CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mi'kmaq language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9b41cb6b-e01b-4e9e-8a75-f546551e4cad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mi'kmaq_language","wgTitle":"Mi'kmaq language","wgCurRevisionId":1257098152,"wgRevisionId":1257098152,"wgArticleId":573728,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Mi'kmaq-language text","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Languages with ISO 639-2 code","ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue","Pages with plain IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012", "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017","Articles containing Western Abnaki-language text","Articles containing Unami-language text","Mi'kmaq","Eastern Algonquian languages","Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands","First Nations languages in Canada","Languages of the United States","Lexis (linguistics)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mi'kmaq_language","wgRelevantArticleId":573728,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Miꞌkmaq_language","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search": true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13321","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg/1200px-Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg/800px-Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg/640px-Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1280"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mi'kmaq language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mi_kmaq_language rootpage-Mi_kmaq_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mi%27kmaq+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mi%27kmaq+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mi%27kmaq+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mi%27kmaq+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Number system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Number_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Number system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Number_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1–10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1–10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1–10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1–10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_revitalization_efforts_and_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_revitalization_efforts_and_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language revitalization efforts and teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_revitalization_efforts_and_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_related_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_related_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History and related languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placenames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placenames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Placenames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placenames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mi'kmaq language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikmakeg" title="Mikmakeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mikmakeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikma%C4%8Dtina" title="Mikmačtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikmačtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkmaw%C3%ADsimk" title="Míkmawísimk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Míkmawísimk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_micmac" title="Idioma micmac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma micmac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikmaka_lingvo" title="Mikmaka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikmaka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikmakera" title="Mikmakera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikmakera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="زبان میکماک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان میکماک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkmaq_bhasa" title="Míkmaq bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Míkmaq bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micmac" title="Micmac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Micmac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_micmac" title="Lingua micmac – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua micmac" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%81%AC%EB%A7%A5%EC%96%B4" title="미크맥어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미크맥어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mi%27kmaq" title="Bahasa Mi'kmaq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Mi'kmaq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_micmac" title="Lingua micmac – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua micmac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_(yeth)" title="Mi'kmaq (yeth) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mi'kmaq (yeth)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Микмак (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Микмак (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikmak%C5%B3_kalba" title="Mikmakų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikmakų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_(taal)" title="Mi'kmaq (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mi'kmaq (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="ミクマク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミクマク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%E2%80%99kmaq" title="Mi’kmaq – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mi’kmaq" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_micmac" title="Lenga micmac – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga micmac" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_mikmak" title="Język mikmak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język mikmak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikmaq_simi" title="Mikmaq simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mikmaq simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Микмак (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микмак (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkmaq_language" title="Míkmaq language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Míkmaq language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micmacin_kieli" title="Micmacin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Micmacin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Мікмак (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікмак (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Mi%27kmaq" title="Tiếng Mi'kmaq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Mi'kmaq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13321#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mi%27kmaq_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mi%27kmaq_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&oldid=1257098152" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mi%27kmaq_language&id=1257098152&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMi%2527kmaq_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMi%2527kmaq_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mi%27kmaq_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13321" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Algonquian language of Canada and the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Mi'kmaq</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;"><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmawiꞌsimk</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">island of Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticosti_Island" title="Anticosti Island">Anticosti Island</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">168,420 <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> (2016 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7,140, 4% of ethnic population (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Mi'kmaq</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></li><li><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic"><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Gomgwejui'gasit</a></i></span> (historically)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=293">mic</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mic" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mic">mic</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mikm1235">mikm1235</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1923">Mi'kmaq</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Mi'kmaq is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">L'nu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Lnu'k (Mi'kmaq)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Mi'kmawi'simk</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kma%27ki" title="Mi'kma'ki">Mi'kma'ki</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikmaq_State_Flag_(vertical).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg/128px-Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg/192px-Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg/256px-Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Mi'kmaq Vertical Flag</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Mi'kmaq language</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MIG</span>-mah</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Alternate_names_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alternate_names-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmawiꞌsimk</i></span></b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a> language spoken by nearly 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; the total ethnic Mi'kmaq population is roughly 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-census_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indiglang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiglang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native name of the language is <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Lnuismk</i></span>, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmawiꞌsimk</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmwei</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in some dialects). The word <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmaq</i></span> is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">miꞌkm</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> form is <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmaw</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonemic inventory of Mi'kmaq is shown below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sounds of Mi'kmaq can be divided into two groups: <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷ/</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>w,<span class="wrap"> </span>l,<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span> and all vowels). </p><p>The obstruents have a wide variety of pronunciations. When they are located word-initially or next to another obstruent, they are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷ]</span>. However, when they are located between sonorants, they are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, and appear as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣʷ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bragg1976_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bragg1976-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the plosives and affricate are located word-finally, they may be <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> and appear as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃʰ]</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for the whole sentence (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An example of each kind of pronunciation is given below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Allophone </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Phonemic </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>Voiceless </td> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">tia'm</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tiaːm/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tiaːm]</span> </td> <td><i>moose</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voiced </td> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Miꞌkmaq</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/miːkmax/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[miːɡmax]</span> </td> <td><i>Miꞌkmaq</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aspirated </td> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">sqolj</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əsxolt͡ʃ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əsxolt͡ʃʰ]</span> </td> <td><i>frog</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Miꞌkmaq distinguishes between long and short vowels and consonants, the latter indicated in Listuguj by doubling the consonant. Beyond expanding in length, long consonants add a schwa when they precede other consonants. For instance, compare <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/en.mitk/</span>, written in Listuguj as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">e<b>n</b>mitg</i></span> ('flow away') with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/en.nə.mit/</span>, written in Listuguj as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">e<b>nn</b>mit</i></span> ('stick into');<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tox.tʃu.pi.la.wek/</span>, written in Listuguj as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">toqjuꞌpila<b>w</b>eg</i></span> ('hoist'),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ke.si.kaw.wek/</span>, written in Listuguj as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">gesiga<b>ww</b>eg</i></span> ('loud').<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Listuguj orthography occasionally begins words with consonant clusters, as in <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic"><b>gt</b>aꞌn</i></span> ('ocean') and <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic"><b>mg</b>umi</i></span> ('ice'). However, such clusters are pronounced over separate syllables, with a schwa preceding the cluster; for instance, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">gtaꞌn</i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ək.taːn/</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">mgumi</i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əm.ku.mi/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, word-final clusters, such as in <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">asige<b>tg</b></i></span> ('instigate') are pronounced over a single syllable: compare the pronunciation of <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">asigetg</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a.si.ketk/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">mestꞌg</i></span> ('taste'), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mic-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mes.tək/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miꞌkmaq uses free word order, based on emphasis rather than a traditionally fixed order of subjects, objects and verbs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For instance, the sentence "I saw a moose standing right there on the hill" could be stated "<span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">sapmiꞌk ala nemaqtꞌk na tett <b>tia'm</b> kaqamit</i></span>" (I saw him/there/on the hill/right-there/<b>a moose</b>/he was standing) or "<span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">sapmiꞌk ala <b>tia'm</b> nemaqtꞌk na tett kaqamit</i></span>" (I saw him/there/<b>a moose</b>/on the hill/right-there/he was standing); the latter sentence puts emphasis on the moose by placing <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">tia'm</i></span> ('moose') earlier in the utterance. Miꞌkmaq, as a <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic language</a>, has verbs which usually contain the sentence's subject and object: for instance, the aforementioned <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">sapmiꞌk</i></span> translates to 'I saw him'. </p><p>While it is thus difficult to classify Miꞌkmaq under traditional <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> categories such as SVO or SOV, a more fixed aspect in the language comes in the morphology of its verbs. Certain areas of internal morphology of verbs in Miꞌkmaq have regular placement: for instance, when the aspect of a verb is included, it appears as the first prefix, while the negative marker always appears directly after the verb root. An example for both of these instances can be seen in the Miꞌkmaq verb <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">kisipawnatqaꞌtiꞌw</i></span> (<span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">kisi-paw-natq-aꞌti-w</i></span>), translated as 'they cannot get out': the prefix <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">kisi</i></span> marks the verb as being in the completive aspect, whereas the negative marker, <i>w</i>, appears directly after the verb root <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">aꞌti</i></span> ('the two move'). However, these solidly placed elements of verbs are paired with markers that can appear throughout the word, depending again on emphasis; animacy in particular can appear fluidly throughout verbs. In short, while a few specific aspects of Miꞌkmaq can be predicted, its syntax in general is largely free and dependent on context. </p><p>Mi'kmaq verbs are also marked for tense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns in Mi'kmaq are either <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate or inanimate</a>. This is a common feature among <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>. The verbs change depending on the noun's animacy. For example: </p><p><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Nemitu</i></span> – 'I see (inanimate noun)' </p><p><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Nemi'k</i></span> – 'I see (animate noun)' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiKmaqStopSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MiKmaqStopSign.jpg/180px-MiKmaqStopSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MiKmaqStopSign.jpg/270px-MiKmaqStopSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MiKmaqStopSign.jpg/360px-MiKmaqStopSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Miꞌkmaq-language stop sign in <a href="/wiki/Elsipogtog_First_Nation" title="Elsipogtog First Nation">Elsipogtog First Nation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Miꞌkmaq is written using a number of <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabets</a> based on ones devised by missionaries in the 19th century. Previously, the language was written in <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing</a>, a script of partially native origin. The Francis-Smith orthography used here was developed in 1974 and was adopted as the official orthography of the Míkmaq Nation in 1980. It is the most widely used orthography and is that used by Nova Scotian Mikmaq and by the Míkmaq Grand Council. It is quite similar to the "Lexicon" orthography, differing from it only in its use of the straight apostrophe <span class="nowrap">⟨ꞌ⟩</span> or acute accent <span class="nowrap">⟨´⟩</span> instead of the colon <span class="nowrap">⟨:⟩</span> to mark vowel length. </p><p>When the Francis-Smith orthography was first developed, the straight apostrophe (often called a "tick") was the designated symbol for vowel length, but since software applications incorrectly autocorrected the tick to a curly apostrophe, a secondary means of indicating vowel length was formally accepted, the acute accent. The barred-i <span class="nowrap">⟨ɨ⟩</span> for schwa is sometimes replaced by the more common circumflex-i <span class="nowrap">⟨î⟩</span>. </p><p>In Listuguj orthography, an apostrophe marks long vowels as well as schwa, and the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> is used instead of the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>. </p><p>The 19th-century Pacifique orthography omits <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>, using <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> for these. It also ignores vowel length. The 19th-century orthography of <a href="/wiki/Silas_Tertius_Rand" title="Silas Tertius Rand">Silas Tertius Rand</a>, using characters from <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pitman" title="Isaac Pitman">Isaac Pitman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/English_Phonotypic_Alphabet" title="English Phonotypic Alphabet">Phonotypic Alphabet</a>, is also given in the table below; this orthography is more complex than the table suggests, particularly as far as vowel quantity and quality is concerned, employing various letters such as ⟨<span style="display:inline-block;top:0.5em;transform:matrix(-1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);">a</span>⟩, ⟨<span style="display:inline-block;top:0.5em;transform:matrix(-1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);">à</span>⟩, <span class="nowrap">⟨ɛ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ɛ́⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ɯ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ɯ́⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ɹ̇⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ɹ́⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ơ⟩</span>, ⟨<span style="display:inline-block;top:0.5em;transform:matrix(-1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);">u</span>⟩, etc. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Miꞌkmaq orthographies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center"><b>IPA</b> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </th> <th align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Francis-Smith</b> </th> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">aꞌ/á </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">eꞌ/é </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">iꞌ/í </td> <td align="center">ɨ </td> <td align="center">j </td> <td align="center">k </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">oꞌ/ó </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td align="center">q </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">u </td> <td align="center">uꞌ/ú </td> <td align="center">w </td> <td align="center">y </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Listuguj</b> </th> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">aꞌ </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">eꞌ </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">iꞌ </td> <td align="center">ꞌ </td> <td align="center">j </td> <td align="center">g </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">oꞌ </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td align="center">q </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">u </td> <td align="center">uꞌ </td> <td align="center">w </td> <td align="center">y </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Lexicon</b> </th> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">a: </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">e: </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">i: </td> <td align="center">ɨ </td> <td align="center">j </td> <td align="center">k </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">o: </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td align="center">q </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">u </td> <td align="center">u: </td> <td align="center">w </td> <td align="center">y </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Pacifique</b> </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">a </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">e </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">i </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">tj </td> <td align="center">g </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">ô </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">o </td> <td align="center">i </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Rand</b> </th> <td align="center">ă </td> <td align="center">a â </td> <td align="center">ĕ </td> <td align="center">ā </td> <td align="center">ĭ </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">ŭ </td> <td align="center">dj tc̡ </td> <td align="center">g k </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">ŏ </td> <td align="center">o ō </td> <td align="center">b p </td> <td align="center">h </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">d t </td> <td align="center">ŏŏ </td> <td align="center">oo u </td> <td align="center">w </td> <td align="center">y </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_system">Number system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Number system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1–10"><span id="1.E2.80.9310"></span>1–10</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1–10"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">newt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">taꞌpu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">siꞌst</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">neꞌw</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">naꞌn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">asꞌgom</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">lluigneg</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">ugumuljin</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">pesgunateg</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">neꞌwtisgaꞌq</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Miꞌkmaq uses a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal numeral system">decimal numeral system</a>. Every multiple-digit number is formed by using one of the first nine numerals as a prefix or a preceding word, as seen in the number for ten, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">neꞌwtisgaq</i></span>, a combination of the prefix <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">neꞌwt -</i></span> (derived from <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">newt</i></span>) and the root <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">isgaꞌq</i></span>, meaning ten (the pattern can be seen in <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">tapuisgaꞌq</i></span> for 20, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">nesisgaꞌq</i></span> for 30, etc.) While 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 all use a single word containing a prefix, the tens between 60 and 90 use the numeral as a preceding word to a separate word meaning ten, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">teꞌsisgaꞌq</i></span>: for instance, 60 is written as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">asꞌgom teꞌsisgaꞌq</i></span>. </p><p>Numbers between the tens are stated by multiple-word phrases, beginning with the ten-based root number, such as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">neꞌwtisgaq</i></span>, followed by <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">jel</i></span> (meaning 'and' or 'also') and ending with one of the nine numerals: for instance, the number 28 is constructed as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">tapuisgaꞌq jel ugumuljin</i></span>, or literally 'twenty and eight'. </p><p>For numbers beyond 99, Miꞌkmaq uses a pattern similar to that of 60 to 99, with numeral words preceding separate roots that identify higher numbers (such as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">gasgꞌptnnaqan</i></span>, meaning 'hundred', or <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">pituimtlnaqn</i></span> meaning 'thousand'); for instance, 300 is written as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">siꞌst gasgꞌptnnaqan</i></span>, while 2,000 is written as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">taꞌpu pituimtlnaqn</i></span>. The exceptions to that pattern are the numbers 100 and 1,000, which are simply the roots <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">gasgꞌptnnaqan</i></span> and <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">pituimtlnaqn</i></span>, respectively. Similarly to digits between the tens, the connecting word <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">jel</i></span> is used between hundreds and tens, or thousands and hundreds: for example, the number 3,452 is written as <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">siꞌst pituimtlnaqn jel neꞌw gasgꞌptnnaqan jel naꞌnisgaq jel taꞌpu</i></span>. </p><p>On top of the basic structure, numbers in Miꞌkmaq must agree with the animacy of whatever they are counting: for instance, when speaking of two people, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">taꞌpusijik</i></span> is used, as opposed to the number used for two days, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">taꞌpugnaꞌq</i></span>. The suffix <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">-ijik</i></span> to denote the counting of animate subjects and the suffix <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">-gnaꞌq</i></span> to denote the counting of inanimate subjects are common, but animacy-marking suffixes are somewhat fluid and vary by number and dialect. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for this section (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_revitalization_efforts_and_teaching">Language revitalization efforts and teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language revitalization efforts and teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mi'kmaq language possesses a <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_endangerment" title="Degree of endangerment">degree of endangerment</a> level of vulnerable under the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Endangered_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book of Endangered Languages">UNESCO</a> Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A level of vulnerable means the language may not be used consistently and instead the dominant language English is opted for.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also means it is still somewhat commonly spoken by younger generations or children of Mi'kmaq people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lack of fluent Mi'kmaq speakers is due to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> performed by the Canadian government through the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools under the notation of assimilation, forced Indigenous children to reject their cultural identity and language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools resulted in a significant number of children physically and mentally abused and without the means to speak their mother tongue. </p><p>Wagmatcook, Cape Breton, is undergoing significant efforts to revitalize the language. The community created a variety of children's books suited for a range of ages to develop Mi'kmaq language skills as children mature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Mi'kmaq immersion schools in this area also increased the proficiency in the language for children and an improved attachment to their Indigenous identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immersion schools allowed children to learn their mother tongue, which increases the number of fluent speakers while still obtaining the dominant language.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community member educators also participated in a program to obtain a Certificate in Aboriginal Literacy Education that increased their fluency in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton University</a>'s Unamaꞌki College specializes "in Miꞌkmaq history, culture and education". As of 2013, "it has some 250 aboriginal students".<sup id="cite_ref-beswick_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beswick-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Parents come to me and say they hear their children in the backseat of the car speaking Miꞌkmaq and they're excited", said the Miꞌkmaq language instructor at Lnu Siꞌpuk Kinaꞌmuokuom Miꞌkmaq school in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Brook_14" title="Indian Brook 14">Indian Brook</a>. Miꞌkmaq language courses are mandatory from grades Primary to 12 at the school, which only opened six years ago. Evening classes are starting as of Oct. 2013.</p></blockquote> <p>Also as of 2013, <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia</a>'s Miꞌkmaq Burial Grounds Research and Restoration Association has about forty students in its Miꞌkmaq language revitalization classes, and Miꞌkmaq greetings are becoming more common in public places.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Emma Stevens, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eskasoni_First_Nation" title="Eskasoni First Nation">Eskasoni First Nation</a>, recorded a cover version of the Beatles song "<a href="/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)" title="Blackbird (Beatles song)">Blackbird</a>" in the language to raise awareness and help in its revitalization efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_related_languages">History and related languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History and related languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg/220px-Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg/330px-Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg/440px-Tan_teladakadidjik_apostalewidjik_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Bible translations into the Miꞌkmaq language</figcaption></figure> <p>Miꞌkmaq is one of the <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a>, a family that once spanned from a small portion of California across <a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, and the northeastern coast of North America. Within this family, Miꞌkmaq is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian subgroup</a> spoken largely along the Atlantic coast. It is closely related to several extant languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a> as well as extinct languages like <a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a>. Beyond having a similar language background and sharing close geographic proximity, the Miꞌkmaq notably held an alliance with four other tribes within the Eastern Algonquian language group known as the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>: in short, a history of long-term language contact has existed between Miꞌkmaq and its close linguistic relatives. </p><p>Miꞌkmaq has many similarities with its fellow Eastern Algonquian languages, including multiple word cognates: for instance, compare the Miꞌkmaq word for 'woman', <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">eꞌpit</i></span>, to the Maliseet <span title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy-language romanization"><i lang="pqm-Latn">ehpit</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pqm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æpit]</span>, or the varying related words for the color 'white': <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">wapeꞌt</i></span> in Miꞌkmaq, <span title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy-language romanization"><i lang="pqm-Latn">wapi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pqm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wapi]</span> in Maliseet, <span title="Munsee-language romanization"><i lang="umu-Latn">waapii</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="umu-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wapi]</span> in Munsee, <span title="Western Abnaki-language text"><i lang="abe">wôbi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="abe-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɔ̃bɪ]</span> in Abenaki and <span title="Unami-language text"><i lang="unm">wòpe</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="unm-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɔpe]</span> in Unami. Even outside of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup, there exist similar cognates within the larger Algic family, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">wāpiskāw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cr-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɔ:bɪska:w]</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a> <span title="Miami-Illinois-language romanization"><i lang="mia-Latn">waapi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mia-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa:pi]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-cognates_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cognates-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many Native American languages, Miꞌkmaq uses a classifying system of <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate versus inanimate words</a>. The animacy system in general is common, but the specifics of Miꞌkmaq's system differ even from closely related Algic languages. For instance, in Wampanoag, the word for 'Sun', <span title="Wampanoag-language romanization"><i lang="wam-Latn">cone</i></span>, is inanimate, but the word for 'Earth', <span title="Wampanoag-language romanization"><i lang="wam-Latn">ahkee</i></span>, is animate, a fact used by some scholars to claim that the Wampanoag people were aware of the Earth's rotation around an unmoving Sun;<sup id="cite_ref-Animacy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animacy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in Miꞌkmaq, both the word for 'Sun', <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">naꞌguꞌset</i></span>, and the word for 'Earth', <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">ugsꞌtqamu</i></span>, are animate, and parallel cultural knowledge regarding astronomy cannot be gleaned through the language. Much like <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, the core concept of animacy is shared across similar languages while the exact connotations animacy has within Miꞌkmaq are unique. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a> words are rooted in the Miꞌkmaq language, due to the Acadians and Miꞌkmaq living together prior to the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a> and the British colonization of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>; in French-speaking areas, traces of Miꞌkmaq can also be found largely in geographical names within regions historically that were occupied by the Miꞌkmaq people, including <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a><sup id="cite_ref-Quebec_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quebec-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several towns in Nova Scotia such as <a href="/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia" title="Antigonish, Nova Scotia">Antigonish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia">Shubenacadie</a>. Moreover, several Miꞌkmaq words have made their way into colonizing languages: the English words <i><a href="/wiki/Boreal_woodland_caribou" title="Boreal woodland caribou">caribou</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-caribou_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caribou-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>toboggan</i><sup id="cite_ref-toboggan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toboggan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are borrowings from Miꞌkmaq. The name <i>caribou</i> was probably derived from the Miꞌkmaq word <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">xalibu</i></span> or <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Qalipu</i></span> meaning 'the one who paws'.<sup id="cite_ref-HWW_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lescarbot" title="Marc Lescarbot">Marc Lescarbot</a> in his publication in French in 1610 used the term <i>caribou</i>. <a href="/wiki/Silas_Tertius_Rand" title="Silas Tertius Rand">Silas Tertius Rand</a> translated the Miꞌkmaq word <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Kaleboo</i></span> as 'caribou' in his Miꞌkmaq-English dictionary (Rand 1888:98). </p><p>The aforementioned use of <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing">hieroglyphic writing</a> in pre-colonial Miꞌkmaq society shows that Miꞌkmaq was one of the few Native American languages to have a writing system before European contact. </p><p>Linguist Peter Bakker identified two <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in Miꞌkmaq, presumably because of extensive trade contact between Basque sailors and Native Americans in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall friendly exchanges starting in mid-16th century between the Miꞌkmaqs and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling" title="History of Basque whaling">Basque whalers</a> provided the basis for the development of an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a> with a strong Miꞌkmaq imprint, which was recorded to be still in use in the early 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Placenames">Placenames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Placenames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Placenames ending in Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Quoddy</i></span>, a word used by the natives to designate a fertile area like Passamaquoddy, Shubenacadie and Tracadie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqui" title="Amqui">Amqui</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">amqui</i></span> (place of amusement or pleasure)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroostook_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroostook County">Aroostook County</a>, from Mi'kmaq meaning 'beautiful/clear water'<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouctouche" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouctouche">Bouctouche</a>, from Mi'kmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Tjipogtotjg</i></span> (pronounced <i>Chebooktoosk</i>) meaning 'great little harbour'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascap%C3%A9dia%E2%80%93Saint-Jules" title="Cascapédia–Saint-Jules">Cascapédia</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">kaska</i></span> ('broad') and <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">pegiag</i></span> ('river').</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causapscal" title="Causapscal">Causapscal</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Goesôpsiag</i></span> (or <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Gesapsgel</i></span>, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Gesôpsgigel</i></span>), meaning 'stony bottom', 'swift water', or 'rocky point', likely referring to the rocky river bed of the Causapscal River.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Gespedeg</i></span> ('land recently acquired')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9,_Quebec" title="Gaspé, Quebec">Gaspé, Quebec</a>, <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Gespeg</i></span> ('land's end')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouchibouguac,_New_Brunswick" title="Kouchibouguac, New Brunswick">Kouchibouguac, New Brunswick</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Pijeboogwek</i></span> ('river of long tides')<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton1996_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Matapédia, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">matapegiag</i></span> ('river junction', from the parts <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">mata</i></span> ('junction') and <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">pegiag</i></span> ('river'), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Matapedia_River" title="Matapedia River">Matapedia River</a> that crosses the town just before its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Restigouche_River" title="Restigouche River">Restigouche River</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasp%C3%A9biac" title="Paspébiac">Paspébiac</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language romanization"><i lang="mic-Latn">papgeg ipsigiag</i></span>, meaning 'split <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">flats</a>' or 'lagoon'.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Gepèèg</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restigouche_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Restigouche County, New Brunswick">Restigouche</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Listuguj</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Z%C3%A9non-du-Lac-Humqui,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Zénon-du-Lac-Humqui, Quebec">Lac-Humqui</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">amqui</i></span> (place of amusement or pleasure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayabec" title="Sayabec">Sayabec</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Sakpediak</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shediac" title="Shediac">Shediac</a>, from Miꞌkmaq <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Es-ed-ei-ik</i></span>, which means 'running far in' (in reference to the tide, which has a long range over the shallow, sandy beaches)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatamagouche" title="Tatamagouche">Tatamagouche</a>, from <span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Takamegoochk</i></span>, which means 'barred across the entrance with sand'.</li></ul> <p>A 2012 book, by the Miꞌkmaq linguist Bernie Francis and anthropologist Trudy Sable, <i>The Language of this Land, Miꞌkmaꞌki,</i> "examines the relationship between Miꞌkmaq language and landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Alternate_names-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alternate_names_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miꞌkmaq has historically been spelled and pronounced <b>Micmac</b> in English. Contemporary spellings include <b>Migmaw</b> and <b>Mikmaw</b> in English, and <b><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Míkmaq</i></span></b>, <b><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Míkmaw</i></span></b> and <b><span title="Mi'kmaq-language text"><i lang="mic">Mìgmao</i></span></b> in Miꞌkmaq.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCanada2017" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01">"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Language+Highlight+Tables%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Aboriginal+mother+tongue%2C+Aboriginal+language+spoken+most+often+at+home+and+Other+Aboriginal+language%28s%29+spoken+regularly+at+home+for+the+population+excluding+institutional+residents+of+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+100%25+Data&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada%2C+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Flang%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D41%26Geo%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html">"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English"</a>. <i>www.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2013%2Fdemo%2F2009-2013-lang-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20220407003">"Legislation Enshrines Mi'kmaw as Nova Scotia's First Language"</a>. 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislation+Enshrines+Mi%27kmaw+as+Nova+Scotia%27s+First+Language&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fnews%2Frelease%2F%3Fid%3D20220407003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074451/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928%20&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Statistics Canada 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928">the original</a> on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Canada+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Ftopics%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FALEVEL%3D3%26APATH%3D3%26CATNO%3D%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D%26DS%3D99%26FL%3D0%26FREE%3D0%26GAL%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26GRP%3D1%26IPS%3D%26METH%3D0%26ORDER%3D1%26PID%3D89189%26PTYPE%3D88971%26RL%3D0%26S%3D1%26ShowAll%3DNo%26StartRow%3D1%26SUB%3D705%26Temporal%3D2006%26Theme%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26GID%3D837928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiglang-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indiglang_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723113231/http://www.yourdictionary.com/elr/natlang.html">"Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/elr/natlang.html">the original</a> on 2017-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Languages+Spoken+in+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Felr%2Fnatlang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/mikmawisimk/mikmawisimk.html">Chris Harvey's page on Míkmawísimk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Micmac_Teaching_Grammar_1976_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Micmac Teaching Grammar. Delisle / Metallic 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/mikmaq.htm">"Mi'kmaq Language and the Mi'kmaq Indian Tribe (Micmac Indians, Mikmaq, Míkmaq, Mikmak)"</a>. <i>www.native-languages.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.native-languages.org&rft.atitle=Mi%27kmaq+Language+and+the+Mi%27kmaq+Indian+Tribe+%28Micmac+Indians%2C+Mikmaq%2C+M%C3%ADkmaq%2C+Mikmak%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.native-languages.org%2Fmikmaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bragg1976-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bragg1976_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragg1976" class="citation thesis cs1">Bragg, Russell A. (1976). <i>Some Aspects of the Phonology of Newfoundland Micmac</i> (MA).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Some+Aspects+of+the+Phonology+of+Newfoundland+Micmac&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bragg&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/ennmit.html">"ennmit"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=ennmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Fennmit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/toqju%27pilaweg.html">"toqju'pilaweg"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=toqju%27pilaweg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Ftoqju%2527pilaweg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/gesigawweg.html">"gesigawweg"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=gesigawweg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Fgesigawweg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/gta%27n.html">"gta'n"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=gta%27n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Fgta%2527n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/mgumi.html">"mgumi"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=mgumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Fmgumi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/asigetg.html">"asigetg"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=asigetg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Fasigetg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/words/mest%27g.html">"mest'g"</a>. <i>www.mikmaqonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikmaqonline.org&rft.atitle=mest%27g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2Fwords%2Fmest%2527g.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldHudson2012" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, David B.; Hudson, Graham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23320978">"The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 427–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000842391200039X">10.1017/S000842391200039X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4239">0008-4239</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23320978">23320978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154633673">154633673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science+%2F+Revue+canadienne+de+science+politique&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+Question+and+Indian+Residential+Schools+in+Canada&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=427-449&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0008-4239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154633673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23320978%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000842391200039X&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23320978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithPeck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Donna-Lee; Peck, Josephine (2004-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mje.mcgill.ca/article/view/8760">"WKSITNUOW WEJKWAPNIAQEWA – MI'KMAQ: A VOICE FROM THE PEOPLE OF THE Dawn"</a>. <i>McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill</i>. <b>39</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1916-0666">1916-0666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGill+Journal+of+Education+%2F+Revue+des+sciences+de+l%27%C3%A9ducation+de+McGill&rft.atitle=WKSITNUOW+WEJKWAPNIAQEWA+%E2%80%93+MI%27KMAQ%3A+A+VOICE+FROM+THE+PEOPLE+OF+THE+Dawn&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.issn=1916-0666&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Donna-Lee&rft.au=Peck%2C+Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmje.mcgill.ca%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsbornePeckSmithTaylor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Usborne, Esther; Peck, Josephine; Smith, Donna-Lee; Taylor, Donald M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/canajeducrevucan.34.4.200">"Learning through an Aboriginal Language: The Impact on Students' English and Aboriginal Language Skills"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 200–215. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0380-2361">0380-2361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Education+%2F+Revue+canadienne+de+l%27%C3%A9ducation&rft.atitle=Learning+through+an+Aboriginal+Language%3A+The+Impact+on+Students%27+English+and+Aboriginal+Language+Skills&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=200-215&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0380-2361&rft.aulast=Usborne&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Peck%2C+Josephine&rft.au=Smith%2C+Donna-Lee&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcanajeducrevucan.34.4.200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beswick-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beswick_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeswick2013" class="citation news cs1">Beswick, Truro (2013-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1161000-efforts-gain-strength-across-ns-to-ensure-future-for-mi-kmaq-language">"Efforts gain strength across N.S. to ensure future for Miꞌkmaq language"</a>. <i>The Chronicle Herald</i>. Halifax, NS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+Herald&rft.atitle=Efforts+gain+strength+across+N.S.+to+ensure+future+for+Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq+language&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft.aulast=Beswick&rft.aufirst=Truro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechronicleherald.ca%2Fnovascotia%2F1161000-efforts-gain-strength-across-ns-to-ensure-future-for-mi-kmaq-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyslik2014" class="citation news cs1">Myslik, Jaime (2014-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mi-kmaq-is-making-a-comeback-in-a-nova-scotia-community-1.2557138">"Miꞌkmaq is making a comeback in a Nova Scotia community – Politics – CBC News"</a>. <i>CBC News : Politics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News+%3A+Politics&rft.atitle=Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq+is+making+a+comeback+in+a+Nova+Scotia+community+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+CBC+News&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Myslik&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmi-kmaq-is-making-a-comeback-in-a-nova-scotia-community-1.2557138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99-LoEkAA3w">youtube.com</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cognates-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cognates_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/famalg_words.htm">"Algonkian/Algonquian Words (Algic)"</a>. <i>www.native-languages.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.native-languages.org&rft.atitle=Algonkian%2FAlgonquian+Words+%28Algic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.native-languages.org%2Ffamalg_words.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Animacy-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Animacy_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR37.1/anne_makepeace_wampanoag_we_still_live_here.php">Boston Review: Touching Their Ancestors' Hands, 'Animacy'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quebec-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quebec_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/quebec">"quebec | Origin and meaning of quebec by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=quebec+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+quebec+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fquebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caribou-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caribou_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/caribou">"caribou | Origin and meaning of caribou by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=caribou+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+caribou+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcaribou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toboggan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toboggan_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/toboggan">"toboggan | Origin and meaning of toboggan by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=toboggan+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+toboggan+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ftoboggan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWW-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HWW_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanagh2005" class="citation cs2">Kavanagh, Maureen, ed. (2005) [1985], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105839/http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/caribou.html">"Hinterland Who's Who"</a>, <i>Canadian Wildlife Service/EC</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-39659-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-662-39659-6"><bdi>0-662-39659-6</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/caribou.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Wildlife+Service%2FEC&rft.atitle=Hinterland+Who%27s+Who&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-662-39659-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hww.ca%2Fen%2Fspecies%2Fmammals%2Fcaribou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakker, P. (1989). Two Basque Loanwords in Micmac. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a> Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1989), pp. 258–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=1250">"Amqui (ville)"</a> (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amqui+%28ville%29&rft.pub=Commission+de+toponymie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fct%2FToposWeb%2Ffiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D1250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aroostook">"Aroostook | county, Maine, United States | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aroostook+%26%23124%3B+county%2C+Maine%2C+United+States+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAroostook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=341124">"Causapscal (Ville)"</a> (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Causapscal+%28Ville%29&rft.pub=Commission+de+toponymie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fct%2FToposWeb%2Ffiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D341124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton1996-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton1996_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Baillie_Hamilton1996" class="citation book cs1">William Baillie Hamilton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&pg=PA91"><i>Place Names of Atlantic Canada</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7570-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+Names+of+Atlantic+Canada&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7570-3&rft.au=William+Baillie+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAvyE0pN5akC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=39702">"Matapédia (Municipalité)"</a> (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matap%C3%A9dia+%28Municipalit%C3%A9%29&rft.pub=Commission+de+toponymie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fct%2FToposWeb%2Ffiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D39702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=353831">"Paspébiac (Ville)"</a> (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasp%C3%A9biac+%28Ville%29&rft.pub=Commission+de+toponymie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fct%2FToposWeb%2Ffiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D353831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capebretonpost.com/Arts/Entertainment/2012-03-26/article-2939995/Book-launch-today/1">"Book launch today"</a>. <i>Cape Breton Post</i>. 2012-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cape+Breton+Post&rft.atitle=Book+launch+today&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capebretonpost.com%2FArts%2FEntertainment%2F2012-03-26%2Farticle-2939995%2FBook-launch-today%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Maillard, M. l'abbé, redigée et mise en ordre par Joseph M. Bellenger, ptre. 1864. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammairedelalan00mail">Grammaire de la langue mikmaque.</a></i> Nouvelle-York, Presse Cramoisy de J.M. Shea. Reprinted 2007: Toronto: Global Language Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897367-14-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-897367-14-7">1-897367-14-7</a></li> <li>Delisle, Gilles L.; Metallic, Emmanuel L. 1976. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/?q=micmac&pg=2&id=ED136614">Micmac Teaching Grammar. Preliminary version.</a></i> La Macaza, Quebec: Manitou Community College.</li> <li>Pacifique, Père. 1939. <i>Leçons grammaticales théoriques et pratiques de la langue micmaque.</i> Sainte-Anne de Restigouche, P.Q. Reprinted 2007: Toronto: Global Language Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897367-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-897367-15-5">1-897367-15-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Tertius_Rand" title="Silas Tertius Rand">Rand, Silas Tertius</a>. 1875. <i>First reading book in the Micmac language.</i> Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Company (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afirstreadingbo00rangoog">IA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGkiAAAAMAAJ">GB</a>). Reprinted 2006: Vancouver: Global Language Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9738924-8-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9738924-8-X">0-9738924-8-X</a></li> <li>Rand, Silas Tertius. 1888. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionarylangu00randgoog">Dictionary of the language of the Micmac Indians, who reside in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and Newfoundland.</a></i> Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Company. Reprinted 1994: New Delhi & Madra</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSable2012" class="citation book cs1">Sable, Trudy (2012). <i>The language of this land, Miꞌkmaꞌki</i>. Sydney, NS: Cape Breton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897009499" title="Special:BookSources/9781897009499"><bdi>9781897009499</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773473837">773473837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+this+land%2C+Mi%EA%9E%8Ckma%EA%9E%8Cki&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NS&rft.pub=Cape+Breton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773473837&rft.isbn=9781897009499&rft.aulast=Sable&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMi%27kmaq+language" class="Z3988"></span>s: Asian Educational Services, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0954-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0954-9">81-206-0954-9</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" class="extiw" title="v:Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq language</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Mi'kmaq language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Mi%27kmaq_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Mi'kmaq language"><i><b>Mi'kmaq language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mic" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/mic">Mi'kmaq language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/">Miꞌkmaq Online Talking Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013121327/http://www.mikmaq.com/language/index.html">Internet Archive of "Míkmaq Language"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/mikmaq.htm">Native Languages page on Míkmaq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/mikmawisimk/mikmawisimk.html">Chris Harvey's page on Míkmawísimk (Languagegeek)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-micmac/en/mic/">How to count in Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/mic">OLAC resources in and about the Miꞌkmaq language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algic_languages" title="Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algic_languages" title="Template talk:Algic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Besawunena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Besawunena language">Besawunena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin" title="Massachusett Pidgin">Massachusett Pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin_English" title="Massachusett Pidgin English">Massachusett Pidgin English</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan–Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delawaran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Delaware" title="Pidgin Delaware">Pidgin Delaware</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohican_language" title="Mohican language">Mahican</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nanticockan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet–Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berens_River_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Berens River Ojibwe dialect">Berens River Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Lakes_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Border Lakes Ojibwe dialect">Border Lakes Ojibwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Oghibbeway" title="Broken Oghibbeway">Broken Oghibbeway</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ojibwa_language" title="Central Ojibwa language">Central Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_language" title="Chippewa language">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ojibwa_language" title="Eastern Ojibwa language">Eastern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Nipissing Ojibwe dialect">Nipissing Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_Superior_Ojibwe_dialect" title="North of Superior Ojibwe dialect">North of Superior Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ojibwa" title="Northwestern Ojibwa">Northwestern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami–Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_language" title="Nansemond language">Nansemond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_language" title="Pamunkey language">Pamunkey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algic_language" title="Proto-Algic language">Proto-Algic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a> language •  <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Quebec" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Template:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Template talk:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Quebec" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Quebec">Languages of Quebec</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Míkmaq</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin <br /> (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Wôbanakiôdwawôgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Anicinâbemowin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu-aimun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-Tactile_American_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-Tactile American Sign Language (page does not exist)">Pro-Tactile American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13321#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169765-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85084718">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120767248">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120767248">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jazyk mikmak"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph297008&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531530705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&oldid=1257098152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&oldid=1257098152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mi%27kmaq" title="Category:Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Category:Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_North_American_eastern_woodlands" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands">Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_languages_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations languages in Canada">First Nations languages in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Category:Lexis (linguistics)">Lexis (linguistics)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mi%27kmaq-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mi'kmaq-language text">Articles containing Mi'kmaq-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Western_Abnaki-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Western Abnaki-language text">Articles containing Western Abnaki-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Unami-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Unami-language text">Articles containing Unami-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 06:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi%27kmaq_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r24xm","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.054","walltime":"1.245","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8596,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":250437,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10116,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":163690,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1081.213 1 -total"," 21.09% 227.984 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.87% 225.675 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 19.53% 211.198 2 Template:Infobox"," 19.28% 208.452 12 Template:Navbox"," 17.21% 186.077 92 Template:Lang"," 14.24% 153.942 23 Template:Cite_web"," 13.21% 142.777 1 Template:Algonquian_languages"," 7.04% 76.104 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.83% 52.194 59 Template:IPA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.635","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16481860,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vlr7t","timestamp":"20241122140822","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mi'kmaq language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mi%27kmaq_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13321","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13321","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-03T14:04:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T06:16:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/Mikmaq_State_Flag_%28vertical%29.svg","headline":"Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 11,000 Mi'kmaq in Canada and the United States"}</script> </body> </html>