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href="#Symmetric_multiprocessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Symmetric multiprocessing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symmetric_multiprocessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Memory management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Virtualization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rump_kernels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rump_kernels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Rump kernels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rump_kernels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_with_other_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_with_other_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Compatibility with other operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_with_other_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kernel_scripting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernel_scripting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Kernel scripting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernel_scripting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kernel_debugging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernel_debugging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Kernel debugging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernel_debugging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LKMs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LKMs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 LKMs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LKMs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Init" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Init"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Init </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Init-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Sensors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_subsystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_subsystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 Sound subsystem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_subsystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Licensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Releases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Logo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_NetBSD_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_NetBSD_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 The NetBSD Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_NetBSD_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hosting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hosting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hosting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hosting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commit_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commit_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Commit guidelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commit_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">NetBSD</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="نت بي إس دي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نت بي إس دي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نت‌بی‌اس‌دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نت‌بی‌اس‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%94" title="Нет БСД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нет БСД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="เน็ตบีเอสดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เน็ตบีเอสดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="NetBSD" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Free and open-source Unix-like operating system</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">NetBSD</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NetBSD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/NetBSD.svg/250px-NetBSD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/NetBSD.svg/375px-NetBSD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/NetBSD.svg/500px-NetBSD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png/300px-NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png/450px-NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png/600px-NetBSD_10.1_sparc64_ctwm_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">NetBSD 10.1 default <a href="/wiki/CTWM" title="CTWM">CTWM</a> desktop on a Sun <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a>-IIe station</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1993; 31 years ago (1993-04-19)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10.1 / 16 December 2024; 3 months ago (2024-12-16)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest preview</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10.99.x<a href="#cite_note-HEAD-2">[2]</a> / Daily builds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/">cvsweb.netbsd.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34225#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> (<a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>), <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/68k" class="mw-redirect" title="68k">68k</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SH3</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">dynamically loadable modules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">rump kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> (<a href="/wiki/CTWM" title="CTWM">CTWM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified BSD License">2-clause BSD license</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//netbsd.org/">netbsd.org</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Tagline</th><td class="infobox-data">"Of course it runs NetBSD"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> NetBSD is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD). It was the first open-source BSD descendant officially released after <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> was <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-games-5">[5]</a> It continues to be actively developed and is available for many platforms, including servers, desktops, handheld devices,<a href="#cite_note-games-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The NetBSD project focuses on code clarity, careful design, and portability across many <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a>. Its source code is publicly available and <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software licence">permissively licensed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD was originally derived from the 4.3BSD-Reno release of the Berkeley Software Distribution from the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group" title="Computer Systems Research Group">Computer Systems Research Group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, via its Net/2 <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> release and the <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-games-5">[5]</a> The NetBSD project began as a result of frustration within the 386BSD developer community with the pace and direction of the operating system's development.<a href="#cite_note-netbsd-hist-11">[11]</a> The four founders of the NetBSD project, Chris Demetriou, <a href="/wiki/Theo_de_Raadt" title="Theo de Raadt">Theo de Raadt</a>, Adam Glass, and Charles Hannum, felt that a more open development model would benefit the project: one centered on portable, clean, correct code. They aimed to produce a unified, multi-platform, production-quality, BSD-based operating system. The name "NetBSD" was chosen based on the importance and <a href="/wiki/Internet#Growth" title="Internet">growth of networks</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> at that time, and the distributed, collaborative nature of its development.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The NetBSD source code repository was established on 21 March 1993 and the first official release, NetBSD 0.8, was made on 19 April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-netbsd-0.8-13">[13]</a> This was derived from 386BSD 0.1 plus the version 0.2.2 unofficial patchkit, with several programs from the Net/2 release missing from 386BSD re-integrated, and various other improvements.<a href="#cite_note-netbsd-0.8-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-formal-0.8-14">[14]</a> The first multi-platform release, NetBSD 1.0, was made in October 1994, and being updated with 4.4BSD-Lite sources, it was free of all legally encumbered 4.3BSD Net/2 code.<a href="#cite_note-formal-1.0-15">[15]</a> Also in 1994, for disputed reasons, one of the founders, Theo de Raadt, was removed from the project. He later founded a new project, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, from a forked version of NetBSD 1.0 near the end of 1995.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1998, NetBSD 1.3 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> packages collection.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Until 2004, NetBSD 1.x releases were made at roughly annual intervals, with minor "patch" releases in between. From release 2.0 onwards, NetBSD uses <a href="/wiki/Semantic_versioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic versioning">semantic versioning</a>, and each major NetBSD release corresponds to an incremented major version number, i.e. the major releases following 2.0 are 3.0, 4.0 and so on. The previous minor releases are now divided into two categories: x.y "stable" maintenance releases and x.y.z releases containing only security and critical fixes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> NetBSD used to ship with <a href="/wiki/Twm" title="Twm">twm</a> as a preconfigured graphical interface (<a href="/wiki/X_window_manager" title="X window manager">window manager</a>); in 2020 (version 9.1) this was changed to the more modern and versatile <a href="/wiki/CTWM" title="CTWM">CTWM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png/250px-NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png/330px-NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png/500px-NetBSD_9.2_boot_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>NetBSD/amd64 startup in console mode</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png/250px-NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png/330px-NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png/500px-NetBSD_9.2_welcome_message_as_normal_user_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>NetBSD/amd64 console login and welcome message</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portability">Portability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Portability">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Busdma" title="Busdma">busdma</a></div> As the project's motto ("Of course it runs NetBSD" ) suggests, NetBSD has been ported to a large number of <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-</a> and <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architectures</a>. These range from <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC" title="Pocket PC">Pocket PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDAs</a>. NetBSD has also been ported to several video game consoles such as the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Sega Dreamcast</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Nintendo Wii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> As of 2019, NetBSD supports 59 hardware platforms (across 16 different <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction sets</a>). The kernel and <a href="/wiki/Userland_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Userland (computing)">userland</a> for these platforms are all built from a central unified source-code tree managed by <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a>. Currently, unlike other kernels such as <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a>, the NetBSD kernel requires the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a> in any given target architecture. NetBSD's portability is aided by the use of <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware abstraction layer">hardware abstraction layer</a> interfaces for low-level hardware access such as <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> input/output or <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a>. Using this portability layer, <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> can be split into "machine-independent" (MI) and "machine-dependent" (MD) components. This makes a single driver easily usable on several platforms by hiding hardware access details, and reduces the work to port it to a new system.<a href="#cite_note-netbsd-port-22">[22]</a> This permits a particular device driver for a <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> card to work without modifications, whether it is in a PCI slot on an <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, or other architecture with a PCI bus. Also, a single driver for a specific device can operate via several different buses, like <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a>, PCI, or <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Platform_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform independence">platform independence</a> aids the development of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, particularly since NetBSD 1.6, when the entire toolchain of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language_assembler" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly language assembler">assemblers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linkers</a>, and other tools fully support <a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">cross-compiling</a>. In 2005, as a demonstration of NetBSD's portability and suitability for embedded applications, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed and demonstrated a NetBSD-powered kitchen <a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">toaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Commercial ports to embedded platforms were available from and supported by Wasabi Systems, including platforms such as the <a href="/wiki/AMD_Geode" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Geode">AMD Geode</a> LX800, <a href="/wiki/Freescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale">Freescale</a> <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a> processors, Marvell Orion, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Micro_Circuits_Corporation" title="Applied Micro Circuits Corporation">AMCC</a> <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_400" title="PowerPC 400">405</a> family of PowerPC processors, and the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a> IOP and IXP series. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portable_build_framework">Portable build framework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Portable build framework">edit</a>]</div> The NetBSD cross-compiling framework (also known as "build.sh"<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>) lets a developer build a complete NetBSD system for an architecture from a more powerful system of different architecture (<a href="/wiki/Cross-compiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-compiling">cross-compiling</a>), including on a different operating system (the framework supports most <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-compliant systems). Several embedded systems using NetBSD have required no additional software development other than toolchain and target rehost.<a href="#cite_note-LINUX_OR_BSD-25">[25]</a> As of 2017, NetBSD had reached fully <a href="/wiki/Reproducible_builds" title="Reproducible builds">reproducible builds</a> on <a href="/wiki/Amd64" class="mw-redirect" title="Amd64">amd64</a> and <a href="/wiki/SPARC_V9" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC V9">SPARC64</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The build.sh <code>-P</code> flag handles reproducible builds automatically. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_pkgsrc_packages_collection">The pkgsrc packages collection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The pkgsrc packages collection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></div> NetBSD features <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> (short for "package source"), a framework for building and managing third-party <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> packages. The pkgsrc collection consists of more than 20,000 packages as of October 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Building and installing packages such as <a href="/wiki/Lumina_(desktop_environment)" title="Lumina (desktop environment)">Lumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> is performed through the use of a system of <a href="/wiki/Makefile" class="mw-redirect" title="Makefile">makefiles</a>. This can automatically fetch the source code, unpack, patch, configure, build and install the package such that it can be removed again later. An alternative to compiling from source is to use a precompiled binary package. In either case, any prerequisites/dependencies will be installed automatically by the package system, without need for manual intervention. <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a> packaging system, for it supports not only NetBSD, but can be used on several other <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unices</a>, among which <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> are considered primary targets.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operation" title="Santa Cruz Operation">SCO</a> UNIX (<a href="/wiki/Unixware" class="mw-redirect" title="Unixware">Unixware</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a>) and <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> have a number of active pkgsrc users but do not receive active maintenance. pkgsrc is the default package management system on <a href="/wiki/SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix"> Minix3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It was also previously adopted as the official package management system for <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and made available as an alternative packaging framework on <a href="/wiki/MirOS_BSD" title="MirOS BSD">MirBSD</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and QNX.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symmetric_multiprocessing">Symmetric multiprocessing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symmetric multiprocessing">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD has supported <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">SMP</a> since the NetBSD 2.0 release in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> which was initially implemented using the <a href="/wiki/Giant_lock" title="Giant lock">giant lock</a> approach. During the development cycle of the NetBSD 5 release, major work was done to improve SMP support; most of the kernel subsystems were modified to use the <a href="/wiki/Fine-grained_locking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine-grained locking">fine-grained locking</a> approach. New <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">synchronization primitives</a> were implemented and <a href="/wiki/Scheduler_activations" title="Scheduler activations">scheduler activations</a> was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)#1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">1:1 threading model</a> in February 2007.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A scalable M2 thread scheduler was also implemented,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> providing separate real-time (RT) and time-sharing (TS) queues, and improving the performance on MP systems. Threaded <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">software interrupts</a> were implemented to improve synchronization. The <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Slab_allocation" title="Slab allocation">memory allocator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trap_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap (computing)">trap handling</a> were made MP safe. The file system framework, including the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">VFS</a> and major <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> were modified to be MP safe. As of NetBSD 10.0, the only subsystems running with a giant lock are <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> handlers, the autoconf(9) framework and most the <a href="/wiki/Network_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Network stack">network stack</a>, unless the <code>NET_MPSAFE</code> kernel option is enabled.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In reality, starting with release 8.0, various parts of the network stack have been made MP safe already,<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_8.0-39">[39]</a> but NET_MPSAFE is kept disabled by default, because non-MP-safe components that are also unprotected by the giant lock may otherwise crash the kernel when loaded in memory.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The 4.4BSD scheduler still remains the default, but was modified to scale with SMP, merging features from SCHED_M2.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2017, the scheduler was changed to better distribute load of long-running processes on multiple CPUs, and tunable <code>kern.sched</code> <a href="/wiki/Sysctl" title="Sysctl">sysctl</a>(3) parameters were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The release of NetBSD 10.0 brought significant performance enhancements, especially on multiprocessor and multicore systems;<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_10.0-43">[43]</a> the scheduler gained major awareness of <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthreading" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthreading">hyperthreading</a>, and became able to spread the load evenly across different physical CPUs, as well as to scale better on a mixture of slow and fast cores (e.g. <a href="/wiki/ARM_big.LITTLE" title="ARM big.LITTLE">ARM big.LITTLE</a>).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD provides various features in the <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Kernel Authorization framework<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> (or kauth) is a subsystem managing all authorization requests inside the kernel, and used as system-wide security policy. kauth(9) acts as a gatekeeper between kernel's own routines, by checking whether a given <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">call</a> or a specific operation is allowed within the context, and returns <a href="/wiki/Errno.h#POSIX_errors" title="Errno.h">EPERM</a> if not.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Most syscalls issue an authorization request in their corresponding handler via <code>kauth_authorize_action()</code>. kauth also allows external modules to plug-in the authorization process. <a href="/wiki/Veriexec" title="Veriexec">Verified Executables</a> (or Veriexec) is an in-kernel file integrity subsystem in NetBSD. It allows the user to set <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_(computing)" title="Fingerprint (computing)">digital fingerprints</a> (hashes) of files, and take a number of different actions if files do not match their fingerprints. For example, one can allow <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> to run only scripts that match their fingerprints.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Starting with version 2.0, NetBSD supports <a href="/wiki/Executable-space_protection" title="Executable-space protection">non-executable mappings</a> on platforms where the hardware allows it.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Process <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heap_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heap (programming)">heap</a> mappings are non-executable by default. This makes exploiting potential <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflows</a> harder. NetBSD supports <code>PROT_EXEC</code> permission via <code>mmap()</code> for all platforms where the hardware differentiates execute access from data access, though not necessarily with single-page granularity.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> NetBSD implements several <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploit</a> mitigation features, such as <a href="/wiki/ASLR" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLR">ASLR</a> (in both userland and kernel<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>), restricted <code>mprotect()</code> (<a href="/wiki/W%5EX" title="W^X">W^X</a>) and Segvguard from the <a href="/wiki/PaX" class="mw-redirect" title="PaX">PaX</a> project, and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> <a href="/wiki/Stack-smashing_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack-smashing protection">Stack Smashing Protection</a> (SSP, or also known as ProPolice, enabled by default since NetBSD 6.0) compiler extensions. The cryptographic device driver (CGD) provides transparent <a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">disk encryption</a> by acting as a <a href="/wiki/Logical_disk" title="Logical disk">logical device</a> that is layered on top of another block device, such as a physical disk or partition (including <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CDs</a> and DVDs) or a vnd(4) <a href="/wiki/Loop_device" title="Loop device">pseudo device</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> It supports the <a href="/wiki/Adiantum_(cipher)" title="Adiantum (cipher)">Adiantum</a> cipher, besides AES in CBC/XTS modes.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a>, introduced with NetBSD 6.0,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">layer 3</a> packet filter, supporting <a href="/wiki/Stateful_firewall" title="Stateful firewall">stateful packet inspection</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">NAT</a>, IP sets, and extensions.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It uses <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">BPF</a> as its core engine, and supports <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">bpfjit</a>. NPF was designed with a focus on high performance, scalability, multi-threading and modularity. Other features include BSD <a href="/wiki/Securelevel" title="Securelevel">securelevels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> blocklistd(8), a daemon capable of blocking ports on demand to avoid <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">DoS</a> abuse,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and the wg(4) interface (added in 2020), which provides a homegrown implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Wireguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireguard">Wireguard</a> protocol.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_management">Memory management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Memory management">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD uses the <a href="/wiki/UVM" class="mw-redirect" title="UVM">UVM</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> system, developed by Charles D. Cranor at Washington University in 1998, and committed to the NetBSD source tree by Matthew Green, who handled integration issues and wrote the <a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">swap</a> subsystem.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a> based <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="History of the Berkeley Software Distribution">4.4BSD</a> system<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> was replaced by UVM in NetBSD 1.4.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_1.4-64">[64]</a> UVM is designed to reduce the complexity of the 4.4BSD VM system, and offer improved performance for those applications which make heavy use of VM features, such as <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">memory-mapped files</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy-on-write</a> memory.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> While retaining the same MD/MI layering and mapping structures of the BSD VM,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> UVM introduces some noticeable changes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory objects</a> are allocated and managed in cooperation with their backing data source (typically <a href="/wiki/Vnode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vnode">vnodes</a>), reducing the overhead of the vm_object chain management. The <code>vm_page</code> <a href="/wiki/Struct_(C_programming_language)" title="Struct (C programming language)">structure</a> describes how the backing store can be accessed. Essentially, this is a pointer to a list of functions which act as bridge between UVM and the external backing store (such as a disk) that provides UVM with its data. UVM's memory object points directly to the <a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">pager</a> operations, making the allocation of pager-related <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> more efficient.</li> <li>Anonymous pages are grouped in multi-page clusters for <a href="/wiki/Page_replacement_algorithm" title="Page replacement algorithm">pageout</a>. Each <a href="/wiki/Page_(computer_memory)" title="Page (computer memory)">page</a>’s location on swap is assigned, so that the cluster occupies a contiguous chunk of swap and can be paged out in a single large <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> operation. This enhances paging response time for I/O operations, and allows UVM to recover quicker from page shortages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">Memory sharing</a> is supported using three data movement mechanisms: page loanout, page transfer, and map entry passing.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> may safely let a shared copy-on-write copy of its memory be used either by other processes, the I/O system, or the <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a> system. The unified buffer cache (ubc(9)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> ), written by Chuck Silvers, allows to use UVM pages to <a href="/wiki/Page_cache" title="Page cache">cache</a> vnode data rather than the traditional UNIX buffer cache.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This avoids costly data copies, and makes more memory available for caching regular file data.</li></ul> In 2003, UVM was modified to use a top-down memory management, thus merging the space reserved for <a href="/wiki/Heap_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heap (programming)">heap</a> growth and the area of space reserved for <a href="/wiki/Mmap" title="Mmap">mmap</a>(2)'ed allocations.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> This allows the heap to grow larger, or a process to mmap more or larger objects. Support for RAM <a href="/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping">hot-plugging</a> was added in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The uvm_hotplug(9) API replaces the previously exposed <code>vm_physmem</code> static array with a <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree" title="Red–black tree">red–black tree</a> backing to keep track of memory segments, allowing the list of physical pages to be dynamically expanded or collapsed. During the release cycle of NetBSD 10.0, major work was done to optimize the virtual memory system.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The page allocator was rewritten to be more efficient and CPU topology aware, adding preliminary <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a> support. The algorithm used in the memory page lookup <a href="/wiki/Page_cache" title="Page cache">cache</a> was switched to a faster <a href="/wiki/Radix_tree" title="Radix tree">radix tree</a>. Tracking and indexing of clean/<a href="/wiki/Dirty_bit" title="Dirty bit">dirty</a> pages was improved, speeding up <a href="/wiki/Sync_(Unix)" title="Sync (Unix)">fsync(2)</a> on large files by orders of magnitude. <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">Lock</a> contention was reduced by making the maintentance of page replacement state more concurrent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtualization">Virtualization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Virtualization">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">virtual-machine monitor</a> has been supported in NetBSD since release 3.0. The use of Xen requires a special pre-kernel boot environment that loads a Xen-specialized kernel as the "host OS" (Dom0). Any number of "guest OSes" (DomU) virtualized computers, with or without specific Xen/DomU support, can be run in parallel with the appropriate hardware resources. The need for a third-party <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot manager</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>, was eliminated with NetBSD 5's Xen-compatible boot manager.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> NetBSD 6 as a Dom0 has been <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarked</a> comparably to Linux, with better performance than Linux in some tests.<a href="#cite_note-(Free_and_Net)_BSD_Xen_Roadmap-74">[74]</a> As of NetBSD 9.0, accelerated virtualization is provided through the native type-2 <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> NVMM (NetBSD Virtual Machine Monitor).<a href="#cite_note-nvmm-75">[75]</a> It provides a virtualization API, <code>libnvmm</code>, that can be leveraged by emulators such as <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The kernel NVMM driver comes as a dynamically <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">loadable kernel module</a>, made of a generic machine-independent frontend, to which machine-dependent backends can be plugged to implement the core virtualization (currently only <a href="/wiki/X86_virtualization" title="X86 virtualization">x86</a> AMD SVM and Intel VMX are supported).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A unique property of NVMM is that the kernel never accesses guest VM memory, only creating it.<a href="#cite_note-nvmm-differences-79">[79]</a> Intel's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware_Accelerated_Execution_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager (page does not exist)">Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager</a> (HAXM) provides an alternative solution for acceleration in QEMU for Intel CPUs only, similar to Linux's <a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haxm-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rump_kernels">Rump kernels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rump kernels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">rump kernel</a></div> NetBSD 5.0 introduced the rump kernel,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> an architecture to run drivers in user-space by emulating kernel-space calls. A rump kernel can be seen as a lightweight, portable virtualized driver execution environment, characterized by small memory footprint and minimized attack surface.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The core of a rump kernel contains a set of fundamental routines which allow it to access the host platform's resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>, thread <a href="/wiki/Scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduler">scheduler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> functions. This is called the rampuser(3) hypercall interface.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The various kernel subsystems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> stack, filesystems, hardware <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>), globally referred as drivers, are layered on top of the hypercall interface, by being linked against a stripped-down version of the NetBSD kernel that can be executed in user mode. Most drivers are optional, and may be included or not depending on the target application and scope. This "anykernel" design allows adding support of NetBSD drivers to other kernel architectures,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> ranging from <a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">exokernels</a> to <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Other possible applications of rump kernels include deploying a task-specific <a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">unikernel</a> to provide a <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> API for application depending on it, running a self-contained <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> with minimal footprints,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> a userspace <a href="/wiki/Wireguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireguard">Wireguard</a> instance,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> editing the contents of a file system as unprivileged user, and segregating a web browser to its own TCP/IP stack.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Storage">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD includes many enterprise features like <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Journaling_filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Journaling filesystem">journaling filesystem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_volume_management" title="Logical volume management">logical volume management</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> filesystem. The <a href="/wiki/Bio(4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio(4)">bio(4)</a> interface for vendor-agnostic <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> volume management through <a href="/wiki/Bioctl" title="Bioctl">bioctl</a> has been available in NetBSD since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-bioctl-89">[89]</a> Support for <a href="/wiki/Software_RAID" class="mw-redirect" title="Software RAID">software RAID</a> is provided as a port of CMU RAIDframe, available since NetBSD 1.4.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The ccd(4) driver provides the capability of combining one or more disks/partitions into one virtual disk, acting as another in-kernel RAID 0 subsystem.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> UFS2, an extension to BSD <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">FFS</a> adding 64-bit block <a href="/wiki/Inode_pointer_structure" title="Inode pointer structure">pointers</a>, variable-sized blocks (similar to <a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">extents</a>), and extended flag fields, was ported from FreeBSD in 2003<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and made available since NetBSD 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The fss(4)<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshot</a> driver was introduced the same year,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> allowing to create a read-only, atomic view of a FFS filesystem at a given point of time; a FFS snapshot works as a <a href="/wiki/Device_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Device node">special device</a>, which can be mounted and used in conjunction with utilities like <a href="/wiki/Dump_(Unix)" title="Dump (Unix)">dump(8)</a> to create and export system <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/WAPBL" class="mw-redirect" title="WAPBL">WAPBL</a>, a FFS filesystem extension providing data journaling, was contributed by Wasabi Systems in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Journaling allows rapid filesystem consistency after an unclean shutdown, and improves write performance by reducing synchronous <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> writes, especially when creating a large number of inodes.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Support for <a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a> on NetBSD FFS(v1/2) was eventually removed in favor of WAPBL.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Starting with release 10.0, FFSv2 also supports <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">extended file attributes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">ACLs</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">data TRIM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> filesystem developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> was imported into the NetBSD base system in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2018, the ZFS codebase was updated and rebased on <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>'s implementation.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> ZFS was finally marked safe for daily use in NetBSD 9.0.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_9.0-104">[104]</a> As of 10.0 release, NetBSD ZFS stack is comparable to that of FreeBSD 12 (or below), with ZFS filesystem version "5.3", zpool version "5000" (some feature flags are not supported).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Native ZFS encryption is noticeably missing, though a zpool may be created within a cgd(4) encrypted disk.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Initial support for ZFS <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root</a> is available, but neither integrated in the installer nor in the bootloader.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The NetBSD Logical Volume Manager is based on a BSD reimplementation of a device-mapper driver and a port of the Linux <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">Logical Volume Manager</a> tools. It was mostly written during the <a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Google Summer of Code</a> 2008.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> filesystem was imported into NetBSD in November 2011. CHFS is a file system developed at the Department of Software Engineering, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and is the first open source Flash-specific file system written for NetBSD. The <a href="/wiki/PUFFS_(NetBSD)" title="PUFFS (NetBSD)">PUFFS</a> framework, introduced in NetBSD 5.0,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> is a kernel subsystem designed for running filesystems in userspace, and provides FUSE kernel level API compatibility in conjunction with the perfused(8) userland daemon. A <a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a> implementation for NetBSD using conventional in-memory data structures, was first developed by Julio M. Merino Vidal in 2005 as a <a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">GSoC</a> project,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and merged the same year in the NetBSD source tree.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility_with_other_operating_systems">Compatibility with other operating systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compatibility with other operating systems">edit</a>]</div> At the source code level, NetBSD is very nearly entirely compliant with <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>.1 (IEEE 1003.1-1990) standard and mostly compliant with POSIX.2 (IEEE 1003.2-1992). NetBSD provides <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a>-level binary compatibility on the appropriate processor architectures with its previous releases, but also with several other <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>-derived and UNIX-like operating systems, including <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and other 4.3BSD derivatives like <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> 4. This allows NetBSD users to run many applications that are only distributed in binary form for other operating systems, usually with no significant loss of performance.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Initial support for a <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a> binary compat layer was published on the netbsd-user mailing list.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> A variety of "foreign" disk <a href="/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystem</a> formats are also supported in NetBSD, including <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>, Linux <a href="/wiki/Ext2fs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ext2fs">ext2fs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> FileCore/ADFS, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Fast File System</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">EFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix File System</a>, and many more through <a href="/wiki/PUFFS_(NetBSD)" title="PUFFS (NetBSD)">PUFFS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">WINE</a> can be installed on NetBSD through <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Kernel support for <code>USER_LTD</code> -required for <a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a>- was contributed by Maxime Villard in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> allowing <a href="/wiki/Win32" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32">Win32</a> applications to be executed on <a href="/wiki/Amd64" class="mw-redirect" title="Amd64">amd64</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The amd64 port of wine for NetBSD was completed by Naveen Narayanan as part of <a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">GSoC</a> 2019.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernel_scripting">Kernel scripting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kernel scripting">edit</a>]</div> Kernel-space scripting with the <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> programming language was added in NetBSD 7.0.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Lua language (i.e., its interpreter and standard libraries) was initially ported by Lourival Vieira Neto to the NetBSD kernel during <a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">GSoC</a> 2010 and has undergone several improvements since then.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Lua (userspace) Test Suite was ported to NetBSD kernel Lua during GSoC 2015.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> There are two main differences between user and kernel space Lua: kernel Lua does not support <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point numbers</a>; as such, only Lua integers are available.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> It also does not have full support to user space libraries that rely on the operating system (e.g., io and os). A sample implementation of <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> (file systems and <a href="/wiki/Unix_domain_socket" title="Unix domain socket">sockets</a>) bindings for kernel Lua was developed by Guilherme Salazar.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Possible applications of the Lua kernel interpreter include embedding extensions for the <a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a> packet fiter,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and building an in-kernel application sandbox based on kauth(9), with sandbox policies provided as Lua scripts.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernel_debugging">Kernel debugging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kernel debugging">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD provides a minimalist <a href="/wiki/Kernel_debugger" title="Kernel debugger">kernel debugger</a> -DDB(4)- which is invoked by default whenever the kernel would otherwise panic.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> DDB allows to inspect processes and threads, investigate <a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">deadlocks</a>, get a <a href="/wiki/Stack_trace" title="Stack trace">stack trace</a>, and generate a kernel <a href="/wiki/Core_dump" title="Core dump">crash dump</a> for later analysis.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Strict consistency check is enabled by building the kernel with option <code>DIAGNOSTIC</code>. This will cause the kernel to panic if corruption of internal data structures is detected (e.g. kernel NULL pointer dereference).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> NetBSD also supports a variety of in-kernel bug detection facilities,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Code_sanitizer" title="Code sanitizer">code sanitizers</a> (undefined behavior, address, thread, memory sanitizers),<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> a kernel <a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">memory disclosure</a> detection system (KLEAK)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and a kernel diagnostic subsystem named heartbeat(9).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LKMs">LKMs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: LKMs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel modules</a> have been supported on NetBSD since 0.9. The original lkm(4) interface <a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> written by Terry Lambert was replaced by the new modules(7) subsystem,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> which supports dependency handling between modules, and loading of kernel modules on demand.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> New modules can only be loaded when securelevel is less than or equal to zero, or if the kernel was built with options INSECURE, due to security concerns regarding the lack of memory protection between modules and the rest of the kernel. Every kernel module is required to define its metadata through the C macro <code>MODULE(class, name, required)</code> and to implement a <code>MODNAME_modcmd function</code>, which the kernel calls to report important module-related events, like when the module loads or unloads.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Init">Init</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Init">edit</a>]</div> NetBSD uses a BSD style <a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init</a>. Support for using an <a href="/wiki/Initial_ramdisk" title="Initial ramdisk">initial ramdisk</a> is available but not enabled by default,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> except for specific configurations (e.g. root <a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">encryption</a>).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The rc.d(8) framework, designed by Luke Mewburn<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> for NetBSD 1.5,<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_1.5-142">[142]</a> provides a fully modular service management system, using individual <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a> for controlling services, similar to what <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a> does, but without <a href="/wiki/Runlevel" title="Runlevel">runlevels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> When /etc/rc/ is invoked by init(8), it executes scripts located in the <code>/etc/rc.d</code> directory. The order in which scripts are executed is determined by the rcorder(8) utility, based on the requirements stated in the dependency tags found within each script.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensors">Sensors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sensors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Envsys" title="Envsys">envsys</a></div> NetBSD has featured a native <a href="/wiki/Hardware_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware monitoring">hardware monitoring</a> framework since 1999/2000. In 2003, it served as the inspiration behind the <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>'s sysctl <a href="/wiki/Hw.sensors" title="Hw.sensors">hw.sensors</a> framework when some NetBSD drivers were being ported to OpenBSD.<a href="#cite_note-sensors-mmath-145">[145]</a> As of March 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit">[update]</a>, NetBSD had close to 85 device drivers exporting data through the API of the envsys framework. Since the 2007 revision, serialization of data between the kernel and userland is done through XML <a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">property lists</a> with the help of NetBSD's <a href="/wiki/Proplib(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proplib(3)">proplib(3)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_subsystem">Sound subsystem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sound subsystem">edit</a>]</div> The NetBSD audio(4)<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> kernel API, modelled after <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> sound stack (SADA),<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> provides at the same time a uniform programming interface layer above different underlying audio hardware drivers, and a simple and well-documented backend for different sound libraries (<a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PortAudio" title="PortAudio">PortAudio</a>, Mozilla cubeb) to use. Applications may interact with the <code>/dev/audio</code> <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devnode</a> directly, using a series of <a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctls</a> specified in the <code>sys/audioio.h</code> header file. Audio device information may be queried with the <code>AUDIO_GETDEV</code> ioctl. Playing and recording sound implies opening /dev/audio for <a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read()</a> / <a href="/wiki/Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">write()</a> operations and passing a <code>audio_info</code> <a href="/wiki/Struct_(C_programming_language)" title="Struct (C programming language)">struct</a> to the kernel. This results in reduced <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">audio latency</a> and CPU usage compared to using additional abstraction layers (other sound libraries and/or <a href="/wiki/Sound_server" title="Sound server">sound servers</a>).<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The audio stack was reworked in NetBSD 8.0 to provide an in-kernel software <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing" title="Audio mixing">mixing</a> engine, with support for virtual channels;<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> this allows more than one process to play or record audio at the same time. A compatibility mode for the <a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_System" title="Open Sound System">OSS</a> API is provided by the <code>soundcard.h</code> header file and the <code>libossaudio</code> library,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> which internally operate using the native Sun-like audio interface. NetBSD includes built-in MIDI support through the machine-independent midi(4)<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg/250px-ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg/330px-ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg/500px-ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>NetBSD was used in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAMS-II_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAMS-II Project (page does not exist)">SAMS-II Project</a> of measuring the microgravity environment on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, and for investigations of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> NetBSD's clean design, high performance, scalability, and support for many architectures has led to its use in <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">networking applications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-f10-153">[153]</a> The project has also been noted for its stability<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and reliability over time.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A commercial <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a>, <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>, uses a network stack based on NetBSD code,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and provides various drivers ported from NetBSD.<a href="#cite_note-f10-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dell_Force10" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell Force10">Dell Force10</a> uses NetBSD as the underlying operating system that powers FTOS (the Force10 Operating System), which is used in high scalability switch/routers.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Force10 also made a donation to the NetBSD Foundation in 2007 to help further research and the open development community.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> NetBSD was used in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAMS-II_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAMS-II Project (page does not exist)">SAMS-II Project</a> of measuring the microgravity environment on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and for investigations of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/SUNET" title="SUNET">SUNET</a> used NetBSD to set the <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a> Land Speed Record. NetBSD was chosen "due to the scalability of the TCP code".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> NetBSD is also used in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple's</a> <a href="/wiki/AirPort_Extreme" title="AirPort Extreme">AirPort Extreme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_Capsule_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Capsule (Apple)">Time Capsule</a> products,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> instead of Apple's own <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> (of which most Unix-level userland code is derived from FreeBSD code but some is derived from NetBSD code<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a>). Several companies are known to use NetBSD internally: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasabi_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasabi Systems (page does not exist)">Wasabi Systems</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> provides a commercial "Wasabi Certified BSD" product based on NetBSD<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> with proprietary enterprise features and extensions, which are focused on embedded, server and storage applications. Wasabi has a long history of cooperation with the NetBSD project, including the development of <a href="/wiki/WAPBL" class="mw-redirect" title="WAPBL">WAPBL</a><a href="#cite_note-b-n-w-171">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> storage devices <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">powered</a> by NetBSD.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Precedence Technologies<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> offers <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin-client</a> software (ThinIT) and accompanying hardware based on NetBSD.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Initiative_Japan,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Initiative Japan, Inc.">Internet Initiative Japan, Inc.</a> (IIJ) sells <a href="/wiki/Customer-premises_equipment" title="Customer-premises equipment">CPE</a> <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> commercialized as "SEIL",<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> which run a modified version of NetBSD at their core, and operate through a proprietary network management system (SMF) also based on NetBSD.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The SEIL/X4 has 2x <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">GE</a> ports (<a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/DMZ_(computing)" title="DMZ (computing)">DMZ</a>), 4x GE <a href="/wiki/Layer_2_switching" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2 switching">L2 switch</a> ports, 2x <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> 2.0 ports, and reaches a throughput of 2<a href="/wiki/Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">Gbps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> rate of up to 2 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Moritz Systems, an EU-based IT company specialized in embedded systems, <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quality_audit" title="Quality audit">quality audits</a>, also bases its products on NetBSD.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>TDI Security,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> a US company specialized in <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a>, offers portable <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">SAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> solutions (named "pocketSAN" and "pocketVPN" respectively), designed to be run from a USB thumb-drive or an embedded device, and built upon a minimalist deployment of NetBSD installed on <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> ("polyBSD").<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li></ul> The operating system of the <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Sidekick" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile Sidekick">T-Mobile Sidekick</a> LX 2009 <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> is based on NetBSD.<a href="#cite_note-sidekick-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> operating system uses a mostly NetBSD userland as well as its <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> packages infrastructure since version 3.2.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Parts of <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> were originally taken from NetBSD, such as some userspace command line tools.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, incorporates code from NetBSD libc.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a> packet filter has been used in commercial products such as Outscale<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and BisonRouter.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> NetBSD's own <a href="/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)" title="Curses (programming library)">curses</a> implementation<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> is used by Sabotage Linux.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernels</a> have been integrated in other operating systems to provide additional functionality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genode" title="Genode"> Genode OS Framework</a>; uses a rump kernel to support various files systems, both as a standalone FS server (rump_fs) and as a library plugin for its modular <a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">VFS</a> (vfs_rump.lib.so).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>; implements multiple rump kernel deployments to get modern <a href="/wiki/Device_drivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Device drivers">device drivers</a>, ranging from storage device drivers (RumpDisk), to sound devices drivers (RumpSound), and drivers for <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>/<a href="/wiki/WLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN">WLAN</a> controllers (RumpNet).<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>'s Node Replicated Kernel (NRK); uses a rump kernel to provide a POSIX userspace API (<a href="/wiki/Libc" class="mw-redirect" title="Libc">libc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libpthread" class="mw-redirect" title="Libpthread">libpthread</a> etc.) used by applications like <a href="/wiki/Memcached" title="Memcached">memcached</a>, <a href="/wiki/LevelDB" title="LevelDB">LevelDB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/SDF_Public_Access_Unix_System" title="SDF Public Access Unix System">SDF Public Access Unix System</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> public access <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell provider">shell provider</a> with the aim to provide remotely accessible computing facilities, uses NetBSD to power its infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> With a network of eight 64-bit enterprise class servers running NetBSD, and realising a combined processing power of over 21.1 <a href="/wiki/Floating_point_operations_per_second" title="Floating point operations per second">GFLOPS</a> (2018),<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> the SDF.org cluster is considered the largest NetBSD installation in the world, factually working as a testbed for future NetBSD releases.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Licensing">edit</a>]</div> All of the NetBSD kernel and most of the core userland source code is released under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD License</a> (two, three, and four-clause variants). This essentially allows everyone to use, modify, redistribute or sell it as they wish, as long as they do not remove the copyright notice and license text (the four-clause variants also include terms relating to publicity material). Thus, the development of products based on NetBSD is possible without having to make modifications to the source code public. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>, which does not apply to NetBSD, stipulates that changes to source code of a product must be released to the product recipient when products derived from those changes are released. On 20 June 2008, the NetBSD Foundation announced a transition to the two clause BSD license, citing concerns with UCB support of clause 3 and industry applicability of clause 4.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> NetBSD also includes the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> development tools and other packages, which are covered by the GPL and other open source licenses. As with other <a href="/wiki/BSD#Significant_BSD_descendants" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> projects, NetBSD separates those in its base source tree to make it easier to remove code that is under more restrictive licenses.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> As for packages, the installed software licenses may be controlled by modifying the list of allowed licenses in the pkgsrc configuration file (<code>mk.conf</code>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Releases">edit</a>]</div> The following table lists major NetBSD releases and their notable features in reverse chronological order. Minor and patch releases are not included. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277105988">.mw-parser-output .version-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:12px}.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item,.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{display:inline-block;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin-top:1px}.mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#fdb3ab}.mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#fef8c6}.mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#d4f4b4}.mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#fed1a0}.mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#c1e6f5}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{border-color:#72777d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#421511}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#443f19}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#2b4115}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#4b3114}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#143b4b}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{border-color:#72777d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#421511}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#443f19}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#2b4115}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#4b3114}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#143b4b}}</style><div class="templateVersion l version-legend" style=""><div style="">Legend:</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Old version, not maintained</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Old version, still maintained</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Latest version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Latest preview version</div><div style="display: none;" class="legend-item">Future version</div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Major releases</th> <th>Release date</th> <th class="unsortable">Notable features and changes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="10.0">Latest version: 10.0<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_10.0-43">[43]</a> </td> <td>28 March 2024 </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduler</a> aware of <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">non-uniform memory access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthreading" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthreading">hyperthreading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARM_big.LITTLE" title="ARM big.LITTLE">ARM big.LITTLE</a>. File path cache replaced with faster <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree" title="Red–black tree">red–black tree</a>. <a href="/wiki/Memory_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory page">Memory page</a> lookup cache replaced with faster <a href="/wiki/Radix_tree" title="Radix tree">radix tree</a>.</li> <li>Hardware support for <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_4" title="Raspberry Pi 4">Raspberry Pi 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Nintendo Wii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asus_Tinker_Board" title="Asus Tinker Board">Asus Tinker Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a> <a href="/wiki/2.5GBASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="2.5GBASE-T">2.5GBASE-T</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> 40 Gigabit <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li>Updated <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">Direct Rendering Manager (DRM)</a> to Linux 5.6</li> <li>Support for new <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">AArch64</a> security features: Privileged Access Never, Pointer Authentication, Branch Target Identification. Support for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> binary compatibility on AArch64.</li> <li>Support for PVH <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> virtualization, <a href="/wiki/Paravirtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravirtualization">paravirtualization</a> and multiprocessor Dom0 support in Xen</li> <li>POSIX.1e <a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">access-control lists</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">Fast File System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">Filesystem in Userspace</a> API compatibility up to FUSE 3.10, <a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a> support for the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">Universal Disk Format</a></li> <li>Compatibility with <a href="/wiki/WireGuard" title="WireGuard">WireGuard</a> VPNs, <a href="/wiki/Adiantum_(cipher)" title="Adiantum (cipher)">Adiantum</a> disk encryption, <a href="/wiki/Argon2" title="Argon2">Argon2</a> password hashing, constant time in-kernel cryptography</li> <li>Removal of various obsolete and unmaintained networking components, such as <a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">Fiber Distributed Data Interface</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a> support</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" title="Old version, still maintained" data-sort-value="9.0">Old version, still maintained: 9.0<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_9.0-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> </td> <td>14 February 2020 </td> <td> <ul><li>Support for <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">AArch64</a> (64-bit ARMv8-A) machines, including <a href="/wiki/Server_Base_System_Architecture" title="Server Base System Architecture">SBSA</a>/SBBR, <a href="/wiki/Big.LITTLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Big.LITTLE">big.LITTLE</a>, compatibility with 32-bit binaries, and up to 256 CPUs</li> <li>Enhanced support for <a href="/wiki/ARMv7-A" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMv7-A">ARMv7-A</a>, including <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> bootloader, big.LITTLE, kernel mode setting for <a href="/wiki/Allwinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Allwinner">Allwinner</a> and other SoCs, and <a href="/wiki/Device_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Device tree">device tree</a> support</li> <li>Updated <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">Direct Rendering Manager</a> (DRM) to Linux 4.4, support for Intel graphics up to and including <a href="/wiki/Kaby_Lake" title="Kaby Lake">Kaby Lake</a></li> <li>Hardware accelerated virtualization for <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> via NVMM (NetBSD Virtual Machine Monitor)</li> <li>Improvements in the <a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a> firewall, updated <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>, new and reworked drivers</li> <li>Support for various new kernel and userland code sanitizers, and kernel <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">ASLR</a>. Audited network stack.</li> <li>Removal of various old and unmaintained components, such as <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">Intel 386</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a> support</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="8.0">Old version, not maintained: 8.0<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_8.0-39">[39]</a> </td> <td>17 July 2018 </td> <td> <ul><li>Audio system reworked with an in-kernel mixer</li> <li>USB stack reworked with support for <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3</a> host controllers and data rates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaX" class="mw-redirect" title="PaX">PaX</a> <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">ASLR</a> enabled by default on supported architectures</li> <li>Hardened memory layout with fewer writable pages and <a href="/wiki/PaX" class="mw-redirect" title="PaX">PaX</a> MPROTECT (<a href="/wiki/W%5EX" title="W^X">W^X</a>) enforced by default on supported architectures</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Reproducible_builds" title="Reproducible builds">reproducible builds</a>, and userland built with <a href="/wiki/Position-independent_code" title="Position-independent code">position-independent code</a> by default</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)" title="Meltdown (security vulnerability)">Meltdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> vulnerability mitigations for Intel and AMD CPUs</li> <li>Added a <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">UEFI</a> bootloader, <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> driver, <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_(software)" title="Nouveau (software)">nouveau</a> driver for Nvidia GPUs, support for more ARM boards including the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberry Pi 3">Raspberry Pi 3</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="7.0">Old version, not maintained: 7.0<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_7.0-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> </td> <td>8 October 2015 </td> <td> <ul><li>Add accelerated support for modern Intel and Radeon devices on x86 through a port of the Linux 3.15 DRM/KMS code.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> kernel scripting</li> <li><code>blacklistd</code>, a daemon that integrates with packet filters to dynamically protect network daemons from network break-in attempts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a> improvements such as <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT compilation</a> and dynamic rules.</li> <li>Multiprocessor ARM support</li> <li>Support for many new ARM boards: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberry Pi 2">Raspberry Pi 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODROID-C1" class="mw-redirect" title="ODROID-C1">ODROID-C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeagleBone" class="mw-redirect" title="BeagleBone">BeagleBone</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeagleBone_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="BeagleBone Black">BeagleBone Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allwinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Allwinner">Allwinner</a> A20, A31: (<a href="/wiki/Cubieboard2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubieboard2">Cubieboard2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubietruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubietruck">Cubietruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana_Pi" title="Banana Pi">Banana Pi</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freescale_products" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products">Freescale</a> i.MX50, i.MX51: (Kobo Touch, Netwalker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> Zynq: (Parallella, ZedBoard)</li></ul></li> <li>Add support for <a href="/wiki/Lemote_Yeeloong" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemote Yeeloong">Lemote Yeeloong</a> Notebooks.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="6.0">Old version, not maintained: 6.0<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_6.0-204">[204]</a> </td> <td>17 October 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Thread-local_storage" title="Thread-local storage">thread-local storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_volume_management" title="Logical volume management">Logical Volume Manager</a> functionality</li> <li>Rewritten <a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">disk quota</a> subsystem</li> <li>New subsystems to handle <a href="/wiki/Flash_Memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Memory">flash devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND controllers</a></li> <li>An experimental <a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS file system</a> designed for flash devices</li> <li>Support for the <a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching" title="Multiprotocol Label Switching">Multiprotocol Label Switching</a> protocol.</li> <li>Introduce <a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NetBSD Packet Filter (NPF)</a> – a new packet filter, designed with multi-core systems in mind, which can do <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> traffic filtering, <a href="/wiki/Stateful_Firewall" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateful Firewall">stateful inspection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Network_Address_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Address Translation">Network Address Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">SMP</a> support for <a href="/wiki/Xen_(virtual_machine_monitor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xen (virtual machine monitor)">Xen</a> domU kernels, initial suspend/resume support for Xen domU, PCI pass-through support for Xen3, and addition of the balloon driver</li> <li>Major rework of <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> port adding support for <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">Symmetric multiprocessing</a> and 64-bit (O32, N32, N64 ABIs are supported) processors, DSP v2 ASE extension, various NetLogic/RMI processor models, <a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">Loongson</a> family processors, and new <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-Chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-Chip">SoC boards</a></li> <li>Improved SMP on <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> port and added support for Book E Freescale MPC85xx (e500 core) processors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> has gained support for <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A8" title="ARM Cortex-A8">Cortex-A8 processors</a>, various new SoCs, and initial support for <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li> <li>To address the <a href="/wiki/Year_2038_problem" title="Year 2038 problem">year 2038 problem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_t" class="mw-redirect" title="Time t">time t</a> was extended to 64-bit type on all NetBSD ports.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apropos_(Unix)" title="Apropos (Unix)">apropos</a> rewritten to implement full text search for man pages</li> <li>Access to driver-internal limit values added to <a href="/wiki/Envsys" title="Envsys">sysmon_envsys(9)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_6.0-204">[204]</a> freshly utilized by new drivers like aibs(4)<a href="#cite_note-aibs.4-205">[205]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="5.0">Old version, not maintained: 5.0<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_5.0-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> </td> <td>29 April 2009 </td> <td> <ul><li>Rewritten threading subsystem based on a <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)#1:1_(Kernel-level_threading)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">1:1 model</a> and rewritten <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">scheduler</a> implementation.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_5.0-206">[206]</a></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Kernel_preemption" title="Kernel preemption">kernel preemption</a>, POSIX real-time scheduling extensions, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Processor-sets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Processor-sets (page does not exist)">processor-sets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Affinity_mask" title="Affinity mask">dynamic CPU sets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Processor_affinity" title="Processor affinity">thread affinity</a></li> <li>Added <a href="/wiki/Malloc#free" class="mw-redirect" title="Malloc">jemalloc</a> memory allocator. A metadata <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling</a> for <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">FFS</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/WAPBL" class="mw-redirect" title="WAPBL">WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging)</a></li> <li>Rewritten <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a> framework, which will replace old LKMs. Use of <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/XFree86" title="XFree86">XFree86</a> by default for i386 and amd64 ports, and introduction of drm(4)/DRI for 3D hardware acceleration. Preliminary support for using <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> instead of GCC as the system compiler.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Added support for <a href="/wiki/ASLR" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLR">ASLR</a> in the kernel and dynamic linker.</li> <li>Rewritten <a href="/wiki/Envsys" title="Envsys">envsys</a> framework (envsys2); addition of 8 new Hardware Monitoring sensor drivers; new <a href="/wiki/I2C" class="mw-redirect" title="I2C">I2C</a> attachment of the lm(4) driver; additional hardware support in several sensor drivers<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_5.0-206">[206]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="4.0">Old version, not maintained: 4.0 </td> <td>19 December 2007 </td> <td> <ul><li>Added support for <a href="/wiki/Slab_allocator" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab allocator">slab allocator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioctl" title="Bioctl">bioctl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bioctl-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a> target, <a href="/wiki/Common_Address_Redundancy_Protocol" title="Common Address Redundancy Protocol">CARP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">Explicit Congestion Notification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xen_(virtual_machine_monitor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xen (virtual machine monitor)">Xen</a> 3, the Kernel Authorization framework, <a href="/wiki/Veriexec" title="Veriexec">Veriexec</a> and other security extensions, <a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">property list</a> exchange between kernel/userland through <a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a> with <a href="/wiki/Proplib(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proplib(3)">proplib(3)</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> protocol suite.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_4.0-210">[210]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="3.0">Old version, not maintained: 3.0 </td> <td>23 December 2005 </td> <td> <ul><li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Xen_(virtual_machine_monitor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xen (virtual machine monitor)">Xen</a> 2.0</li> <li>Support for filesystems > 2 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> added.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluggable Authentication Modules">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a> added.</li> <li>OpenBSD <a href="/wiki/Packet_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet Filter">Packet Filter</a> was integrated as an alternative to IPFilter.</li> <li>UFS <a href="/wiki/Dirhash" title="Dirhash">directory hash</a> support.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_3.0-211">[211]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="2.0">Old version, not maintained: 2.0 </td> <td>9 December 2004 </td> <td> <ul><li>Addition of native <a href="/wiki/Pthread" class="mw-redirect" title="Pthread">POSIX threads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_multiprocessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrical multiprocessing">SMP</a> support on <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> and other platforms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD64" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD64">AMD64</a> architecture added.</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS2</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMBFS" class="mw-redirect" title="SMBFS">SMBFS</a>, addition of <a href="/wiki/Kqueue" title="Kqueue">kqueue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_2.0-212">[212]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.6">Old version, not maintained: 1.6 </td> <td>14 September 2002 </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_Buffer_Cache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified Buffer Cache (page does not exist)">Unified Buffer Cache</a> (UBC) was introduced, which unifies the filesystem and virtual memory caches of file data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-copy" title="Zero-copy">Zero-copy</a> support for TCP and UDP transmit path.</li> <li>Ten new platforms supported.</li> <li>New implementation of cross-building (build.sh) infrastructure.</li> <li>Added support for multibyte LC_CTYPE <a href="/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)" title="Locale (computer software)">locales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.5">Old version, not maintained: 1.5 </td> <td>6 December 2000 </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPsec" class="mw-redirect" title="IPsec">IPsec</a> were added to the network stack.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">OpenSSH</a> imported.</li> <li>New implementation of <code>rc.d</code> system start-up mechanism.</li> <li>Start of migration to <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">ELF</a>-format binaries.</li> <li>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktruss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktruss (page does not exist)">ktruss</a> utility for kernel tracing was added.</li> <li>Six new platforms supported, including <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">sparc64</a>.</li> <li>Added <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">FFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_1.5-142">[142]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.4">Old version, not maintained: 1.4 </td> <td>12 May 1999 </td> <td> <ul><li>UVM, a rewritten <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> subsystem, was introduced.</li> <li>Added RAIDframe, a software <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> implementation, and imported <a href="/wiki/IPFilter" title="IPFilter">IPFilter</a>.</li> <li>Completion of the integration of all remaining 4.4BSD Lite-2 kernel improvements.</li> <li>Ports to <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh" title="Power Macintosh">Power Macintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a>/<a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">station</a> systems added.</li> <li>Added full <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> support.<a href="#cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_1.4-64">[64]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.3">Old version, not maintained: 1.3 </td> <td>9 March 1998 </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XFree86" title="XFree86">XFree86</a> source tree was made a supported part of the distribution.</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/ISA_Plug_and_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="ISA Plug and Play">ISA Plug and Play</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCMCIA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATAPI" title="ATAPI">ATAPI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a> added.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext2fs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ext2fs">ext2fs</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> filesystems added.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> packages collection system was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.2">Old version, not maintained: 1.2 </td> <td>4 October 1996 </td> <td> <ul><li>Support for <a href="/wiki/NFSv3" class="mw-redirect" title="NFSv3">NFSv3</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> scanner and medium changer devices added.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a> <a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">phase-locked loop</a> added in kernel.</li> <li>Ports for <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> and Sharp <a href="/wiki/X68k" class="mw-redirect" title="X68k">X68k</a> systems added.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.1">Old version, not maintained: 1.1 </td> <td>26 November 1995 </td> <td> <ul><li>Ports for <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_TT" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari TT">Atari TT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atari_Falcon030" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Falcon030">Falcon030</a> and <a href="/wiki/MVME68k" class="mw-redirect" title="MVME68k">MVME68k</a> systems added.</li> <li>Binary emulation facility added.</li> <li>Generic audio subsystem introduced.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="1.0">Old version, not maintained: 1.0 </td> <td>26 October 1994 </td> <td> <ul><li>The first multi-platform release, supporting the <a href="/wiki/PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="PC compatible">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> Series 300, <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/68k" class="mw-redirect" title="68k">68k</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Macintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">Sun-4c</a> series and the <a href="/wiki/PC532" title="PC532">PC532</a>.</li> <li>The legally encumbered Net/2-derived source code was replaced with equivalent code from 4.4BSD-lite, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/USL_v_BSDi" class="mw-redirect" title="USL v BSDi">USL v BSDi</a> lawsuit settlement.</li> <li>Addition of <a href="/wiki/Shared_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared libraries">shared libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> 5.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="0.9">Old version, not maintained: 0.9 </td> <td>20 August 1993 </td> <td> <ul><li>Contained many enhancements and bug fixes.</li> <li>This was still a <a href="/wiki/PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="PC compatible">PC</a>-platform-only release, although by this time, work was underway to add support for other architectures.</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_modules" class="mw-redirect" title="Loadable kernel modules">loadable kernel modules</a> (LKM).<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" title="Old version, not maintained" data-sort-value="0.8">Old version, not maintained: 0.8 </td> <td>20 April 1993 </td> <td> <ul><li>The first official release, derived from <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> 0.1 plus the version 0.2.2 unofficial patchkit, with several programs from the Net/2 release missing from 386BSD re-integrated, and various other improvements.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logo">Logo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Logo">edit</a>]</div> The NetBSD "flag" logo, designed by Grant Bissett, was introduced in 2004 and is an abstraction of the older logo,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> which was designed by Shawn Mueller in 1994. Mueller's version was based on the famous <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> photograph <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_NetBSD_Foundation">The NetBSD Foundation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The NetBSD Foundation">edit</a>]</div> The NetBSD Foundation is the legal entity that owns the intellectual property and trademarks associated with NetBSD,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> and on 22 January 2004, became a <a href="/wiki/501(c)#501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)">501(c)3</a> tax-exempt non-profit organization. The members of the foundation are developers who have CVS commit access.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The NetBSD Foundation has a Board of Directors, elected by the voting of members for two years.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hosting">Hosting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hosting">edit</a>]</div> Hosting for the project is provided primarily by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a>, fronted by a <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">CDN</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Fastly" title="Fastly">Fastly</a>. Mirrors for the project are spread around the world and provided by volunteers and supporters of the project. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commit_guidelines">Commit guidelines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commit guidelines">edit</a>]</div> The project defines guidelines to make commits to its <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> source tree. On April 4, 2004, its first version, 1.1, was published.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The 10 guidelines of this version can be summarized as:<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <ol><li>Commit only familiar code you are familiar with;</li> <li>Do not commit tainted code to the repository, i.e., if the code is not yours, check its license;</li> <li>The more intrusive your changes are the higher is the level of required prior approval;</li> <li>Commit only code that you have tested;</li> <li>Group commits together that are part of the same fix;</li> <li>Each commit should be a separate patch/fix/addition/etc.;</li> <li>Do not mix functionality or bug-fix patches with whitespace/layout updates;</li> <li>Clearly document your changes in the commit log;</li> <li>Give proper credit if your commit contains code;</li> <li>Do not revert other developer's commits, try to reach an agreement.</li></ol> In May 2024, the second guideline was extended to state that code generated by "<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language model</a> or similar technology" must not be committed without prior written approval by core.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">Comparison of BSD operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="List of BSD operating systems">List of BSD operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumina_(desktop_environment)" title="Lumina (desktop environment)">Lumina (desktop environment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels" title="Comparison of operating system kernels">Comparison of operating system kernels</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-10/NetBSD-10.1.html">"Announcing NetBSD 10.1 (Dec 16, 2024)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+NetBSD+10.1+%28Dec+16%2C+2024%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-10%2FNetBSD-10.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEAD-2"><a href="#cite_ref-HEAD_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/HEAD/latest/">Daily Release Engineering Builds</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelony2021" class="citation web cs1">Delony, David (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makeuseof.com/what-is-netbsd/">"NetBSD Explained: The Unix System That Can Run on Anything"</a>. Makeuseof. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Makeuseof&rft.atitle=NetBSD+Explained%3A+The+Unix+System+That+Can+Run+on+Anything&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.aulast=Delony&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Fwhat-is-netbsd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/kirkmck.html">"Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823">Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. January 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3"><bdi>1-56592-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twenty+Years+of+Berkeley+Unix%3A+From+AT%26T-Owned+to+Freely+Redistributable&rft.btitle=Open+Sources%3A+Voices+from+the+Open+Source+Revolution&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=1-56592-582-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fopenbook%2Fopensources%2Fbook%2Fkirkmck.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-games-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-games_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-games_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-games_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freelicensegames.com/NetBSD.htm">"About NetBSD"</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2014. <q>NetBSD is a fork of the 386/BSD branch of the Berkeley Software Distribution (or BSD) operating system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+NetBSD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreelicensegames.com%2FNetBSD.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-netbsd.html">"Get to know NetBSD: An operating system that travels"</a>. ibm.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+to+know+NetBSD%3A+An+operating+system+that+travels&rft.pub=ibm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Faix%2Flibrary%2Fau-netbsd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGanssle,_Jack_GNoergaard,_TammyEady,_FredEdwards,_Lewin2007" class="citation book cs1">Ganssle, Jack G; Noergaard, Tammy; Eady, Fred; Edwards, Lewin; Katz, David J (14 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HLpTtLjEXqcC&pg=PT291">Embedded Hardware</a>. Newnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8584-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8584-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-8584-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+Hardware&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8584-9&rft.au=Ganssle%2C+Jack+G&rft.au=Noergaard%2C+Tammy&rft.au=Eady%2C+Fred&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Lewin&rft.au=Katz%2C+David+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHLpTtLjEXqcC%26pg%3DPT291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> pp. 291–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/about/">"About NetBSD"</a>. The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. The NetBSD Project's goals. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+NetBSD&rft.pages=The+NetBSD+Project%27s+goals&rft.pub=The+NetBSD+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806041016/https://www.netbsd.org/about/features.html#clean-design">"NetBSD features list"</a>. The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/about/features.html#clean-design">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2014. <q>NetBSD focuses on clean design and well architected solutions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+features+list&rft.pub=The+NetBSD+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fabout%2Ffeatures.html%23clean-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLove2005" class="citation book cs1">Love, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linuxkerneldevel00love_0">"Chapter 19"</a>. Linux Kernel development (2. ed.). Sams Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32720-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32720-1"><bdi>0-672-32720-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2014. <q>Some examples of highly portable operating systems are Minix, NetBSD, and many research systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19&rft.btitle=Linux+Kernel+development&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-672-32720-1&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinuxkerneldevel00love_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-netbsd-hist-11"><a href="#cite_ref-netbsd-hist_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/about/history.html">"The History of the NetBSD Project"</a>. netbsd.org. The NetBSD Foundation. 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Retrieved 20 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+Licensing+and+Redistribution&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fabout%2Fredistribution.html%23why2clause&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepenguin.it/netbsd_download">"Distro description"</a>. Licensing Section: Free Penguin. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonnenberger.org/2012/01/19/status-netbsd-and-llvm/">the original</a> on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+NetBSD+and+LLVM&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft.aulast=Sonnenberger&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonnenberger.org%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fstatus-netbsd-and-llvm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_4.0-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Announcing_NetBSD_4.0_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-4/NetBSD-4.0.html">"Announcing NetBSD 4.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+NetBSD+4.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-4%2FNetBSD-4.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_3.0-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Announcing_NetBSD_3.0_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-3/NetBSD-3.0.html">"Announcing NetBSD 3.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+NetBSD+3.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-3%2FNetBSD-3.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announcing_NetBSD_2.0-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Announcing_NetBSD_2.0_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-2.0/NetBSD-2.0.html">"Announcing NetBSD 2.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+NetBSD+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-2.0%2FNetBSD-2.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.6/NetBSD-1.6.html">"Announcing NetBSD 1.6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+NetBSD+1.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-1.6%2FNetBSD-1.6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osnews.com/story/6398">OS Review: NetBSD 1.6.2 on SPARC64</a>, OSNews </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.3/">"Information about NetBSD 1.3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+NetBSD+1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-1.3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.2/">"Information about NetBSD 1.2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+NetBSD+1.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-1.2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.1/">"Information about NetBSD 1.1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+NetBSD+1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-1.1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.0/NetBSD-1.0.html">"NetBSD 1.0 release announcement"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+1.0+release+announcement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Freleases%2Fformal-1.0%2FNetBSD-1.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/release/NetBSD/NetBSD-0.9">"NetBSD 0.9 available for anon-ftp..."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+0.9+available+for+anon-ftp...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.netbsd.org%2Fpub%2FNetBSD%2Fmisc%2Frelease%2FNetBSD%2FNetBSD-0.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/release/NetBSD/NetBSD-0.8">"Installation notes for NetBSD 0.8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Installation+notes+for+NetBSD+0.8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.netbsd.org%2Fpub%2FNetBSD%2Fmisc%2Frelease%2FNetBSD%2FNetBSD-0.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.netbsd.org/images/NetBSD-old.jpg">Old NetBSD logo</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-advocacy/2004/01/14/0001.html">"NetBSD logo design competition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+logo+design+competition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail-index.netbsd.org%2Fnetbsd-advocacy%2F2004%2F01%2F14%2F0001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.netbsd.org/foundation/">The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/people/developers.html">"NetBSD Developers"</a>. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+Developers&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fpeople%2Fdevelopers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/foundation/bylaws.html">"Bylaws of The NetBSD Foundation, Constitution of The NetBSD Foundation"</a>. p. Section 5.4. Retrieved 7 June 2014. <q>Each Director shall serve for two years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bylaws+of+The+NetBSD+Foundation%2C+Constitution+of+The+NetBSD+Foundation&rft.pages=Section+5.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Ffoundation%2Fbylaws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/htdocs/developers/commit-guidelines.html?only_with_tag=MAIN">"CVS log for the Commit Guidelines"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520020859/http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/htdocs/developers/commit-guidelines.html?only_with_tag=MAIN">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CVS+log+for+the+Commit+Guidelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvsweb.netbsd.org%2Fbsdweb.cgi%2Fhtdocs%2Fdevelopers%2Fcommit-guidelines.html%3Fonly_with_tag%3DMAIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040506070915/http://www.netbsd.org/developers/commit-guidelines.html">"NetBSD Commit Guidelines v1.3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netbsd.org/developers/commit-guidelines.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+Commit+Guidelines+v1.3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fdevelopers%2Fcommit-guidelines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/htdocs/developers/commit-guidelines.html?rev=1.1&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup&f=H&only_with_tag=MAIN">"CVS view of NetBSD Commit Guidelines v1.1"</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CVS+view+of+NetBSD+Commit+Guidelines+v1.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvsweb.netbsd.org%2Fbsdweb.cgi%2Fhtdocs%2Fdevelopers%2Fcommit-guidelines.html%3Frev%3D1.1%26content-type%3Dtext%2Fx-cvsweb-markup%26f%3DH%26only_with_tag%3DMAIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2024" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Christopher (18 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/software/linux/linux-distros-ban-tainted-ai-generated-code">"Linux distros ban 'tainted' AI-generated code — NetBSD and Gentoo lead the charge on forbidding AI-written code"</a>. Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=Linux+distros+ban+%27tainted%27+AI-generated+code+%E2%80%94+NetBSD+and+Gentoo+lead+the+charge+on+forbidding+AI-written+code&rft.date=2024-05-18&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fsoftware%2Flinux%2Flinux-distros-ban-tainted-ai-generated-code&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netbsd.org/developers/commit-guidelines.html">"NetBSD Commit Guidelines v1.95"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519110900/https://www.netbsd.org/developers/commit-guidelines.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NetBSD+Commit+Guidelines+v1.95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fdevelopers%2Fcommit-guidelines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNegusCaen2008" class="citation book cs1">Negus, Christopher; Caen, Francois (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/BSD+UNIX+Toolbox%3A+1000%2B+Commands+for+FreeBSD%2C+OpenBSD+and+NetBSD-p-9780470387252">BSD UNIX Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD, OpenBSD and NetBSD</a> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38725-2"><bdi>978-0-470-38725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BSD+UNIX+Toolbox%3A+1000%2B+Commands+for+FreeBSD%2C+OpenBSD+and+NetBSD&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008-04&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38725-2&rft.aulast=Negus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Caen%2C+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2FBSD%2BUNIX%2BToolbox%253A%2B1000%252B%2BCommands%2Bfor%2BFreeBSD%252C%2BOpenBSD%2Band%2BNetBSD-p-9780470387252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavigne2004" class="citation book cs1">Lavigne, Dru (24 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596006792/">BSD Hacks</a> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00679-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00679-9"><bdi>0-596-00679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BSD+Hacks&rft.pages=448&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft.isbn=0-596-00679-9&rft.aulast=Lavigne&rft.aufirst=Dru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2F9780596006792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetBSD" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBSD&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></li> <li>netpgp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_C_Compiler" title="Portable C Compiler">pcc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tnftp" title="Tnftp">tnftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veriexec" title="Veriexec">Veriexec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busdma" title="Busdma">busdma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTrace" title="DTrace">DTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envsys" title="Envsys">envsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">LKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioctl" title="Bioctl">bioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_disklabel" title="BSD disklabel">disklabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUFFS_(NetBSD)" title="PUFFS (NetBSD)">PUFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs#BSD" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers#NetBSD" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">802.11 drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALTQ" title="ALTQ">ALTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_stack#NetBSD" title="Bluetooth stack">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Address_Redundancy_Protocol" title="Common Address Redundancy Protocol">CARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">BPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFilter" title="IPFilter">IPFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF_(firewall)" title="PF (firewall)">PF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pfsync" title="Pfsync">pfsync</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berkeley_Software_Distribution548" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Template:Berkeley Software Distribution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Template talk:Berkeley Software Distribution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berkeley Software Distribution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berkeley_Software_Distribution548" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fabry" title="Bob Fabry">Bob Fabry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Bostic_(software_engineer)" title="Keith Bostic (software engineer)">Keith Bostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Kirk_McKusick" title="Marshall Kirk McKusick">Marshall Kirk McKusick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Karels" title="Michael J. Karels">Michael J. Karels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leffler" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Leffler">Samuel Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hubbard" title="Jordan Hubbard">Jordan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_de_Raadt" title="Theo de Raadt">Theo de Raadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul-Henning_Kamp" title="Poul-Henning Kamp">Poul-Henning Kamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon" title="Matthew Dillon">Matthew Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozalp_Babaoglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozalp Babaoglu">Ozalp Babaoglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jolitz" title="Lynne Jolitz">Lynne</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Jolitz" title="William Jolitz">William Jolitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GhostBSD" title="GhostBSD">GhostBSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MidnightBSD" title="MidnightBSD">MidnightBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirOS_BSD" title="MirOS BSD">MirOS BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junos_OS" title="Junos OS">Junos OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_system_software" title="PlayStation 3 system software">PS3</a>/<a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4_system_software" title="PlayStation 4 system software">PS4</a>/<a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita_system_software" title="PlayStation Vita system software">PS Vita operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="List of BSD operating systems">Full list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD/OS" title="BSD/OS">BSD/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueOS" title="TrueOS">TrueOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_Software" title="Sleepycat Software">Sleepycat Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek_CDROM" title="Walnut Creek CDROM">Walnut Creek CDROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Design" title="Berkeley Software Design">Berkeley Software Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXsystems" title="IXsystems">iXsystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="History of the Berkeley Software Distribution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_Daemon" title="BSD Daemon">BSD Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumina_(desktop_environment)" title="Lumina (desktop environment)">Lumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group" title="Computer Systems Research Group">Computer Systems Research Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Category:Berkeley Software Distribution">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berkeley_Software_Distribution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berkeley Software Distribution">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" class="extiw" title="q:Berkeley Software Distribution">Quote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate discontinued systems. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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