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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diogenes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8" title="Диоген Синоптәи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Диоген Синоптәи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ديوجانس الكلبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديوجانس الكلبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xenes_de_Sinope" title="Dióxenes de Sinope – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dióxenes de Sinope" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen" title="Diogen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Diogen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="দিওগেনেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিওগেনেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Диоген – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диоген" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Дыяген Сінопскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяген Сінопскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Диоген Синопски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диоген Синопски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ནོ་པེ་ཡིའི་དིའོ་ཇེ་ན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ནོ་པེ་ཡིའི་དིའོ་ཇེ་ན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen_iz_Sinope" title="Diogen iz Sinope – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Diogen iz Sinope" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2genes_de_Sinope" title="Diògenes de Sinope – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diògenes de Sinope" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Диоген – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Диоген" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADogen%C3%A9s_ze_Sin%C3%B3p%C3%A9" title="Díogenés ze Sinópé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Díogenés ze Sinópé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diogenes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_von_Sinope" title="Diogenes von Sinope – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diogenes von Sinope" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diogenes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Διογένης ο Κυνικός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διογένης ο Κυνικός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3genes_de_Sinope" title="Diógenes de Sinope – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diógenes de Sinope" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogeno_la_Cinika" title="Diogeno la Cinika – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diogeno la Cinika" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Sinopekoa" title="Diogenes Sinopekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diogenes Sinopekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دیوژن کلبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوژن کلبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diog%C3%A8ne_de_Sinope" title="Diogène de Sinope – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diogène de Sinope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xenes_de_S%C3%ADnope" title="Dióxenes de Sínope – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dióxenes de Sínope" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%85%B8%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%98_%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%EC%98%88%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4" title="시노페의 디오예니스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시노페의 디오예니스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Դիոգենես Սինոպացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիոգենես Սինոպացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="डायोजनीज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डायोजनीज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen_iz_Sinope" title="Diogen iz Sinope – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Diogen iz Sinope" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_dari_Sinope" title="Diogenes dari Sinope – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diogenes dari Sinope" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Диоген – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Диоген" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADogenes_hundingi" title="Díogenes hundingi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Díogenes hundingi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogene_di_Sinope" title="Diogene di Sinope – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diogene di Sinope" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="דיוגנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיוגנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="დიოგენე სინოპელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიოგენე სინოპელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Синоптық Диоген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синоптық Диоген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyojen%C3%AA_S%C3%AEnop%C3%AE" title="Diyojenê Sînopî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Diyojenê Sînopî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Диоген – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диоген" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Cynicus" title="Diogenes Cynicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diogenes Cynicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogens" title="Diogens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Diogens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenas_Sinopietis" title="Diogenas Sinopietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Diogenas Sinopietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szin%C3%B3p%C3%A9i_Diogen%C3%A9sz" title="Szinópéi Diogenész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szinópéi Diogenész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Диоген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диоген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Diogenes of Sinope" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡയോജനസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡയോജനസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="დიოგენე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიოგენე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%89" title="ديوجانس الكلبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديوجانس الكلبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دیوژن کلبی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دیوژن کلبی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_van_Sinope" title="Diogenes van Sinope – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diogenes van Sinope" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_van_Sinope" title="Diogenes van Sinope – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Diogenes van Sinope" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9_(%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE)" title="ディオゲネス (犬儒学派) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディオゲネス (犬儒学派)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_fra_Sinope" title="Diogenes fra Sinope – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diogenes fra Sinope" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diog%C3%A8nes_de_Sinope" title="Diogènes de Sinope – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Diogènes de Sinope" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen" title="Diogen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diogen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਦੀਓਜੇਨਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੀਓਜੇਨਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دیو جانس کلبی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دیو جانس کلبی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2gene_%C3%ABd_Sin%C3%B2pe" title="Diògene ëd Sinòpe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Diògene ëd Sinòpe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_z_Synopy" title="Diogenes z Synopy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diogenes z Synopy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διογένες ο Σινωπέας – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Διογένες ο Σινωπέας" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3genes_de_Sinope" title="Diógenes de Sinope – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diógenes de Sinope" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogene_din_Sinop" title="Diogene din Sinop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diogene din Sinop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Диоген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioggini_di_Sinopi" title="Dioggini di Sinopi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dioggini di Sinopi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diogenes of Sinope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_zo_Sin%C3%B3py" title="Diogenes zo Sinópy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diogenes zo Sinópy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen_iz_Sinope" title="Diogen iz Sinope – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Diogen iz Sinope" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%98%D9%86_(%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="دیۆژن (دیوجانس) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیۆژن (دیوجانس)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Диоген из Синопе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Диоген из Синопе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogen_iz_Sinope" title="Diogen iz Sinope – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Diogen iz Sinope" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Sinopelainen" title="Diogenes Sinopelainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diogenes Sinopelainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diogenes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B" title="ไดออจะนีซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไดออจะนีซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyojen" title="Diyojen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diyojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Діоген Сінопський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діоген Сінопський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دیو جانس کلبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیو جانس کلبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diogenes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Sinopest" title="Diogenes Sinopest – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Diogenes Sinopest" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_han_Sinope" title="Diogenes han Sinope – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diogenes han Sinope" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%AA%E7%AC%AC%E6%AC%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="锡诺普个第欧根尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锡诺普个第欧根尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AD%90%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="第歐根尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第歐根尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyojen" title="Diyojen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Diyojen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E6%AC%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="锡诺普的第欧根尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锡诺普的第欧根尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q59180#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes of Babylon</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">4th-century BC Greek Cynic philosopher</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diogenes (disambiguation)">Diogenes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Diogenes of Sinope</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg/220px-Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg/330px-Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg/440px-Diogenes-statue-Sinop-enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Diogenes in <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop, Turkey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">412 or 404 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sinope, <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li><li>(modern-day Sinop, Turkey)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">323 BC (aged 81 or 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates of Thebes</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Diogenes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">dy-<span style="font-size:90%">OJ</span>-in-eez</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Διογένης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Diogénēs</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[di.oɡénɛːs]</a></span>), also known as <b>Diogenes the Cynic</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Diogénēs ho Kynikós</i></span>) or <b>Diogenes of Sinope</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosopher">Greek philosopher</a> and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> colony on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, in 412 or 404 BC and died at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> in 323 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diogenes was a controversial figure. He was banished, or he fled, from Sinope over <a href="/wiki/Debasement_of_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Debasement of currency">debasement of currency</a>. He was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mintmaster</a> of Sinope, and there is some debate as to whether it was he, his father, or both who had debased the Sinopian currency.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his hasty departure from Sinope he moved to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> where he proceeded to criticize many conventions of Athens of that day. There are many tales about him following <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a> and becoming his "faithful hound".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">slavery</a>, eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>. There he passed his philosophy of Cynicism to <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a>, who taught it to <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a>, who fashioned it into the school of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, one of the most enduring schools of Greek philosophy. </p><p>No authenticated writings of Diogenes survive, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chreia" title="Chreia">chreia</a></i></span>), especially from <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>' book <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers</a></i> and some other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar, or <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">pithos</a>, in the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-pithos_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pithos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his simple lifestyle and behavior to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt, confused society. He had a reputation for sleeping and eating wherever he chose in a highly non-traditional fashion and took to toughening himself against nature. He declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">cosmopolitan</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen of the World">citizen of the world</a> rather than claiming allegiance to just one place. </p><p>He modeled himself on the example of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, believing that <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> was better revealed in action than in theory. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts, such as carrying a lamp during the day, claiming to be looking for a "man" (often rendered in English as "looking for an honest man", as Diogenes viewed the people around him as dishonest and irrational). He criticized <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, disputed his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting listeners by bringing food and eating during the discussions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Diogenes was also noted for <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_and_Alexander" title="Diogenes and Alexander">having mocked Alexander the Great</a>, both in public and to his face when he visited <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> in 336 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-OnExile15_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnExile15-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morality&Custom_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morality&Custom-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg/160px-Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg/240px-Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg/320px-Diogenes_Mosaic_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Roman mosaic depicting Diogenes</figcaption></figure> <p>Nothing is known about Diogenes's early life except that his father, Hicesias, was a banker.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems likely that Diogenes was also enrolled into the banking business aiding his father. </p><p>At some point (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became involved in a scandal involving the adulteration or debasement of the currency,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Diogenes was exiled from the city and lost his citizenship and all his material possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diog2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diog2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of the story seems to be corroborated by archaeology: large numbers of defaced coins (smashed with a large chisel stamp) have been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of the 4th century BC, and other coins of the time bear the name of Hicesias as the official who minted them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time there was much counterfeit money circulating in Sinope.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins were deliberately defaced in order to render them worthless as legal tender.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinope was being disputed between pro-<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greek</a> factions in the 4th century, and there may have been political rather than financial motives behind the act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athens">Athens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption><i>Diogenes Sitting in His Tub</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1860)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to one story,<sup id="cite_ref-diog2021_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diog2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes went to the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Oracle at Delphi</a> to ask for her advice and was told that he should "deface the currency". Following the debacle in Sinope, Diogenes decided that the oracle meant that he should deface the political currency rather than actual coins. He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and made it his life's goal to challenge established customs and values. He argued that instead of being troubled about the true nature of evil, people merely rely on customary interpretations. Diogenes arrived in Athens with a slave named Manes who escaped from him shortly thereafter. With characteristic humor, Diogenes dismissed his ill fortune by saying, "If Manes can live without Diogenes, why not Diogenes without Manes?"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes would mock such a relation of extreme dependency. He found the figure of a master who could do nothing for himself contemptibly helpless. He was attracted by the <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> teaching of <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a>, a student of Socrates. When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes ignored him and reportedly "eventually beat him off with his staff". Diogenes responded, "Strike, for you will find no wood hard enough to keep me away from you, so long as I think you've something to say." Diogenes became Antisthenes's pupil, despite the brutality with which he was initially received.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the two ever really met is still uncertain,<sup id="cite_ref-long45_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dudley2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudley2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prince77_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince77-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he surpassed his master in both reputation and the austerity of his life. He considered his avoidance of earthly pleasures a contrast to and commentary on contemporary Athenian behaviors. This attitude was grounded in a disdain for what he regarded as the folly, pretence, vanity, self-deception, and artificiality of human conduct. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castiglione,_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Castiglione%2C_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg/220px-Castiglione%2C_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Castiglione%2C_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg/330px-Castiglione%2C_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Castiglione%2C_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg/440px-Castiglione%2C_Giovanni_-_Fable_of_Diogenes_-_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption><i>Diogenes searching for a Man</i>, to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione" title="Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione">G. B. Castiglione</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1645 - 1655), in the <a href="/wiki/Prado_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado Museum">Prado Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The stories told of Diogenes illustrate the logical consistency of his character. He inured himself to the weather by living in a clay wine jar<sup id="cite_ref-pithos_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pithos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belonging to the temple of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He destroyed the single wooden bowl he possessed on seeing a peasant boy drink from the hollow of his hands. He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, to have been carrying superfluous baggage all this time!".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was contrary to Athenian customs to eat within the marketplace, and still he would eat there, for, as he explained when rebuked, it was during the time he was in the marketplace that he felt hungry. He used to stroll about in full daylight with a <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">lamp</a>; when asked what he was doing, he would answer, "I am looking for a man."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern sources often say that Diogenes was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient sources he is simply "looking for a man" – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">"ἄνθρωπον ζητῶ"</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been interpreted to mean that, in his view, the unreasoning behavior of the people around him meant that they did not qualify as men. Diogenes looked for a man but reputedly found nothing but rascals and scoundrels.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes taught by living example. He tried to demonstrate that wisdom and happiness belong to the man who is independent of society and that civilization is regressive. He scorned not only family and socio-political organization, but also property rights and reputation. He even rejected traditional ideas about human decency. In addition to eating in the marketplace,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes is said to have urinated on some people who insulted him,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defecated in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Masturbated" class="mw-redirect" title="Masturbated">masturbated</a> in public, and pointed at people with his <a href="/wiki/Finger_(gesture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger (gesture)">middle finger</a>, which was considered insulting.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes Laërtius also relates that Diogenes would spit and <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">fart</a> in public.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about his eating in public Diogenes said, "If taking breakfast is nothing out of place, then it is nothing out of place in the marketplace."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the indecency of his <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">masturbating in public</a> he would say, "If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Mattia_Preti_-_Diogenes_and_Plato_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plato_and_Diogenes_(Mattia_Preti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato and Diogenes (Mattia Preti)">Plato and Diogenes</a> (17th century) by <a href="/wiki/Mattia_Preti" title="Mattia Preti">Mattia Preti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diogenes had nothing but disdain for <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and his abstract philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes viewed <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a> as the true heir to <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, and shared his love of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> and indifference to <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with a disdain for general opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes shared Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to men's souls and improve them morally, while at the same time holding contempt for their obtuseness. Plato once described Diogenes as "a Socrates gone mad."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, when Plato gave the <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_self-reflection#Classical_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human self-reflection">definition of man</a> as "featherless bipeds", Diogenes plucked a <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> and brought it into Plato's <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a>, saying, "Here is Plato's man" (Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτωνος ἄνθρωπος), and so the academy added "with broad flat <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a>" to the definition.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corinth">Corinth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a story which seems to have originated with <a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus of Gadara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes was captured by <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> while on voyage to <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> and sold as a <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinthian</a> named <a href="/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a>. Being asked his trade, he replied that he knew no trade but that of governing men, and that he wished to be sold to a man who needed a master. Xeniades liked his spirit and hired Diogenes to tutor his children. As tutor to Xeniades's two sons,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is said that he lived in Corinth for the rest of his life, which he devoted to preaching the doctrines of virtuous self-control. There are many stories about what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. There are stories stating he was set free after he became "a cherished member of the household", while one says he was set free almost immediately, and still another states that "he grew old and died at Xeniades's house in Corinth."<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloPhilos_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloPhilos-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is even said to have lectured to large audiences at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of the stories about his living in a jar<sup id="cite_ref-pithos_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pithos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are located in Athens, Lucian recounts a tale where he lived in a jar near the gymnasium in Corinth.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_(1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_%281914%29.jpg/170px-Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_%281914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_%281914%29.jpg/255px-Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_%281914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_%281914%29.jpg/340px-Alexander_visits_Diogenes_at_Corinth_by_W._Matthews_%281914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption><i>Alexander the Great Visits Diogenes at Corinth</i> by W. Matthews (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>It was in Corinth that <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_and_Alexander" title="Diogenes and Alexander">a meeting between Alexander the Great and Diogenes</a> is supposed to have taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories may be <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a>. The accounts of Plutarch and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> recount that they exchanged only a few words: while Diogenes was relaxing in the morning sunlight, Alexander, thrilled to meet the famous philosopher, asked if there was any favour he might do for him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, stand out of my sunlight." Alexander then declared, "If I were not Alexander, then I should wish to be Diogenes."<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander14_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morality&Custom_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morality&Custom-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another account of the conversation, Alexander found the philosopher looking attentively at a pile of human bones. Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the bones of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">your father</a> but cannot distinguish them from those of a slave." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are conflicting accounts of Diogenes's death. His contemporaries alleged that he held his breath until he died, although other accounts of his death say he became ill from eating <a href="/wiki/Raw_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw fish">raw</a> <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from an infected <a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">dog bite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked how he wished to be buried, he left instructions to be thrown outside the city wall so that wild<span class="nowrap"> </span>animals could feast on his body. When asked if he minded this, he said, "Not at all, as long as you provide me with a stick to chase the creatures away!" When asked how he could use the stick since he would lack awareness, he replied: "If I lack awareness, then why should I care what happens to me when I am dead?"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the end, Diogenes made fun of people's excessive concern with the "proper" treatment of the dead. The Corinthians erected to his memory a pillar on which rested a dog of <a href="/wiki/Parian_marble" title="Parian marble">Parian marble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was alleged by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> that both Diogenes and Alexander died on the same day; however, the actual death date of neither man can be verified.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch717_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch717-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with Antisthenes and <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates of Thebes</a>, Diogenes is considered one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a>. The ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at indirectly. Fifty-one writings of Diogenes survive as part of the spurious <a href="/wiki/Cynic_epistles" title="Cynic epistles">Cynic epistles</a>, though he is reported to have authored over ten books and seven tragedies that do not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cynic ideas are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what is known about Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources. </p><p>Many anecdotes of Diogenes refer to his dog-like behavior and his praise of a dog's virtues. It is not known whether Diogenes was insulted with the epithet "doggish" and made a virtue of it, or whether he first took up the dog theme himself. When asked why he was called a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One explanation offered in ancient times for why the Cynics were called <i>dogs</i> was that Antisthenes taught in the <a href="/wiki/Cynosarges" title="Cynosarges">Cynosarges</a> gymnasium at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Cynosarges</i> means the place of the <i>white dog</i>. Later Cynics also sought to turn the word to their advantage, as a later commentator explained: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg/220px-Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg/330px-Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg/440px-Bastein-Lepage_Diogenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption><i>Diogenes</i> (1873) by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastien-Lepage" title="Jules Bastien-Lepage">Jules Bastien-Lepage</a></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>There are four reasons why the <i>Cynics</i> are so named. First because of the <i>indifference</i> of their way of life, for they make a cult of indifference and, like dogs, eat and make love in public, go barefoot, and sleep in tubs and at crossroads. The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal, and they make a cult of shamelessness, not as being beneath modesty, but as superior to it. The third reason is that the dog is a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason is that the dog is a discriminating animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies. So do they recognize as friends those who are suited to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, by barking at them.<sup id="cite_ref-dudley5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dudley5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Diogenes believed human beings live hypocritically and would do well to study the dog. Besides performing natural body functions in public with ease, a dog will eat anything and makes no fuss about where to sleep. Dogs live in the present and have no use for pretentious philosophy. They know instinctively who is friend and who is foe. </p><p>Diogenes stated that "other dogs bite their enemies, I bite my friends to save them."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes maintained that all the artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and that morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. So great was his austerity and simplicity that the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a> would later claim him to be a wise man or "sophos". In his words, "Humans have complicated every simple gift of the gods."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> had previously identified himself as belonging to the world, rather than a city,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes is credited with the first known use of the word "<a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a>". When he was asked from where he came, he replied, "I am a citizen of the world (<i>cosmopolites</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a radical claim in a world where a man's identity was intimately tied to his citizenship of a particular city-state. As an exile and an outcast, a man with no social identity, Diogenes made a mark on his contemporaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions_in_art">Depictions in art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Depictions in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg/220px-Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg/330px-Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg/440px-Waterhouse-Diogenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><i>Diogenes</i> (1882) by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both in ancient and in modern times, Diogenes's personality has appealed strongly to sculptors and to painters. Ancient busts exist in the museums of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitol</a>. The interview between Diogenes and Alexander is represented in an ancient marble bas-relief found in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Albani" title="Villa Albani">Villa Albani</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s fresco <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>, a lone reclining figure in the foreground represents Diogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The many allusions to dogs in Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i> are references to the school of Cynicism that could be interpreted as suggesting a parallel between the misanthropic hermit, Timon, and Diogenes; but Shakespeare would have had access to <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>'s essay, "Of Democritus and Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men ill and shuns them as dangerous, whereas Diogenes esteems them so little that contact with them could not disturb him.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Timonism" is in fact often contrasted with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they had become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring by nature and so saw no hope for change."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosopher's name was adopted by the fictional <a href="/wiki/The_Diogenes_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The Diogenes Club">Diogenes Club</a>, an organization that <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>' brother <a href="/wiki/Mycroft_Holmes" title="Mycroft Holmes">Mycroft Holmes</a> belongs to in the story "<a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Interpreter">The Greek Interpreter</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>. It is called such as its members are educated, yet untalkative and have a dislike of socialising, much like the philosopher himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_30_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_30-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_syndrome" title="Diogenes syndrome">Diogenes syndrome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/170px-Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/255px-Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/340px-Diogenes_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Fictionalized portrait of Diogenes from a 17th-century engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>Diogenes's name has been applied to a <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural disorder">behavioural disorder</a> characterised by apparently involuntary <a href="/wiki/Self-neglect" title="Self-neglect">self-neglect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disorder afflicts the elderly and is quite inappropriately named, as Diogenes deliberately rejected common standards of material comfort, and was anything but a hoarder.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/diogenes-of-sinope/">Diogenes of Sinope</a> Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. By Julie Piering. Downloaded 14 June 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom, <i>Orations</i>, viii. 1–4; Aelian, x. 16; Stobaeus, <i>Florilegium</i>, 13.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pithos-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pithos_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pithos_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pithos_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Desmond_(philosopher)" title="William Desmond (philosopher)">Desmond, William</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5z-zTlFcBsC&pg=PA21"><i>Cynics</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520258358" title="Special:BookSources/9780520258358"><bdi>9780520258358</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429053413/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5z-zTlFcBsC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cynics&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780520258358&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5z-zTlFcBsC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnExile15-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnExile15_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §32; Plutarch, <i>Alexander</i>, 14, <i>On Exile</i>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander14_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander14_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html#14"><i>Alexander</i> 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morality&Custom-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morality&Custom_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morality&Custom_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Dillon2004" class="citation book cs1">John M. Dillon (2004). <i>Morality and Custom in Ancient Greece</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 187–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34526-4"><bdi>978-0-253-34526-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morality+and+Custom+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=187-88&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34526-4&rft.au=John+M.+Dillon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §20). A <i>trapezites</i> was a banker/money-changer who could exchange currency, arrange loans, and was sometimes entrusted with the minting of currency.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navia, <i>Diogenes the Cynic</i>, p. 226: "The word <i>paracharaxis</i> can be understood in various ways such as the defacement of currency or the counterfeiting of coins or the adulteration of money."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diog2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diog2021_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diog2021_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. T. Seltman, <i>Diogenes of Sinope, Son of the Banker Hikesias</i>, in <i>Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress 1936</i> (London 1938).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §55; Seneca, <i>De Tranquillitate Animi</i>, 8.7.; Aelian, <i>Varia Historia,</i> 13.28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §21; Aelian, <i>Varia Historia</i>, 10.16.; Jerome, <i>Adversus Jovinianum</i>, 2.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-long45-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-long45_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong1996">Long 1996</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dudley2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dudley2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudley1937">Dudley 1937</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prince77-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prince77_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrince2005">Prince 2005</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §23 ; Jerome, <i>Adversus Jovinianum</i>, 2.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examined lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §37; Seneca, <i>Epistles</i>, 90.14.; Jerome, <i>Adversus Jovinianum</i>, 2.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl06.html#diogenis">"Diogenis Laertius 6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diogenis+Laertius+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikrosapoplous.gr%2Fdl%2Fdl06.html%23diogenis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §58, 69. Eating in public places was considered bad manners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Chrysostom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/8*.html#36">Or. 8.36</a>; Julian, <i>Orations</i>, 6.202c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §34–35; Epictetus, <i>Discourses</i>, iii.2.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Lee Todd, 'Apuleios Florida:A commentary, 2012, p132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1656"><i>Apology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924074100/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1656">Archived</a> 2009-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 41e.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1171"><i>Apology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924073832/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1171">Archived</a> 2009-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §54 ; Aelian, <i>Varia Historia</i>, 14.33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond1995" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, William (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAXmguDJM24C&pg=PA106"><i>Being and the Between: Political Theory in the American Academy</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791422717" title="Special:BookSources/9780791422717"><bdi>9780791422717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+and+the+Between%3A+Political+Theory+in+the+American+Academy&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780791422717&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAXmguDJM24C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycloPhilos-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncycloPhilos_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/diogsino">"Diogenes of Sinope"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006-04-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103164337/http://www.iep.utm.edu/diogsino/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diogenes+of+Sinope&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fdiogsino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Chrysostom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/8*.html#10">Or. 8.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian1905" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> (1905), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksoflucianofs02luci/page/110/mode/2up">"3"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Write_History" title="How to Write History">How to Write History</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+History&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Lucian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksoflucianofs02luci%2Fpage%2F110%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §38; Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, 5.32.; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Alexander</i>, 14, <i>On Exile</i>, 15; Dio Chrysostom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/4*.html#14">Or. 4.14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §76; Athenaeus, 8.341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, 1.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §78; Greek Anthology, 1.285.; Pausanias, 2.2.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch717-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch717_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Moralia</i>, 717c; <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> vi. 79, citing <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Magnesia" title="Demetrius of Magnesia">Demetrius of Magnesia</a> as his source. It is also reported by the <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=delta%2C1143+&field=adlerhw_gr"><i>Diogenes</i> δ1143</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §13. Cf. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Classical_Literature" title="The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature">The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</a></i>, 2nd edition, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dudley5-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dudley5_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholium on Aristotle's <i>Rhetoric</i>, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFDudley1937">Dudley 1937</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes of Sinope, quoted by Stobaeus, <i>Florilegium</i>, iii. 13. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, 5.37.; Plutarch, <i>On Exile</i>, 5.; Epictetus, <i>Discourses</i>, i.9.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, §63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling</i>, by Ross King</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Grady, "A Companion to Shakespeare's Works", Dutton. R & Howard J., Blakewell Publishing, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22632-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22632-X">0-631-22632-X</a>, pp. 443–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Ollswang, "Cynicism: A Series of Cartoons on a Philosophical Theme", January 1988, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ollswang.com/_/rsrc/1261384309718/home/cynicism/cynicism---page-2/c2.jpeg?height=873&width=1200">page B at official site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322074959/http://www.ollswang.com/_/rsrc/1261384309718/home/cynicism/cynicism---page-2/c2.jpeg?height=873&width=1200">Archived</a> 2012-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; repr. in <i>The Best Comics of the Decade 1980–1990 Vol. 1</i>, Seattle, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56097-035-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56097-035-9">1-56097-035-9</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_30-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_30_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Daniel (2014) [2009]. <i>The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide</i> (Updated ed.). Aurum Press. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-404-3"><bdi>978-1-78131-404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sherlock+Holmes+Companion%3A+An+Elementary+Guide&rft.pages=30-31&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78131-404-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanonPinquierGaddourSaïd2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanon C, Pinquier C, Gaddour N, Saïd S, Mathis D, Pellerin J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masson.fr/masson/MDOI-ENC-9-2004-30-4-0013-7006-101019-ART2">"[Diogenes syndrome: a transnosographic approach]"</a>. <i>Encephale</i> (in French). <b>30</b> (4): 315–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0013-7006%2804%2995443-7">10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95443-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15538307">15538307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encephale&rft.atitle=%5BDiogenes+syndrome%3A+a+transnosographic+approach%5D&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-22&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0013-7006%2804%2995443-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15538307&rft.aulast=Hanon&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Pinquier%2C+C&rft.au=Gaddour%2C+N&rft.au=Sa%C3%AFd%2C+S&rft.au=Mathis%2C+D&rft.au=Pellerin%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masson.fr%2Fmasson%2FMDOI-ENC-9-2004-30-4-0013-7006-101019-ART2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navia, <i>Diogenes the Cynic</i>, p. 31</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Desmond, William D. 2008. <i>Cynics</i>. Acumen / University of California Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley1937" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, Donald R. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp"><i>A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the 6th Century A.D.</i></a> Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cynicism+from+Diogenes+to+the+6th+Century+A.D.&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcynicis032872mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaërtiusPlutarch1979" class="citation book cs1">Laërtius, Diogenes; Plutarch (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herakleitosdioge00hera"><i>Herakleitos & Diogenes</i></a></span>. Translated by Guy Davenport. Bolinas, California: Grey Fox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912516-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912516-36-3"><bdi>978-0-912516-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herakleitos+%26+Diogenes&rft.place=Bolinas%2C+California&rft.pub=Grey+Fox+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-912516-36-3&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherakleitosdioge00hera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span><br />(Contains 124 sayings of Diogenes)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaërtius1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VI#Diogenes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VI#Diogenes">"The Cynics: Diogenes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i>. Vol. 2:6. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cynics%3A+Diogenes&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._A._Long" title="A. A. Long">Long, A. A.</a> (1996). "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics". In Bracht Branham, R.; Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile (eds.). <i>The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21645-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21645-7"><bdi>978-0-520-21645-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Socratic+Tradition%3A+Diogenes%2C+Crates%2C+and+Hellenistic+Ethics&rft.btitle=The+Cynics%3A+The+Cynic+Movement+in+Antiquity+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21645-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavia2005" class="citation book cs1">Navia, Luis E. (2005). <i>Diogenes the Cynic : the war against the world</i>. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591023203" title="Special:BookSources/9781591023203"><bdi>9781591023203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diogenes+the+Cynic+%3A+the+war+against+the+world&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781591023203&rft.aulast=Navia&rft.aufirst=Luis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince2005" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Susan (2005). "Socrates, Antisthenes, and the Cynics". In Ahbel-Rappe, Sara; Kamtekar, Rachana (eds.). <i>A Companion to Socrates</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-0863-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socrates%2C+Antisthenes%2C+and+the+Cynics&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Socrates&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0863-8&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloterdijk,_Peter1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sloterdijk,_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloterdijk, Peter">Sloterdijk, Peter</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/critiqueofcynica00slot"><i>Critique of Cynical Reason</i></a></span>. Translation by Michael Eldred; foreword by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Huyssen" title="Andreas Huyssen">Andreas Huyssen</a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1586-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-1586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Cynical+Reason&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1586-5&rft.au=Sloterdijk%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcritiqueofcynica00slot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2005" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Ian (2005). <i>Cynicism from Diogenes to Dilbert</i>. Jefferson, Va.: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2093-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2093-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-2093-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cynicism+from+Diogenes+to+Dilbert&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+Va.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2093-3&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazella2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazella, David (2007). <i>The making of modern cynicism</i>. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2615-5"><bdi>978-0-8139-2615-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+modern+cynicism&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Va.&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2615-5&rft.aulast=Mazella&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavia1996" class="citation book cs1">Navia, Luis E. (1996). <i>Classical cynicism : a critical study</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30015-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+cynicism+%3A+a+critical+study&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30015-8&rft.aulast=Navia&rft.aufirst=Luis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavia1998" class="citation book cs1">Navia, Luis E. (1998). <i>Diogenes of Sinope : the man in the tub</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30672-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30672-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30672-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diogenes+of+Sinope+%3A+the+man+in+the+tub&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30672-3&rft.aulast=Navia&rft.aufirst=Luis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hard, Robin (2012). <i>Diogenes the Cynic: Sayings and Anecdotes, With Other Popular Moralists</i>, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958924-1">978-0-19-958924-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoubineauDeBevoiseMitsis2023" class="citation book cs1">Roubineau, Jean-Manuel; DeBevoise, Malcolm; Mitsis, Philip (2023). <i>The dangerous life and ideas of Diogenes the Cynic</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197666357" title="Special:BookSources/9780197666357"><bdi>9780197666357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dangerous+life+and+ideas+of+Diogenes+the+Cynic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780197666357&rft.aulast=Roubineau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Manuel&rft.au=DeBevoise%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Mitsis%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2010" class="citation book cs1">Shea, Louisa (2010). <i>The cynic enlightenment : Diogenes in the salon</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9385-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-9385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cynic+enlightenment+%3A+Diogenes+in+the+salon&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9385-8&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/diogsino">"Diogenes of Sinope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diogenes+of+Sinope&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fdiogsino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiogenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=cynics:cynic_lives"><i>Lives & Writings on the Cynics</i></a>, directory of literary references to Ancient Cynics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terryballard.org/literary/diogenes.htm"><i>A day with Diogenes</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506100801/http://millionsofmouths.com/diogenes.html"><i>Diogenes The Dog</i> from Millions of Mouths</a></li> <li><a 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Lampsacus">Anaximenes of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchia_of_Maroneia" title="Hipparchia of Maroneia">Hipparchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrocles" title="Metrocles">Metrocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_the_Cynic" title="Cleomenes the Cynic">Cleomenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Borysthenes" title="Bion of Borysthenes">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_the_Cynic" title="Menedemus the Cynic">Menedemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidas" title="Cercidas">Cercidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teles_of_Megara" title="Teles of Megara">Teles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager_of_Gadara" title="Meleager of Gadara">Meleager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Favonius" title="Marcus Favonius">Favonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Cynic" title="Demetrius the Cynic">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathobulus" title="Agathobulus">Agathobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonax" title="Demonax">Demonax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrinus_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrinus (philosopher)">Peregrinus Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Patras" title="Theagenes of Patras">Theagenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenomaus_of_Gadara" title="Oenomaus of Gadara">Oenomaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancrates_of_Athens" title="Pancrates of Athens">Pancrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens_the_Cynic" title="Crescens the Cynic">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Cynic" title="Heraclius the Cynic">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_the_Cynic" title="Asclepiades the Cynic">Asclepiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus I of Constantinople">Maximus I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_(athlete)" title="Horus (athlete)">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustius_of_Emesa" title="Sallustius of Emesa">Sallustius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13557547">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/284807300">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/642158790512838851047">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/162492046">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41996531">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8017151778236818130007">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/706144647704451342668">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142160307382857741712">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523248806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14658302">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03305412?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354445">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1105724">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118525867.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118525867">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/068525354">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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