CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9150d3568948fcf6',cH: '6Wr_F46iR4vaQ3VCXu7dmwNxhzVW92tDkiYCFcstBD0-1740078928-1.2.1.1-_4jEjss74Rs3n559ptQw0sOot_Hn1BRrbISwdjvGJ2BDMDGT3O88IH0uu3M08CPi',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Torsional%20Efforts&__cf_chl_tk=bU09wskP0_stZLYrLLmPpIB80Q2_5vIqGpwNuqqkysY-1740078928-1.0.1.1-1R2FHORDlGkbn0yD5eC1E2Ck6CJUEA5q7FMEVmpWNvs",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740078928',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/search?q=Torsional%20Efforts&__cf_chl_f_tk=bU09wskP0_stZLYrLLmPpIB80Q2_5vIqGpwNuqqkysY-1740078928-1.0.1.1-1R2FHORDlGkbn0yD5eC1E2Ck6CJUEA5q7FMEVmpWNvs",md: "rmKZX_AVZhtAttlQf64ZpqCOuyu0kITZAywltVQkPA4-1740078928-1.2.1.1-bfzLFrzlVVfxG6HSWfcn6rOTENy0jGWv7_LY78.1SWpUPKlqh6kFc_wxci354a9NweK94uSAXtB20T21YqR4DlOplJCJddvS1k68QjKcPMxlG6xM2nJ2UYG316bm8O9ZhlzHVwlBGk2chmwMXMgYNQ21S1WC_xO1z4zRVqHGetFXBXR_015fMDDbmCpppAVDJi1TmTaPZLT8d7SdL2E16PHtaYXhXApq5nT3469CXKkvdf6h9VjNPFvMFkByyraLkRo39RSvMxcVnrxofc7hFdTQvoyXfeomy1zINw19wqfQSeBZ4G0QOzYJ0HTya7kzDG3YxezAz6cPxAj7AF9HUa7Sk0EuaLhE90pM6xx2_SE4XrYwIWK7q4kzRAk2UmEt2DF6gOm1GK71SQQNiOnzLf8EMsN5uXv.Y1TGXOh0WCMp5ORYo6pUYqvXLWY0tRysDztOgDe1oi8.Y488aYAcPEtPrhv5isM64QduuXkRz6Hnon_7cxzrqCIKHUot0lQQEvEVCszWR5gncsJOgX3ALuXhmegcS7KsmcixI0sZ_4q4mWisiai5k9Lf_CrJ16lwXh08xPnsID.xzokpu1nO0aeHZ0ON.r8BRc5HSvDKs5NsDUQE96ZqFmz2g0_PYDs9xN300VZ8g7Gcmqmn_4konaUBzm_lwfrSh3ugRupKR6EtPaWZhYODetX8YLmK3OxuJ7.DA8vhPD7wxncjE8IF9jfLTFfBILoqx08Z9pggL8YoKZC01zEjPBGN8Eef1wV8cwhDA_duWurDAKDg7uLp1_siLupLG5FAxhkzbwxud1SQlbEniwy26eIpaEwrYWpU_BTU394t_5x8iYO21RuJ5rMUuwUeAF7.EtUjbHBdpuEl2hOgGkEVKSBIYKYDgbjzyzAqyLxDuRoM3vlc7CpvalZWB2mQz5Aced2y.nsjX_ESFv2_kFAcmFZX3mjXFDa_MiyXn3pM69hhBR_bXD7vANjcVmcAmAIQLI4wdUbbs6VdqNZnxgJn1EoqRxOG2NVdE2VcHk1hR7X2BpnUS_9zLImaSBYqMydkwjPAZ9doM93lZ6rjYArUeZA._d0b5PUjEWqGWNC8DjFSMVvhrpIahDnMukeHZb7iBiyudH.AlT5icQbwJ5xJhVEMdTYfyIuLsrbb8L2OqzD.y.cD9PKDu9_XY4flWOC3wBIJcNuoEAT_lS3lFpJvbxXBF_O5Ti1DQl0h4SKA77Zi58.TTi5smmSWVcP9CMvcY_zWOchLof.Ct4024FsjMDB4iz6UOV4gnft0ZEFQW9ufd78IQ3wifR2xxX.MhK5l3QO6QIQTPSVTQ0T42ZBskLEoJYKS1PvDJtTod1Ll9bWR8uDRfFMxG7HKFjbjpi5o_hI70d8xxZM_ugccnvHmHEJqfqPWZhkuSG3AAHal71H2VH94EcM8xUcBtXjRJ.t2mI7UtQH4fYFszDXDMUE03WUEbkRlgGpdHX0INqTPBnb8F7mZ8B7TTRrJSn246yJSc_z9e4WJ7XVyZ_rTVZZMQfkoagqvWwQ.XW_GA6jvteOkMGmAlO.joUCK.ZGChkB.M6vpcdvgs.Ugtesh_38YBPTcyW1LX8Ufv.OsSmt1XypS.FmoGc.bMo_M6PDFNykAWseia.ow2O5G7C_WWWL0sj1_2MdUqcXIrrQiCLLKOPP8mtEVPb1XVQcbcYHtnU24lICizG8hvn9Q1VO70ZMQ5tQ_4bwGR7kizgLEkH5lx47Oti4g0S._6Azu7OmWAi64sjMdrJNL3N88WhSZ2vxeliinQpa5E_NjjXDCU00jBKER98QsekzqNpDbtXZj9icN7hdBOWf4AerMRu5WH8.n.PLFt0v1docmm.Q9r.oeN.eTY6UIR_NQcp2UkEtNWpjnbUdZv4j3181F1cQCX0FSQUBGDbwYGASCcqqWkhrlxCfV2eO74L.ewg",mdrd: "4D4Wh_VSWiNH7AqKL1bCkrE8HIGq51QAk00ZOwNeYMc-1740078928-1.2.1.1-DV4VmMH7fcEL5bwo.qtgfumepLc4Q.dori6iwUa6xG8yoDKufBG9FuwuN_5ELX31yECcPkrQcRBq9cDZ2pln08VNllsMo1FhmdeGkEr.El84zBs0_iwoH5zpAsvzNRIXJeaBnUg5SchuXh.dBi7i_6D.mzfiqXSVNtS6tf6YcK3B_rrNEf_9gyNqgOAhdh4oIvtKQ6Dcd4AuY0Vu4f5tbpgockDuxx47pA3VE8kGv0ILjdoXhmDOgOAZxuxMA6oMxp6zTY0eJDcqTWVmb7h_arbp8OLNLknji4X_U3YGiLPSbLk3O8j5_a7pdCKAM9YVZR4uZN_Epwi5Zqjd7IMuzL1JaNm2fmrfyED_QL93Etg42C10cRiMYzMJwnJayUa.qkBkgZb7ng4wW2Jz56sf1g4.BmwQnBi7j24t7CNOx5cAW43XNi8cxYxaLYn9tXfxBeKsc5HG0hWicdTMsk8fPiw_GmgTW4wr5X04orBxhzJbwJzcWvOtN7V4MDpo58EBK9.YAZKIqXVJtTy6g26.n5YJTRTOo5s1KiEHe4zEcn5n_WCpckSL21OBLC2tozzL2l6RfCDrRnVHrK8uwYtJb7zRe4r3g8e_EqRUap.Onu8Tj1D7NsaiscCUOhaftAbul7t1rDp9z_X4bmdMlK6e8swH9zT1dhvG08LFLtZGHfqPn8ZBUA8MTQdbw3tBlHflxjZIn1CBMYPZ67CGvBvbH2jZj0XSY4IQ_F5hQkzF2b_bGMIz3ohOW14L6qExoNcQG.gK8MhkIgSYcEx3077SiDj1ZUAcFolE4GIRuVL2ky2GTulQoHtUw0jTTtCx3Ccywb8j9pQoN8oS7qoIoCXsm102C8HMIkytLrOJc2dZnxxCdkMrfLDElM9b2PzMuejP1aXVJWh18Q0FrcgKLSRFIBhklweP1pZsFnHSsD01f0KDiyfTAPG3GC6okJ8a02g5._YiZOTNegh14TolKqB2SLUf26OOSabXXt9n6Fwm73dteHKw8.BgEMqpwWNPa0oHQ88tZWPJosscHhsWwrOGqIXcuxw1mY546T8WVrWHr5mC.K2mtMmdlK6JY8e682ooLqGRl0DYTzFfwoaWxUyW8F57mSIYnud1tNkN46Jbs6FTwnHA9JyJB_aOGjhG3Ne6lWSBab8.Tu8AqIY2geTNBshKT6zpRdsPgkvpHw0TdxMD1cEFiSG3GOMqUSiwIK6VHFawSqhSoJeWpgdXhwOETfH94yIf3HYcA5zEYj7cS_P8ZiW9qsgws14nZPKXzlhU0WPxxpikEkr1l6qpbz6LCqelXtxtdWTFFTlSVP2TRgZFWfz4r5il.qjv6mjzX95.yLs1cIKWfl3NL7xz6RETjM0HhnOATipT9iBnMAHVgG9AyMoRkMxO3MXeSrqE8.oVrnvRAqBWUY1_IdpnVSXUpZlnG02SBDgz6AW2xQchen7cdqcrTtHgL_Jn.lrDQMwgkGRpo3S73wNT5NKlT4y.wy20JYHn4KSyAeIXGqDHTZweVEiRhMd6dzXSVQG99wyBGxWVmi8CXrrfWl59qmswV3k8aRfJavyY4LCsU7Dc7LGP.XPqiLpjlqgMIWxErvDMPlmP3JI0us6nzuXBm034yb7axRFm8TXQ8hZTIqG3s_G8oaAXk7ffus49qWWDEdncXJklIvqtk2AbhdnDH7QVAIwB2umXQqg__Kv6lV_qF5i6d8P8NCo5x8dmd3kT2eycGPnvy1mAQ13YKzB1KgLGrGyG1itjP11pNKWlBVynlyzfVmBh4a1kajJSIyZeffElTP0x4u3AdsHfNeWxg4ZAB2btjAFytP2rAYweIYGn05jK9jw74so4V.Xcuisj5w7bkeW1LWarDP67FmZEb6UU5GUcHjiS3uXMXwaFdwh_LvK6x9tgWCoRneXGu7s.9YYbuU4Al4yRd3i88VfnKHR_5imEEfkNzPzdRjLNdVqr9XI"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9150d3568948fcf6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Torsional%20Efforts&__cf_chl_rt_tk=bU09wskP0_stZLYrLLmPpIB80Q2_5vIqGpwNuqqkysY-1740078928-1.0.1.1-1R2FHORDlGkbn0yD5eC1E2Ck6CJUEA5q7FMEVmpWNvs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>