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Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>January–March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>April–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deaths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>January–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>July–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yearbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yearbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Yearbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yearbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1869</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1869 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1869 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1869 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1869 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۸۶۹ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸۶۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AF" title="১৮৬৯ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮৬৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_n%C3%AE" title="1869 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1869 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1869 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1869 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869." title="1869. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1869." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1869 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1869 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B9" title="۱۸۶۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۸۶۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%E5%B9%B4" title="1869年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1869年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%EB%85%84" title="1869년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1869년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF" title="१८६९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८६९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869." title="1869. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1869." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AF" title="মারি ১৮৬৯ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৮৬৯" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1869-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1869-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%AC%E0%B3%AF" title="೧೮೬೯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೮೬೯" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1869 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1869 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1869 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1869 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1869-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1869-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1869 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1869 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B8" title="1869 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1869 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869._gads" title="1869. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1869. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1869 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1869 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_m." title="1869 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1869 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869moi" title="1869moi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1869moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF" title="१८६९ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१८६९" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF" title="इ.स. १८६९ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १८६९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B9" title="۱۸۶۹ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۸۶۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1869 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1869 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1869 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1869 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%88%E1%81%86%E1%81%89" title="၁၈၆၉ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈၆၉" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF" title="ई सं १८६९ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १८६९" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%E5%B9%B4" title="1869年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1869年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1869 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1869 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%AC%E0%AD%AF" title="୧୮୬୯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୮୬୯" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF" title="१८६९ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१८६९" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1869" title="Joohr 1869 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1869" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1869 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1869 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF" title="१८६९ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१८६९" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%D8%B9" title="1869ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1869ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A8%D9%A6%D9%A9" title="١٨٦٩ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٨٦٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1869 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1869 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2412" title="พ.ศ. 2412 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2412" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1869" title="Соли 1869 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1869" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1869 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1869 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%D8%A1" title="1869ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1869ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_nienz" title="1869 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1869 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AD%E4%B9%9D%E5%B9%B4" title="一八六九年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一八六九年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%E5%B9%B4" title="1869年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1869年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%E5%B9%B4" title="1869年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1869年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869" title="1869 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1869" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%E5%B9%B4" title="1869年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1869年" 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/1869_(video_game)" title="1869 (video game)">1869 (video game)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1866">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1867">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1868">1868</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1869" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1869">1869</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1870">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1871">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1872">1872</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1869" title="Category:1869">1869 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Humanities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_animation" title="1869 in animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_archaeology" title="1869 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_architecture" title="1869 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_art" title="1869 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_literature" title="1869 in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_poetry" title="1869 in poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_music" title="1869 in music">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Australia" title="1869 in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Belgium" title="1869 in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Brazil" title="1869 in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Canada" title="1869 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_China" title="1869 in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Denmark" title="1869 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_France" title="1869 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Germany" title="1869 in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_New_Zealand" title="1869 in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Norway" title="1869 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Portugal" title="1869 in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Russia" title="1869 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_South_Africa" title="1869 in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Sweden" title="1869 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1869 in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_the_United_States" title="1869 in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_rail_transport" title="1869 in rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_science" title="1869 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_sports" title="1869 in sports">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_entities_in_the_19th_century" title="List of political entities in the 19th century">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1869" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1869">Sovereign state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_19th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century">Territorial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 19th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_in_law" title="Category:1869 in law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_births" title="Category:1869 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_deaths" title="Category:1869 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_establishments" title="Category:1869 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_disestablishments" title="Category:1869 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_works" title="Category:1869 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1869 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1869<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MDCCCLXIX</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2622</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1318<br />ԹՎ ՌՅԺԸ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6619</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>25–26</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1790–1791</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1276</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2819</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>32 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a> – 33 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2413</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1231</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7377–7378</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">戊辰</a>年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />4566 or 4359<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />己巳年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />4567 or 4360</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1585–1586</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3035</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1861–1862</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5629–5630</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1925–1926</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1790–1791</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4969–4970</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11869</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>869–870</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1247–1248</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1285–1286</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> 2<br />(明治２年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1797–1798</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 12 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4202</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>43 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前43年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>401</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2411–2412</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳土龙年<br />(male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />1995 or 1614 or 842<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴土蛇年<br />(female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>)<br />1996 or 1615 or 843</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1869" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1869">1869</a></span>.</div></div> </div><p><b>1869</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDCCCLXIX</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday" title="Common year starting on Friday">common year starting on Friday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday" title="Common year starting on Wednesday">common year starting on Wednesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1869th year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 869th year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 69th year of the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, and the 10th and last year of the <a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a> decade. As of the start of 1869, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – Scotland's second oldest professional <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">football</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C." title="Kilmarnock F.C.">Kilmarnock F.C.</a>, is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> is the first woman to testify before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/P.E.O._Sisterhood" title="P.E.O. Sisterhood">P.E.O. Sisterhood</a>, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Wesleyan_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Wesleyan College">Iowa Wesleyan College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Iowa" title="Mount Pleasant, Iowa">Mount Pleasant, Iowa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a> is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> on <a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a>) by remaining adherents to the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – Prospectors in <a href="/wiki/Moliagul,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Moliagul, Victoria">Moliagul, Victoria</a>, Australia, discover the largest <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">gold nugget</a> ever found, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Welcome_Stranger" title="Welcome Stranger">Welcome Stranger</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_II" title="Ranavalona II">Ranavalona II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Merina" class="mw-redirect" title="Merina">Merina</a> Queen of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, is baptized.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_Steel_Institute" title="Iron and Steel Institute">Iron and Steel Institute</a> is formed in London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mahbub_Ali_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI">Mahbub Ali Khan</a>, 2½, begins a 42-year reign as <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – In Japan, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizen_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizen Domain">Hizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū Domains</a> are persuaded to return their domains to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, leading to creation of a fully centralized government in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> issues 10<a href="/wiki/Groschen" title="Groschen">gr</a> and 30gr value stamps, printed on <a href="/wiki/Goldbeater%27s_skin" title="Goldbeater's skin">goldbeater's skin</a>.</li> <li>(O. S. February 17) – <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> finishes his design of the first <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> and sends it for publishing.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> is <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">sworn in</a>, as the 18th President of the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> (O. S. March 6) – <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> makes a formal presentation of his <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> to the Russian Chemical Society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABtokowaru%27s_War" title="Tītokowaru's War">Tītokowaru's War</a> ends with the surrender of the last <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> troops at large, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Taranaki_District" title="South Taranaki District">South Taranaki District</a> of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – The <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> is founded in New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – The State of <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> is created in Mexico.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – In <a href="/wiki/1869_French_legislative_election" title="1869 French legislative election">elections in France</a>, the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote in national elections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a>–<a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate">Naval Battle of Hakodate</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> defeats adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a> in North America is completed at <a href="/wiki/Promontory,_Utah" title="Promontory, Utah">Promontory, Utah</a>, by the driving of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_spike" title="Golden spike">golden spike</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4514" data-file-height="3435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a> in North America is completed</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a>: In New York, <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> form the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – One day after surrendering at the land <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">Battle of Hakodate</a> (begun <a href="/wiki/4_December" class="mw-redirect" title="4 December">4 December</a> <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a>), <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a> turns over <a href="/wiki/Gory%C5%8Dkaku" title="Goryōkaku">Goryōkaku</a> to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a> first store, in <a href="/wiki/Drury_Lane" title="Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a>, London, is opened.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Powell_Geographic_Expedition_of_1869" title="Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869">John Wesley Powell</a> departs <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Wyoming" title="Green River, Wyoming">Green River, Wyoming</a>, with a company of 9 other men, on a trip down the Green and Colorado Rivers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> is chartered by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts">Commonwealth of Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings" title="Cincinnati Red Stockings">Cincinnati Red Stockings</a> open the <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> season as the first fully professional team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_College" title="Sherwood College">Sherwood College</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a>, India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt" title="John Wesley Hyatt">John Wesley Hyatt</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – The fortress of <a href="/wiki/Gory%C5%8Dkaku" title="Goryōkaku">Goryōkaku</a> is turned over to Imperial Japanese forces, bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">Battle of Hakodate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>, the military phase of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Song_Festival" title="Estonian Song Festival">Estonian Song Festival</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a>, Sweden, is destroyed in a city fire; 8,000 people become homeless.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_M%C3%A8ge-Mouri%C3%A8s" title="Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès">Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès</a> files a patent for <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a> in France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_Abroad" title="The Innocents Abroad">The Innocents Abroad</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, goes on sale after printing by the American Publishing Company. It becomes Twain's bestselling work during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Hospital Boston">Children's Hospital Boston</a> is founded by Dr. Francis Henry Brown and other <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> graduates, as a 20-bed facility in the <a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Church_Act_1869" title="Irish Church Act 1869">Irish Church Act 1869</a> is given <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment">disestablishing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> effective January 1, 1871.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> found the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a> (SDAP).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> wins the first international boat race held on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – Irish scientist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ward_(scientist)" title="Mary Ward (scientist)">Mary Ward</a> is killed by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">steam car</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – The foundation stone is laid for <a href="/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle" title="Neuschwanstein Castle">Neuschwanstein Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (southern Germany).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – Work on the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Monument" title="Wallace Monument">Wallace Monument</a> is completed in <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a>–<a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">13</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company">P&O</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SS_Carnatic" title="SS Carnatic">SS <i>Carnatic</i></a> runs aground and sinks in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>; 31 drown.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/James_Fisk_(financier)" title="James Fisk (financier)">James Fisk</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a> Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>October – The '<a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Seven" title="Edinburgh Seven">Edinburgh Seven</a>', led by <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Jex-Blake" title="Sophia Jex-Blake">Sophia Jex-Blake</a>, start to attend lectures at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a>, the first women in the United Kingdom to do so (although they will not be allowed to take degrees).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> breaks out against British forces in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gamma Sigma becomes the first high school fraternity in North America at Brockport Normal School, <a href="/wiki/Brockport,_New_York" title="Brockport, New York">Brockport, New York</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – England's first residential university-level <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_college" title="Women's college">women's college</a>, the College for Women (predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a>), is founded at <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davies" title="Emily Davies">Emily Davies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bodichon" title="Barbara Bodichon">Barbara Bodichon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – The first issue of the scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> is published in London, edited by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/1869_college_football_season#First_football_game_ever_played" title="1869 college football season">The first game of American football between two American colleges</a> is played. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> 6–4, in a forerunner to <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College football</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, linking the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> surrenders its claim to <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> in Canada, under its <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, back to the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a>, Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper</a> ship <i><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></i> is launched (it is one of the last clippers built, and the only one to survive in the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> is published in complete book form, in Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – American outlaw <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a> commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in <a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Missouri" title="Gallatin, Missouri">Gallatin, Missouri</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – The <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> opens in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world.</li> <li>The first American chapter of <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">Kappa Sigma</a> is founded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>: Triple Alliance forces take <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The investment bank <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> is founded in New York.</li> <li>The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> moves from <a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Isle_of_Man" title="Castletown, Isle of Man">Castletown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabella_Mansfield" title="Arabella Mansfield">Arabella Mansfield</a> became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Iowa" title="Mount Pleasant, Iowa">Mount Pleasant, Iowa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_Bennett_Jr." title="James Gordon Bennett Jr.">James Gordon Bennett Jr.</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> asks <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> to find Dr. <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>.</li> <li>The Co-operative Central Board (later <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a>) is founded in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher">Friedrich Miescher</a> purifies nuclein, which was then identified as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ladies_National_Association_for_the_Repeal_of_the_Contagious_Diseases_Acts" title="Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts">Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts</a> is founded in Great Britain.</li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> Père <a href="/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a> receives the skin of a <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a> from a hunter, the first time this species becomes known to a Westerner;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as <i><a href="/wiki/Davidia_involucrata" title="Davidia involucrata">Davidia involucrata</a></i>.</li> <li>New Zealand's first university, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a>, is founded.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> coins the word "<a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Agnostic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell Soup Company">Campbell Soup Company</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz" title="Heinz">Heinz</a>, as predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Heinz" title="Kraft Heinz">Kraft Heinz</a>, a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese brand</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ignatius_College_Prep" title="St. Ignatius College Prep">St. Ignatius College Prep</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> is founded, and construction on the school's main building began. It is one of only five buildings that survived the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">Great Chicago Fire</a> of 1871. The building was designed by the Canadian architect Toussaint Menard in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">Second Empire</a> architecture style.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Cecil,_Vanity_Fair,_1869-07-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robert_Cecil%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-07-10.jpg/220px-Robert_Cecil%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-07-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robert_Cecil%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-07-10.jpg/330px-Robert_Cecil%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-07-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robert_Cecil%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-07-10.jpg/440px-Robert_Cecil%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-07-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>The Marquess of Salisbury caricatured by "<a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pellegrini_(caricaturist)" title="Carlo Pellegrini (caricaturist)">Ape</a>" in <i>Vanity Fair'</i>, 1869 - Carlo Pellegrini (25 March 1839 – 22 January 1889), who did much of his work under the pseudonym of Ape</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93March_2"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg/100px-Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg/150px-Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg/200px-Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png/100px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png/150px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png/200px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski_Colorized.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg/100px-Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg/150px-Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg/200px-Edith_Anne_Stoney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edith_Anne_Stoney" title="Edith Anne Stoney">Edith Anne Stoney</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTR_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/100px-CTR_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/150px-CTR_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/200px-CTR_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_(Restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_%28Restored%29.jpg/100px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_%28Restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_%28Restored%29.jpg/150px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_%28Restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_%28Restored%29.jpg/200px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_ca._1919_%28Restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6692" data-file-height="9128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caloustegulbenkian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caloustegulbenkian.jpg/100px-Caloustegulbenkian.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caloustegulbenkian.jpg/150px-Caloustegulbenkian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caloustegulbenkian.jpg/200px-Caloustegulbenkian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian" title="Calouste Gulbenkian">Calouste Gulbenkian</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg/100px-Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg/150px-Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg/200px-Hans_Spemann_nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edith_Anne_Stoney" title="Edith Anne Stoney">Edith Anne Stoney</a>, Irish physicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Grigori Rasputin</a>, Russian mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodore_Vogelgesang" title="Carl Theodore Vogelgesang">Carl Theodore Vogelgesang</a>, American admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta</a>, Italian general, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a>, Polish dramatist, poet, painter and architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnelo_de_Souza" title="Agnelo de Souza">Agnelo de Souza</a>, Portuguese Roman Catholic priest, missionary and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_de_Freitas" title="José Vicente de Freitas">José Vicente de Freitas</a>, Portuguese colonel and politician, 97th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bro%C8%99teanu" title="Ernest Broșteanu">Ernest Broșteanu</a>, Romanian general (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Shirakawa" title="Yoshinori Shirakawa">Yoshinori Shirakawa</a>, Japanese general (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a>, German general (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller" title="Helene Kröller-Müller">Helene Kröller-Müller</a>, Dutch museum founder, patron of the arts (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a>, German-born poet, author (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a>, Scottish physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Nadezhda Krupskaya</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s wife (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a>, American physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_V._Pratt" title="William V. Pratt">William V. Pratt</a>, American admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a>, German cardinal, archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a>, British conductor (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Forbes_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="George Forbes (New Zealand politician)">George Forbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">New Zealand Prime Minister</a>, first leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">New Zealand National Party</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood" title="Algernon Blackwood">Algernon Blackwood</a>, English writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a>, 2nd President of the Republic of Poland (d. <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian" title="Calouste Gulbenkian">Calouste Gulbenkian</a>, British-Armenian businessman and philanthropist (d. <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, British architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June_2"><span id="April.E2.80.93June_2"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hughie_Jennings" title="Hughie Jennings">Hughie Jennings</a>, American baseball player (d. <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Colter" title="Mary Colter">Mary Colter</a>, American architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing" title="Harvey Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a>, American neurosurgeon (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Maloyan" title="Ignatius Maloyan">Ignatius Maloyan</a>, Armenian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> archbishop and blessed (d. <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Signe_Bergman" title="Signe Bergman">Signe Bergman</a>, Swedish suffragist (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vigeland" title="Gustav Vigeland">Gustav Vigeland</a>, Norwegian sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Landru" title="Henri Désiré Landru">Henri Désiré Landru</a>, French serial killer (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Warren_Terhune" title="Warren Terhune">Warren Terhune</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)#Naval_rank" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a>, 13th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of American Samoa">Governor of American Samoa</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a>, German composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power_Sr." title="Tyrone Power Sr.">Tyrone Power Sr.</a>, English-born American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schuhmann" title="Carl Schuhmann">Carl Schuhmann</a>, German athlete (d. <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton_(outlaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Dalton (outlaw)">Bob Dalton</a>, Wild Western outlaw (d. <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Percy_Abbott_(Australian_politician)" title="Percy Abbott (Australian politician)">Percy Abbott</a>, Australian politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria</a>, Bavarian military leader, last Bavarian crown prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Beaumont_(actress)" title="Lucy Beaumont (actress)">Lucy Beaumont</a>, English actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a>, American physicist, inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Agu%C3%A9li" title="Ivan Aguéli">Ivan Aguéli</a>, Swedish wandering <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>, artist (d. 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Meurer" title="Hugo Meurer">Hugo Meurer</a>, German admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Douhet" title="Giulio Douhet">Giulio Douhet</a>, Italian general, <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> theorist (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Flora_Finch" title="Flora Finch">Flora Finch</a>, English-born comedian (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Prince George of Greece and Denmark">Prince George of Greece and Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">high commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a>, German embryologist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September_2"><span id="July.E2.80.93September_2"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/100px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/150px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/200px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Vitorioemanuel.jpg/100px-Vitorioemanuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Vitorioemanuel.jpg/150px-Vitorioemanuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Vitorioemanuel.jpg/200px-Vitorioemanuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg/100px-Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg/150px-Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg/200px-Andr%C3%A9_Gide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Matisse,_1913,_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/100px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/150px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/200px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Valenzuela" title="Pío Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> doctor, patriot (d. <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Stratigos" title="Xenophon Stratigos">Xenophon Stratigos</a>, Greek general (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Magallanes_Jara" title="Cristóbal Magallanes Jara">Cristóbal Magallanes Jara</a>, Mexican <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest, martyr and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hale_Holden" title="Hale Holden">Hale Holden</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Behncke" title="Paul Behncke">Paul Behncke</a>, German admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mignon_Talbot" title="Mignon Talbot">Mignon Talbot</a>, American paleontologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a>, Austrian chemist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Felix_Salten" title="Felix Salten">Felix Salten</a>, Austrian author and critic (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lous Lange</a>, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Turpin" title="Ben Turpin">Ben Turpin</a>, American actor and comedian (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Mary Mallon</a> (<i>Typhoid Mary</i>), first known (in the United States) <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">asymptomatic carrier</a> of the pathogen associated with <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a>, American cartoonist, animator (d. <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December_2"><span id="October.E2.80.93December_2"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komitas_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Komitas_1902.jpg/100px-Komitas_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Komitas_1902.jpg/150px-Komitas_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Komitas_1902.jpg/200px-Komitas_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Komitas" title="Komitas">Komitas</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, Indian political leader, <i><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a></i> (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Komitas" title="Komitas">Komitas</a>, Armenian composer, <i>Father of Armenian national school of music</i> (d. <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Linnankoski" title="Johannes Linnankoski">Johannes Linnankoski</a>, Finnish author (d. <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Dodd_(ambassador)" title="William Dodd (ambassador)">William Dodd</a>, American historian, diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Heisman" title="John Heisman">John Heisman</a>, American football coach (d. <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a>, 13th President of Brazil (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_A._Moffett" title="William A. Moffett">William A. Moffett</a>, American admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Wheeler" title="Wayne Wheeler">Wayne Wheeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_temperance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American temperance movement">American temperance movement</a> leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, King of Italy (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Tudor_Buckland" title="Herbert Tudor Buckland">Herbert Tudor Buckland</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, French writer, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Carmona" title="Óscar Carmona">Óscar Carmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President of Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Greenfield" title="Herbert Greenfield">Herbert Greenfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a>, Canada (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a>, Swedish physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Parker_Butler" title="Ellis Parker Butler">Ellis Parker Butler</a>, American humorist (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Tatarchev" title="Hristo Tatarchev">Hristo Tatarchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> revolutionary, leader of the revolutionary movement in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charley_Grapewin" title="Charley Grapewin">Charley Grapewin</a>, American vaudeville performer, stage and film actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arlington_Robinson" title="Edwin Arlington Robinson">Edwin Arlington Robinson</a>, American poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Roland_Holst" title="Henriette Roland Holst">Henriette Roland Holst</a>, Dutch poet, socialist (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a>, British-Canadian author, economist (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, French painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–June"><span id="January.E2.80.93June"></span>January–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: January–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg/110px-Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg/165px-Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg/220px-Hector_Berlioz_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg/110px-Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg/165px-Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg/220px-Hermann_von_Meyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Erich_Hermann_von_Meyer" title="Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer">Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_W._Bates" title="Martin W. Bates">Martin W. Bates</a>, American senator (b. <a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Longacre" title="James B. Longacre">James B. Longacre</a>, fourth Chief Engraver of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Mint">U.S. Mint</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Szemere" title="Bertalan Szemere">Bertalan Szemere</a>, 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reichenbach" title="Carl Reichenbach">Carl Reichenbach</a>, German chemist (b. <a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Catherine_Barnard" title="Frances Catherine Barnard">Frances Catherine Barnard</a>, English author (b. <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carleton" title="William Carleton">William Carleton</a>, Irish novelist (b. <a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a>, Indian poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, French composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Pascoe_Grenfell" title="John Pascoe Grenfell">John Pascoe Grenfell</a>, British admiral of the Brazilian Navy (b. <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Almonte" title="Juan Almonte">Juan Almonte</a>, Mexican general, diplomat and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri Jomini</a>, French general (b. <a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_Erich_Hermann_von_Meyer" title="Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer">Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer</a>, German palaeontologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Carl Loewe</a>, German composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt" title="Charles Sturt">Charles Sturt</a>, Australian explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D" title="Hijikata Toshizō">Hijikata Toshizō</a>, Japanese military commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–December"><span id="July.E2.80.93December"></span>July–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: July–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a>, French advocate for the American deaf (b. <a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_A._Roebling" title="John A. Roebling">John A. Roebling</a>, American bridge engineer (b. <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Carus" title="Carl Gustav Carus">Carl Gustav Carus</a>, German physiologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Casto_M%C3%A9ndez_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Casto Méndez Núñez">Casto Méndez Núñez</a>, Spanish admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ward_(scientist)" title="Mary Ward (scientist)">Mary Ward</a>, Irish scientist, first car crash victim (b. <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Pascoe_Fawkner" title="John Pascoe Fawkner">John Pascoe Fawkner</a>, Australian pioneer, settler and politician, (b. <a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mark_Roget" title="Peter Mark Roget">Peter Mark Roget</a>, British lexicographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, 64, 14th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Pyotr Anjou</a>, arctic explorer and admiral of the Russian Navy (b. <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</a>, French literary critic (b. <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ritner" title="Joseph Ritner">Joseph Ritner</a>, American politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Charles A. Wickliffe</a>, American politician, 14th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">Governor of Kentucky</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christodoulos_Hatzipetros" title="Christodoulos Hatzipetros">Christodoulos Hatzipetros</a>, Greek military leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a>, general officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, who served during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Martillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcisa de Jesús Martillo">Narcisa de Jesús Martillo</a>, Ecuadorian saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk" title="Louis Moreau Gottschalk">Louis Moreau Gottschalk</a>, American composer, pianist (b. <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, American lawyer, judge and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFC.E.Buckland1971" class="citation book cs1">C.E.Buckland (1971). <i>Dictionary of Indian Biography</i>. Indological Book House. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Indian+Biography&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Indological+Book+House&rft.date=1971&rft.au=C.E.Buckland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tianxia#Japan" title="Tianxia">天下</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Wises New Zealand Guide</i>. Wises Publications Limited. 1952. p. 714.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wises+New+Zealand+Guide.&rft.pages=714&rft.pub=Wises+Publications+Limited&rft.date=1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11371/">"Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. May 10, 1869<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Ceremony+at+%22Wedding+of+the+Rails%2C%22+May+10%2C+1869%2C+at+Promontory+Point%2C+Utah&rft.date=1869-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaren1996" class="citation book cs1">Baren, Maurice (1996). <i>How it All Began Up the High Street</i>. London: Michael O'Mara Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85479-667-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85479-667-4"><bdi>1-85479-667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+it+All+Began+Up+the+High+Street&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85479-667-4&rft.aulast=Baren&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton Meltzer, <i>Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography</i> (University of Missouri Press, 2002) p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValente" class="citation web cs1">Valente, Anne Marie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahajournals.org/pb-assets/migration/Circulation/Hospitals%20History/Hospitals%20of%20History%20-%20Boston%20Children%27s%20Hospital.pdf">"History of Boston Children's Hospital"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Heart Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061503/https://www.ahajournals.org/pb-assets/migration/Circulation/Hospitals%20History/Hospitals%20of%20History%20-%20Boston%20Children%27s%20Hospital.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heart+Association&rft.atitle=History+of+Boston+Children%27s+Hospital&rft.aulast=Valente&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahajournals.org%2Fpb-assets%2Fmigration%2FCirculation%2FHospitals%2520History%2FHospitals%2520of%2520History%2520-%2520Boston%2520Children%2527s%2520Hospital.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0"><bdi>0-14-102715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102715-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElston2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Elston, M. A. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/61136">"Edinburgh Seven (act. 1869–1873)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F61136">10.1093/ref:odnb/61136</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edinburgh+Seven+%28act.+1869%E2%80%931873%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F61136&rft.aulast=Elston&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F61136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/441032/giant-panda">"Giant Panda"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giant+Panda&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F441032%2Fgiant-panda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"University of Otago". <i>Scientific Bulletin</i>. <b>4</b> (1). United States. Air Force. Office of Scientific Research: 54. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Bulletin&rft.atitle=University+of+Otago&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2008" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Thomas (2008). <i>Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929551-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929551-7"><bdi>978-0-19-929551-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929551-7&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campbellsoupcompany.com/about-us/">About Us</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinz.com/Heinz-Timeline">The Complete History of Heinz</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Blackwood, Algernon Henry". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31913">10.1093/ref:odnb/31913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blackwood%2C+Algernon+Henry&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColl1996" class="citation book cs1">McColl, Sandra (1996). <i>Music criticism in Vienna, 1896-1897: critically moving forms</i>. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198165644" title="Special:BookSources/9780198165644"><bdi>9780198165644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+criticism+in+Vienna%2C+1896-1897%3A+critically+moving+forms&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198165644&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/103140">Linnankoski, Johannes – Doria</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1999" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Alan (1999). <i>André Gide: a life in the present</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674035270" title="Special:BookSources/9780674035270"><bdi>9780674035270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andr%C3%A9+Gide%3A+a+life+in+the+present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674035270&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1869" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Danny D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earobinson.com/pages/HisLife.html">"Biography of Edwin Arlington Robinson"</a>. <i>A Virtual Tour of Robinson's Gardiner, Maine</i>. Gardiner Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002041548/http://www.earobinson.com/pages/HisLife.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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