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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubian_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubian_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nubian Greeks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nubian_Greeks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nubian Greeks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nubian_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Axumite_subjugation_of_Nubia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axumite_subjugation_of_Nubia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Axumite subjugation of Nubia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axumite_subjugation_of_Nubia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubian_Greek_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubian_Greek_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nubian Greek society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubian_Greek_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Nubians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Nubians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern Nubians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Nubians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Y-DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y-DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Y-DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y-DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian-Era_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian-Era_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Christian-Era DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-Era_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Nubians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Nubians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Nubians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Nubians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nubians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubi%C3%ABrs" title="Nubiërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nubiërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="نوبيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوبيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiyal%C4%B1lar" title="Nubiyalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nubiyalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نوبییالی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوبییالی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нубийци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нубийци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijci" title="Nubijci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nubijci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nubians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubier" title="Nubier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nubier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuubialased" title="Nuubialased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nuubialased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Νούβιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νούβιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubios" title="Nubios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nubios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubianoj" title="Nubianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nubianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نوبی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوبی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiens" title="Nubiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nubiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAibiaigh" title="Núibiaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Núibiaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="누비아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누비아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նուբիացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուբիացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijci" title="Nubijci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nubijci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Nubia" title="Orang Nubia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Nubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiani" title="Nubiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nubiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נובים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נובים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нубиялықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нубиялықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubai" title="Nubai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nubai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiana_(vahoaka)" title="Nobiana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nobiana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نوبيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوبيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubi%C3%ABrs_(volk)" title="Nubiërs (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nubiërs (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiere" title="Nubiere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nubiere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiylar" title="Nubiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nubiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijczycy" title="Nubijczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nubijczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbios" title="Núbios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núbios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Нубийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нубийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijci" title="Nubijci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nubijci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нубијци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нубијци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijci" title="Nubijci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nubijci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubialaiset" title="Nubialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nubialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubier" title="Nubier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nubier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நூபியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnolinguistic group native to northern Sudan and southern Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Ethno-linguistic group. For the people in Uganda, see <a href="/wiki/Nubians_(Uganda)" title="Nubians (Uganda)">Nubians (Uganda)</a>. For indigenous ethnic groups who inhabit the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state in Sudan, see <a href="/wiki/Nuba_peoples" title="Nuba peoples">Nuba peoples</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nubians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Nobī<br />النوبيون</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg/220px-Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg/330px-Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg/440px-Nubians_at_Aswan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Modern Nubian men in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>1,112,000+</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Sudan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">167,831 (1956 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_27-04-2017.pdf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_27-04-2017.pdf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 812,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">99,000 (1960s)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 300,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–5,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-20180715apnews_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20180715apnews-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'idi Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs" title="Sudanese Arabs">Sudanese Arabs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_speaking_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic speaking peoples">Cushites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nubians</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a>: <i>Nobī,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النوبيون</span>) are a <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> indigenous to the region which is now northern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. They originate from the early inhabitants of the central <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley, believed to be one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern valley of Egypt, Nubians differ culturally and ethnically from <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, although they intermarried with members of other ethnic groups, especially <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak <a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian languages</a> as a mother tongue, part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern Eastern Sudanic languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlements have been found in the central Nubian region dating back to 7000 BC, with <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a> believed to be the oldest settlement in the central Nile valley.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of Nubia, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a>, were at times a part of ancient Pharaonic Egypt and at other times a rival state representing parts of <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (744 BC–656 BC), all of Egypt was united with Nubia, extending down to what is now <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 656 BC the native <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a> regained control of Egypt. As warriors, the ancient Nubians were famous for their skill and precision with the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Nubians converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and established three kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a> in the center, and <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a> in the south. They then converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization of the Sudan region</a>. </p><p>Today, Nubians in Egypt primarily live in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Egypt">southern Egypt</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a> and Nasr al-Nuba (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نصر النوبة</span>) north of <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20161025egypttoday_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20161025egypttoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, while Sudanese Nubians live in northern Sudan, particularly in the region between the city of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Egypt–Sudan border">Egypt–Sudan border</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Dabbah,_Sudan" title="Al Dabbah, Sudan">al Dabbah</a>. Some Nubians were forcibly moved to <a href="/wiki/Khashm_el_Girba" title="Khashm el Girba">Khashm el Girba</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Halfa" class="mw-redirect" title="New Halfa">New Halfa</a> upon the construction of the High Dam in Egypt which flooded their ancestral lands. Additionally, a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Midob_people" title="Midob people">Midob</a> live in northern <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, a group named Birgid in Central Darfur and several groups known as the <a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubians" title="Hill Nubians">Hill Nubians</a> who live in Northern Kordofan in <a href="/wiki/Haraza_language" title="Haraza language">Haraza</a> and a few villages in the northern <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main Nile Nubian groups from north to south are the Kenzi (<a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi/Mattokki-speaking</a>), Faddicca (<a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin-speaking</a>), Halfawi (<a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin-speaking</a>), Sukkot (<a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin-speaking</a>), Mahas (<a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin-speaking</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Danagla" title="Danagla">Danagla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Andaandi-speaking</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lobban_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobban-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history various parts of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> were known by different names, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy">tꜣ stj</i> "Land of the Bow", <i>tꜣ nḥsj</i>, <i>jꜣm</i> "<a href="/wiki/Kerma_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerma Culture">Kerma</a>", <i>jrṯt</i>, <i>sṯjw</i>, <i>wꜣwꜣt</i>, <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic</a>: <i>akin(e)</i> "Lower "Nubia", and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Language">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oi.uchicago.edu_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oi.uchicago.edu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the names <i>Nubia</i> and <i>Nubian</i> are contested. Based on cultural traits, some scholars believe Nubia is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy">nbw</i> "gold",<sup id="cite_ref-Bianchi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bianchi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is no such usage of the term as an ethnonym or toponym that can be found in known Egyptian texts; the Egyptians referred to people from this area as the <i>nḥsj.w</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> used the term "Nubia" to describe the area of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><sup id="cite_ref-oi.uchicago.edu_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oi.uchicago.edu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senkamanisken_statue,_Kerma_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Senkamanisken_statue%2C_Kerma_Museum.jpg/120px-Senkamanisken_statue%2C_Kerma_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Senkamanisken_statue%2C_Kerma_Museum.jpg/250px-Senkamanisken_statue%2C_Kerma_Museum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="5768" /></a><figcaption>Kushite king <a href="/wiki/Senkamanisken" title="Senkamanisken">Senkamanisken</a> c. 643–623 BC. <a href="/wiki/Kerma_Museum" title="Kerma Museum">Kerma Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epoca_tolemaica,_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci,_120-100_ac_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Epoca_tolemaica%2C_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci%2C_120-100_ac_ca..JPG/250px-Epoca_tolemaica%2C_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci%2C_120-100_ac_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Epoca_tolemaica%2C_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci%2C_120-100_ac_ca..JPG/330px-Epoca_tolemaica%2C_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci%2C_120-100_ac_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Epoca_tolemaica%2C_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci%2C_120-100_ac_ca..JPG/500px-Epoca_tolemaica%2C_stata_d%27uomo_con_fascetta_e_capelli_ricci%2C_120-100_ac_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Marble portrait of a Nubia denizen c. 120–100 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The prehistory of Nubia dates to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> around 300,000 years ago. By about 6000 BC, peoples in the region had developed an agricultural economy. In their history,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> they adopted the Egyptian hieroglyphic system. Ancient history in Nubia is categorized according to the following periods:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group culture</a> (3700–2800 BC), <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group culture</a> (2300–1600 BC), <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma culture</a> (2500–1500 BC), Nubian contemporaries of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (1550–1069 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (1000–653 BC), <a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a> (1000–275 BC), <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> (275 BC–300/350 AD), <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a> (340–1317 AD), <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a> (350–650 AD), and <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a> (600s–1504 AD). </p><p>Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars have argued that the African origins of the Egyptian civilisation derived from pastoral communities which emerged in both the Egyptian and Sudanese regions of the Nile Valley in the fifth millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">biological anthropological</a> studies have shown close, biological affinities between the predynastic southern, Egyptian and the early Nubian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Yurco" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Yurco">Frank Yurco</a> (1996) remarked that depictions of pharonic iconography such as the royal crowns, Horus falcons and victory scenes were concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group Lower Nubia</a>. He further elaborated that "Egyptian writing arose in Naqadan Upper Egypt and A-Group Lower Nubia, and not in the Delta cultures, where the direct <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asian</a> contact was made, [which] further vitiates the Mesopotamian-influence argument".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> reported that the existing <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">biological anthropological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> evidence had determined the founding populations of Ancient Egyptian areas such as <a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">El-Badari</a> to be the descendants of longtime inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeastern Africa</a> which included Egypt, Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguistic affinities of early Nubian cultures are uncertain. Some research has suggested that the early inhabitants of the Nubia region, during the C-Group and Kerma cultures, were speakers of languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branches, respectively, of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic family</a>. More recent research instead suggests that the people of the Kerma culture spoke <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> languages of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Sudanic">Eastern Sudanic</a> branch and that the peoples of the C-Group culture to their north spoke Cushitic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly200162_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly200162-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were succeeded by the first Nubian language speakers, whose tongues belonged to another branch of Eastern Sudanic languages within the Nilo-Saharan phylum.<sup id="cite_ref-Bechhaus-Gerst_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bechhaus-Gerst-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lbant_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lbant-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 4th-century AD victory <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stela</a> commemorative of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Axumite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a> contains inscriptions describing two distinct population groups dwelling in ancient Nubia: a "red" population and a "black" population.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezanastel_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezanastel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Egypt and Nubia have a shared pre-dynastic and pharaonic history, the two histories diverge with the fall of Ancient Egypt and the conquest of Egypt by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the area of land between the 1st and the 6th cataract of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> became known as Nubia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Nubians,_1683_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/View_of_Nubians%2C_1683_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-View_of_Nubians%2C_1683_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/View_of_Nubians%2C_1683_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-View_of_Nubians%2C_1683_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/View_of_Nubians%2C_1683_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-View_of_Nubians%2C_1683_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>View of Nubians, 1683 (cropped)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons,_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons%2C_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg/220px-Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons%2C_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons%2C_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg/330px-Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons%2C_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons%2C_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg/440px-Group_of_Nubians_with_weapons%2C_Egypt._Coloured_lithograph_by_Wellcome_V0049326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="2243" /></a><figcaption>Group of Nubians with weapons, Egypt, 1849</figcaption></figure> <p>Egypt was conquered first by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelusium_(525_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)">Persians</a> and named the <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a> (Province) of Mudriya, and two centuries later by the Greeks and then the Romans. During the latter period, however, the <a href="/wiki/Kushites" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushites">Kushites</a> formed the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a>, which was ruled by a series of legendary <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Candaces</a> or Queens. Mythically, the Candace of Meroë was able to intimidate Alexander the Great into retreat with a great army of elephants, while historical documents suggest that the Nubians defeated the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a>, resulting in a favorable peace treaty for Meroë.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom of Meroë also defeated the Persians, and later Christian Nubia defeated the invading Arab armies on three different occasions resulting in the 600 year peace treaty of <i><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></i>, the longest lasting treaty in history.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of the kingdom of Christian Nubia occurred in the early 1500s resulting in full Islamization and reunification with Egypt under the Ottoman Empire, the Muhammad Ali dynasty, and British colonial rule. After the 1956 independence of Sudan from Egypt, Nubia and the Nubian people became divided between Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubian_woman,_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nubian_woman%2C_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nubian_woman%2C_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nubian_woman%2C_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Nubian_woman%2C_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nubian_woman%2C_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Nubian_woman%2C_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_LCCN2001705677.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Nubian woman circa 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Nubians speak <a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic languages</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian language</a> is attested from the 8th century AD, and is the oldest recorded <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">language of Africa</a> outside of the Afroasiatic family. </p><p>Nubia consisted of four regions with varied agriculture and landscapes. The Nile river and its valley were found in the north and central parts of Nubia, allowing farming using irrigation. The western Sudan had a mixture of peasant agriculture and nomadism. Eastern Sudan had primarily nomadism, with a few areas of irrigation and agriculture. Finally, there was the fertile pastoral region of the south, where Nubia's larger agricultural communities were located.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobban_2004_liii_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobban_2004_liii-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubia was dominated by kings from clans that controlled the gold mines. Trade in exotic goods from other parts of Africa (ivory, animal skins) passed to Egypt through Nubia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Nubians speak <a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian languages</a>. They belong to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan phylum</a>. But there is some uncertainty regarding the classification of the languages spoken in Nubia in antiquity. There is some evidence that <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a> were spoken in parts of Lower (northern) <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, an ancient region which straddles present-day Southern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and that Eastern Sudanic languages were spoken in Upper and Central Nubia, before the spread of Eastern Sudanic languages even further north into Lower Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Behrens" title="Peter Behrens">Peter Behrens</a> (1981) and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst (2000) suggest that the ancient peoples of the <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a> civilizations spoke <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic">Afroasiatic</a> languages of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branches, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Bechhaus-Gerst_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bechhaus-Gerst-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lbant_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lbant-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They propose that the Nilo-Saharan <a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin language</a> today contains a number of key pastoralism related <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> that are of Berber or proto-Highland East Cushitic origin, including the terms for sheep/goatskin, hen/cock, livestock enclosure, butter and milk. This in turn, is interpreted to suggest that the C-Group and Kerma populations, who inhabited the Nile Valley immediately before the arrival of the first Nubian speakers, spoke Afroasiatic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bechhaus-Gerst_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bechhaus-Gerst-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claude Rilly (2010, 2016) and Julien Cooper (2017) on the other hand, suggest that the Kerma peoples (of Upper Nubia) spoke Nilo-Saharan languages of the Eastern Sudanic branch, possibly ancestral to the later <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic language</a>, which Rilly also suggests was Nilo-Saharan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2010_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rilly200162_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly200162-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rilly also considers evidence of significant early Afro-Asiatic influence, especially Berber, on Nobiin to be weak (and where present, more likely due to borrowed loanwords than substrata), and considers evidence of substratal influence on Nobiin from an earlier now extinct Eastern Sudanic language to be stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-Rilly2008_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rilly2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julien Cooper (2017) suggests that Nilo-Saharan languages of the Eastern Sudan branch were spoken by the people of Kerma, those further south along the Nile, to the west, and those of <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AF_(island)" title="Saï (island)">Saï</a> (an island to the north of Kerma), but that Afro-Asiatic (most likely Cushitic) languages were spoken by other peoples in Lower Nubia (such as the <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a> and the C-Group culture) living in Nubian regions north of Saï toward Egypt and those southeast of the Nile in <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a> in the Eastern dessert. Based partly on an analysis of the phonology of place names and personal names from the relevant regions preserved in ancient texts, he argues that the terms from "Kush" and "Irem" (ancient names for Kerma and the region south of it respectively) in Egyptian texts display traits typical of Eastern Sudanic languages, while those from further north (in Lower Nubia) and east are more typical of the Afro-Asiatic family, noting: "The Irem-list also provides a similar inventory to Kush, placing this firmly in an Eastern Sudanic zone. These Irem/Kush-lists are distinctive from the Wawat-, Medjay-, Punt-, and Wetenet-lists, which provide sounds typical to Afroasiatic languages."<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also uncertain to which language family the ancient Meroitic language is related. Kirsty Rowan suggests that Meroitic, like the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family. She bases this on its sound inventory and <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>, which, she argues, are similar to those of the Afroasiatic languages and dissimilar from those of the Nilo-Saharan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claude Rilly proposes, based on its syntax, morphology, and known vocabulary, that Meroitic, like the Nobiin language, belongs to the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nubian_Greeks">Nubian Greeks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nubian Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">African Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite Empire">Axumite Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axumite_subjugation_of_Nubia">Axumite subjugation of Nubia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axumite subjugation of Nubia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi,_Faras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Magi%2C_Faras.jpg/170px-Magi%2C_Faras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Magi%2C_Faras.jpg/255px-Magi%2C_Faras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Magi%2C_Faras.jpg/340px-Magi%2C_Faras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="3128" /></a><figcaption>A Nubian Greek fresco in <a href="/wiki/Faras" title="Faras">Faras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Axumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite Empire">Axumite Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> engaged in a series of invasions that culminated in the capture of the Nubian capital of Meroë in the middle of the 4th century AD, signaling the end of independent Nubian Pagan kingdoms. The Axumites then sent missionaries to the Nubia to establish similar Syrian-based Christianity like in Ethiopia, but were competing with Egyptian-based Christianity, who eventually established the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Church</a> in the area, and founded new Nubian Christian kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mohammadali_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohammadali-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mhonegger_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhonegger-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christianityaswannubia_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christianityaswannubia-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garthfowden_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garthfowden-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tribal nomads like the <a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a> managed to remain autonomous due to their uncentralized nomadic nature. These tribal peoples would sporadically inflict attacks and raids on Axumite communities. The Beja nomads eventually <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> and integrated into the Nubian Greek society that had already been present in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a> for three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-mohammadali_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohammadali-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mhonegger_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhonegger-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christianityaswannubia_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christianityaswannubia-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nubian_Greek_society">Nubian Greek society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nubian Greek society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg/250px-Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg/330px-Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg/500px-Nubian_Greek_King_of_Makuria_Moses_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Moses_Georgios_of_Makuria" title="Moses Georgios of Makuria">Moses Georgios of Makuria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nubian Greek culture followed the pattern of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Greeks" title="Egyptian Greeks">Egyptian Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greek</a> civilization, expressed in Nubian Greek art and Nubian Greek literature. The earliest attestations of Nubian Greek literature come from the <a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</a>; the Nubian Greek language resembles Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>; it served as a <i>lingua franca</i> throughout the Nubian Kingdoms, and had a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">creolized</a> form for trade among the different peoples in Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-ghrhorsley_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghrhorsley-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubian Greek was unique in that it adopted many words from both <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian">Nubian</a>; Nubian Greek's syntax also evolved to establish a fixed word order.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordancientnubia_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordancientnubia-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is an example of Nubian Greek language: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>ⲟⲩⲧⲟⲥ ⲉⲥⲧⲓⲛ ⲁⲇⲁⲩⲉⲗ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩ ⲙⲱⲥⲉⲥ ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲩ, ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩ ⲛⲟⲩⲃⲇⲏⲥ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲁ, ⲙⲁⲕⲣⲟ</b></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Οὗτός ἐστιν ἀδαύελ Βασιλεύ Μώσες Γεωργίου, Βασιλεύ Νουβδῆς, Ἀρουά, Μακρό</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is the great King Moses Georgios, the King of Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria<sup id="cite_ref-jacquesvandervliet_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacquesvandervliet-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A plethora of frescoes created between 800–1200<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD in Nubian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Faras" title="Faras">Faras</a> depicted religious life in the courts of the Nubian Kingdoms; they were made in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-whcfrend_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whcfrend-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubian Greek titles and government styles in Nubian Kingdoms were based on Byzantine models; even with Islamic encroachments and influence into Nubian territory, the Nubian Greeks saw <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as their spiritual home.<sup id="cite_ref-whcfrend_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whcfrend-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian Greek culture disappeared after the Muslim conquest of Nubia around 1450<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD.<sup id="cite_ref-whcfrend_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whcfrend-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Nubians">Modern Nubians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Nubians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg/250px-Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg/330px-Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg/500px-Egypt-Nubian_wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Nubian wedding near <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The descendants of the ancient Nubians still inhabit the general area of what was ancient <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. They currently live in what is called Old Nubia, mainly located in modern Egypt and Sudan. Nubians have been resettled in large numbers (an estimated 50,000 people) away from <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a> North Sudan in to <a href="/wiki/Khashm_el_Girba" title="Khashm el Girba">Khashm el Girba</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and some moved to Southern Egypt since the 1960s, when the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswan High Dam">Aswan High Dam</a> was built on the Nile, flooding ancestral lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernea_2005_ix-xi_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernea_2005_ix-xi-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Nubians nowadays work in Egyptian and Sudanese cities. Whereas Arabic was once only learned by Nubian men who travelled for work, it is increasingly being learned by Nubian women who have access to school, radio and television. Nubian women are working outside the home in increasing numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernea_2005_ix-xi_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernea_2005_ix-xi-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973, Egypt employed Nubian people as <a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talkers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20140201nationalgeographic_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20140201nationalgeographic-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg/220px-Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg/330px-Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg/440px-Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Old Nubian manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>Nubians have developed a common identity, which has been celebrated in poetry, novels, music, and storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubians in modern Sudan include the <a href="/wiki/Danagla" title="Danagla">Danagla</a> around Dongola Reach, the Mahas from the Third Cataract to Wadi Halfa, and the Sikurta around Aswan. These Nubians write using their own script. They also practice <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarification</a>: Mahas men and women have three scars on each cheek, while the Danaqla wear these scars on their temples. Younger generations appear to be abandoning this custom.<sup id="cite_ref-Clammer_2010_138_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clammer_2010_138-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubia's ancient cultural development was influenced by its geography. It is sometimes divided into Upper Nubia and Lower Nubia. Upper Nubia was where the ancient Kingdom of Napata (the Kush) was located. Lower Nubia has been called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/125867355/Adams-w-The-Nubian-Kingdom-of-Kerma-Nubia-Corridor-to-Africa">"the corridor to Africa"</a>, where there was contact and cultural exchange between Nubians, Egyptians, Greeks, Assyrians, Romans, and Arabs. Lower Nubia was also where the <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Kingdom of Meroe</a> flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobban_2004_liii_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobban_2004_liii-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The languages spoken by modern Nubians are based on ancient Sudanic dialects. From north to south, they are: Kenuz, Fadicha (Matoki), Sukkot, Mahas, Danagla.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerma, Nepata, and Meroe were Nubia's largest population centres. The rich agricultural lands of Nubia supported these cities. Ancient Egyptian rulers sought control of Nubia's wealth, including gold, and the important trade routes within its territories.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubia's trade links with Egypt led to Egypt's domination over Nubia during the New Kingdom period. The emergence of the Kingdom of Meroe in the 8th century BC led to Egypt being under the control of Nubian rulers for a century, although they preserved many Egyptian cultural traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulliet,_Richard_W.,_and_Pamela_Kyle_Crossley,_Daniel_R._Headrick,_Lyman_L._Johnson,_Steven_W._Hirsch_2007_83_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulliet,_Richard_W.,_and_Pamela_Kyle_Crossley,_Daniel_R._Headrick,_Lyman_L._Johnson,_Steven_W._Hirsch_2007_83-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian kings were considered pious scholars and patrons of the arts, copying ancient Egyptian texts and even restoring some Egyptian cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Remier_2010_135_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remier_2010_135-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Egypt's influence declined greatly. Meroe became the centre of power for Nubia and cultural links with other parts of Africa gained greater influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulliet,_Richard_W.,_and_Pamela_Kyle_Crossley,_Daniel_R._Headrick,_Lyman_L._Johnson,_Steven_W._Hirsch_2007_83_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulliet,_Richard_W.,_and_Pamela_Kyle_Crossley,_Daniel_R._Headrick,_Lyman_L._Johnson,_Steven_W._Hirsch_2007_83-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></div> <p>Today, Nubians practice <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. To a certain degree, Nubian religious practices involve a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of Islam and <a href="/wiki/Traditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional">traditional</a> folk beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times, Nubians practiced a mixture of traditional religion and Egyptian religion. Prior to the spread of Islam, many Nubians practiced Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Clammer_2010_138_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clammer_2010_138-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the eighth century, Islam arrived in Nubia. Though Christians and Muslims (primarily Arab merchants at this period) may have lived peacefully together, Arab armies often invaded Christian Nubian kingdoms. An example of this being Makuria, where in 651 an Arab army invaded, but was repulsed, and a treaty known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></i> was signed, preventing further Arab invasions in exchange for 360 slaves each year. Notably, the Baqt required Nubians to maintain a mosque for Muslim visitors and residents. This, and with the following Ottoman occupation of Lower Nubia in the 1560s, led to the kingdom and Christian Nubian society to disappear. The former Makurian territories south of the 3rd cataract, including the former capital Dongola, had been annexed by the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Funj Sultanate</a> by the early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Nubians gradually converted to Islam, beginning with the Nubian elite. Islam was mainly spread via Sufi preachers that settled in Nubia in the late 14th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the sixteenth century, most of the Nubians were Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Nepata was an important religious centre in Nubia. It was the location of <a href="/wiki/Gebel_Barkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebel Barkal">Gebel Barkal</a>, a massive sandstone hill resembling a rearing cobra in the eyes of the ancient inhabitants. Egyptian priests declared it to be the home of the ancient deity <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>, further enhancing Nepata as an ancient religious site. This was the case for both Egyptians and Nubians. Egyptian and Nubian deities alike were worshipped in Nubia for 2,500 years, even while Nubia was under the control of the New Kingdom of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Remier_2010_135_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remier_2010_135-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian kings and queens were buried near Gebel Barkal, in pyramids as the Egyptian pharaohs were. <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Nubian pyramids</a> were built at Gebel Barkal, at Nuri (across the Nile from Gebel Barkal), at El Kerru, and at <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>, south of Gebel Barkal.<sup id="cite_ref-Remier_2010_135_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remier_2010_135-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nubian_architecture" title="Nubian architecture">Nubian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg/250px-ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg/330px-ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg/500px-ModernNubianArchitecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ornately decorated Nubian gate</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Nubian architecture in Sudan is distinctive, and typically features a large courtyard surrounded by a high wall. A large, ornately decorated gate, preferably facing the Nile, dominates the property. Brightly colored stucco is often decorated with symbols connected with the family inside, or popular motifs such as geometric patterns, palm trees, or the evil eye that wards away bad luck.<sup id="cite_ref-Clammer_2010_138_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clammer_2010_138-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubians invented the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_vault" title="Nubian vault">Nubian vault</a>, a type of curved surface forming a <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosomal</a> DNA has been extensively studied in recent years, and some of the findings are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Babiker, H. M., Schlebusch, C. M., Hassan, H. Y., et al. (2011) revealed that individuals from northern Sudan clustered with those from Egypt, while individuals from <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> clustered with those from Karamoja (Uganda). They conclude that "the similarity of the Nubian and Egyptian populations suggest that migration, potentially bidirectional, occurred along the Nile river Valley, which is consistent with the historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dobon et al. (2015) identified an ancestral autosomal component of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">West Eurasian</a> origin that is common to many Sudanese Arabs, Nubians and Afroasiatic-speaking populations in the region. Nubians were found to be genetically modelled similar to their Cushitic and Semitic (Afro-Asiatic) neighbors (such as the <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs" title="Sudanese Arabs">Sudanese Arabs</a>, and Ethiopians) rather than to other <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> speakers who lack this Middle Eastern/North African influence. The study showed that these populations formed a "North-East cluster", which included Northern Sudanese. This may be explained by the aforementioned groups being a mixture of a population similar to Modern Coptic Egyptians, and an ancestral Southern African one.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobon2015_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobon2015-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sirak et al. (2015) analysed the DNA of a Christian-period inhabitant of <a href="/wiki/Kulubnarti" title="Kulubnarti">Kulubnarti</a> in northern Nubia near the Egyptian border. They found that this individual was most closely related to Middle Eastern populations.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate275031861_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate275031861-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further excavations of two Early Christian period (AD 550–800) cemeteries at Kulubnarti, one located on the mainland and the other on an island, revealed the existence of two ancestrally and socioeconomically distinct local populations. Preliminary results, including mitochondrial haplogroup analysis, suggests there may be substantial differences in the genetic composition between the two communities, with 70% of individuals from the island cemetery demonstrating African-based haplogroups (L2, L1, and L5), compared to only 36.4% of mainlanders, who instead show an increased prevalence of European and Near Eastern haplogroups (including K1, H, I5, and U1).<sup id="cite_ref-Sirak2016_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirak2016-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nubisches_Paar_im_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>Nubians in Sudan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed close autosomal affinities between their Nubian and Sudanese Arab samples. The authors concluded that the "Nubians can be seen as a group with substantial genetic material relating to Nilotes that later received much gene-flow from Eurasians and East Africans. The strongest admixture came from Eurasian populations and was likely quite extensive: 39.41%–47.73%." The study also showed "almost no <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> component or, at a higher K, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> component".<sup id="cite_ref-Hollfelder_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollfelder-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Carina_M._Schlebusch" title="Carina M. Schlebusch">Carina M. Schlebusch</a> and Mattias Jakobsson in the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, found that Nilotic populations from South Sudan (e.g. Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk) remained isolated and received little to no geneflow from Eurasians, West African Bantu-speaking farmers, and other surrounding groups. In contrast, Nubians and Arabs in the north showed admixture from Western Eurasian populations. The population structure analysis and inferred ancestry showed that "the Nubian, Arab, and Beja populations of northeastern Africa roughly display equal admixture fractions from a local northeastern African gene pool (similar to the Nilotic component) and an incoming Eurasian migrant component."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bird, Nancy et al. (2023) discovered that, in contrast to other African groups which saw strong correlation between genetics, ethnicity and geography, the genetic patterns of variation among Sudanese Arabs, Nubians, and Beja, showed no correspondence with ethnicity. All these communities had individuals who fell into two main clusters: <i>Sudan Nile 1</i> and <i>Sudan Nile 2</i>, with the first showing a maximum of 12% inferred Arabian-related ancestry, and the second upwards of 48%. The main difference between the pooled clusters was the proportion of the component related to Saudi Arabia, with less of such ancestry more commonly seen in the Nubians and Beja on average.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Y-DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2003 study by Lucotte and Mercier<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyzed Y-chromosome haplogroups among 274 unrelated males in Egypt. Included in the study were Lower Nubian populations from Abu Simbel, with the individuals originating from this locality self-identified as Nubians. The research focused on using the p49a,f/TaqI haplotype polymorphisms, which can be linked to modern phylogenetic classifications. Samples from these 46 Nubians revealed the following genetic composition: </p> <ul><li>E1b1b (E-M35): 86.9% of the population, represented by three haplotypes: - Haplotype IV: 39.1% - Haplotype V: 17.4% - Haplotype XI: 30.4%</li> <li>J1 (Haplotype VII): 2.2% </li> <li>J2 (Haplotype VIII): 2.2%</li> <li>Other lineages were XIII at 2.2%, III at 4.3% and XVI at 2.2%</li></ul> <p>In 2008 results of an analysis by Hisham Y. Hassan of modern Sudanese entitled <i>Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_2008_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan_2008-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included 39 Nubians found to be of the following Y Chromosome Haplogroups: </p> <ul><li>J1 41%</li> <li>J2 2%</li> <li>E3b1 (E-M78) 15.3%</li> <li>E3 (E-M215) 7.6%</li> <li>R1b 10.3%</li> <li>B-M60 7.7%</li> <li>F 10.2%</li> <li>I 5.1%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian-Era_DNA">Christian-Era DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christian-Era DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirak et al. (2021) obtained and analyzed the whole genomes of 66 individuals from the site of <a href="/wiki/Kulubnarti" title="Kulubnarti">Kulubnarti</a> situated between the 2nd and 3rd cataract and dated to the Christian period between 650 and 1000 CE. The samples were obtained from two cemeteries, R and S. Grave materials between the two cemeteries did not differ, but physical analyses of the remains found differences in morbidity and mortality indicating that the R cemetery individuals were of a higher social class than the cemetery S individuals. The study analyzed the data they obtained along with other published ancient and modern samples from Africa and West Eurasia. The genetic profile of the sampled Christian-era Nubians was found to be a mixture between West Eurasian and Sub Saharan <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a>-related ancestries. The samples were estimated to have approximately 60% West Eurasian related ancestry that likely came from ancient Egyptians but ultimately resembles that found in Bronze or Iron Age Levantines. They also carried approximately 40% Dinka-related ancestry. The study commented that the results reflect deep biological connections among the populations of the Nile Valley and further confirm the presence of West Eurasian ancestry in the Nile valley prior to Arab migrations. </p><p>The two cemeteries showed minimal differences in their West Eurasian/Dinka ancestry proportions, formed a genetic clade with each other in relation to other populations, and had a small FST value of 0.0013 reflecting a small genetic distance. These findings in addition to multiple cross cemetery relatives that the analyses have revealed indicate that people of both the R and S cemeteries were part of the same population despite the archaeological and anthropological differences between the two burials showing social stratification. </p><p>The study found some difference in Y haplogroups profiles between the two cemeteries with the S cemetery having more west Asian clades. the difference was found to be insignificant, and the study viewed it as likely to be a statistical fluctuation and not evidence of heterogeneity among males from the two cemeteries. </p><p>Regarding modern Nubians in Sudan, despite their superficial resemblance to the Kulubnarti Nubians on the PCA, they were not found to be descended directly from Kulubnarti Nubians without additional admixture following the Christian period.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Nubians">Notable Nubians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable Nubians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kush" title="List of monarchs of Kush">List of monarchs of Kush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Makuria" title="List of rulers of Makuria">List of rulers of Makuria</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a>, Ancient wise man in Islamic tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alara_of_Kush" title="Alara of Kush">Alara of Kush</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montuhotep_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Montuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> (possibly), the sixth ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Dynasty">Eleventh Dynasty</a>. United Egypt and established the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a>. Many scholars in recent years have argued that his mother was of Nubian descent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a>, Pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanitore" title="Amanitore">Amanitore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Kandake</a> (queen) of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silko_of_Nobadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Silko of Nobadia">Silko</a>, 6th-century king of the Noubades and all of the Ethiopians, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalidurut" title="Qalidurut">Qalidurut</a>, 7th-century king of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, defeated the Arab Muslim invasion at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Dongola" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Dongola">First Battle of Dongola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Dongola" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Dongola">Second Battle of Dongola</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkurios_of_Makuria" title="Merkurios of Makuria">Merkourios</a>, 8th-century king of <a href="/wiki/Dotawo" title="Dotawo">Dotawo</a>, unifier of <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, referred to as the New Constantine by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Deacon_(Egyptian_chronicler)" title="John the Deacon (Egyptian chronicler)">John the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_of_Makuria" title="Kyriakos of Makuria">Kyriakos of Makuria</a>, 8th-century king of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>. Invaded Egypt to rescue <a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Pope Michael I of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_of_Makuria" title="Rafael of Makuria">Rafael of Makuria</a>, 10th-century Nubian king of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>. Built the famous " Red Palace" at Dongola</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_of_Makuria" title="Salomo of Makuria">Salomo of Makuria</a>, 11th-century king of <a href="/wiki/Dotawo" title="Dotawo">Dotawo</a>. United the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Georgios_of_Makuria" title="Moses Georgios of Makuria">Moses Georgios of Makuria</a>, 12th-century "king of <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobadia">Nobadia</a>, Dalmatia[g] and Axioma", mostly known for his conflict with Ayyubids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_I_of_Makuria" title="Georgios I of Makuria">Georgios I of Makuria</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacharias III">Zacharias III</a> Renegotiated the <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Abassids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abassids">Abassids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Jaafar an-Nimeiry</a>, former Sudanese president</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Farah" title="Khalil Farah">Khalil Farah</a>, 20th-century Sudanese Nubian musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mounir" title="Mohamed Mounir">Mohamed Mounir</a>, Egyptian Nubian Singer, known as "The King"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Wardi" title="Mohammed Wardi">Mohammed Wardi</a>, Sudanese Nubian singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim" title="Mo Ibrahim">Mo Ibrahim</a>, Sudanese-British mobile communications entrepreneur and billionaire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_El_Din" title="Hamza El Din">Hamza El Din</a>, singer and musicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Kalfat" title="Khalil Kalfat">Khalil Kalfat</a>, literary critic, political and economic thinker and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Khalil" title="Abdallah Khalil">Abdallah Khalil</a>, ex-Sudanese prime minister, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/White_Flag_League" title="White Flag League">White Flag League</a>, co-founder and ex-general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/National_Umma_Party_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Umma Party Sudan">Umma Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi_Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman">Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman</a>, Egyptian Field Marshal and statesman, commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> head of state of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>, 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> and revolutionary leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_Mohammed_Ahmed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamal Mohammed Ahmed (page does not exist)">Jamal Mohammed Ahmed</a>, Sudanese writer, historian, and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_Abdul_Latif" class="mw-redirect" title="Osama Abdul Latif">Osama Abdul Latif</a>, a Sudanese businessman, chairman of <a href="/wiki/DAL_Group" title="DAL Group">DAL Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Ali" title="Idris Ali">Idris Ali</a>, Egyptian novelist and short story writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Hassan" title="Fathi Hassan">Fathi Hassan</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ghazal" title="Ali Ghazal">Ali Ghazal</a>, Egyptian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Kuban" title="Ali Hassan Kuban">Ali Hassan Kuban</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdelmagid" title="Taha Abdelmagid">Taha Abdelmagid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Raouf" title="Abdel Raouf">Abdel Raouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ismail" title="Amjad Ismail">Amjad Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_Mustafa" title="Haitham Mustafa">Haitham Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazin_Mohamedein" title="Mazin Mohamedein">Mazin Mohamedein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musab_Ahmed" title="Musab Ahmed">Musab Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homos_(footballer)" title="Homos (footballer)">Mohamed Homos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barabra" title="Barabra">Barabra</a> is an old ethnographical term for the Nubian peoples of Sudan and southern Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_wig" title="Nubian wig">Nubian wig</a> worn by the affluent society of ancient Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a> is an ancient Greek geographical term which referred to the regions of Sudan and areas south of the Sahara desert.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nubian languages include <a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. They are spoken as either sole native languages or alongside a variant of Arabic by majority of Nubians.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Miller_27-04-2017.pdf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_27-04-2017.pdf_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01544597/document">"Language and ethnic statistics in 20th century Sudanese censuses and surveys"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9..+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fknowledgegate%2F2017%2F12%2F1%2F%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSesanaBorruso2006" class="citation book cs1">Sesana, Renato Kizito; Borruso, Silvano (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U88_xV5wOHoC&pg=PA26"><i>I Am a Nuba</i></a>. Paulines Publications Africa. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-081-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-081-79-7"><bdi>978-9966-081-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+a+Nuba&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Paulines+Publications+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9966-081-79-7&rft.aulast=Sesana&rft.aufirst=Renato+Kizito&rft.au=Borruso%2C+Silvano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU88_xV5wOHoC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobban-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lobban_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLobban_Jr.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lobban" title="Richard Lobban">Lobban Jr., Richard A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jF2jq5JrkS4C&q=.+Historical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Nubia"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6578-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Nubia&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6578-5&rft.aulast=Lobban+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjF2jq5JrkS4C%26q%3D.%2BHistorical%2BDictionary%2Bof%2BAncient%2Band%2BMedieval%2BNubia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oi.uchicago.edu-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oi.uchicago.edu_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oi.uchicago.edu_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/history-ancient-nubia">"The History of Ancient Nubia – The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago"</a>. <i>oi.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oi.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Nubia+%E2%80%93+The+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fmuseum-exhibits%2Fhistory-ancient-nubia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bianchi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bianchi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifenubians00bian"><i>Daily Life Of The Nubians</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifenubians00bian/page/n24">2</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+Of+The+Nubians&rft.pages=2%2C+5&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32501-4&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Robert+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifenubians00bian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifenubians00bian"><i>Daily Life Of The Nubians</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifenubians00bian/page/n24">2</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+Of+The+Nubians&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32501-4&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Robert+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifenubians00bian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatto" class="citation web cs1">Gatto, Maria C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/545582">"The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological Record"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Pastoral+Culture+as+Link+between+Egypt+and+Africa%3A+A+View+from+the+Archaeological+Record&rft.aulast=Gatto&rft.aufirst=Maria+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F545582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWengrowDeeFosterStevenson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00050249">"Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>88</b> (339): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00050249">10.1017/S0003598X00050249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49229774">49229774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Cultural+convergence+in+the+Neolithic+of+the+Nile+Valley%3A+a+prehistoric+perspective+on+Egypt%27s+place+in+Africa&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=339&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49229774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00050249&rft.aulast=Wengrow&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Dee%2C+Michael&rft.au=Foster%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Alice&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Christopher+Bronk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003598X00050249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When Mahalanobis D2 was used,the Naqadan and Badarian Predynastic samples exhibited more similarity to Nubian, Tigrean, and some more southern series than to some mid- to late Dynasticseries from northern Egypt (Mukherjee et al., 1955). The Badarian have been found to be very similar to a Kerma sample (Kushite Sudanese), using both the Penrose statistic (Nutter, 1958) and DFA of males alone (Keita,1990). Furthermore, Keita considered that Badarian males had a southern modal phenotype, and that together with a Naqada sample, they formed a southern Egyptian cluster as tropical variants together with a sample from Kerma". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZakrzewski2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.20569">"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>132</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">501–</span>509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20569">10.1002/ajpa.20569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17295300">17295300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Population+continuity+or+population+change%3A+Formation+of+the+ancient+Egyptian+state&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20569&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17295300&rft.aulast=Zakrzewski&rft.aufirst=Sonia+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeita2005" class="citation journal cs1">Keita, S. O. Y. (2005). "Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data". <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934704265912">10.1177/0021934704265912</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9347">0021-9347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40034328">40034328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144482802">144482802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Nile+Valley+Farmers+From+El-Badari%3A+Aboriginals+or+%22European%22+Agro-Nostratic+Immigrants%3F+Craniometric+Affinities+Considered+With+Other+Data&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0021-9347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144482802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40034328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934704265912&rft.aulast=Keita&rft.aufirst=S.+O.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGodde" class="citation web cs1">Godde, Kanya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337001806">"A biological perspective of the relationship between Egypt, Nubia, and the Near East during the Predynastic period"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+biological+perspective+of+the+relationship+between+Egypt%2C+Nubia%2C+and+the+Near+East+during+the+Predynastic+period&rft.aulast=Godde&rft.aufirst=Kanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F337001806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoAj2008" class="citation journal cs1">So, Keita; Aj, Boyce (2008). "Temporal variation in phenetic affinity of early Upper Egyptian male cranial series". <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3378%2F1534-6617%282008%2980%5B141%3ATVIPAO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[141:TVIPAO]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7143">0018-7143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18720900">18720900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25207756">25207756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Temporal+variation+in+phenetic+affinity+of+early+Upper+Egyptian+male+cranial+series&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0018-7143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25207756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18720900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3378%2F1534-6617%282008%2980%5B141%3ATVIPAO%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=Keita&rft.au=Aj%2C+Boyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Keita (1992), using craniometrics, discovered that the Badarian series is distinctly different from the later Egyptian series, a conclusion that is mostly confirmed here. In the current analysis, the Badari sample more closely clusters with the Naqada sample and the Kerma sample". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGodde2009" class="citation journal cs1">Godde, K. (2009). "An examination of Nubian and Egyptian biological distances: support for biological diffusion or in situ development?". <i>Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen</i>. <b>60</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jchb.2009.08.003">10.1016/j.jchb.2009.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1618-1301">1618-1301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19766993">19766993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homo%3A+Internationale+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Vergleichende+Forschung+am+Menschen&rft.atitle=An+examination+of+Nubian+and+Egyptian+biological+distances%3A+support+for+biological+diffusion+or+in+situ+development%3F&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1618-1301&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19766993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jchb.2009.08.003&rft.aulast=Godde&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhret2023" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret"><i>Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24409-9"><bdi>978-0-691-24409-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Africa%3A+A+Global+History%2C+to+300+CE&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24409-9&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5KjEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bafrica%3A%2Ba%2Bglobal%2Bhistory%2C%2Bto%2B300%2Bce%2Bchristopher%2Behret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_J.Yurco1996" class="citation book cs1">Frank J.Yurco (1996). <i>"The Origin and Development of Ancient Nile Valley Writing," in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed)</i>. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936260-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-936260-64-5"><bdi>0-936260-64-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Origin+and+Development+of+Ancient+Nile+Valley+Writing%2C%22+in+Egypt+in+Africa%2C+Theodore+Celenko+%28ed%29.&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Indianapolis+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-936260-64-5&rft.au=Frank+J.Yurco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhret2023" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret"><i>Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>86, 97, <span class="nowrap">167–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24409-9"><bdi>978-0-691-24409-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322125442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+africa:+a+global+history,+to+300+ce+christopher+ehret">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Africa%3A+A+Global+History%2C+to+300+CE&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E86%2C+97%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24409-9&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5KjEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bafrica%3A%2Ba%2Bglobal%2Bhistory%2C%2Bto%2B300%2Bce%2Bchristopher%2Behret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rilly2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2010_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2010_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRilly2010" class="citation web cs1">Rilly C (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf">"Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recent+Research+on+Meroitic%2C+the+Ancient+Language+of+Sudan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ityopis.org%2FIssues-1_files%2FITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rilly200162-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rilly200162_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rilly200162_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRilly2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rilly C (January 2016). "The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millenia BCE". <i>Faits de Langues</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">151–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010">10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134352296">134352296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faits+de+Langues&rft.atitle=The+Wadi+Howar+Diaspora+and+its+role+in+the+spread+of+East+Sudanic+languages+from+the+fourth+to+the+first+millenia+BCE&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134352296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rilly2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2008_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rilly2008_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRilly2008" class="citation book cs1">Rilly, Claude (2008). "Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)". <i>Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31338%2Fuw.9788323533269.pp.211-226">10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-235-3326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-235-3326-9"><bdi>978-83-235-3326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enemy+brothers.+Kinship+and+relationship+between+Meroites+and+Nubians+%28Noba%29&rft.btitle=Between+the+Cataracts.+Proceedings+of+the+11th+International+Conference+for+Nubian+Studies+Warsaw+University+27+August-2+September+2006.+Part+1.+Main+Papers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31338%2Fuw.9788323533269.pp.211-226&rft.isbn=978-83-235-3326-9&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper J (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2Fd64110028">"Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubia until the Common Era"</a>. <i>Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies</i>. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2Fd64110028">10.5070/d64110028</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dotawo%3A+A+Journal+of+Nubian+Studies&rft.atitle=Toponymic+Strata+in+Ancient+Nubia+until+the+Common+Era&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2Fd64110028&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5070%252Fd64110028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bechhaus-Gerst-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bechhaus-Gerst_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bechhaus-Gerst_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bechhaus-Gerst_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBechhaus-Gerst2006" class="citation book cs1">Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (27 January 2006). 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Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">469–</span>481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203984239-37">10.4324/9780203984239-37</a> (inactive 2 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43416-8"><bdi>978-1-135-43416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+evidence+for+the+prehistory+of+livestock+in+Sudan&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+African+Livestock%3A+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+Linguistics+and+Ethnography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203984239-37&rft.isbn=978-1-135-43416-8&rft.aulast=Bechhaus-Gerst&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lbant-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lbant_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lbant_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehrens1986" class="citation book cs1">Behrens, Peter (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_hwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Libya Antiqua: Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984 - "Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders: the formation of the Berber branch"</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya+Antiqua%3A+Report+and+Papers+of+the+Symposium+Organized+by+Unesco+in+Paris%2C+16+to+18+January+1984+-+%22Language+and+migrations+of+the+early+Saharan+cattle+herders%3A+the+formation+of+the+Berber+branch%22&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=92-3-102376-4&rft.aulast=Behrens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_hwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezanastel-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ezanastel_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czlRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Asiatic Society Monograph Series, Volume 15</i></a>. 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(21 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12687584/">"Brief communication: Y-chromosome haplotypes in Egypt"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>121</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.10190">10.1002/ajpa.10190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483">0002-9483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12687584">12687584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Brief+communication%3A+Y-chromosome+haplotypes+in+Egypt&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.issn=0002-9483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12687584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.10190&rft.aulast=Lucotte&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Mercier%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12687584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucotteMercier2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lucotte, G.; Mercier, G. (21 February 2003). "Brief communication: Y-chromosome haplotypes in Egypt". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>121</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.10190">10.1002/ajpa.10190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483">0002-9483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12687584">12687584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4822300">4822300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Brief+communication%3A+Y-chromosome+haplotypes+in+Egypt&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.issn=0002-9483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4822300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12687584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.10190&rft.aulast=Lucotte&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Mercier%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan_2008-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_2008_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5233268"><i>Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History</i></a>, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y-Chromosome+Variation+Among+Sudanese%3A+Restricted+Gene+Flow%2C+Concordance+With+Language%2C+Geography%2C+and+History&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F5233268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSirakFernandesLipsonMallick2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sirak, Kendra A.; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Mah, Matthew; Olalde, Iñigo; Ringbauer, Harald; Rohland, Nadin; Hadden, Carla S.; Harney, Éadaoin; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly; Ferry, Matthew; Lawson, Ann Marie; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Zalzala, Fatma; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Thompson, Jessica C.; Van Gerven, Dennis; Reich, David (14 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8671435">"Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 7283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.7283S">2021NatCo..12.7283S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27356-8">10.1038/s41467-021-27356-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8671435">8671435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907168">34907168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Social+stratification+without+genetic+differentiation+at+the+site+of+Kulubnarti+in+Christian+Period+Nubia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7283&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8671435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34907168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27356-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.7283S&rft.aulast=Sirak&rft.aufirst=Kendra+A.&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel+M.&rft.au=Lipson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Mah%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Olalde%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+Harald&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Hadden%2C+Carla+S.&rft.au=Harney%2C+%C3%89adaoin&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Bernardos%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Callan%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Ferry%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Ann+Marie&rft.au=Michel%2C+Megan&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Zalzala%2C+Fatma&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+Ron&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Jessica+C.&rft.au=Van+Gerven%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8671435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRouchdy1991" class="citation book cs1">Rouchdy, Aleya (1991). <i>Nubians and the Nubian Language in Contemporary Egypt: A Case of Cultural and Linguistic Contact</i>. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09197-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09197-1"><bdi>90-04-09197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubians+and+the+Nubian+Language+in+Contemporary+Egypt%3A+A+Case+of+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Contact&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=90-04-09197-1&rft.aulast=Rouchdy&rft.aufirst=Aleya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpaulding2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spaulding, Jay (2006). "Pastoralism, Slavery, Commerce, Culture and the Fate of the Nubians of Northern and Central Kordofan Under Dar Fur Rule, ca. 1750-ca. 1850". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3). Boston University African Studies Center. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882">0361-7882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Pastoralism%2C+Slavery%2C+Commerce%2C+Culture+and+the+Fate+of+the+Nubians+of+Northern+and+Central+Kordofan+Under+Dar+Fur+Rule%2C+ca.+1750-ca.+1850&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0361-7882&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValbelleCharles_Bonnet2007" class="citation book cs1">Valbelle, Dominique; Charles Bonnet (2007). <i>The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile</i>. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-010-3"><bdi>978-977-416-010-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Pharaohs%3A+Black+Kings+on+the+Nile&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-977-416-010-3&rft.aulast=Valbelle&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Charles+Bonnet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarnock_FerneaRobert_A._Fernea1990" class="citation book cs1">Warnock Fernea, Elizabeth; Robert A. Fernea (1990). <i>Nubian Ethnographies</i>. Chicago: Waveland Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88133-480-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88133-480-4"><bdi>0-88133-480-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubian+Ethnographies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Waveland+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88133-480-4&rft.aulast=Warnock+Fernea&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Robert+A.+Fernea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Black Pharaohs - National Geographic Feb 2008</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Nubia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nubia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nubia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nubia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Nubia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nubia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Nubia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nubia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nubia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nubia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nubia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nubia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Nubia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nubia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nubia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027005838/http://www.ancientsudan.org/">AncientSudan.org</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#nubia">Nubian people history</a></li> <li>Johanna Granville <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/13716966/Nubians-of-Egypt-and-Sudan-Past-and-Present">"Nubians of Egypt and Sudan Past and Present"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/nubians.htm">Nubians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929133329/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/nubians.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321035130/http://lexicorient.com/abubakr.htm">Abubakr Sidahmed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article16354">Nubians Use Hip-hop to Preserve Culture</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com">Sudan Tribune</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206164237/http://www.sudantribune.com/">Archived</a> 6 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/the-forgotten-minorities-egypt-s-nubians-and-amazigh-in-the-amended-constitution">"The Forgotten Minorities: Egypt's Nubians and Amazigh in the Amended Constitution"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Sudan86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Template:Demographics of Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Template talk:Demographics of Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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Sudan">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Sudan">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Sudan">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sudan" title="Protestantism in Sudan">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdang_people" title="Amdang people">Amdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baygo_people" title="Baygo people">Baygo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishari_tribe" title="Bishari tribe">Bishari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni-Amer_people" title="Beni-Amer people">Beni-Amer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burun_people" title="Burun people">Burun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Fur_Daju_people" title="Dar Fur Daju people">Dar Fur Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Sudan" title="Doms in Sudan">Doms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_people" title="Fur people">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_people" title="Gula people">Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedareb_people" title="Hedareb people">Hedareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_people" title="Maba people">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarab_people" title="Magyarab people">Magyarab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs" title="Sudanese Arabs">Sudanese Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababda_people" title="Ababda people">Ababda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amri_people" title="Amri people">Amri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Baggara Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Rashaida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Sudan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Arab_world#Sudan" title="Koreans in the Arab world">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Sudan">Pakistanis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nubians&oldid=1281114928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nubians&oldid=1281114928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nubia" title="Category:Nubia">Nubia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of East Africa">Indigenous peoples of East Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_Africa" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North Africa">Indigenous peoples of North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sudan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan">Ethnic groups in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Egypt" title="Category:Ethnic 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