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and compactness</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: boundedness and compactness"> <meta name="keywords" content="boundedness and compactness"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="boundedness and compactness"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 84</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: boundedness and compactness</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Approximation to the Hardy Operator on Topological Measure Spaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kairat%20T.%20Mynbaev">Kairat T. Mynbaev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20N.%20Lomakina"> Elena N. Lomakina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider a Hardy-type operator generated by a family of open subsets of a Hausdorff topological space. The family is indexed with non-negative real numbers and is totally ordered. For this operator, we obtain two-sided bounds of its norm, a compactness criterion, and bounds for its approximation numbers. Previously, bounds for its approximation numbers have been established only in the one-dimensional case, while we do not impose any restrictions on the dimension of the Hausdorff space. The bounds for the norm and conditions for compactness earlier have been found using different methods by G. Sinnamon and K. Mynbaev. Our approach is different in that we use domain partitions for all problems under consideration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=approximation%20numbers" title="approximation numbers">approximation numbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness%20and%20compactness" title=" boundedness and compactness"> boundedness and compactness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multidimensional%20Hardy%20operator" title=" multidimensional Hardy operator"> multidimensional Hardy operator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hausdorff%20topological%20space" title=" Hausdorff topological space"> Hausdorff topological space</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170957/approximation-to-the-hardy-operator-on-topological-measure-spaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Stability and Boundedness Theorems of Solutions of Certain Systems of Differential Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adetunji%20A.%20Adeyanju.">Adetunji A. Adeyanju.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathew%20O.%20Omeike"> Mathew O. Omeike</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johnson%20O.%20Adeniran"> Johnson O. Adeniran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biodun%20S.%20Badmus"> Biodun S. Badmus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we discuss certain conditions for uniform asymptotic stability and uniform ultimate boundedness of solutions to some systems of Aizermann-type of differential equations by means of second method of Lyapunov. In achieving our goal, some Lyapunov functions are constructed to serve as basic tools. The stability results in this paper, extend some stability results for some Aizermann-type of differential equations found in literature. Also, we prove some results on uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness of solutions of systems of equations study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aizermann" title="Aizermann">Aizermann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness" title=" boundedness"> boundedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20order" title=" first order"> first order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20function" title=" Lyapunov function"> Lyapunov function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164909/stability-and-boundedness-theorems-of-solutions-of-certain-systems-of-differential-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Evaluating the Topsoil and Subsoil Physical Quality Using Relative Bulk Density in Urmia Plain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Asgarzadeh">Hossein Asgarzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayoub%20Osmani"> Ayoub Osmani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farrokh%20Asadzadeh"> Farrokh Asadzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Mosaddeghi"> Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to evaluate the topsoil and subsoil physical quality using relative bulk density (RBD) in Urmia plain in Iran. Undisturbed samples were collected from two layers (topsoil and subsoil) of thirty agricultural soils. Categories of 0.72 ≥ RBD (low degree of compactness), 0.82 > RBD > 0.72 (moderate/optimum degree of compactness), and RBD ≥ 0.82 (high degree of compactness) were used to evaluate soil physical quality (SPQ). Two topsoils had a low degree of compactness, fourteen topsoils had an optimum degree of compactness, and the rest (i.e., fourteen topsoils) had a high degree of compactness. Only one subsoil had an optimum degree of compactness, and twenty-eight subsoils (i.e., 93%) had a high degree of compactness, indicating poor SPQ of the subsoil layer in the studied region. It seems that conventional tillage in the past decades destroyed the pore system in the majority of studied subsoils. The high degree of compactness would reduce soil aeration and increase soil penetration resistance which could restrict root and plant growth. Conversely, a low degree of soil compactness is expected to reduce the root-soil contact. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compactness" title="compactness">compactness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20bulk%20density" title=" relative bulk density"> relative bulk density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20physical%20quality" title=" soil physical quality"> soil physical quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151658/evaluating-the-topsoil-and-subsoil-physical-quality-using-relative-bulk-density-in-urmia-plain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151658.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Compactness and Quality of Life: Applying Regression Analysis on American Cities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsi-Chuan%20Wang">Hsi-Chuan Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongxi%20Yin"> Hongxi Yin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compactness has been proposed as a type of sustainable urban form globally. However, the meanings and the measurements might diverse in regarding to the varying interpretation; moreover, since compactness was proposed to eliminate auto culture and urban sprawl in the developed countries, voices have emerged asking to rethink the suitability of compactness in the developing countries – based upon such understanding, Quality of Life (QOL) has been suggested as a good way to show the overall benefit of compactness. In regarding to such background, two subjects were targeted for discussion in this paper: (I) the meaning and feasibility of compactness between the developing and developed countries, and (II) the interaction between compactness and QOL. This paper argues that compactness should not be considered a universal principle for cities of all kind, but rather an ideal concept for urban designer and planner to consider throughout local practices. It firstly reviewed the benefits of both compactness and sprawl to uncover the features behind these urban forms, and later addressed the meaning and difficulty of adopting compactness in both the developing and developed countries. Secondly, arguing compactness to be positioned as a ‘process’ along the transition from the developing countries to the developed ones, this paper applied both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis to uncover (I) the relationship between compactness and QOL in regarding to 30 American cities and (II) the impact of ‘becoming compact’ on QOL in regarding to 8 identified American Urbanized Areas (UZAs). The findings indicated that higher compactness could link to lower QOL among the compact cities, but with higher QOL among the sprawl cities. In addition, based upon the comparison between 2000 and 2010 on 8 UZAs, their QOL have escalated during the transition from the sprawl areas into the compact ones, but the extent of improvement in QOL could differ greatly among areas. In regarding to our findings, compact development should be proposed as a general guideline leading the contemporary sprawl cities in transition with sustainable urbanism; however, to prevent the externalities from damaging QOL with over-compactness, the compact policy should be flexible to adjust a long-term roadmap for sustainable development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compactness" title="compactness">compactness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life"> quality of life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sprawl" title=" sprawl"> sprawl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urbanism" title=" sustainable urbanism"> sustainable urbanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87145/compactness-and-quality-of-life-applying-regression-analysis-on-american-cities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Thermo-Aeraulic Studies of a Multizone Building Influence of the Compactness Index </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20A.%20Bekkouche">S. M. A. Bekkouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Benouaz"> T. Benouaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Cherier"> M. K. Cherier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hamdani"> M. Hamdani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Yaiche"> M. R. Yaiche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Benamrane"> N. Benamrane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most codes of building energy simulation neglect the humidity or well represent it with a very simplified method. It is for this reason that we have developed a new approach to the description and modeling of multizone buildings in Saharan climate. The thermal nodal method was used to apprehend thermoaeraulic behavior of air subjected to varied solicitations. In this contribution, analyzing the building geometry introduced the concept of index compactness as "quotient of external walls area and volume of the building". Physical phenomena that we have described in this paper, allow to build the model of the coupled thermoaeraulic behavior. The comparison shows that the found results are to some extent satisfactory. The result proves that temperature and specific humidity depending on compactness and geometric shape. Proper use of compactness index and building geometry parameters will noticeably minimize building energy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multizone%20model" title="multizone model">multizone model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nodal%20method" title=" nodal method"> nodal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compactness%20index" title=" compactness index"> compactness index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20humidity" title=" specific humidity"> specific humidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2133/thermo-aeraulic-studies-of-a-multizone-building-influence-of-the-compactness-index" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> A Study of Mandarin Ba Constructions from the Perspective of Event Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyin%20Zhou">Changyin Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ba constructions are a special type of constructions in Chinese. Their syntactic behaviors are closely related to their event structural properties. The existing study which treats the semantic function of Ba as causative meets difficulty in treating the discrepancy between Ba constructions and their corresponding constructions without Ba in expressing causativity. This paper holds that Ba in Ba constructions is a functional category expressing affectedness. The affectedness expressed by Ba can be positive or negative. The functional category Ba expressing negative affectedness has the semantic property of being 'expected'. The precondition of Ba construction is the boundedness of the event concerned. This paper, holding the parallelism between motion events and change-of-state events, proposes a syntactic model based on the notions of boundedness and affectedness, discusses the transformations between Ba constructions and the related resultative constructions, and derivates the various Ba constructions concerned. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affectedness" title="affectedness">affectedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ba%20constructions" title=" Ba constructions"> Ba constructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness" title=" boundedness"> boundedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event%20structure" title=" event structure"> event structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resultative%20constructions" title=" resultative constructions"> resultative constructions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36718/a-study-of-mandarin-ba-constructions-from-the-perspective-of-event-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Fuzzy Ideal Topological Spaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Koam">Ali Koam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Ibedou"> Ismail Ibedou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20E.%20Abbas"> S. E. Abbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, it is introduced the notion of r-fuzzy ideal separation axioms Tᵢi = 0; 1; 2 based on a fuzzy ideal I on a fuzzy topological space (X; τ). An r-fuzzy ideal connectedness related to the fuzzy ideal I is introduced which has relations with a previous r-fuzzy fuzzy connectedness. An r-fuzzy ideal compactness related to Ι is introduced which has also relations with many other types of fuzzy compactness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20ideal" title="fuzzy ideal">fuzzy ideal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20separation%20axioms" title=" fuzzy separation axioms"> fuzzy separation axioms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20compactness" title=" fuzzy compactness"> fuzzy compactness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20connectedness" title=" fuzzy connectedness"> fuzzy connectedness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101746/fuzzy-ideal-topological-spaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Stability Analysis of DFIG Stator Powers Control Based on Sliding Mode Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhak%20Djoudi">Abdelhak Djoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hachemi%20Chekireb"> Hachemi Chekireb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%20Madjid%20Berkouk"> El Madjid Berkouk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) received recently an important consideration in medium and high power wind energy conversion systems integration, due to its advantages compared to other generators types. The stator power sliding mode control (SPSMC) proves a great efficiency judge against other control laws and schemes. In the SPSMC laws elaborated by several authors, only the slide surface tracking conditions are elaborated using Lyapunov functions, and the boundedness of the DFIG states is never treated. Some works have validated theirs approaches by experiments results in the case of specified machines, but these verifications stay insufficient to generalize to other machines range. Adding to this argument, the DFIG states boundedness demonstration is widely suggested in goal to ensure that in the application of the SPSMC, the states evaluates within theirs tolerable bounds. Our objective in the present paper is to highlight the efficiency of the SPSMC by stability analysis. The boundedness of the DFIG states such as the stator current and rotor flux is discussed. Moreover, the states trajectories are finding using analytical proves taking into consideration the SPSMC gains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doubly%20Fed%20Induction%20Generator%20%28DFIG%29" title="Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)">Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stator%20Powers%20Sliding%20Mode%20Control%20%28SPSMC%29" title=" Stator Powers Sliding Mode Control (SPSMC)"> Stator Powers Sliding Mode Control (SPSMC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov%20function" title=" lyapunov function"> lyapunov function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=states%20boundedness" title=" states boundedness"> states boundedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trajectories%20mathematical%20proves" title=" trajectories mathematical proves"> trajectories mathematical proves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1642/stability-analysis-of-dfig-stator-powers-control-based-on-sliding-mode-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Urban Compactness and Sustainability: Beijing Experience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xilu%20Liu">Xilu Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ameen%20Farooq"> Ameen Farooq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Beijing has several compact residential housing settings in many of its urban districts. The study in this paper reveals that urban compactness, as predictor of density, may carry an altogether different meaning in the developing world when compared to the U.S for achieving objectives of urban sustainability. Recent urban design studies in the U.S are debating for compact and mixed-use higher density housing to achieve sustainable and energy efficient living environments. While the concept of urban compactness is widely accepted as an approach in modern architectural and urban design fields, this belief may not directly carry well into all areas within cities of developing countries. Beijing’s technology-driven economy, with its historic and rich cultural heritage and a highly speculated real-estate market, extends its urban boundaries into multiple compact urban settings of varying scales and densities. The accelerated pace of migration from the countryside for better opportunities has led to unsustainable and uncontrolled buildups in order to meet the growing population demand within and outside of the urban center. This unwarranted compactness in certain urban zones has produced an unhealthy physical density with serious environmental and ecological challenging basic living conditions. In addition, crowding, traffic congestion, pollution and limited housing surrounding this compactness is a threat to public health. Several residential blocks in close proximity to each other were found quite compacted, or ill-planned, with residential sites due to lack of proper planning in Beijing. Most of them at first sight appear to be compact and dense but further analytical studies revealed that what appear to be dense actually are not as dense as to make a good case that could serve as the corner stone of sustainability and energy efficiency. This study considered several factors including floor area ratio (FAR), ground coverage (GSI), open space ratio (OSR) as indicators in analyzing urban compactness as a predictor of density. The findings suggest that these measures, influencing the density of residential sites under study, were much smaller in density than expected given their compact adjacencies. Further analysis revealed that several residential housing appear to support the notion of density in its compact layout but are actually compacted due to unregulated planning marred by lack of proper urban design standards, policies and guidelines specific to their urban context and condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density" title=" density"> density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20compactness" title=" urban compactness"> urban compactness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35397/urban-compactness-and-sustainability-beijing-experience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Periodicity of Solutions to Impulsive Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Liang">Jin Liang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20H.%20Liu"> James H. Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ti-Jun%20Xiao"> Ti-Jun Xiao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is known that there exist many physical phenomena where abrupt or impulsive changes occur either in the system dynamics, for example, ad-hoc network, or in the input forces containing impacts, for example, the bombardment of space antenna by micrometeorites. There are many other examples such as ultra high-speed optical signals over communication networks, the collision of particles, inventory control, government decisions, interest changes, changes in stock price, etc. These are impulsive phenomena. Hence, as a combination of the traditional initial value problems and the short-term perturbations whose duration can be negligible in comparison with the duration of the process, the systems with impulsive conditions (i.e., impulsive systems) are more realistic models for describing the impulsive phenomenon. Such a situation is also suitable for the delay systems, which include some of the past states of the system. So far, there have been a lot of research results in the study of impulsive systems with delay both in finite and infinite dimensional spaces. In this paper, we investigate the periodicity of solutions to the nonautonomous impulsive evolution equations with infinite delay in Banach spaces, where the coefficient operators (possibly unbounded) in the linear part depend on the time, which are impulsive systems in infinite dimensional spaces and come from the optimal control theory. It was indicated that the study of periodic solutions for these impulsive evolution equations with infinite delay was challenging because the fixed point theorems requiring some compactness conditions are not applicable to them due to the impulsive condition and the infinite delay. We are happy to report that after detailed analysis, we are able to combine the techniques developed in our previous papers, and some new ideas in this paper, to attack these impulsive evolution equations and derive periodic solutions. More specifically, by virtue of the related transition operator family (evolution family), we present a Poincaré operator given by the nonautonomous impulsive evolution system with infinite delay, and then show that the operator is a condensing operator with respect to Kuratowski's measure of non-compactness in a phase space by using an Amann's lemma. Finally, we derive periodic solutions from bounded solutions in view of the Sadovskii fixed point theorem. We also present a relationship between the boundedness and the periodicity of the solutions of the nonautonomous impulsive evolution system. The new results obtained here extend some earlier results in this area for evolution equations without impulsive conditions or without infinite delay. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impulsive" title="impulsive">impulsive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonautonomous%20evolution%20equation" title=" nonautonomous evolution equation"> nonautonomous evolution equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title=" optimal control"> optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodic%20solution" title=" periodic solution"> periodic solution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54128/periodicity-of-solutions-to-impulsive-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> Demonstration of Logical Inconsistency in the Discussion of the Problem of Evil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Soltani%20Renani">Mohammad Soltani Renani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of evil is one of the heated battlegrounds of the idea of theism and its critics. Since time immemorial and in various philosophical schools and religions, the belief in an Omniscient, Omnipotent, and Absolutely Good God has been considered inconsistent with the existence of the evil in the universe. The theist thinkers have generally adopted one of the following four ways for answering this problem: denial of the existence of evil or considering it to be relative, privation theory of evil, attribution of evil to something other than God, and depiction of an alternative picture of God. Defense or criticism of these alternative answers have given rise to an extensive and unending dispute. However, evaluation of the presupposition and context upon/in which a question is raised precedes offering an answer to it. This point in the discussion of the problem of evil is of paramount importance for both parties, i.e., questioners and answerers, that the attributes of knowledge, power, love, good-will, among others, can be supposed to be infinite only in the essence of the attributed and the domain of potentiality but what can be realized in the domain of actuality is always finite. Therefore, infinite nature of Divine Attributes and realization of evil belong to two spheres. Divine Attributes are infinite (absolute) in Divine Essence, but when they are created, each one becomes bounded by the other. This boundedness is a result of the state of being surrounded of the attributes by each other in finite world of possibility. Evil also appears in this limited world. This inconsistency leads to the collapse of the problem of evil from within: the place of infinity of the Divine Attributes, in the words of Muslim mystics, lies in the Holiest Manifestation [Feyze Aqdas] while evil emerges in the Holy Manifestation where the Divine Attributes become bounded by each other. This idea is neither a new answer to the problem of evil nor a defense of theism; rather it reveals a logical inconsistency in the discussion of the problem of evil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20of%20evil" title="problem of evil">problem of evil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infinity%20of%20divine%20attributes" title=" infinity of divine attributes"> infinity of divine attributes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness%20of%20divine%20attributes" title=" boundedness of divine attributes"> boundedness of divine attributes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=holiest%20manifestation" title=" holiest manifestation"> holiest manifestation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=holy%20manifestation" title=" holy manifestation"> holy manifestation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129208/demonstration-of-logical-inconsistency-in-the-discussion-of-the-problem-of-evil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Investigating the Dynamic Response of the Ballast</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20Brinji">Osama Brinji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wing%20Kong%20Chiu"> Wing Kong Chiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graham%20Tew"> Graham Tew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Understanding the stability of rail ballast is one of the most important aspects in the railways. An unstable track may cause some issues such as unnecessary vibration and ultimately loss of track quality. The track foundation plays an important role in the stabilization of the railway. The dynamic response of rail ballast in the vicinity of the rail sleeper can affect the stability of the rail track and this has not been studied in detail. A review of literature showed that most of the works focused on the area under the concrete sleeper. Although there are some theories about the shear (longitudinal) effect of the rail ballast, these have not properly been studied and hence are not well understood. The stability of a rail track will depend on the compactness of the ballast in its vicinity. This paper will try to determine the dynamic response of the ballast to identify its resonant behaviour. This preliminary research is one of several studies that examine the vibration response of the granular materials. The main aim is to use this information for future design of sleepers to ensure that any dynamic response of the sleeper will not compromise the state of compactness of the ballast. This paper will report on the dependence of damping and the natural frequency of the ballast as a function of depth and distance from the point of excitation introduced through a concrete block. The concrete block is used to simulate a sleeper and the ballast is simulated with gravel. In spite of these approximations, the results presented in the paper will show an agreement with theories and the assumptions that are used in study the mechanical behaviour of the rail ballast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ballast" title="ballast">ballast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20response" title=" dynamic response"> dynamic response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleeper" title=" sleeper"> sleeper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35116/investigating-the-dynamic-response-of-the-ballast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Nonlinear Evolution on Graphs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benniche%20Omar">Benniche Omar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We are concerned with abstract fully nonlinear differential equations having the form y’(t)=Ay(t)+f(t,y(t)) where A is an m—dissipative operator (possibly multi—valued) defined on a subset D(A) of a Banach space X with values in X and f is a given function defined on I×X with values in X. We consider a graph K in I×X. We recall that K is said to be viable with respect to the above abstract differential equation if for each initial data in K there exists at least one trajectory starting from that initial data and remaining in K at least for a short time. The viability problem has been studied by many authors by using various techniques and frames. If K is closed, it is shown that a tangency condition, which is mainly linked to the dynamic, is crucial for viability. In the case when X is infinite dimensional, compactness and convexity assumptions are needed. In this paper, we are concerned with the notion of near viability for a given graph K with respect to y’(t)=Ay(t)+f(t,y(t)). Roughly speaking, the graph K is said to be near viable with respect to y’(t)=Ay(t)+f(t,y(t)), if for each initial data in K there exists at least one trajectory remaining arbitrary close to K at least for short time. It is interesting to note that the near viability is equivalent to an appropriate tangency condition under mild assumptions on the dynamic. Adding natural convexity and compactness assumptions on the dynamic, we may recover the (exact) viability. Here we investigate near viability for a graph K in I×X with respect to y’(t)=Ay(t)+f(t,y(t)) where A and f are as above. We emphasis that the t—dependence on the perturbation f leads us to introduce a new tangency concept. In the base of a tangency conditions expressed in terms of that tangency concept, we formulate criteria for K to be near viable with respect to y’(t)=Ay(t)+f(t,y(t)). As application, an abstract null—controllability theorem is given. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abstract%20differential%20equation" title="abstract differential equation">abstract differential equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph" title=" graph"> graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tangency%20condition" title=" tangency condition"> tangency condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viability" title=" viability"> viability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93317/nonlinear-evolution-on-graphs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93317.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Rough Oscillatory Singular Integrals on Rⁿ</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Al-Qassem">H. M. Al-Qassem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Cheng"> L. Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Pan"> Y. Pan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we establish sharp bounds for oscillatory singular integrals with an arbitrary real polynomial phase P. Our kernels are allowed to be rough both on the unit sphere and in the radial direction. We show that the bounds grow no faster than log(deg(P)), which is optimal and was first obtained by Parissis and Papadimitrakis for kernels without any radial roughness. Among key ingredients of our methods are an L¹→L² estimate and extrapolation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20singular%20integral" title="oscillatory singular integral">oscillatory singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20kernel" title=" rough kernel"> rough kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20integral" title=" singular integral"> singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orlicz%20spaces" title=" Orlicz spaces"> Orlicz spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Block%20spaces" title=" Block spaces"> Block spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrapolation" title=" extrapolation"> extrapolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%5E%7Bp%7D%20boundedness" title=" L^{p} boundedness"> L^{p} boundedness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2152/rough-oscillatory-singular-integrals-on-r" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Fractal Nature of Granular Mixtures of Different Concretes Formulated with Different Methods of Formulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Achouri">Fatima Achouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaddour%20Chouicha"> Kaddour Chouicha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelwahab%20Khatir"> Abdelwahab Khatir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is clear that concrete of quality must be made with selected materials chosen in optimum proportions that remain after implementation, a minimum of voids in the material produced. The different methods of formulations what we use, are based for the most part on a granular curve which describes an ‘optimal granularity’. Many authors have engaged in fundamental research on granular arrangements. A comparison of mathematical models reproducing these granular arrangements with experimental measurements of compactness have to verify that the minimum porosity P according to the following extent granular exactly a power law. So the best compactness in the finite medium are obtained with power laws, such as Furnas, Fuller or Talbot, each preferring a particular setting between 0.20 and 0.50. These considerations converge on the assumption that the optimal granularity Caquot approximates by a power law. By analogy, it can then be analyzed as a granular structure of fractal-type since the properties that characterize the internal similarity fractal objects are reflected also by a power law. Optimized mixtures may be described as a series of installments falling granular stuff to better the tank on a regular hierarchical distribution which would give at different scales, by cascading effects, the same structure to the mix. Likely this model may be appropriate for the entire extent of the size distribution of the components, since the cement particles (and silica fume) correctly deflocculated, micrometric dimensions, to chippings sometimes several tens of millimeters. As part of this research, the aim is to give an illustration of the application of fractal analysis to characterize the granular concrete mixtures optimized for a so-called fractal dimension where different concretes were studying that we proved a fractal structure of their granular mixtures regardless of the method of formulation or the type of concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20formulation" title="concrete formulation">concrete formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20character" title=" fractal character"> fractal character</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granular%20packing" title=" granular packing"> granular packing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method%20of%20formulation" title=" method of formulation"> method of formulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28532/fractal-nature-of-granular-mixtures-of-different-concretes-formulated-with-different-methods-of-formulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Sharp Estimates of Oscillatory Singular Integrals with Rough Kernels </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Al-Qassem">H. Al-Qassem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Cheng"> L. Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Pan"> Y. Pan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we establish sharp bounds for oscillatory singular integrals with an arbitrary real polynomial phase P. Our kernels are allowed to be rough both on the unit sphere and in the radial direction. We show that the bounds grow no faster than log (deg(P)), which is optimal and was first obtained by Parissis and Papadimitrakis for kernels without any radial roughness. Our results substantially improve many previously known results. Among key ingredients of our methods are an L¹→L² sharp estimate and using extrapolation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20singular%20integral" title="oscillatory singular integral">oscillatory singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20kernel" title=" rough kernel"> rough kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20integral" title=" singular integral"> singular integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orlicz%20spaces" title=" orlicz spaces"> orlicz spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20spaces" title=" block spaces"> block spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrapolation" title=" extrapolation"> extrapolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%5E%7Bp%7D%20boundedness" title=" L^{p} boundedness"> L^{p} boundedness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40363/sharp-estimates-of-oscillatory-singular-integrals-with-rough-kernels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40363.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> Boundedness and Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions for Gierer-Meinhardt Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Henine">S. Henine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Youkana"> A. Youkana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work is devoted to study the global existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions for Gierer-Meinhardt systems arising in biological phenomena. We prove that the solutions are global and uniformly bounded by a positive constant independent of the time. Our technique is based on Lyapunov functional argument. Under suitable conditions, we established a result on the asymptotic behavior of solutions. These results are valid for any positive continuous initial data, and improve some recently results established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymptotic%20behavior" title="asymptotic behavior">asymptotic behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gierer-Meinhardt%20systems" title=" Gierer-Meinhardt systems"> Gierer-Meinhardt systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20existence" title=" global existence"> global existence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20functional" title=" Lyapunov functional"> Lyapunov functional</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39077/boundedness-and-asymptotic-behavior-of-solutions-for-gierer-meinhardt-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Integration of Polarization States and Color Multiplexing through a Singular Metasurface</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarik%20Sipahi">Tarik Sipahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photonics research continues to push the boundaries of optical science, and the development of metasurface technology has emerged as a transformative force in this domain. The work presents the intricacies of a unified metasurface design tailored for efficient polarization and color control in optical systems. The proposed unified metasurface serves as a singular, nanoengineered optical element capable of simultaneous polarization modulation and color encoding. Leveraging principles from metamaterials and nanophotonics, this design allows for unprecedented control over the behavior of light at the subwavelength scale. The metasurface's spatially varying architecture enables seamless manipulation of both polarization states and color wavelengths, paving the way for a paradigm shift in optical system design. The advantages of this unified metasurface are diverse and impactful. By consolidating functions that traditionally require multiple optical components, the design streamlines optical systems, reducing complexity and enhancing overall efficiency. This approach is particularly promising for applications where compactness, weight considerations, and multifunctionality are crucial. Furthermore, the proposed unified metasurface design not only enhances multifunctionality but also addresses key challenges in optical system design, offering a versatile solution for applications demanding compactness and lightweight structures. The metasurface's capability to simultaneously manipulate polarization and color opens new possibilities in diverse technological fields. The research contributes to the evolution of optical science by showcasing the transformative potential of metasurface technology, emphasizing its role in reshaping the landscape of optical system architectures. This work represents a significant step forward in the ongoing pursuit of pushing the boundaries of photonics, providing a foundation for future innovations in compact and efficient optical devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metasurface" title="metasurface">metasurface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanophotonics" title=" nanophotonics"> nanophotonics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20system%20design" title=" optical system design"> optical system design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polarization%20control" title=" polarization control"> polarization control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182743/integration-of-polarization-states-and-color-multiplexing-through-a-singular-metasurface" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">54</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> GBKMeans: A Genetic Based K-Means Applied to the Capacitated Planning of Reading Units </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anderson%20S.%20Fonseca">Anderson S. Fonseca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Italo%20F.%20S.%20Da%20Silva"> Italo F. S. Da Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20D.%20A.%20Santos"> Robert D. A. Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayara%20G.%20Da%20Silva"> Mayara G. Da Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20H.%20C.%20Vieira"> Pedro H. C. Vieira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20M.%20S.%20Sobrinho"> Antonio M. S. Sobrinho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20H.%20B.%20Lemos"> Victor H. B. Lemos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petterson%20%20S.%20Diniz"> Petterson S. Diniz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anselmo%20C.%20Paiva"> Anselmo C. Paiva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eliana%20M.%20G.%20Monteiro"> Eliana M. G. Monteiro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Brazil, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) establishes that electrical energy companies are responsible for measuring and billing their customers. Among these regulations, it’s defined that a company must bill your customers within 27-33 days. If a relocation or a change of period is required, the consumer must be notified in writing, in advance of a billing period. To make it easier to organize a workday’s measurements, these companies create a reading plan. These plans consist of grouping customers into reading groups, which are visited by an employee responsible for measuring consumption and billing. The creation process of a plan efficiently and optimally is a capacitated clustering problem with constraints related to homogeneity and compactness, that is, the employee’s working load and the geographical position of the consuming unit. This process is a work done manually by several experts who have experience in the geographic formation of the region, which takes a large number of days to complete the final planning, and because it’s human activity, there is no guarantee of finding the best optimization for planning. In this paper, the GBKMeans method presents a technique based on K-Means and genetic algorithms for creating a capacitated cluster that respects the constraints established in an efficient and balanced manner, that minimizes the cost of relocating consumer units and the time required for final planning creation. The results obtained by the presented method are compared with the current planning of a real city, showing an improvement of 54.71% in the standard deviation of working load and 11.97% in the compactness of the groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitated%20clustering" title="capacitated clustering">capacitated clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-means" title=" k-means"> k-means</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=districting%20problems" title=" districting problems"> districting problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111421/gbkmeans-a-genetic-based-k-means-applied-to-the-capacitated-planning-of-reading-units" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Mathematical and Numerical Analysis of a Nonlinear Cross Diffusion System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Al%20Salman">Hassan Al Salman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider a nonlinear parabolic cross diffusion model arising in applied mathematics. A fully practical piecewise linear finite element approximation of the model is studied. By using entropy-type inequalities and compactness arguments, existence of a global weak solution is proved. Providing further regularity of the solution of the model, some uniqueness results and error estimates are established. Finally, some numerical experiments are performed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross%20diffusion%20model" title="cross diffusion model">cross diffusion model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy-type%20inequality" title=" entropy-type inequality"> entropy-type inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20approximation" title=" finite element approximation"> finite element approximation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20analysis" title=" numerical analysis"> numerical analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10401/mathematical-and-numerical-analysis-of-a-nonlinear-cross-diffusion-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Sliding Mode Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Forouzantabar">Ahmad Forouzantabar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Azadi"> Mohammad Azadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Alesaadi"> Alireza Alesaadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes a sliding mode controller for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The dynamic of AUV model is highly nonlinear because of many factors, such as hydrodynamic drag, damping, and lift forces, Coriolis and centripetal forces, gravity and buoyancy forces, as well as forces from thruster. To address these difficulties, a nonlinear sliding mode controller is designed to approximate the nonlinear dynamics of AUV and improve trajectory tracking. Moreover, the proposed controller can profoundly attenuate the effects of uncertainties and external disturbances in the closed-loop system. Using the Lyapunov theory the boundedness of AUV tracking errors and the stability of the proposed control system are also guaranteed. Numerical simulation studies of an AUV are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov%20stability" title="lyapunov stability">lyapunov stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20underwater%20vehicle" title=" autonomous underwater vehicle"> autonomous underwater vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20mode%20controller" title=" sliding mode controller"> sliding mode controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronics%20engineering" title=" electronics engineering"> electronics engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6715/sliding-mode-control-of-autonomous-underwater-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">612</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Sliding Mode Control of Bilateral Teleoperation System with Time Delay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Forouzantabar">Ahmad Forouzantabar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Azadi"> Mohammad Azadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents sliding mode controller for bilateral teleoperation systems with robotic master and slave under constant communication delays. We extend the passivity-based coordination architecture to enhance position and force tracking in the presence of offset in initial conditions, environmental contacts and unknown parameters such as friction coefficient. To address these difficulties, a nonlinear sliding mode controller is designed to approximate the nonlinear dynamics of master and slave robots and improve both position and force tracking. Using the Lyapunov theory, the boundedness of master- slave tracking errors and the stability of the teleoperation system are also guaranteed. Numerical simulations show that proposed controller position and force tracking performances are superior to that of conventional coordination controller tracking performances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20stability" title="Lyapunov stability">Lyapunov stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teleoperation%20system" title=" teleoperation system"> teleoperation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay" title=" time delay"> time delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20mode%20controller" title=" sliding mode controller"> sliding mode controller</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45830/sliding-mode-control-of-bilateral-teleoperation-system-with-time-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> A Mini Radar System for Low Altitude Targets Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kangkang%20Wu">Kangkang Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaizhi%20Wang"> Kaizhi Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhijun%20Yuan"> Zhijun Yuan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with a mini radar system aimed at detecting small targets at the low latitude. The radar operates at Ku-band in the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) mode with two receiving channels. The radar system has the characteristics of compactness, mobility, and low power consumption. This paper focuses on the implementation of the radar system, and the Block least mean square (Block LMS) algorithm is applied to minimize the fortuitous distortion. It is validated from a series of experiments that the track of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be easily distinguished with the radar system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aerial%20vehicle%20%28UAV%29" title="unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)">unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interference" title=" interference"> interference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Block%20Least%20Mean%20Square%20%28Block%20LMS%29%20Algorithm" title=" Block Least Mean Square (Block LMS) Algorithm"> Block Least Mean Square (Block LMS) Algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frequency%20Modulated%20Continuous%20Wave%20%28FMCW%29" title=" Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)"> Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71341/a-mini-radar-system-for-low-altitude-targets-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Stability and Sensitivity Analysis of Cholera Model with Treatment Class</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunusa%20Aliyu%20Hadejia">Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cholera is a gastrointestinal disease caused by a bacterium called Vibrio Cholerae which spread as a result of eating food or drinking water contaminated with feaces from an infected person. In this work we proposed and analyzed the impact of isolating infected people and give them therapeutic treatment, the specific objectives of the research was to formulate a mathematical model of cholera transmission incorporating treatment class, to make analysis on stability of equilibrium points of the model, positivity and boundedness was shown to ensure that the model has a biological meaning, the basic reproduction number was derived by next generation matrix approach. The result of stability analysis show that the Disease free equilibrium was both locally and globally asymptotically stable when R_0< 1 while endemic equilibrium has locally asymptotically stable when R_0> 1. Sensitivity analysis was perform to determine the contribution of each parameter to the basic reproduction number. Numerical simulation was carried out to show the impact of the model parameters using MAT Lab Software. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20model" title="mathematical model">mathematical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159867/stability-and-sensitivity-analysis-of-cholera-model-with-treatment-class" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Oil Palm Leaf and Corn Stalk, Mechanical Properties and Surface Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zawawi%20Daud">Zawawi Daud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agro waste can be defined as waste from agricultural plant. Oil palm leaf and corn stalk can be categorized as ago waste material. At first, the comparison between oil palm leaf and corn stalk by mechanical properties from soda pulping process. After that, focusing on surface characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Both material have a potential due to mechanical properties (tensile, tear, burst and fold) and surface characterization but corn stalk shows more in strength and compactness due to fiber characterization compared to oil palm leaf. This study promoting the green technology in develop a friendly product and suitable to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber" title="fiber">fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20palm%20leaf" title=" oil palm leaf"> oil palm leaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20stalk" title=" corn stalk"> corn stalk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20technology" title=" green technology"> green technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21503/oil-palm-leaf-and-corn-stalk-mechanical-properties-and-surface-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21503.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Lambda-Levelwise Statistical Convergence of a Sequence of Fuzzy Numbers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Berna%20Benli">F. Berna Benli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96zg%C3%BCr%20Keskin"> Özgür Keskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lately, many mathematicians have been studied the statistical convergence of a sequence of fuzzy numbers. We know that Lambda-statistically convergence is a kind of convergence between ordinary convergence and statistical convergence. In this paper, we will introduce the new kind of convergence such as λ-levelwise statistical convergence. Then, we will define the concept of the λ-levelwise statistical cluster and limit points of a sequence of fuzzy numbers. Also, we will discuss the relations between the sets of λ-levelwise statistical cluster points and λ-levelwise statistical limit points of sequences of fuzzy numbers. This work has been extended in this paper, where some relations have been considered such that when lambda-statistical limit inferior and lambda-statistical limit superior for lambda-statistically convergent sequences of fuzzy numbers are equal. Furthermore, lambda-statistical boundedness condition for different sequences of fuzzy numbers has been studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20number" title="fuzzy number">fuzzy number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BB-levelwise%20statistical%20cluster%20points" title=" λ-levelwise statistical cluster points"> λ-levelwise statistical cluster points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BB-levelwise%20statistical%20convergence" title=" λ-levelwise statistical convergence"> λ-levelwise statistical convergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BB-levelwise%20statistical%20limit%20points" title=" λ-levelwise statistical limit points"> λ-levelwise statistical limit points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BB-statistical%20cluster%20points" title=" λ-statistical cluster points"> λ-statistical cluster points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BB-statistical%20convergence" title=" λ-statistical convergence"> λ-statistical convergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BB-statistical%20limit%20%20points" title=" λ-statistical limit points"> λ-statistical limit points</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20755/lambda-levelwise-statistical-convergence-of-a-sequence-of-fuzzy-numbers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Study of Icons in Enterprise Application Software Context </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiva%20Subhedar">Shiva Subhedar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Jain"> Abhishek Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivin%20Mittal"> Shivin Mittal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Icons are not merely decorative elements in enterprise applications but very often used because of their many advantages such as compactness, visual appeal, etc. Despite these potential advantages, icons often cause usability problems when they are designed without consideration for their many potential downsides. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of articulatory distance – the distance between the physical appearance of an interface element and what it actually means. In other words, will the subject find the association of the function and its appearance on the interface natural or is the icon difficult for them to associate with its function. We have calculated response time and quality of identification by varying icon concreteness, the context of usage and subject experience in the enterprise context. The subjects were asked to associate icons (prepared for study purpose) with given function options in context and out of context mode. Response time and their selection were recorded for analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HCI" title="HCI">HCI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=icons" title=" icons"> icons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=icon%20concreteness" title=" icon concreteness"> icon concreteness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=icon%20recognition" title=" icon recognition"> icon recognition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54311/study-of-icons-in-enterprise-application-software-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> The Analysis of the Two Dimensional Huxley Equation Using the Galerkin Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pius%20W.%20Molo%20Chin">Pius W. Molo Chin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Real life problems such as the Huxley equation are always modeled as nonlinear differential equations. These problems need accurate and reliable methods for their solutions. In this paper, we propose a nonstandard finite difference method in time and the Galerkin combined with the compactness method in the space variables. This coupled method, is used to analyze a two dimensional Huxley equation for the existence and uniqueness of the continuous solution of the problem in appropriate spaces to be defined. We proceed to design a numerical scheme consisting of the aforementioned method and show that the scheme is stable. We further show that the stable scheme converges with the rate which is optimal in both the L2 as well as the H1-norms. Furthermore, we show that the scheme replicates the decaying qualities of the exact solution. Numerical experiments are presented with the help of an example to justify the validity of the designed scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huxley%20equations" title="Huxley equations">Huxley equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-standard%20finite%20difference%20method" title=" non-standard finite difference method"> non-standard finite difference method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galerkin%20method" title=" Galerkin method"> Galerkin method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20rate%20of%20convergence" title=" optimal rate of convergence"> optimal rate of convergence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155210/the-analysis-of-the-two-dimensional-huxley-equation-using-the-galerkin-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> A Comparison between Russian and Western Approach for Deep Foundation Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Delara">Saeed Delara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kendra%20MacKay"> Kendra MacKay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Varying methodologies are considered for pile design for both Russian and Western approaches. Although both approaches rely on toe and side frictional resistances, different calculation methods are proposed to estimate pile capacity. The Western approach relies on compactness (internal friction angle) of soil for cohesionless soils and undrained shear strength for cohesive soils. The Russian approach relies on grain size for cohesionless soils and liquidity index for cohesive soils. Though most recommended methods in the Western approaches are relatively simple methods to predict pile settlement, the Russian approach provides a detailed method to estimate single pile and pile group settlement. Details to calculate pile axial capacity and settlement using the Russian and Western approaches are discussed and compared against field test results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pile%20capacity" title="pile capacity">pile capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pile%20settlement" title=" pile settlement"> pile settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russian%20approach" title=" Russian approach"> Russian approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=western%20approach" title=" western approach"> western approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104330/a-comparison-between-russian-and-western-approach-for-deep-foundation-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Software Assessment Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20M.%20Darwish">Saad M. Darwish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, software quality issues have come to be seen as important subject as we see an enormous growth of agencies involved in software industries. However,these agencies cannot guarantee the quality of their products, thus leaving users in uncertainties. Software certification is the extension of quality by means that quality needs to be measured prior to certification granting process. This research participates in solving the problem of software assessment by proposing a model for assessment and certification of software product that uses a fuzzy inference engine to integrate both of process–driven and application-driven quality assurance strategies. The key idea of the on hand model is to improve the compactness and the interpretability of the model’s fuzzy rules via employing an ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), which tries to find good rules description by dint of compound rules initially expressed with traditional single rules. The model has been tested by case study and the results have demonstrated feasibility and practicability of the model in a real environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization%20technique" title="optimization technique">optimization technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20assurance" title=" quality assurance"> quality assurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20certification%20model" title=" software certification model"> software certification model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20assessment" title=" software assessment"> software assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18472/software-assessment-using-ant-colony-optimization-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness%20and%20compactness&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness%20and%20compactness&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundedness%20and%20compactness&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div 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