CINXE.COM

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5.1724696046-473375462.1712005244" style="margin: 0 10px;" target="_blank"><img alt="Novus Biologicals products are now on bio-techne.com" src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/ready-to-buy-novus-products-login.png" style="height:120px; width:940px" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="ra-header"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/bannerAutophagyRA02.jpg" class="ra-header" alt="Autophagy" /></div> </div> <div class="main grid_4"> <div class="ra-menu"><ul><li class="active"><a href="/research-areas/autophagy">Autophagy</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/autophagy/autophagy-inducers-and-inhibitors">Inducers and Inhibitors</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/autophagy/macroautophagy">Detection Methods</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/autophagy/resource">Resources</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/autophagy/signaling-pathway">Signaling Pathway</a></li></ul></div><div class="ra-publications"><div class="ra-left-header">Publications</div><div class="ra-left-body"><ul class="ra-publist"><li><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/support/autophagy-handbook" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/autophagyHandSide.jpg?v=2" /></a></li><li><a href="https://images.novusbio.com/design/apoptosis_poster.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/ApopNecroAutoPosterThumb.jpg" /></a></li><li><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/autophagy-pathway" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/autophagyPathwayThumb.jpg" /></a></li><li><a href="https://images.novusbio.com/design/110317_NeurodegenerationRelatedAntibodies_WP.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/AutophagyPageUpdate_Image_v2.jpg" /></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="ra-charities"><div class="ra-left-header">Charities</div><div class="ra-left-body"><span class="ra-button-span"><a href="mailto:marketing@novusbio.com?subject=Charity%20Submission%20for%20Autophagy" class="ra-button">Submit a Charity</a></span><div class="clear"></div></div></div><div class="ra-events"><div class="ra-left-header">Events</div><div class="ra-left-body"><p class="ra-events-blurb"><span class="ra-events-image"> </span>Submit your event on Autophagy to be featured.</p><span class="ra-button-span"><a href="mailto:marketing@novusbio.com?subject=Event%20Submission%20for%20Autophagy&body%3DEvent%20Name%3A%0ADescription%3A%0ADates%3A%0ATime%3A%0ALocation%3A%0AMore%20information%20URL%3A%0AImage%20%28please%20attach%20any%20relevant%20images%29" class="ra-button">Submit an Event</a></span><div class="clear"></div></div></div> </div> <div class="main grid_12"> <table> <tr> <td> <h1>Autophagy</h1> <p> Autophagy is a conserved cellular process whereby long-lived and aggregated proteins, as well as excess and damaged organelles are targeted by a double membrane vesicle or autophagosome for elimination. <p> Basal autophagic activity is present in all cells and plays a homeostatic role, allowing the use of basic molecular components (amino acids) as building blocks or energy source. </p> <p> Physiologically, autophagy plays critical roles during organismal development and immune response, by regulating growth and cooperating with the <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/immunology/adaptive-immunity">adaptive immune system</a>. In disease states, such as <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/neuroscience/neurodegeneration">neurodegenerative</a> conditions, inefficient autophagic activity leads to the accumulation of abnormal proteins and formation of intracellular aggregates. Autophagy provides a mechanism to battle and eliminate infectious pathogens. In <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/cancer">cancer</a>, autophagy plays a role in promoting or inhibiting tumor growth in a system and stage dependent manner. </p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/pathways/autophagy">View Autophagy Pathway Bioinformatics Tool</a> </p> <br/> <p align="center"> <img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/typesOfAutophagy.png" alt="Types of Autophagy"> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="/research-areas/autophagy/macroautophagy" class="link_button">Explore Methods to Measure Autophagy</a> </p> <br/> <h2>Types of Autophagy </h2></p> <h3>Macroautophagy:</h3> <p>Macroautophagy involves the sequestering of cytosolic components within a double membrane organelle called the autophagosome, transport to the lysosome, and the subsequent cargo degradation. Hereafter, macroautophagy is referred to as autophagy. <br/> <br/> Autophagy can occur either via non-selective (bulk) degradation or through selective elimination of cytosolic components including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. Many organelles have specific autophagy pathways for functional maintenance such as mitophagy (mitochondria), ER-phagy (endoplasmic reticulum), pexophagy (peroxisomes), and lysophagy (lysosomes). <br/> <br/> The <a href="/research-areas/autophagy/signaling-pathway">process of autophagy</a> is divided into a series of steps: induction, nucleation and phagophore formation, elongation and autophagosome formation, fusion with the lysosome to form the autolysosome, and degradation. In the initial step, the dephosphorylation of <a href="/primary-antibodies/ulk1">ULK1</a> increases the activity of the ULK1/<a href="/primary-antibodies/atg13">ATG13</a>/ATG101 complex, and induces autophagy. Autophagy-related (<a href="/search?keywords=ATG">ATG</a>) proteins and complexes are at the center of many of these steps and multiple ATG proteins are critical during elongation and autophagosome formation. Briefly, <a href="/primary-antibodies/atg7">ATG7</a> mediates <a href="/primary-antibodies/atg5">ATG5</a>-<a href="/primary-antibodies/atg12">ATG12</a>-<a href="/primary-antibodies/atg16l1">ATG16L1</a> complex formation and together with <a href="/primary-antibodies/atg4b">ATG4</a> and <a href="/primary-antibodies/atg3-apg3">ATG3</a> processes pro-LC3 to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipid-conjugated form, <a href="/primary-antibodies/lc3b">LC3-II</a>, which associates with the autophagosome membrane. <a href="/research-area/Macroautophagy">View Macroautophagy Products</a>. </p> <h3>Microautophagy:</h3> <p>Microautophagy is the process where lysosomes directly engulf cytosolic components via lysosomal membrane invagination or protrusion without prior formation of an autophagosome. The vacuole containing cargo separates from the membrane, becoming internalized within the lysosome as a microautophagic body. Similar to what is observed in macroautophagy, the microautophagic body is lysed and the contents are broken down by vacuolar hydrolases into macromolecules that can be recycled. <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/research-area/Microautophagy">View Microautophagy Products</a>. </p> <h3>Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy:</h3> <p>Chaperone mediated autophagy (CMA) is unique from the other two types of autophagy in that the process does not involve generation of autophagic bodies. Similar to microautophagy, CMA also occurs independent of the autophagosome, however, CMA does not involve lysosomal invagination. Instead, chaperone proteins (e.g., heat shock cognate 70 protein; <a href="/primary-antibodies/hspa8-hsc71-hsc70">HSC70</a>) recognize cytosolic cargo destined by degradation by their consensus sequence known as the KFERQ-like motif. This chaperone-cargo complex associates with membrane-bound lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2A (<a href="/common-name/lamp-2-cd107b">LAMP-2A</a>), resulting in the translocation of the unfolded cytosolic protein into the lysosome. <a href="/research-area/Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA)">View Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Products</a>. </p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/autophagy-pathway" class="link_button">View Interactive Autophagy Pathway</a> </p> <br/> <h3>References</h3> <p>Bento, C. F., Renna, M., Ghislat, G., Puri, C., Ashkenazi, A., Vicinanza, M., Menzies, F. M., & Rubinsztein, D. C. (2016). <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014556#_i2" target="_blank">Mammalian Autophagy: How Does It Work?</a>. <em>Annual review of biochemistry</em>. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014556</p> <p><br> Cheon, S. Y., Kim, H., Rubinsztein, D. C., & Lee, J. E. (2019). <a href="http://www.en-journal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5607/en.2019.28.6.643" target="_blank">Autophagy, Cellular Aging and Age-related Human Diseases</a>. <em>Experimental neurobiology</em>. https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2019.28.6.643</p> <p><br> Feng, Y., He, D., Yao, Z., & Klionsky, D. J. (2014). <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cr2013168" target="_blank">The machinery of macroautophagy</a>. <em>Cell research</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.168" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.168</a> </p> <p><br> Fimia, G. M., Kroemer, G., & Piacentini, M. (2013). <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/cdd201297" target="_blank">Molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy</a>. <em>Cell death and differentiation</em>. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.97</p> <p><br> Li, W., He, P., Huang, Y., Li, Y. F., Lu, J., Li, M., Kurihara, H., Luo, Z., Meng, T., Onishi, M., Ma, C., Jiang, L., Hu, Y., Gong, Q., Zhu, D., Xu, Y., Liu, R., Liu, L., Yi, C., Zhu, Y., … Feng, D. (2021). <a href="https://www.thno.org/v11p0222.htm" target="_blank">Selective autophagy of intracellular organelles: recent research advances</a>. <em>Theranostics</em>. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.49860</p> <p><br> Rios, J., Sequeida, A., Albornoz, A., & Budini, M. (2021). <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.614677/full" target="_blank">Chaperone Mediated Autophagy Substrates and Components in Cancer</a>. <em>Frontiers in oncology</em>. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.614677</p> <p><br> Schuck S. (2020). <a href="https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/133/17/jcs246322/226349/Microautophagy-distinct-molecular-mechanisms" target="_blank">Microautophagy - distinct molecular mechanisms handle cargoes of many sizes</a>. <em>Journal of cell science</em>. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.246322<u> </u></p> </td> </tr> </table><div class="ra-product-block"></div> </div> </div> <div id="novus_footer_line"></div>  </div> <div class="container_16"> <div id="footer"> <div class="grid_16 text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <table class="footer_boxes"> <tr> <th>Popular Products</th> <th>Company Information</th> <th>Support</th> <th>Stay Connected</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/productsearch/novus">Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/secondary-antibodies">Secondary Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/isotype-controls">Isotype Controls</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins">Proteins and Peptides</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/elisa-kits">ELISA Kits</a></li><li><a href="/samplesize">Sample Size</a></li><li><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/new-product-information-page.html">New Products</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/about.html">About Us</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a href="/guarantee">Novus Guarantee</a></li><li><a href="/about/contact-us.html">Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="/about/novus-team.html">Our Team</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/support/technical-support.html">Technical Support</a></li><li><a href="/support/faqs.html">FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/webform/help-finding-antibodies">Help Finding Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/support/support-by-application.html">Protocols</a></li> </ul> </td> <td id="footer_social_links"> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <div id="GTS_CONTAINER" style="float: right;margin-top: 10px;"></div> <div id="footer_officeinfo"> </div> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> <div class="footer_othersites"> <p>Visit our other sites</p> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biotechne"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/"><div class="fp_rnd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_novus"></div></a> <a href="https://www.tocris.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_tocris"></div></a> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/brands/proteinsimple" target="_blank"><div class="fp_proteinSimple"></div></a> <a href="http://www.biospacific.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biospacific"></div></a>  <a href="http://www.acdbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_acd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndheme.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_rndcc"></div></a> </div> <div class="text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="copyright">©2024 Novus Biologicals, All Rights Reserved.</div> <div class="footer_legal"> <ul class="links"><li class="menu-47946 first"><a href="/support/customer-service/privacy-policy.html" title="">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-47956"><a href="/novus-bio-sitemap.html" title="">Sitemap</a></li> <li class="menu-47951"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-47941 last"><a href="/support/customer-service/terms.html" title="">Terms & Conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"76fb58fb05","applicationID":"788348554,30870807","transactionName":"YFdbZBFZXxdWAhAMVlkdeFMXUV4KGA8LAVxoQlhXBmdHDVIW","queueTime":16,"applicationTime":131,"atts":"TBBYEllDTBk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>