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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexis Carrel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 65 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ألكسيس كاريل – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسيس كاريل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksis_Karrel" title="Aleksis Karrel – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksis Karrel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="آلکسیس کارل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلکسیس کارل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="অ্যালেক্সিস কারেল – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালেক্সিস কারেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Алексіс Карэль – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алексіс Карэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алексис Карел – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алексис Карел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Αλεξίς Καρέλ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξίς Καρέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="آلکسی کارل – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلکسی کارل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%8B%9C_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%90" title="알렉시 카렐 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉시 카렐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="אלכסיס קארל – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסיס קארל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಿಸ್ ಕರೆಲ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಿಸ್ ಕರೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსის კარელი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსის კარელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Алексис Каррель – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алексис Каррель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алексис Карел – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алексис Карел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="അലെക്സിസ് കാറെൽ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലെക്സിസ് കാറെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსის კარელი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსის კარელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الكسيس كاريل – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسيس كاريل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="آلکسیس کارل – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلکسیس کارل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB" title="アレクシス・カレル – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクシス・カレル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="الیکسس کارل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکسس کارل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – piemoncki" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemoncki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Каррель, Алексис – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каррель, Алексис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%B5" title="ئەلیکسیس کاڕیڵ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلیکسیس کاڕیڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksis_Karel" title="Aleksis Karel – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Aleksis Karel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சிஸ் காரெல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சிஸ் காரெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алекси Каррел – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алекси Каррел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Алексіс Каррель – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алексіс Каррель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="الیکسس کارل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیکسس کارل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94" title="亚历克西·卡雷尔 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历克西·卡雷尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alexis Carrel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94" title="亚历克西·卡雷尔 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历克西·卡雷尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Alexis Carrel</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Alexis_Carrel_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alexis_Carrel_02.jpg/202px-Alexis_Carrel_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Alexis_Carrel_02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="292" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Państwo działania </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Francja" title="Francja">Francja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">28 czerwca 1873</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">5 listopada 1944</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pary%C5%BC" title="Paryż">Paryż</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue; color:black; text-align:center; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:3px;">Specjalność: <a href="/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia">chirurgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia">filozofia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uczelnia </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Uniwersytet Chicagowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Rockefellera" title="Uniwersytet Rockefellera">Instytute Rockefellera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs grafika-z-wikidanych"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Signature_of_Alexis_Carrel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="podpis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Signature_of_Alexis_Carrel.png/130px-Signature_of_Alexis_Carrel.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Signature_of_Alexis_Carrel.png/195px-Signature_of_Alexis_Carrel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Signature_of_Alexis_Carrel.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b>Odznaczenia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Legia_Honorowa" title="Komandor Orderu Narodowego Legii Honorowej (Francja)"><img alt="Komandor Orderu Narodowego Legii Honorowej (Francja)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Legia_Honorowa" title="Oficer Orderu Narodowego Legii Honorowej (Francja)"><img alt="Oficer Orderu Narodowego Legii Honorowej (Francja)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Legia_Honorowa" title="Kawaler Orderu Narodowego Legii Honorowej (Francja)"><img alt="Kawaler Orderu Narodowego Legii Honorowej (Francja)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_Leopolda_(Belgia)" title="Komandor Orderu Leopolda (Belgia)"><img alt="Komandor Orderu Leopolda (Belgia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Commander_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/40px-Commander_Ordre_de_Leopold.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Commander_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/60px-Commander_Ordre_de_Leopold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Commander_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/80px-Commander_Ordre_de_Leopold.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_Leopolda_(Belgia)" title="Oficer Orderu Leopolda (Belgia)"><img alt="Oficer Orderu Leopolda (Belgia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/40px-Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/60px-Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/80px-Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_Izabeli_Katolickiej" title="Krzyż Orderu Izabeli Katolickiej (Hiszpania)"><img alt="Krzyż Orderu Izabeli Katolickiej (Hiszpania)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_CROSS.svg/40px-ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_CROSS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_CROSS.svg/60px-ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_CROSS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_CROSS.svg/80px-ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_CROSS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_Gwiazdy_Polarnej" title="Komandor Krzyża Wielkiego Orderu Gwiazdy Polarnej (Szwecja)"><img alt="Komandor Krzyża Wielkiego Orderu Gwiazdy Polarnej (Szwecja)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SWE_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%281748-1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/40px-SWE_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%281748-1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SWE_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%281748-1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-SWE_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%281748-1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SWE_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%281748-1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-SWE_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%281748-1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_%C5%9Bw._Micha%C5%82a_i_%C5%9Bw._Jerzego" title="Krzyż Komandorski Orderu Św. Michała i Św. Jerzego (Wielka Brytania)"><img alt="Krzyż Komandorski Orderu Św. Michała i Św. Jerzego (Wielka Brytania)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/40px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/80px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b>Nagrody</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/45px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizjologii_lub_medycyny" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny">Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexis_Carrel" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexis_Carrel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexis Carrel">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Wikicytaty"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/47px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" class="extiw" title="q:Alexis Carrel">Cytaty w Wikicytatach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Alexis Carrel</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/28_czerwca" title="28 czerwca">28 czerwca</a> <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a> w <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Foy-l%C3%A8s-Lyon" title="Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon">Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon</a>, zm. <a href="/wiki/5_listopada" title="5 listopada">5 listopada</a> <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> w <a href="/wiki/Pary%C5%BC" title="Paryż">Paryżu</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Francja" title="Francja">francuski</a> <a href="/wiki/Chirurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirurg">chirurg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filozof" class="mw-redirect" title="Filozof">filozof</a> i moralista, <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizjologii_lub_medycyny" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny">laureat nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny</a> w 1912<sup id="cite_ref-DS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urodził się, kształcił i studiował w Lyonie, na południu Francji. Dyplom lekarza uzyskał w 1900 i podjął pracę jako chirurg<sup id="cite_ref-DS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-1">[1]</a></sup>; początkowo w samym <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyonie</a>, a potem także w <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stanach Zjednoczonych</a>, na <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Uniwersytecie Chicagowskim</a> i w <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Rockefellera" title="Uniwersytet Rockefellera">Instytucie Rockefellera</a>. Wynalazł nowe metody i techniki <a href="/wiki/Szew_(chirurgia)" title="Szew (chirurgia)">szwów</a> w chirurgii naczyniowej; był pionierem <a href="/wiki/Przeszczepianie_narz%C4%85d%C3%B3w" title="Przeszczepianie narządów">transplantologii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Torakochirurgia" title="Torakochirurgia">torakochirurgii</a><sup id="cite_ref-OSB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Został przyjęty w poczet licznych prestiżowych towarzystw naukowych, otrzymał też tytuły <a href="/wiki/Doktor_honoris_causa" title="Doktor honoris causa">doktora honoris causa</a> licznych uniwersytetów, m.in.:<a href="/wiki/Queen%E2%80%99s_University_Belfast" title="Queen’s University Belfast">Uniwersytetu Królowej w Belfaście</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Princeton" title="Uniwersytet Princeton">Uniwersytetu Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Kalifornijski" title="Uniwersytet Kalifornijski">Uniwersytetu Kalifornijskiego</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">Uniwersytetu Nowojorskiego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Browna" title="Uniwersytet Browna">Uniwersytetu Browna</a> i <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Columbia" title="Uniwersytet Columbia">Uniwersytetu Columbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>W czasie <a href="/wiki/I_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="I wojna światowa">I wojny światowej</a> Carrel służył w armii francuskiej. Wraz z chemikiem <a href="/wiki/Henry_Drysdale_Dakin" title="Henry Drysdale Dakin">Henrym Dakinem</a> opracował antyseptyk Carrel-Dakin na głębokie rany. Wracając po wojnie do Instytutu Rockefellera, Carrel zwrócił uwagę na metody utrzymywania tkanek i narządów przy życiu poza ciałem. Przez wiele lat utrzymywał tkankę serca zarodków kurzych na sztucznych roztworach odżywczych, a wraz z lotnikiem <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charlesem Lindberghem</a> opracował tak zwane sztuczne serce, które mogło pompować płyny fizjologiczne przez duże narządy, takie jak <a href="/wiki/Serce" title="Serce">serce</a> czy <a href="/wiki/Nerka" title="Nerka">nerki</a><sup id="cite_ref-DS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Wkład Alexisa Carrela w rozwój medycyny i biologii polegał na pracach nad transplantacją narządów i hodowlami tkankowymi. Wypracowanie technik szwu chirurgicznego naczyń krwionośnych pozwoliło na postęp w przeszczepianiu narządów<sup id="cite_ref-OSB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Opracował metody przechowywania pobranych tkanek, np. odcinków żył i tętnic, co umożliwiło szybszy rozwój <a href="/wiki/Chirurgia_naczyniowa" title="Chirurgia naczyniowa">angiochirurgii</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harold_Ellis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harold_Ellis-4">[4]</a></sup>. Badania Carrela nad kulturami tkankowymi wniosły także znaczący wkład w zrozumienie biologii wirusów i przyczyniły się do postępu w produkcji szczepionek. </p><p>Carrel był gorącym zwolennikiem <a href="/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika">eugeniki</a>. W swojej książce <i>L’Homme, cet inconnu</i>, opublikowanej w 1935, nawoływał do rozpoczęcia programu udoskonalania społeczeństwa naukowo opracowanymi metodami. Cytat: „Komórka jest nieśmiertelna! To tylko płyn, w którego otoczeniu żyje, ją degeneruje! Odnawiając ten płyn systematycznie oraz dając komórce pożywienie, którego wymaga, może ona praktycznie żyć wiecznie!” Jednym z najważniejszych środków do tego celu miała być według niego <a href="/wiki/Eutanazja" title="Eutanazja">eutanazja</a>, szeroko rozumiana jako eliminacja osobników kryminalnych i szkodliwych dla społeczeństwa. </p><p>Carrel przez wiele lat był <a href="/wiki/Agnostycyzm" title="Agnostycyzm">agnostykiem</a>. Pod wpływem cudownych uzdrowień w <a href="/wiki/Sanktuarium_Matki_Bo%C5%BCej_w_Lourdes" title="Sanktuarium Matki Bożej w Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, których był świadkiem, w 1942 porzucił poglądy agnostyczne i ogłosił publicznie, że wierzy w <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3g" title="Bóg">Boga</a>, w nieśmiertelność <a href="/wiki/Dusza_(religia)" title="Dusza (religia)">duszy</a> i akceptuje nauczanie <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_katolicki" title="Kościół katolicki">Kościoła katolickiego</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DS_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DS_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DS_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book closed-access"><i>Carrel, Alexis</i>, [w:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-oxfordreference-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800862.001.0001/acref-9780192800862-e-252?rskey=IfvJnP&result=1"><i>A Dictionary of Scientists</i></a>, Oxford University Press, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780191726835" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780191726835">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-19-172683-5</span></a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-05-14]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Scientists&rft.isbn=9780191726835&rft.atitle=Carrel%2C+Alexis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-oxfordreference-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800862.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800862-e-252%3Frskey%3DIfvJnP%26result%3D1" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OSB_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OSB_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Tadeusz</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Tadeusz" style="display:none">T.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Nowak</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Tadeusz</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Tadeusz">T.</span></span> (red.), <i>Oksfordzki słownik biograficzny</i>, Warszawa: Bertelsmann Media, 1999, s. 86, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8372271097" title="Specjalna:Książki/8372271097">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-7227-109-7</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Oksfordzki+s%C5%82ownik+biograficzny&rft.isbn=83-7227-109-7&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Bertelsmann+Media&rft.date=1999" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ugo_Filippo_Tesler_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugo Filippo Tesler - A History Of Cardiac Surgery. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, s. 7, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781527542488" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781527542488">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-1-5275-4248-8</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harold_Ellis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harold_Ellis_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Ellis: A history of surgery. London, 2001, s. 232, |<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=OsZWFyUYtDQC&dq=Charles+Dubost&pg=PA234&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Dubost&f=false">https://books.google.de/books?id=OsZWFyUYtDQC&dq=Charles+Dubost&pg=PA234&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Dubost&f=false</a> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/1841101818" title="Specjalna:Książki/1841101818">ISBN <span class="isbn">1-84110-181-8</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pl.aleteia.org/2018/11/22/jak-lekarz-ktory-zobaczyl-cud-w-lourdes-dostal-nobla-i-uwierzyl-w-boga/"><i>Jak lekarz, który zobaczył cud w Lourdes, dostał Nobla i… uwierzył w Boga</i></a>. pl.aleteia.org, 2018-11-22. [dostęp 2018-12-02].</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130503074252/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/carrel.html">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912 Alexis Carrel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexis Carrel: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polona.pl/item/czlowiek-istota-nieznana,ODA3MTM4Mjk">Człowiek istota nieznana</a></i> (1938) w bibliotece <a href="/wiki/Polona" title="Polona">Polona</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid 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.navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Nobel_Medycyna" title="Szablon:Nobel Medycyna"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_szablonu:Nobel_Medycyna" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Nobel Medycyna"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Nobel_Medycyna&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizjologii_lub_medycyny" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny">Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Paw%C5%82ow" title="Iwan Pawłow">Pawłow</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laveran" title="Charles Laveran">Laveran</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Miecznikow" title="Ilja Miecznikow">Miecznikow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a></li> <li>1912: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carrel</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Richet" title="Charles Robert Richet">Richet</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Meyerhof" title="Otto Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod" title="John Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Fibiger</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Gasser</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C.Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G.Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz" title="Egas Moniz">Moniz</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lipmann" title="Fritz Lipmann">Lipmann</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_For%C3%9Fmann" title="Werner Forßmann">Forßmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa_de_Albornoz" title="Severo Ochoa de Albornoz">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley" title="Andrew Fielding Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huggins" title="Charles Huggins">Huggins</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Day_Hershey" title="Alfred Day Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Sutherland</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Othanel_Smith" title="Hamilton Othanel Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Snell" title="George Snell">Snell</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" title="David Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">Vane</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_K._Jerne" title="Niels K. Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hitchings" title="George Hitchings">Hitchings</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Varmus</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Sharp" title="Phillip Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Doherty" title="Peter Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Zinkernagel" title="Rolf Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Prusiner</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Furchgott" title="Robert Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Robert_Horvitz" title="Howard Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Z._Fire" title="Andrew Z. Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_C._Mello" title="Craig C. Mello">Mello</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin%E2%80%99ya_Yamanaka" title="Shin’ya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">M.-B. Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%E2%80%99Keefe" title="John O’Keefe">O’Keefe</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_%C5%8Csumi" title="Yoshinori Ōsumi">Ōsumi</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ratcliffe" title="Peter Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">Kaelin</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Alter" title="Harvey Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:NobelP2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobel"><img alt="Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108650778">0000000108650778</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/5049352">5049352</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n79007704">n79007704</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118668552">118668552</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435376">00435376</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/katalogisering/97mqwwrt2nqq07b">97mqwwrt2nqq07b</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125711128">125711128</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/028721322">028721322</a></span></li><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="extiw" title="it:Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.sbn.it/af/CFIV023219">CFIV023219</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Australii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Australii">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35682113">35682113</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/nlk20000079367">nlk20000079367</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1136950">XX1136950</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p070385432">070385432</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90408773">90408773</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0089086X">DA0089086X</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL128974A">OL128974A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810614359705606">9810614359705606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%20%2094200336">n94200336</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259452605171">987007259452605171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Portugalii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Portugalii">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.bn.pt/nca/unimarc-authorities/txt?id=34066">34066</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_%C5%81otwy" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Łotwy">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000019705&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000019705</a></span></li><li><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_i_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na_knji%C5%BEnica_u_Zagrebu" class="extiw" title="hr:Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000168498&local_base=nsk10">000168498</a></span></li><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina">BNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000026309&local_base=BNA10">000026309</a></span></li><li><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONOR" class="extiw" title="sl:CONOR">CONOR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.si/opac7/conor/106637155">106637155</a></span></li><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">BNC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000100963">000100963</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grecka_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Grecka Biblioteka Narodowa">ΕΒΕ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record157121">157121</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazylijska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Brazylijska Biblioteka Narodowa">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.bn.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000628018">000628018</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Korei" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Korei">KRNLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librarian.nl.go.kr/LI/contents/L20101000000.do?id=KAC199604496">KAC199604496</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Litewska_Biblioteka_Narodowa_im._Martynasa_Ma%C5%BEvydasa" title="Litewska Biblioteka Narodowa im. Martynasa Mažvydasa">LIH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lnb.libis.lt/simpleSearch.do?doSearch=1&AI001=LNB%3AVi6%3B%3DBb">LNB:Vi6;=Bb</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3883351.html">3883351</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexis-Carrel">biography/Alexis-Carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alexis-carrel">alexis-carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/alexis-carrel/">alexis-carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2048867">2048867</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/alexis-carrel">alexis-carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Alexis_Carrel">Alexis_Carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/alexis-carrel/">alexis-carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0015296.xml">0015296</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Alexis_Carrel">Alexis_Carrel</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=10878">10878</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&oldid=74396534">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Carrel&oldid=74396534</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Eugenicy" title="Kategoria:Eugenicy">Eugenicy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Francuscy_chirurdzy" title="Kategoria:Francuscy chirurdzy">Francuscy chirurdzy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Transplantolodzy" title="Kategoria:Transplantolodzy">Transplantolodzy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Doktorzy_honoris_causa" title="Kategoria:Doktorzy honoris causa">Doktorzy honoris causa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Nobli%C5%9Bci_%E2%80%93_fizjologia_i_medycyna" title="Kategoria:Nobliści – fizjologia i medycyna">Nobliści – fizjologia i medycyna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Komandorzy_Legii_Honorowej" title="Kategoria:Komandorzy Legii Honorowej">Komandorzy Legii Honorowej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Oficerowie_Legii_Honorowej" title="Kategoria:Oficerowie Legii Honorowej">Oficerowie Legii Honorowej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Kawalerowie_Legii_Honorowej" title="Kategoria:Kawalerowie Legii Honorowej">Kawalerowie Legii Honorowej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Odznaczeni_Orderem_Leopolda_(Belgia)" title="Kategoria:Odznaczeni Orderem Leopolda (Belgia)">Odznaczeni Orderem Leopolda (Belgia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Odznaczeni_Orderem_Izabeli_Katolickiej" title="Kategoria:Odznaczeni Orderem Izabeli Katolickiej">Odznaczeni Orderem Izabeli Katolickiej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Odznaczeni_Orderem_Gwiazdy_Polarnej_(Szwecja)" title="Kategoria:Odznaczeni Orderem Gwiazdy Polarnej (Szwecja)">Odznaczeni Orderem Gwiazdy Polarnej (Szwecja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Odznaczeni_Orderem_%C5%9Bw._Micha%C5%82a_i_%C5%9Bw._Jerzego" title="Kategoria:Odznaczeni Orderem św. 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