NIST History

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/history","20240305062050","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1709619650"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.252.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>S,lF:()=>T,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>_,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,g());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),D=r(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},j={};function S(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=j[e])}function T(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.252.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature",r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return c(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const a=[...s[e]];function c(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}a.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(a.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),a.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),c(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function h(e,t){n[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,Object.keys(u.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete u.backlog[e]}))}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,IK:()=>c,oD:()=>i,uT:()=>s,wO:()=>a});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5,a={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},s={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},c={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),g=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var h=r(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:E=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();w||(A=D.init,w=D.info,_=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,w);const k=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];m||(k.proxy.assets&&(v(k.proxy.assets),j.push(k.proxy.assets)),k.proxy.beacon&&j.push(k.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...k.ajax.deny_list||[],...k.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=w(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=w(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=w(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/http://custom.transaction")+t,w(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function _(){r.e(75).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>{(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed..."),(0,c.L)(e,"api",!0)}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=E),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.252.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.252.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={75:"sha512-85KXSsv643MTRPulZfmcwj8IKIbJeT9JfNpsSBckCZNUr+o/ILbmpOISx04Ol69WzHRZplUy/y2FaJ3KUChaTw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.252.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.252.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e("recordReplay")}pauseReplay(){return this.#e("pauseReplay")}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,957));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,v.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),E=i(4351);var D=i(5546),k=i(7956),j=i(3239),S=i(7894),R=i(9251);class T extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,k.N)((()=>(0,D.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,D.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[p,T,P],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-CSLL4ZEK4L", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"NIST History","node_id":"1542841","content_type":"Laboratory\/Organizational Unit"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/history"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/node/1542841"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="NIST History | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/history"/> <meta property="og:title" content="NIST History"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-02-23T15:36-05:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-11-15T12:07-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="NIST History"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2019-02-23T15:36-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/history"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2019-02-23T15:36-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2019-11-15T12:07-05:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="NIST History"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2019-11-15T12:07:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "NIST History | NIST", "datePublished": "2019-02-23T15:36-05:00", "dateModified": "2019-11-15T12:07-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="laboratory_organizational_unit"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>NIST History | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240305062050cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_SIqthRuTl8_SGf_co9v7xaU2dUw-JXZ5_JOuo_5AkxQ.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240305062050cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6prwlieMvitJqVLptJ59w_NxX2prM0abXhYVoH12prk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20240305062050cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6MuKXqcH69mMwmOSjiD2G_c6UXIqUTZ1TRnur95k7Qk.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240305062050cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_iYOPw6RiE516UouAoQWLGbMCPNlFkoZUpsseW2xRpsU.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"/> <script src="/web/20240305062050js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_3ssAdmvsW-btol8ydZT2eloQN8l11yuGacOobfI1-_0.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"></script> </head> <body class="node-1542841"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here鈥檚 how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here鈥檚 how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you鈥檝e safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/history</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/director/leadership" class="usa-nav__link">Leadership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/iaao/academic-affairs-office" class="usa-nav__link">Student programs</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--menu"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">NIST History</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div>  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-block"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/timeline" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Timeline</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/education/nistory-video-series" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NISTory Video Series</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Museum and History Program</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/history/directors-national-bureau-standards-1901-1988-and-national-institute-standards-and" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Past Directors</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-time-capsule" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Time Capsule</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pao/nist-100-foundations-progress" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST at 100: Foundations for Progress</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Marie Curie and the NBS Radium Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time" data-drupal-link-system-path="">A Walk Through Time</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/history/radiation-physics-building" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Radiation Physics Building: History of Research</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/history/history-blogs" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Blogs</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>  </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-hero grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-history/radiation-physics-building"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2019/09/23/building_245_rendering.png.webp?itok=FL8Q7nLh 1x, /web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2019/09/23/building_245_rendering.png.webp?itok=cEAGEG-T 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2019/09/23/building_245_rendering.png.webp?itok=andFQOEs 1x, /web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2019/09/23/building_245_rendering.png.webp?itok=FL8Q7nLh 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2019/09/23/building_245_rendering.png.jpg?itok=FL8Q7nLh" width="600" height="360" alt="drawing of building" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-history/radiation-physics-building"> <div class="text"><p>Radiation Physics Building: History of Research</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/timeline"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/first-standard-reference-material-web.jpg.webp?itok=oyOg4noI 1x, /web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/first-standard-reference-material-web.jpg.webp?itok=rpORuiLq 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/first-standard-reference-material-web.jpg.webp?itok=9_IhsRF- 1x, /web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/first-standard-reference-material-web.jpg.webp?itok=oyOg4noI 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/first-standard-reference-material-web.jpg.jpg?itok=oyOg4noI" width="600" height="360" alt="First Standard Reference Material" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/timeline"> <div class="text"><p>NIST Timeline</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-time-capsule"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/02/21/side_adjustment1.jpg.webp?itok=w60MvHHD 1x, /web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2018/02/21/side_adjustment1.jpg.webp?itok=I8QVcFAQ 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2018/02/21/side_adjustment1.jpg.webp?itok=NYsVwML5 1x, /web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/02/21/side_adjustment1.jpg.webp?itok=w60MvHHD 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/02/21/side_adjustment1.jpg.jpg?itok=w60MvHHD" width="600" height="360" alt="Asia Robertson of NIST鈥檚 Fabrication Technology Office makes final adjustments on an encasement." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-time-capsule"> <div class="text"><p>Learn about how NIST has contributed to preserving history</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"><p>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was founded in 1901 and is now part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. NIST is one of the nation's oldest physical science laboratories. Congress established the agency to remove a major challenge to U.S. industrial competitiveness at the time鈥攁 second-rate measurement infrastructure that lagged behind the capabilities of the United Kingdom, Germany, and other economic rivals.</p>  <p>From the smart electric power grid and electronic health records to atomic clocks, advanced nanomaterials, and computer chips, innumerable products and services rely in some way on technology, measurement, and standards provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.</p>  <p>Today, NIST measurements support the smallest of technologies to the largest and most complex of human-made creations鈥攆rom nanoscale devices so tiny that tens of thousands can fit on the end of a single human hair up to earthquake-resistant skyscrapers and global communication networks.</p></div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"><h2 class="nist-block__title">The Romance of Precision Measurement</h2><p class="text-align-center"></p><div class="nist-video" data-media-id="421021"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_zst0vi4d?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_zst0vi4d&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="The Romance of Precision Measurement" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_zst0vi4d/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">The Romance of Precision Measurement</div> </div> </div> </div>   <p class="text-align-center">聽</p>  <h2 class="nist-block__title">Who Was Detective X?</h2>  <p> </p><figure class=" align-left nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group"><div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/02/10/souder.jpg?itok=XdNAtTds" data-media-id="349616"> <img alt="Wilmer Souder" height="227" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/02/10/souder.jpg?itok=4-SK5o3H" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Wilmer Souder in his laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., April 11, 1935.<div class="nist-image__credit"> <span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span> NBS/NIST; source: NARA </div></figcaption></figure>   <p>In the gangster era of Prohibition and the Great Depression, a physicist at the National Bureau of Standards, now NIST, brought modern ideas to the then-emerging field of forensic science.</p>  <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/featured-stories/who-was-detective-x">Learn more</a> about Wilmer Souder and watch NIST's <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/video/detective-x-re-discovering-wilmer-souder">Emmy Award-winning film</a> about the search to uncover his work at NBS.</p></div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--video-grid paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Featured Videos</div> </h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2"> <figure data-media-id="412566" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_x71r1p0p?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_x71r1p0p&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_x71r1p0p/width/1280" alt="Saving Money by Breaking Bank - NISTory" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Saving Money by Breaking Bank - NISTory</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2"> <figure data-media-id="382686" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_i0dyjexh?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_i0dyjexh&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_i0dyjexh/width/1280" alt="Pigeon Pilots - NISTory" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Pigeon Pilots - NISTory</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2"> <figure data-media-id="276116" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_g4cjkxth?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_g4cjkxth&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_g4cjkxth/width/1280" alt="Thrown For A Curve - NISTory" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Thrown For A Curve - NISTory</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2"> <figure data-media-id="272881" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_7fbs08lc?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_7fbs08lc&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_7fbs08lc/width/1280" alt="One Size Doesn鈥檛 Fit All - NISTory" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">One Size Doesn鈥檛 Fit All - NISTory</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2"> <figure data-media-id="273221" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_uvm95n4i?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_uvm95n4i&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_uvm95n4i/width/1280" alt="Hail to the Thief - NISTory" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Hail to the Thief - NISTory</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2"> <figure data-media-id="372261" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_qkctjgq3?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_qkctjgq3&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_qkctjgq3/width/1280" alt="Picture This - NISTory" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Picture This - NISTory</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="link-list"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery">View All Videos</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20240305062050im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/history" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1542841","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-social, .nist-video-thumbnail__lightbox-trigger, a.nist-icon--mail-blue","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"2f77e4dcfce20728ac491170886da836c10b580f9bdfeb9c9e729fe4958834d5"}}</script> <script src="/web/20240305062050js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_L4s-xoxkQ67XMK98eQiz0h1j1ibNkR1AmjhYszY77y0.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062050js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20240305062050js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_lipJvX_gd3e7da9au5tMk1vp372ytCNfV4grvxb-h68.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UNGOwyAM-yE2PgkFyCC3QDig6_W-_qDb1GrSSXlIbMuxbMHdTZcxRdtjN19N2X8ocpJVEAmMBjLw1sk1_QmoTK2bGw3My5pZwJtehw3loAM86UYdKZUqD9SfwIywYz1iwvFZ2EI1Sbz21MAOY6Z8V21rHdNI2HDX68Bigc_75WWlI4LH-j7Nuq5n9emeEvzp84H2dSnA19epClQIFUpsb-ZArksui2VqEb16kEcxmCz60QOy1wy_22U28UyTIGS6kVOjpY5VOyidRrc7id8LsIlIIfYjXSJXZZb0B-omrTI"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":34,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

NIST History | NIST