 90%: 34ms, 99%: 74ms, Fastest: 0s, Slowest: 203ms, StdDev: 17ms Cluster Total: 369.64 MiB/s, 61.77 obj/s, 0 errors over 5m0s. Total Errors:0. </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0"><pre class="notranslate"><code>http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.</p> <p dir="auto">The text of this page is available for modification and reuse under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License and the GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts).</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="#table-of-contents">Back to TOC</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Stargazers over time</h2><a id="user-content-stargazers-over-time" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Stargazers over time" href="#stargazers-over-time"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://starchart.cc/chrislusf/seaweedfs" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/2c318226e6170c568259117d23fe32303c6144f470496b721f22d894d051eacd/68747470733a2f2f7374617263686172742e63632f63687269736c7573662f7365617765656466732e737667" alt="Stargazers over time" data-canonical-src="https://starchart.cc/chrislusf/seaweedfs.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="UwNnHVkT42+0jcPwfUD1qmXmj6GX4OkAnkZPjq96VV9pd5fQysW8oSxfurVYyvxZbBtw5dG17C+wXWtk7yTulA==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> SeaweedFS is a fast distributed storage system for blobs, objects, files, and data lake, for billions of files! Blob store has O(1) disk seek, cloud tiering. Filer supports Cloud Drive, cross-DC active-active replication, Kubernetes, POSIX FUSE mount, S3 API, S3 Gateway, Hadoop, WebDAV, encryption, Erasure Coding. </p> <div class="my-3 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link flex-shrink-0 mr-2"> <path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path> </svg> <span class="flex-auto min-width-0 css-truncate css-truncate-target width-fit"> <a title="https://seaweedfs.com" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" class="text-bold" href="https://seaweedfs.com">seaweedfs.com</a> </span> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/kubernetes" title="Topic: kubernetes" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> kubernetes </a> <a href="/topics/distributed-systems" title="Topic: distributed-systems" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> distributed-systems </a> <a href="/topics/fuse" title="Topic: fuse" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> fuse </a> <a href="/topics/replication" title="Topic: replication" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> replication </a> <a href="/topics/cloud-drive" title="Topic: cloud-drive" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> cloud-drive </a> <a href="/topics/s3" title="Topic: s3" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> s3 </a> <a href="/topics/posix" title="Topic: posix" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> posix </a> <a href="/topics/s3-storage" title="Topic: s3-storage" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> s3-storage </a> <a href="/topics/hdfs" title="Topic: hdfs" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> hdfs </a> <a href="/topics/distributed-storage" title="Topic: distributed-storage" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> distributed-storage </a> <a href="/topics/distributed-file-system" title="Topic: distributed-file-system" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> distributed-file-system </a> <a href="/topics/erasure-coding" title="Topic: erasure-coding" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> erasure-coding </a> <a href="/topics/object-storage" title="Topic: object-storage" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> object-storage </a> <a href="/topics/blob-storage" title="Topic: blob-storage" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> blob-storage </a> <a href="/topics/seaweedfs" title="Topic: seaweedfs" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> seaweedfs </a> <a href="/topics/hadoop-hdfs" title="Topic: hadoop-hdfs" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> hadoop-hdfs </a> <a href="/topics/tiered-file-system" title="Topic: tiered-file-system" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> tiered-file-system </a> </div> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Resources</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:readme"}" href="#readme-ov-file"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book mr-2"> <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path> </svg> Readme </a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">License</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="#Apache-2.0-1-ov-file" class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:license"}" > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-law mr-2"> <path d="M8.75.75V2h.985c.304 0 .603.08.867.231l1.29.736c.038.022.08.033.124.033h2.234a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.427l2.111 4.692a.75.75 0 0 1-.154.838l-.53-.53.529.531-.001.002-.002.002-.006.006-.006.005-.01.01-.045.04c-.21.176-.441.327-.686.45C14.556 10.78 13.88 11 13 11a4.498 4.498 0 0 1-2.023-.454 3.544 3.544 0 0 1-.686-.45l-.045-.04-.016-.015-.006-.006-.004-.004v-.001a.75.75 0 0 1-.154-.838L12.178 4.5h-.162c-.305 0-.604-.079-.868-.231l-1.29-.736a.245.245 0 0 0-.124-.033H8.75V13h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.5V3.5h-.984a.245.245 0 0 0-.124.033l-1.289.737c-.265.15-.564.23-.869.23h-.162l2.112 4.692a.75.75 0 0 1-.154.838l-.53-.53.529.531-.001.002-.002.002-.006.006-.016.015-.045.04c-.21.176-.441.327-.686.45C4.556 10.78 3.88 11 3 11a4.498 4.498 0 0 1-2.023-.454 3.544 3.544 0 0 1-.686-.45l-.045-.04-.016-.015-.006-.006-.004-.004v-.001a.75.75 0 0 1-.154-.838L2.178 4.5H1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.234a.249.249 0 0 0 .125-.033l1.288-.737c.265-.15.564-.23.869-.23h.984V.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm2.945 8.477c.285.135.718.273 1.305.273s1.02-.138 1.305-.273L13 6.327Zm-10 0c.285.135.718.273 1.305.273s1.02-.138 1.305-.273L3 6.327Z"></path> </svg> Apache-2.0 license </a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Code of conduct</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="#coc-ov-file" class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:code of conduct"}" > <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-of-conduct mr-2"> <path d="M8.048 2.241c.964-.709 2.079-1.238 3.325-1.241a4.616 4.616 0 0 1 3.282 1.355c.41.408.757.86.996 1.428.238.568.348 1.206.347 1.968 0 2.193-1.505 4.254-3.081 5.862-1.496 1.526-3.213 2.796-4.249 3.563l-.22.163a.749.749 0 0 1-.895 0l-.221-.163c-1.036-.767-2.753-2.037-4.249-3.563C1.51 10.008.007 7.952.002 5.762a4.614 4.614 0 0 1 1.353-3.407C3.123.585 6.223.537 8.048 2.24Zm-1.153.983c-1.25-1.033-3.321-.967-4.48.191a3.115 3.115 0 0 0-.913 2.335c0 1.556 1.109 3.24 2.652 4.813C5.463 11.898 6.96 13.032 8 13.805c.353-.262.758-.565 1.191-.905l-1.326-1.223a.75.75 0 0 1 1.018-1.102l1.48 1.366c.328-.281.659-.577.984-.887L9.99 9.802a.75.75 0 1 1 1.019-1.103l1.384 1.28c.295-.329.566-.661.81-.995L12.92 8.7l-1.167-1.168c-.674-.671-1.78-.664-2.474.03-.268.269-.538.537-.802.797-.893.882-2.319.843-3.185-.032-.346-.35-.693-.697-1.043-1.047a.75.75 0 0 1-.04-1.016c.162-.191.336-.401.52-.623.62-.748 1.356-1.637 2.166-2.417Zm7.112 4.442c.313-.65.491-1.293.491-1.916v-.001c0-.614-.088-1.045-.23-1.385-.143-.339-.357-.633-.673-.949a3.111 3.111 0 0 0-2.218-.915c-1.092.003-2.165.627-3.226 1.602-.823.755-1.554 1.637-2.228 2.45l-.127.154.562.566a.755.755 0 0 0 1.066.02l.794-.79c1.258-1.258 3.312-1.31 4.594-.032.396.394.792.791 1.173 1.173Z"></path> </svg> Code of conduct </a> </div> <include-fragment src="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/hovercards/citation/sidebar_partial?tree_name=master"> </include-fragment> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/activity" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-pulse mr-2"> <path d="M6 2c.306 0 .582.187.696.471L10 10.731l1.304-3.26A.751.751 0 0 1 12 7h3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.742l-1.812 4.528a.751.751 0 0 1-1.392 0L6 4.77 4.696 8.03A.75.75 0 0 1 4 8.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.742l1.812-4.529A.751.751 0 0 1 6 2Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-muted">Activity</span></a> </div> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/custom-properties" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-note mr-2"> <path d="M0 3.75C0 2.784.784 2 1.75 2h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25ZM3.5 6.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h7a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-7a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm.75 2.25h4a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-muted">Custom properties</span></a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Stars</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/stargazers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path> </svg> <strong>24k</strong> stars</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Watchers</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/watchers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-eye mr-2"> <path d="M8 2c1.981 0 3.671.992 4.933 2.078 1.27 1.091 2.187 2.345 2.637 3.023a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0 1.798c-.45.678-1.367 1.932-2.637 3.023C11.67 13.008 9.981 14 8 14c-1.981 0-3.671-.992-4.933-2.078C1.797 10.83.88 9.576.43 8.898a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0-1.798c.45-.677 1.367-1.931 2.637-3.022C4.33 2.992 6.019 2 8 2ZM1.679 7.932a.12.12 0 0 0 0 .136c.411.622 1.241 1.75 2.366 2.717C5.176 11.758 6.527 12.5 8 12.5c1.473 0 2.825-.742 3.955-1.715 1.124-.967 1.954-2.096 2.366-2.717a.12.12 0 0 0 0-.136c-.412-.621-1.242-1.75-2.366-2.717C10.824 4.242 9.473 3.5 8 3.5c-1.473 0-2.825.742-3.955 1.715-1.124.967-1.954 2.096-2.366 2.717ZM8 10a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 8 10Z"></path> </svg> <strong>534</strong> watching</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Forks</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/forks" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> <strong>2.4k</strong> forks</a> </div> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" href="/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fseaweedfs%2Fseaweedfs&report=seaweedfs+%28user%29"> Report repository </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link">Releases <span title="263" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">263</span></a></h2> <a class="Link--primary d-flex no-underline" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases/tag/3.85"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-tag flex-shrink-0 mt-1 color-fg-success"> <path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path> </svg> <div class="ml-2 min-width-0"> <div class="d-flex"> <span class="css-truncate css-truncate-target text-bold mr-2" style="max-width: none;">3.85</span> <span title="Label: Latest" data-view-component="true" class="Label Label--success flex-shrink-0"> Latest </span> </div> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted"><relative-time datetime="2025-02-18T00:08:58Z" class="no-wrap">Feb 18, 2025</relative-time></div> </div> </a> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link">+ 262 releases</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3">Sponsor this project</h2> <include-fragment src="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/sponsors_list?block_button=false&current_repository=seaweedfs" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading sponsorable links"> <ul class="list-style-none"> <li class="mb-2 d-flex"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text flex-1 flex-self-center f4"> </div> </li> </ul> </include-fragment> <ul class="list-style-none"> <li class="mb-2 d-flex"> <span class="mr-2 d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-center" style="min-width:32px;height:32px;"> <img width="32" height="32" class="octicon rounded-2 d-block" alt="patreon" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/patreon-96b15b9db4b9.svg" /> </span> <span class="flex-self-center flex-auto min-width-0 css-truncate css-truncate-target width-fit"> <a target="_blank" data-ga-click="Dashboard, click, Nav menu - item:org-profile context:organization" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"sponsors.repo_funding_links_link_click","payload":{"platform":{"platform_type":"PATREON","platform_url":"https://patreon.com/seaweedfs"},"platforms":[{"platform_type":"GITHUB","platform_url":"https://github.com/chrislusf"},{"platform_type":"PATREON","platform_url":"https://patreon.com/seaweedfs"}],"repo_id":21827146,"owner_id":11985425,"user_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs"}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="d62f0194cc726b24e9a3d4488edf82e189764a3e1b38e9ab7c4f39b3ffcd5a29" href="https://patreon.com/seaweedfs"><span>patreon.com/<strong>seaweedfs</strong></span></a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="text-small mt-3"> <a href="/sponsors">Learn more about GitHub Sponsors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/orgs/seaweedfs/packages?repo_name=seaweedfs" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Packages <span title="0" hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">0</span></a></h2> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted" > No packages published <br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row" hidden> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <include-fragment src="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/used_by_list" accept="text/fragment+html"> </include-fragment> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Contributors <span title="341" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">341</span></a></h2> <include-fragment src="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/contributors_list?count=341&current_repository=seaweedfs&items_to_show=14" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading contributors"> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap mb-n2"> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> <li class="mb-2 "> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user mr-2" style="width:32px;height:32px;"></div> </li> </ul> </include-fragment> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--inTextBlock Link">+ 327 contributors</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3">Languages</h2> <div class="mb-2"> <span data-view-component="true" class="Progress"> <span style="background-color:#00ADD8 !important;;width: 88.7%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#b07219 !important;;width: 9.7%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#e34c26 !important;;width: 0.6%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#427819 !important;;width: 0.3%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#000080 !important;;width: 0.2%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#3572A5 !important;;width: 0.2%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#ededed !important;;width: 0.3%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> </span></div> <ul class="list-style-none"> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/search?l=go" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#00ADD8;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Go</span> <span>88.7%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/search?l=java" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#b07219;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Java</span> <span>9.7%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/search?l=html" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#e34c26;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">HTML</span> <span>0.6%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/search?l=makefile" data-ga-click="Repository, 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