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raktažodžiai subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-SQL_raktažodžiai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duomenų_išrinkimas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duomenų_išrinkimas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Duomenų išrinkimas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duomenų_išrinkimas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duomenų_valdymas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duomenų_valdymas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Duomenų valdymas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duomenų_valdymas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transakcijos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transakcijos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Transakcijos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transakcijos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duomenų_apibrėžimas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duomenų_apibrėžimas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Duomenų apibrėžimas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duomenų_apibrėžimas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trūkumai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trūkumai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trūkumai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trūkumai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-„Sveikas,_pasauli“_pavyzdys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#„Sveikas,_pasauli“_pavyzdys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>„Sveikas, pasauli“ pavyzdys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-„Sveikas,_pasauli“_pavyzdys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Turinys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SQL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 kalbų</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Šveicarijos vokiečių" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveicarijos vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة – arabų" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – asturianų" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturianų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – azerbaidžaniečių" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžaniečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bavarų" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – baltarusių" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltarusių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bulgarų" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এসকিউএল – bengalų" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bretonų" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bosnių" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – katalonų" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – čekų" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čekų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – valų" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – danų" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – vokiečių" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – graikų" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="graikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – anglų" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – ispanų" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurp%C3%A4ringukeel" title="Struktuurpäringukeel – estų" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurpäringukeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – baskų" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌کیوال – persų" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – suomių" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="suomių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – prancūzų" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prancūzų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_Strucht%C3%BArtha_Iarratas" title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas – airių" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="airių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – galisų" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kinų kalbos hakų tarmė" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos hakų tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – hebrajų" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍसक्यूऍल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍसक्यूऍल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kroatų" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – vengrų" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="vengrų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – armėnų" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tarpinė" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="tarpinė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – indoneziečių" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – islandų" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – italų" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – japonų" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – gruzinų" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kazachų" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – korėjiečių" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korėjiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kurdų" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kirgizų" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – lotynų" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotynų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – lombardų" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – latvių" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – makedonų" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ. – malajalių" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – malajiečių" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – birmiečių" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – olandų" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – naujoji norvegų" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="naujoji norvegų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – norvegų bukmolas" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegų bukmolas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ – pendžabų" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendžabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – lenkų" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="lenkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – portugalų" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kečujų" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečujų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – rumunų" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – rusų" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – serbų-kroatų" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbų-kroatų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – slovakų" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – slovėnų" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – albanų" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – serbų" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – švedų" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி – tamilų" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tadžikų" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง – tajų" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tagalogų" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – turkų" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – totorių" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="totorių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – ukrainiečių" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – urdų" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – uzbekų" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – vietnamiečių" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kinų kalbos vu tarmė" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos vu tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – jorubų" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kinų" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kinų kalbos pietų minų tarmė" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos pietų minų tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kinų kalbos Kantono tarmė" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos Kantono tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Keisti tarpkalbines nuorodas" class="wbc-editpage">Keisti nuorodas</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Sukurta <a href="/wiki/XX_am%C5%BEiaus_8-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" class="mw-redirect" title="XX amžiaus 8-as dešimtmetis">XX amžiaus 8-ame dešimtmetyje</a>. Pirmoji šią kalbą komerciniame produkte pritaikė korporacija, dabar žinoma <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oracle (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Oracle</a></i> vardu. Ja pasekė ir daug kitų. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SQL_raktažodžiai"><span id="SQL_rakta.C5.BEod.C5.BEiai"></span>SQL raktažodžiai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: SQL raktažodžiai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: SQL raktažodžiai"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL remiasi keletu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raktinis_%C5%BEodis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raktinis žodis (puslapis neegzistuoja)">raktažodžių</a>, kuriuos naudojant galima įvykdyti funkcijas. Juos galima suskirstyti į keletą grupių. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duomenų_išrinkimas"><span id="Duomen.C5.B3_i.C5.A1rinkimas"></span>Duomenų išrinkimas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Duomenų išrinkimas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Duomenų išrinkimas"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=ANSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANSI (puslapis neegzistuoja)">ANSI</a> bei <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> standartai apibrėžia šiuos SQL raktažodžius, skirtus duomenims išrinkti: </p> <ul><li><code>SELECT</code> sakinys naudojamas įrašams iš vienos ar daugiau lentelių atrinkti; šie įrašai dažniausiai atrenkami pagal tam tikrus kriterijus.</li> <li><code>FROM</code> sakinyje nurodomos lentelės, iš kurių reikia išrinkti eilutes (sąryšiai gali būti nurodomi skirtingais <a href="/wiki/Jungties_operacija" title="Jungties operacija"><code>JOIN</code></a> variantais).</li> <li><code>WHERE</code> sakinyje nurodoma sąlyga, kurią turi tenkinti grąžinamos eilutės.</li> <li><code>GROUP BY</code> sąlygoje nurodoma, kad reikia grupuoti tam tikras eilutes. Grupuojant eilutes, dažniausiai naudojamos agregatinės funkcijos maksimalioms, vidutinėms ir panašioms reikšmėms išrinkti iš grupuotų eilučių.</li> <li><code>ORDER BY</code> sakiniu nurodoma viena ar daugiau rikiavimo sąlygų.</li> <li><code>HAVING</code> sakinyje nurodomas kriterijus, taikomas grupuojamoms eilutėms; šis raktinis žodis gali būti naudojamas tik tais atvejais, jeigu užklausoje yra <code>GROUP BY</code> sakinys.</li></ul> <p>Iš išvardytų sakinių bet kurioje užklausoje visada naudojami <code>SELECT</code> bei <code>FROM</code> sakiniai, o kiti naudojami pagal poreikį. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duomenų_valdymas"><span id="Duomen.C5.B3_valdymas"></span>Duomenų valdymas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Duomenų valdymas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Duomenų valdymas"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><code>INSERT</code> vartojamas naujų įrašų įterpimui į lentelę</li> <li><code>DELETE</code> leidžia ištrinti įrašus iš lentelės.</li> <li><code>UPDATE</code> naudojamas pakeisti vieno ar daugiau įrašų reikšmes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transakcijos">Transakcijos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Transakcijos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Transakcijos"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistemose, kurios palaiko <a href="/wiki/Transakcija" title="Transakcija">transakcijas</a>, galima naudoti šias komandas: </p> <ul><li><code>BEGIN</code> nurodoma pradėti atominę operaciją (transakciją)</li> <li><code>COMMIT</code> patvirtinama sėkmingai baigiama transakcija</li> <li><code>ROLLBACK</code> nurodoma, kad visa transakcija atšaukiama</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duomenų_apibrėžimas"><span id="Duomen.C5.B3_apibr.C4.97.C5.BEimas"></span>Duomenų apibrėžimas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Duomenų apibrėžimas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Duomenų apibrėžimas"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><code>CREATE</code> naudojama sukurti įvairiems objektams, pavyzdžiui, lentelėms.</li> <li><code>DROP</code> nurodoma sunaikinti tam tikrus objektus.</li></ul> <p>Kai kuriuos sistemos turi komandą <code>ALTER</code>, kuria galima pakeisti objektus sistemos darbo metu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trūkumai"><span id="Tr.C5.ABkumai"></span>Trūkumai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Trūkumai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Trūkumai"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nėra standartinio būdo skaidyti sudėtingas komandas į kelias smulkesnes</li> <li>SQL realizacijos skirtingose duomenų bazių valdymo sistemose nėra nuoseklios, nepilnai suderinamos.</li></ul> <p>Kadangi standartinių galimybių dažnai neužtenka, duomenų bazių sistemose SQL išplečiama jai pridedant daugiau programavimo kalbų funkcijų </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="„Sveikas,_pasauli“_pavyzdys"><span id=".E2.80.9ESveikas.2C_pasauli.E2.80.9C_pavyzdys"></span>„Sveikas, pasauli“ pavyzdys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: „Sveikas, pasauli“ pavyzdys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: „Sveikas, pasauli“ pavyzdys"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tarkime, yra lentelės pavidalo duomenų bazė: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Įvairios_vietos </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Vieta</i></td> <td><i>Būsena</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australija</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antarktida</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europa</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pasaulis</td> <td>Sveikas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mėnulis</td> <td>Pilnatis </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>SQL sakinys: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Būsena</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">', pasauli'</span> <span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Į</span><span class="n">vairios_vietos</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vieta</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Pasaulis'</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a> dialektu: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Būsena</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">', pasauli'</span> <span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Į</span><span class="n">vairios_vietos</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vieta</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Pasaulis'</span> </pre></div> <p>Turėtų grąžinti atsakymą: </p> <pre>Sveikas, pasauli </pre>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rodomas puslapis "<a dir="ltr" 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