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Saadaval 29 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="مخطط النسل – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط النسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cladograma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cladograma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogramm" title="Kladogramm – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kladogramm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cladogram" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cladograma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogramo" title="Kladogramo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kladogramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="تبارشاخه‌نما – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبارشاخه‌نما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogramme" title="Cladogramme – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cladogramme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1dagram" title="Cládagram – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cládagram" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cladograma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Կլադոգրամ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլադոգրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogramma" title="Cladogramma – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cladogramma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="クラドグラム – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラドグラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cladograma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram%C4%83" title="Cladogramă – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cladogramă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кладограмма – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кладограмма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kladogram" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кладограма – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кладограма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladograma" title="Kladograma – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kladograma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cladogram-example1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svg/220px-Cladogram-example1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svg/330px-Cladogram-example1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svg/440px-Cladogram-example1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Horisontaalne kladogramm lähtepunktiga vasakul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Identical_cladograms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg/220px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg/330px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg/440px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Kaks vertikaalset kladogrammi lähtega all</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cladogram_Amniota_B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cladogram_Amniota_B.png/220px-Cladogram_Amniota_B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cladogram_Amniota_B.png/330px-Cladogram_Amniota_B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cladogram_Amniota_B.png/440px-Cladogram_Amniota_B.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amniota (pole veel kirjutatud)">Amniota</a></i> klaadi <a href="/wiki/Linnud" title="Linnud">lindude</a> haru</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kladogramm</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kreeka_keel" title="Kreeka keel">kreekakeelsetest</a> sõnadest <i>klados</i> 'oks', 'haru' ja <i>gramma</i> 'kirjamärk') on <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladistikas</a> kasutatav <a href="/wiki/Diagramm" title="Diagramm">diagramm</a>, millega saab visualiseerida elusolendite taksonite omavahelist sugulust. </p><p>Kladogrammi moodustavad eri suundades lahknevad jooned. Joontest moodustuvad taksonite rühmad (klaadid), milles iga lahknemiskoht märgib taksonite hiliseimat ühist esivanemat, kes võib olla hüpoteetiline ja kelles avalduvad tunnused võivad tal olla temast hargnevate taksonitega ühised. See hüpoteetiline esivanem võib anda aimu eri tunnuste evolutsiooni järjekorrast, <a href="/wiki/Kohanemine" title="Kohanemine">kohanemisest</a> ja muudest evolutsioonilistest narratiividest. </p><p>Algselt loodi sellised kladogrammid peamiselt <a href="/wiki/Morfoloogia_(bioloogia)" title="Morfoloogia (bioloogia)">morfoloogiliste</a> tunnuste põhjal, kuid tänapäeval kasutatakse kladogrammide genereerimisel sageli <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> ja <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> järjestuse andmeid ja arvutuslikku fülogeneetikat, sageli morfoloogiaga kombineeritult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mida_kladogramm_ei_ole">Mida kladogramm ei ole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladogramm&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Mida kladogramm ei ole"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladogramm&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Mida kladogramm ei ole" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kladogramm ei ole <a href="/wiki/Evolutsioon" title="Evolutsioon">evolutsioonipuu</a>, kuna ta ei näita <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksonite</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lvnemine" title="Põlvnemine">põlvnemist</a> esivanematest ja sugulust nendega, samuti ei näita ta, kui palju taksonid on ajas muutunud, nii et ühe ja sama kladogrammi alusel võib konstrueerida erinevaid evolutsioonipuusid<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladogramm&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladogramm&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/9727/1/PodaniOnTreesFINAL.pdf">J. Podani. Tree thinking, time and topology: Comments on the interpretation of tree diagrams in evolutionary/phylogenetic systematics. – Cladistics. 29 (3): 315–327. 2013.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kladogramm&oldid=6478028">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kladogramm&oldid=6478028</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Bioloogia" title="Kategooria:Bioloogia">Bioloogia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Bios%C3%BCstemaatika" title="Kategooria:Biosüstemaatika">Biosüstemaatika</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 12:02, 12. september 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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