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href="#a" class="btn">A</a> <a href="#b" class="btn">B</a> <a href="#c" class="btn">C</a> <a href="#d" class="btn">D</a> <a href="#e" class="btn">E</a> <a href="#f" class="btn">F</a> <a href="#g" class="btn">G</a> <a href="#h" class="btn">H</a> <a href="#i" class="btn">I</a> <a href="#j" class="btn">J</a> <a href="#k" class="btn">K</a> <a href="#l" class="btn">L</a> <a href="#m" class="btn">M</a> <a href="#n" class="btn">N</a> <a href="#o" class="btn">O</a> <a href="#p" class="btn">P</a> <a href="#q" class="btn">Q</a> <a href="#r" class="btn">R</a> <a href="#s" class="btn">S</a> <a href="#t" class="btn">T</a> <a href="#u" class="btn">U</a> <a href="#v" class="btn">V</a> <a href="#w" class="btn">W</a> <a href="#x" class="btn">X</a> <a href="#y" class="btn">Y</a> <a href="#z" class="btn">Z</a> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="content"> <a id="a"></a> <h2>A</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/abduction/">abduction</a> (Igor Douven) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abelard/">Abelard [Abailard], Peter</a> (Peter King and Andrew Arlig) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abhidharma/">Abhidharma</a> (Noa Ronkin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abilities/">abilities</a> (John Maier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abner-burgos/">Abner of Burgos</a> (Shalom Sadik) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abrabanel/">Abrabanel, Judah</a> (Aaron Hughes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abstract-objects/">abstract objects</a> (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen) </li> <li> accidental properties — see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/action/">action</a> (Juan S. Piñeros Glasscock and Sergio Tenenbaum) <ul> <li> joint — see <a href="entries/shared-agency/">agency: shared</a> </li> <li> logic of — see <a href="entries/logic-action/">logic: action</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/action-perception/">action-based theories of perception</a> (Robert Briscoe, Rick Grush, and Alison Springle) </li> <li> action at a distance — see <a href="entries/qm-action-distance/">quantum mechanics: action at a distance in</a> </li> <li> actualism — see <a href="entries/possibilism-actualism/">possibilism-actualism debate</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/actualism-possibilism-ethics/">actualism and possibilism in ethics</a> (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/adaptationism/">adaptationism</a> (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/addams-jane/">Addams, Jane</a> (Maurice Hamington) </li> <li> <a href="entries/adorno/">Adorno, Theodor W.</a> (Henry Pickford and Lambert Zuidervaart) </li> <li> <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> (Agnieszka Jaworska) </li> <li> Aegidius Romanus — see <a href="entries/giles/">Giles of Rome</a> </li> <li> Aenesidemus — see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">skepticism: ancient</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-concept/">aesthetic, concept of the</a> (James Shelley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-experience/">aesthetic experience</a> (Antonia Peacocke) </li> <li> aesthetics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-19th-romantic/">19th Century Romantic</a> (Keren Gorodeisky) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-judgment/">aesthetic judgment</a> (Nick Zangwill) </li> <li> Beardsley — see <a href="entries/beardsley-aesthetics/">Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-british/">British, in the 18th century</a> (James Shelley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-cogsci/">and cognitive science</a> (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie) </li> <li> Collingwood — see <a href="entries/collingwood-aesthetics/">Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Croce — see <a href="entries/croce-aesthetics/">Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> cultural appropriation — see <a href="entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/">cultural heritage, ethics of</a> </li> <li> definition of art — see <a href="entries/art-definition/">art, definition of</a> </li> <li> Dewey — see <a href="entries/dewey-aesthetics/">Dewey, John: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/environmental-aesthetics/">environmental</a> (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-existentialist/">existentialist</a> (Jean-Philippe Deranty) </li> <li> feminist — see <a href="entries/feminism-aesthetics/">feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-french/">French, in the 18th century</a> (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot) </li> <li> Gadamer — see <a href="entries/gadamer-aesthetics/">Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-german/">German, in the 18th century</a> (Paul Guyer) </li> <li> Goodman — see <a href="entries/goodman-aesthetics/">Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Hegel — see <a href="entries/hegel-aesthetics/">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Heidegger — see <a href="entries/heidegger-aesthetics/">Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Hume — see <a href="entries/hume-aesthetics/">Hume, David: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Japanese — see <a href="entries/japanese-aesthetics/">Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Plato — see <a href="entries/plato-aesthetics/">Plato: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Schopenhauer — see <a href="entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics/">Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics</a> </li> <li> Wittgenstein — see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-aesthetics/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-of-everyday/">aesthetics of the everyday</a> (Yuriko Saito) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-testimony/">aesthetic testimony</a> (Jon Robson and Rebecca Wallbank) </li> <li> aesthetic value — see <a href="entries/aesthetic-concept/">aesthetic, concept of the</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/affirmative-action/">affirmative action</a> (Robert Fullinwider) </li> <li> <a href="entries/africana/">Africana Philosophy</a> (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/africana-contemporary/">contemporary</a> (Paul C. Taylor) </li> </ul></li> <li> African Philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/african-ethics/">ethics</a> (Kwame Gyekye) </li> <li> <a href="entries/african-sage/">sage philosophy</a> (Dismas Masolo) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/afterlife/">afterlife</a> (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/agency/">agency</a> (Markus Schlosser) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/shared-agency/">shared</a> (Abraham Sesshu Roth) </li> </ul></li> <li> agent-based modeling in philosophy of science — see <a href="entries/agent-modeling-philscience/">modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based</a> </li> <li> agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see <a href="entries/reasons-agent/">reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative</a> </li> <li> agnosticism and atheism — see <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/">atheism and agnosticism</a> </li> <li> Agrippa — see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">skepticism: ancient</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/agrippa-nettesheim/">Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius</a> (Vittoria Perrone Compagni) </li> <li> Akan Philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/akan-person/">of the person</a> (Ajume Wingo) </li> </ul></li> <li> akrasia — see <a href="entries/weakness-will/">weakness of will</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-baghdadi/">al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif</a> (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi/">al-Farabi</a> (Therese-Anne Druart) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Stephen Menn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-logic/">philosophy of logic and language</a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-soc-rel/">philosophy of society and religion</a> (Nadja Germann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-psych/">psychology and epistemology</a> (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/al-ghazali/">al-Ghazali</a> (Frank Griffel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-kindi/">al-Kindi</a> (Peter Adamson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-qudat/">al-Qudat, ʿAyn</a> (Muhammad U. Faruque and Mohammed Rustom) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abu-bakr-al-razi/">al-Razi, Abu Bakr</a> (Peter Adamson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/al-din-al-razi/">al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din</a> (Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich) </li> <li> <a href="entries/albalag/">Albalag, Isaac</a> (Bakinaz Abdalla) </li> <li> <a href="entries/albert-saxony/">Albert of Saxony</a> (Joél Biard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/albert-great/">Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus]</a> (Markus Führer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/albo-joseph/">Albo, Joseph</a> (Dror Ehrlich and Shira Weiss) </li> <li> <a href="entries/alcmaeon/">Alcmaeon</a> (Carl Huffman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/alexander/">Alexander, Samuel</a> (Emily A. E. Thomas) </li> <li> <a href="entries/alexander-aphrodisias/">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/algebra/">algebra</a> (Vaughan Pratt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/algebra-logic-tradition/">algebra of logic tradition</a> (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris) </li> <li> <a href="entries/alienation/">alienation</a> (David Leopold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/althusser/">Althusser, Louis</a> (William Lewis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/altruism/">altruism</a> (Richard Kraut) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/altruism-biological/">biological</a> (Samir Okasha) </li> <li> <a href="entries/altruism-empirical/">empirical approaches</a> (John Doris, Stephen Stich, and Lachlan Walmsley) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/alyngton/">Alyngton, Robert</a> (Alessandro Conti) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ambiguity/">ambiguity</a> (Adam Sennet) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ammonius/">Ammonius</a> (David Blank) </li> <li> Ammonius Saccas — see <a href="entries/plotinus/">Plotinus</a> </li> <li> analogy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/analogy-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-analogy/">analogy and analogical reasoning</a> (Paul Bartha) </li> <li> <a href="entries/analysis/">analysis</a> (Michael Beaney and Thomas Raysmith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/analytic-synthetic/">analytic/synthetic distinction</a> (Georges Rey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anaphora/">anaphora</a> (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anarchism/">anarchism</a> (Andrew Fiala) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anaxagoras/">Anaxagoras</a> (Patricia Curd) </li> <li> Anaxarchus — see <a href="entries/pyrrho/">Pyrrho</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/anderson-john/">Anderson, John</a> (Creagh McLean Cole) </li> <li> Andronicus of Rhodes — see <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/">Aristotle, commentators on</a> </li> <li> animal <ul> <li> <a href="entries/cognition-animal/">cognition</a> (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó) </li> <li> <a href="entries/animal-communication/">communication</a> (Richard Moore and Giulia Palazzolo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-animal/">consciousness</a> (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/animalism/">animalism</a> (Stephan Blatti) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-animal/">animals, moral status of</a> (Lori Gruen and Susana Monsó) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anomalous-monism/">anomalous monism</a> (Steven Yalowitz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anscombe/">Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret</a> (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anselm/">Anselm of Canterbury [Anselm of Bec]</a> (Thomas Williams) </li> <li> anti-realism, moral — see <a href="entries/moral-anti-realism/">moral anti-realism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/antiochus-ascalon/">Antiochus of Ascalon</a> (James Allen) </li> <li> a posteriori knowledge — see <a href="entries/apriori/">a priori justification and knowledge</a> </li> <li> appearance vs. reality <ul> <li> epistemological problems of perception — see <a href="entries/perception-episprob/">perception: epistemological problems of</a> </li> <li> skepticism — see <a href="entries/skepticism/">skepticism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/apriori/">a priori justification and knowledge</a> (Bruce Russell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aquinas/">Aquinas, Thomas</a> (Robert Pasnau) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/aquinas-moral-political/">moral, political, and legal philosophy</a> (John Finnis) </li> </ul></li> <li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in <ul> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Amos Bertolacci) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-natural/">natural philosophy and natural science</a> (Jon McGinnis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-language/">philosophy of language and logic</a> (Tony Street and Nadja Germann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-phil-math/">philosophy of mathematics</a> (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-religion/">philosophy of religion</a> (Jon McGinnis and Rahim Acar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-mind/">psychology and philosophy of mind</a> (Alfred Ivry) </li> </ul></li> <li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in <ul> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-greek/">Greek sources</a> (Cristina D’Ancona) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-judaic/">influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought</a> (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-influence/">influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West</a> (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) </li> </ul></li> <li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in <ul> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-essence/">essence and existence</a> (Fedor Benevich) </li> <li> Ibn Kammūna — see <a href="entries/ibn-kammuna/">Ibn Kammūna</a> </li> <li> Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see <a href="entries/ikhwan-al-safa/">Ikhwân al-Safâ’</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/">mysticism</a> (Mehdi Aminrazavi) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/arcesilaus/">Arcesilaus</a> (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) </li> <li> <a href="entries/architecture/">architecture, philosophy of</a> (Saul Fisher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/archytas/">Archytas</a> (Carl Huffman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arendt/">Arendt, Hannah</a> (Tatjana Tömmel and Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves) </li> <li> arete — see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ethics: ancient</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/argument/">argument and argumentation</a> (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) </li> <li> arguments for epistemic norms <ul> <li> epistemic utility — see <a href="entries/epistemic-utility/">epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Aristotelianism <ul> <li> commentators on Aristotle — see <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/">Aristotle, commentators on</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/">in the Renaissance</a> (David Lines) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> (Christopher Shields) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/">Aristotle, commentators on</a> (Andrea Falcon) <ul> <li> Alexander of Aphrosias — see <a href="entries/alexander-aphrodisias/">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> </li> <li> Ammonius — see <a href="entries/ammonius/">Ammonius</a> </li> <li> David — see <a href="entries/david/">David</a> </li> <li> Elias — see <a href="entries/elias/">Elias</a> </li> <li> Olympiodorus — see <a href="entries/olympiodorus/">Olympiodorus</a> </li> <li> Philoponus — see <a href="entries/philoponus/">Philoponus</a> </li> <li> Simplicius — see <a href="entries/simplicius/">Simplicius</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Aristotle, General Topics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Pierre Destrée) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-biology/">biology</a> (James Lennox) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-categories/">categories</a> (Paul Studtmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-ethics/">ethics</a> (Richard Kraut) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-logic/">logic</a> (Robin Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-politics/">political theory</a> (Fred Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-psychology/">psychology</a> (Christopher Shields) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-rhetoric/">rhetoric</a> (Christof Rapp) </li> </ul></li> <li> Aristotle, Special Topics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-causality/">causality</a> (Andrea Falcon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-mathematics/">mathematics</a> (Henry Mendell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-natphil/">natural philosophy</a> (Istvan Bodnar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/">on non-contradiction</a> (Paula Gottlieb) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/arnauld/">Arnauld, Antoine</a> (Elmar Kremer) </li> <li> Arouet, François-Marie — see <a href="entries/voltaire/">Voltaire</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/arrows-theorem/">Arrow’s theorem</a> (Michael Morreau) </li> <li> art <ul> <li> <a href="entries/erotic-art/">erotic</a> (Hans Maes) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/conceptual-art/">art, conceptual</a> (Elisabeth Schellekens) </li> <li> <a href="entries/art-definition/">art, definition of</a> (Thomas Adajian) </li> <li> art and aesthetics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/experimental-aesthetics/">experimental philosophy of</a> (Elzė Sigutė Mikalonytė, Ryan Doran, and Shen-yi Liao) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/artifact/">artifact</a> (Beth Preston) </li> <li> <a href="entries/artificial-intelligence/">artificial intelligence</a> (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu) <ul> <li> automated reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/">reasoning: automated</a> </li> <li> belief representation — see <a href="entries/formal-belief/">belief, formal representations of</a> </li> <li> Chinese room argument — see <a href="entries/chinese-room/">Chinese room argument</a> </li> <li> connectionism — see <a href="entries/connectionism/">connectionism</a> </li> <li> defeasible reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-defeasible/">reasoning: defeasible</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-ai/">ethics of</a> (Vincent C. Müller) </li> <li> frame problem — see <a href="entries/frame-problem/">frame problem</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-ai/">logic-based</a> (Richmond Thomason) </li> <li> Turing test — see <a href="entries/turing-test/">Turing test</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> aspect — see <a href="entries/tense-aspect/">tense and aspect</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/assertion/">assertion</a> (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili) </li> <li> <a href="entries/associationist-thought/">associationist theories of thought</a> (Eric Mandelbaum) </li> <li> <a href="entries/astell/">Astell, Mary</a> (Alice Sowaal) </li> <li> <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/">atheism and agnosticism</a> (Paul Draper) </li> <li> atomism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/atomism-modern/">17th to 20th century</a> (Alan Chalmers) </li> <li> <a href="entries/atomism-ancient/">ancient</a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/atonement/">atonement</a> (Joshua C. Thurow) </li> <li> <a href="entries/attention/">attention</a> (Christopher Mole) </li> <li> attributes — see <a href="entries/properties/">properties</a> </li> <li> auditory perception — see <a href="entries/perception-auditory/">perception: auditory</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/augustine/">Augustine of Hippo</a> (Christian Tornau) </li> <li> <a href="entries/auriol/">Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter</a> (Russell L. Friedman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/austin-john/">Austin, John</a> (Brian Bix) </li> <li> <a href="entries/austin-jl/">Austin, John Langshaw</a> (Guy Longworth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/authenticity/">authenticity</a> (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/authority/">authority</a> (Tom Christiano) <ul> <li> legal — see <a href="entries/legal-obligation/">legal obligation and authority</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> automated reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/">reasoning: automated</a> </li> <li> autonomy <ul> <li> and informed consent — see <a href="entries/informed-consent/">informed consent</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/autonomy-moral/">in moral and political philosophy</a> (John Christman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/personal-autonomy/">personal</a> (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund) </li> </ul></li> <li> Averroes — see <a href="entries/ibn-rushd/">Ibn Rushd</a> <ul> <li> natural philosophy — see <a href="entries/ibn-rushd-natural/">Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Avicebron — see <a href="entries/ibn-gabirol/">Ibn Gabirol, Solomon</a> </li> <li> Avicenna — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina/">Ibn Sina</a> <ul> <li> logic — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-logic/">Ibn Sina: logic</a> </li> <li> metaphysics — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/">Ibn Sina: metaphysics</a> </li> <li> natural philosophy — see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-natural/">Ibn Sina: natural philosophy</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> awareness, bodily — see <a href="entries/bodily-awareness/">bodily awareness</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ayer/">Ayer, Alfred Jules</a> (Graham Macdonald and Nikhil Krishnan) </li> </ul> <a id="b"></a> <hr /> <h2>B <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/francis-bacon/">Bacon, Francis</a> (Jürgen Klein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/roger-bacon/">Bacon, Roger</a> (Jeremiah Hackett) </li> <li> Bain, Alexander — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/basing-epistemic/">basing relation, epistemic</a> (Keith Allen Korcz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/baudrillard/">Baudrillard, Jean</a> (Douglas Kellner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bauer/">Bauer, Bruno</a> (Douglas Moggach) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bayes-theorem/">Bayes’ Theorem</a> (James Joyce) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bayle/">Bayle, Pierre</a> (Michael Hickson) </li> <li> Beardsley, Monroe C. <ul> <li> <a href="entries/beardsley-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Michael Wreen) </li> </ul></li> <li> Beattie, James — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/beauty/">beauty</a> (Crispin Sartwell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/beauvoir/">Beauvoir, Simone de</a> (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke) </li> <li> <a href="entries/behaviorism/">behaviorism</a> (George Graham) </li> <li> being — see <a href="entries/existence/">existence</a> </li> <li> being and becoming — see <a href="entries/time/">time</a> <ul> <li> in modern physics — see <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/">space and time: being and becoming in modern physics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/belief/">belief</a> (Eric Schwitzgebel) <ul> <li> self-locating — see <a href="entries/self-locating-beliefs/">self-locating beliefs</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-belief/">belief, ethics of</a> (Andrew Chignell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/formal-belief/">belief, formal representations of</a> (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/belief-merging/">belief merging and judgment aggregation</a> (Gabriella Pigozzi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bell-theorem/">Bell’s Theorem</a> (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony) </li> <li> <a href="entries/principle-beneficence/">beneficence, principle of</a> (Tom Beauchamp) </li> <li> <a href="entries/benjamin/">Benjamin, Walter</a> (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bentham/">Bentham, Jeremy</a> (James E. Crimmins) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bergson/">Bergson, Henri</a> (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/berkeley/">Berkeley, George</a> (Lisa Downing) </li> <li> <a href="entries/berlin/">Berlin, Isaiah</a> (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bessarion/">Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal]</a> (Eva Del Soldato) </li> <li> <a href="entries/implicit-bias/">bias, implicit</a> (Michael Brownstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/binarium/">binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair]</a> (Paul Vincent Spade) </li> <li> biodiversity — see <a href="entries/biodiversity/">ecology: biodiversity</a> </li> <li> biological development <ul> <li> <a href="entries/theories-biological-development/">theories of</a> (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/biology-individual/">biological individuals</a> (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker) </li> <li> biological information — see <a href="entries/information-biological/">information: biological</a> </li> <li> biology <ul> <li> conservation — see <a href="entries/conservation-biology/">conservation biology</a> </li> <li> developmental — see <a href="entries/biology-developmental/">developmental biology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/biology-experiment/">experiment in</a> (Marcel Weber) </li> <li> molecular — see <a href="entries/molecular-biology/">molecular biology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/biology-philosophy/">philosophy of</a> (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths) </li> <li> reduction in — see <a href="entries/reduction-biology/">reduction, scientific: in biology</a> </li> <li> teleological notions in — see <a href="entries/teleology-biology/">teleology: teleological notions in biology</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> biology, philosophy of <ul> <li> feminist — see <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy-biology/">feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/biomedicine/">biomedicine, philosophy of</a> (Sean Valles) </li> <li> Blair, Hugh — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/blame/">blame</a> (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bloch/">Bloch, Ernst</a> (Ivan Boldyrev) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bodily-awareness/">bodily awareness</a> (Frédérique de Vignemont) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bodin/">Bodin, Jean</a> (Mario Turchetti) </li> <li> body — see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/boethius/">Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus</a> (John Marenbon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/boethius-dacia/">Boethius of Dacia</a> (Sten Ebbesen) </li> <li> Bohr, Niels <ul> <li> <a href="entries/bohr-correspondence/">correspondence principle</a> (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/bolzano/">Bolzano, Bernard</a> (Edgar Morscher) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/bolzano-logic/">logic</a> (Paul Rusnock and Jan &Scaron;ebestik) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/bonaventure/">Bonaventure</a> (Tim Noone, R. E. Houser, and Joshua Benson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/boole/">Boole, George</a> (Stanley Burris) </li> <li> Boolean algebra <ul> <li> <a href="entries/boolalg-math/">the mathematics of</a> (J. Donald Monk) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/bosanquet/">Bosanquet, Bernard</a> (William Sweet) </li> <li> <a href="entries/boundary/">boundary</a> (Achille Varzi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bounded-rationality/">bounded rationality</a> (Gregory Wheeler) </li> <li> <a href="entries/boyle/">Boyle, Robert</a> (J. J. MacIntosh, Peter Anstey, and Jan-Erik Jones) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bradley/">Bradley, Francis Herbert</a> (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/bradley-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Dina Babushkina and David Crossley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/bradley-regress/">Regress</a> (Katarina Perovic) </li> </ul></li> <li> brain death — see <a href="entries/death-definition/">death: definition of </a> </li> <li> brains in a vat — see <a href="entries/skepticism-content-externalism/">skepticism: and content externalism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/brentano/">Brentano, Franz</a> (Wolfgang Huemer) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/brentano-judgement/">theory of judgement</a> (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/broad/">Broad, Charlie Dunbar</a> (Kent Gustavsson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/brouwer/">Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan</a> (Mark van Atten) </li> <li> Brown, Thomas — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/bruno/">Bruno, Giordano</a> (Dilwyn Knox) </li> <li> <a href="entries/buber/">Buber, Martin</a> (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/buddha/">Buddha</a> (Mark Siderits) </li> <li> Buddhism <ul> <li> Chan — see <a href="entries/buddhism-chan/">Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism</a> </li> <li> ethics in Indian Buddhism — see <a href="entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/">ethics: in Indian Buddhism</a> </li> <li> Korean — see <a href="entries/korean-buddhism/">Korean Philosophy: Buddhism</a> </li> <li> mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see <a href="entries/mind-indian-buddhism/">mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy</a> </li> <li> Tiantai — see <a href="entries/buddhism-tiantai/">Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism</a> </li> <li> Zen — see <a href="entries/japanese-zen/">Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Buddhism: Huayan — see <a href="entries/buddhism-huayan/">Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism</a> </li> <li> bundle theory — see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/buridan/">Buridan, John [Jean]</a> (Jack Zupko) </li> <li> <a href="entries/burke/">Burke, Edmund</a> (Ian Harris) </li> <li> <a href="entries/burley/">Burley [Burleigh], Walter</a> (Alessandro Conti) </li> <li> Burnett, James [Lord Monboddo] — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> Butler, Joseph <ul> <li> <a href="entries/butler-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Aaron Garrett) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/byzantine-philosophy/">Byzantine Philosophy</a> (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén) </li> </ul> <a id="c"></a> <hr /> <h2>C <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> Caird, Edward — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li> <li> Callicles — see <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/">Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> (Sarah Hutton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/campanella/">Campanella, Tommaso</a> (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca) </li> <li> Campbell, George — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/camus/">Camus, Albert</a> (Ronald Aronson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cancer/">cancer</a> (Anya Plutynski and Lucie Laplane) </li> <li> <a href="entries/capability-approach/">capability approach</a> (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cardano/">Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo]</a> (Guido Giglioni and Jonathan Regier) </li> <li> Carmichael, Gershom — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/carnap/">Carnap, Rudolf</a> (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus) </li> <li> <a href="entries/carneades/">Carneades</a> (James Allen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cassirer/">Cassirer, Ernst</a> (Michael Friedman) </li> <li> casuistry — see <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/">reasoning: moral</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/categories/">categories</a> (Amie Thomasson) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-categories/">medieval theories of</a> (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/category-mistakes/">category mistakes</a> (Ofra Magidor) </li> <li> <a href="entries/category-theory/">category theory</a> (Jean-Pierre Marquis) </li> <li> causal determinism — see <a href="entries/determinism-causal/">determinism: causal</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/causal-models/">causal models</a> (Christopher Hitchcock) </li> <li> causation <ul> <li> <a href="entries/causation-backwards/">backward</a> (Jan Faye) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-counterfactual/">counterfactual theories of</a> (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-causation/">in Arabic and Islamic thought</a> (Kara Richardson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-physics/">in physics</a> (Mathias Frisch) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-law/">in the law</a> (Michael Moore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-mani/">and manipulability</a> (James Woodward) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (Graham White) </li> <li> mental — see <a href="entries/mental-causation/">mental causation</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-metaphysics/">the metaphysics of</a> (J. Dmitri Gallow) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-probabilistic/">probabilistic</a> (Christopher Hitchcock) </li> <li> <a href="entries/causation-regularity/">regularity and inferential theories of</a> (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther) </li> <li> retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see <a href="entries/qm-retrocausality/">quantum mechanics: retrocausality</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/margaret-cavendish/">Cavendish, Margaret Lucas</a> (David Cunning) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cell-biology/">cell biology, philosophy of</a> (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cellular-automata/">cellular automata</a> (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue) </li> <li> censorship — see <a href="entries/pornography-censorship/">pornography: and censorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/certainty/">certainty</a> (Baron Reed) </li> <li> ceteris paribus laws — see <a href="entries/ceteris-paribus/">laws of nature: ceteris paribus</a> </li> <li> chance <ul> <li> <a href="entries/chance-randomness/">versus randomness</a> (Antony Eagle) </li> </ul></li> <li> change <ul> <li> <a href="entries/change/">and inconsistency</a> (Chris Mortensen) </li> </ul></li> <li> change: Chinese philosophy of — see <a href="entries/chinese-change/">Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/chaos/">chaos</a> (Robert Bishop) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-character/">character, moral</a> (Marcia Homiak) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moral-character-empirical/">empirical approaches</a> (Christian B. Miller) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/emilie-du-chatelet/">Châtelet, Émilie du</a> (Karen Detlefsen and Andrew Janiak) </li> <li> <a href="entries/walter-chatton/">Chatton, Walter</a> (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chemistry/">chemistry, philosophy of</a> (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry) </li> <li> <a href="entries/childhood/">childhood, the philosophy of</a> (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/children/">children, philosophy for</a> (Michael Pritchard) </li> <li> Chile <ul> <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-chile/">philosophy in</a> (Ivan Jaksic) </li> </ul></li> <li> chimeras, human/non-human — see <a href="entries/chimeras/">ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human</a> </li> <li> Chinese Confucianism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/confucianism-modern/">Modern Confucianism</a> (David Elstein) </li> </ul></li> <li> Chinese ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/">Chinese Philosophy: ethics</a> </li> <li> Chinese Philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/buddhism-chan/">Chan Buddhism</a> (Peter Hershock) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-phil-medicine/">Chinese medicine</a> (Lisa Raphals) </li> <li> Compared to Western Philosophy — see <a href="entries/comparphil-chiwes/">comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western</a> </li> <li> Confucius — see <a href="entries/confucius/">Confucius</a> </li> <li> Daoism (Taoism) — see <a href="entries/daoism/">Daoism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/emotions-chinese/">emotions in early Chinese Philosophy</a> (Bongrae Seok) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-epistemology/">epistemology</a> (Jana Ro&scaron;ker) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/">ethics</a> (David Wong) </li> <li> <a href="entries/han-dynasty/">Han Dynasty</a> (Alexus McLeod) </li> <li> <a href="entries/buddhism-huayan/">Huayan Buddhism</a> (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones) </li> <li> Laozi — see <a href="entries/laozi/">Laozi</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-legalism/">legalism in</a> (Yuri Pines) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-logic-language/">logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy</a> (Marshall D. Willman) </li> <li> Mencius — see <a href="entries/mencius/">Mencius</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Franklin Perkins) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-mind/">mind (heart-mind)</a> (David Wong) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mohism/">Mohism</a> (Chris Fraser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mohist-canons/">Mohist Canons</a> (Chris Fraser) </li> <li> Neo-Daoism — see <a href="entries/neo-daoism/">Neo-Daoism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-change/">philosophy of change</a> (Tze-Ki Hon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qing-philosophy/">Qing philosophy</a> (On-cho Ng) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-phil-science/">science</a> (Lisa Raphals) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-social-political/">social and political thought</a> (Stephen C. Angle) </li> <li> <a href="entries/song-ming-confucianism/">Song-Ming Confucianism</a> (Justin Tiwald) </li> <li> <a href="entries/buddhism-tiantai/">Tiantai Buddhism</a> (Brook Ziporyn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-translate-interpret/">translating and interpreting</a> (Henry Rosemont Jr. and Chad Hansen) </li> <li> Wang Yangming — see <a href="entries/wang-yangming/">Wang Yangming</a> </li> <li> Xunzi — see <a href="entries/xunzi/">Xunzi</a> </li> <li> Zhuang Zi — see <a href="entries/zhuangzi/">Zhuangzi</a> </li> <li> Zhu Xi — see <a href="entries/zhu-xi/">Zhu Xi</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/chinese-room/">Chinese room argument</a> (David Cole) </li> <li> <a href="entries/chisholm/">Chisholm, Roderick</a> (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/axiom-choice/">choice, axiom of</a> (John L. Bell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dynamic-choice/">choice, dynamic</a> (Chrisoula Andreou) </li> <li> choice, social — see <a href="entries/social-choice/">social choice theory</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/christiantheology-philosophy/">Christian theology, philosophy and</a> (William Wood) </li> <li> <a href="entries/church/">Church, Alonzo</a> (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall) </li> <li> <a href="entries/church-turing/">Church-Turing Thesis</a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li> <li> Church’s Thesis — see <a href="entries/church-turing/">Church-Turing Thesis</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/cicero/">Cicero</a> (Raphael Woolf) </li> <li> <a href="entries/citizenship/">citizenship</a> (Dominique Leydet) </li> <li> <a href="entries/civic-education/">civic education</a> (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine) </li> <li> <a href="entries/humanism-civic/">civic humanism</a> (Cary Nederman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/civil-disobedience/">civil disobedience</a> (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/civil-rights/">civil rights</a> (Robin L. West) </li> <li> <a href="entries/clarke/">Clarke, Samuel</a> (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati) </li> <li> <a href="entries/clauberg/">Clauberg, Johannes</a> (Nabeel Hamid) </li> <li> Clement of Alexandria — see <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> </li> <li> climate justice — see <a href="entries/justice-climate/">justice: climate</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/climate-science/">climate science</a> (Wendy Parker) </li> <li> clinical research, ethics of — see <a href="entries/clinical-research/">ethics, biomedical: clinical research</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/cloning/">cloning</a> (Katrien Devolder) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cockburn/">Cockburn, Catharine Trotter</a> (Patricia Sheridan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/coercion/">coercion</a> (Scott Anderson) </li> <li> cognition <ul> <li> animal — see <a href="entries/cognition-animal/">animal: cognition</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/embodied-cognition/">embodied</a> (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/cognitive-disability/">cognitive disability and moral status</a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cognitive-science/">cognitive science</a> (Paul Thagard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-cognitivism/">cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral</a> (Mark van Roojen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cohen/">Cohen, Hermann</a> (Scott Edgar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/collingwood/">Collingwood, Robin George</a> (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/collingwood-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Gary Kemp) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/collins/">Collins, Anthony</a> (William Uzgalis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/colonialism/">colonialism</a> (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/color/">color</a> (Barry Maund) </li> <li> common cause principle — see <a href="entries/physics-Rpcc/">Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/common-good/">common good</a> (Waheed Hussain and Margaret Kohn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/common-ground-pragmatics/">common ground in pragmatics</a> (Bart Geurts) </li> <li> <a href="entries/common-knowledge/">common knowledge</a> (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari) </li> <li> communication <ul> <li> animal — see <a href="entries/animal-communication/">animal: communication</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/communitarianism/">communitarianism</a> (Daniel Bell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/comparative-cognition/">comparative cognition, methods in</a> (Marta Halina) </li> <li> comparative philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/comparphil-chiwes/">Chinese and Western</a> (David Wong) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/compatibilism/">compatibilism</a> (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates) </li> <li> competence, in biomedical decision-making — see <a href="entries/decision-capacity/">decision-making capacity</a> </li> <li> complexity <ul> <li> computability and — see <a href="entries/computability/">computability and complexity</a> </li> <li> computational — see <a href="entries/computational-complexity/">computational complexity theory</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> composition, the vagueness of — see <a href="entries/problem-of-many/">many, problem of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/compositionality/">compositionality</a> (Zoltán Gendler Szabó) </li> <li> <a href="entries/computability/">computability and complexity</a> (Neil Immerman) </li> <li> computation <ul> <li> <a href="entries/computation-physicalsystems/">in physical systems</a> (Gualtiero Piccinini and Corey Maley) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/computational-complexity/">computational complexity theory</a> (Walter Dean) </li> <li> computational linguistics — see <a href="entries/computational-linguistics/">linguistics: computational</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/computational-philosophy/">computational philosophy</a> (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer) </li> <li> computational theory of mind — see <a href="entries/computational-mind/">mind: computational theory of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/computer-science/">computer science, philosophy of</a> (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner) </li> <li> computing <ul> <li> <a href="entries/computing-history/">modern history of</a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li> <li> <a href="entries/computing-responsibility/">and moral responsibility</a> (Merel Noorman) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/comte/">Comte, Auguste</a> (Michel Bourdeau) </li> <li> <a href="entries/concepts/">concepts</a> (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) </li> <li> <a href="entries/condemnation/">condemnation of 1277</a> (Hans Thijssen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/condillac/">Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de</a> (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/conditionals/">conditionals</a> (Dorothy Edgington) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/counterfactuals/">counterfactual</a> (W. Starr) </li> <li> logic of — see <a href="entries/logic-conditionals/">logic: conditionals</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de <ul> <li> <a href="entries/histfem-condorcet/">in the history of feminism</a> (Joan Landes) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/confirmation/">confirmation</a> (Vincenzo Crupi) </li> <li> Confucianism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/confucian-gender/">gender in Confucian philosophy</a> (Li-Hsiang Rosenlee) </li> <li> Japanese — see <a href="entries/japanese-confucian/">Japanese Philosophy: Confucian</a> </li> <li> Korean — see <a href="entries/korean-confucianism/">Korean Philosophy: Confucianism</a> </li> <li> Mencius — see <a href="entries/mencius/">Mencius</a> </li> <li> Modern Confucianism — see <a href="entries/confucianism-modern/">Chinese Confucianism: Modern Confucianism</a> </li> <li> Song-Ming — see <a href="entries/song-ming-confucianism/">Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism</a> </li> <li> Wang Yangming — see <a href="entries/wang-yangming/">Wang Yangming</a> </li> <li> Xunzi — see <a href="entries/xunzi/">Xunzi</a> </li> <li> Zhu Xi — see <a href="entries/zhu-xi/">Zhu Xi</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/confucius/">Confucius</a> (Mark Csikszentmihalyi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/connectionism/">connectionism</a> (Cameron Buckner and James Garson) </li> <li> connectives <ul> <li> <a href="entries/connectives-logic/">sentence connectives in formal logic</a> (Lloyd Humberstone) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/conscience/">conscience</a> (Alberto Giubilini) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/conscience-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (Peter Eardley) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness/">consciousness</a> (Robert Van Gulick) <ul> <li> animal — see <a href="entries/consciousness-animal/">animal: consciousness</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-higher/">higher-order theories</a> (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-intentionality/">and intentionality</a> (Charles Siewert) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-neuroscience/">neuroscience of</a> (Wayne Wu and Jorge Morales) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-representational/">representational theories of</a> (William Lycan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-17th/">seventeenth-century theories of</a> (Larry M. Jorgensen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-temporal/">temporal</a> (Barry Dainton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-unity/">unity of</a> (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont) </li> </ul></li> <li> consent — see <a href="entries/political-obligation/">political obligation</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/consequence-medieval/">consequence, medieval theories of</a> (Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Milo Crimi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/consequentialism/">consequentialism</a> (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/">rule</a> (Brad Hooker) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/consequentializing/">consequentializing</a> (Douglas W. Portmore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/conservation-biology/">conservation biology</a> (Jay Odenbaugh) </li> <li> <a href="entries/conservatism/">conservatism</a> (Andy Hamilton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/constitutionalism/">constitutionalism</a> (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/constructive-empiricism/">constructive empiricism</a> (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler) </li> <li> constructivism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/constructivism-metaethics/">in metaethics</a> (Carla Bagnoli) </li> <li> <a href="entries/constructivism-political/">in political philosophy</a> (Andrew Williams) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/contextualism-epistemology/">contextualism, epistemic</a> (Patrick Rysiew) </li> <li> <a href="entries/continental-rationalism/">Continental Rationalism</a> (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/continuity/">continuity and infinitesimals</a> (John L. Bell) </li> <li> continuum hypothesis — see <a href="entries/continuum-hypothesis/">set theory: continuum hypothesis</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/contractarianism/">contractarianism</a> (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari) </li> <li> <a href="entries/contract-law/">contract law, philosophy of</a> (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq) </li> <li> <a href="entries/contractualism/">contractualism</a> (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/contradiction/">contradiction</a> (Laurence R. Horn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/convention/">convention</a> (Michael Rescorla) <ul> <li> moral/conventional distinction — see <a href="entries/moral-conventional/">moral/conventional distinction</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/conway/">Conway, Lady Anne</a> (Sarah Hutton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/anna-julia-cooper/">Cooper, Anna Julia</a> (Kathryn Sophia Belle) </li> <li> <a href="entries/copernicus/">Copernicus, Nicolaus</a> (Sheila Rabin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cordemoy/">Cordemoy, Géraud de</a> (Fred Ablondi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/corruption/">corruption</a> (Seumas Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cosmological-argument/">cosmological argument</a> (Bruce Reichenbach) </li> <li> cosmology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/cosmology-30s/">methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s</a> (George Gale) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cosmology-theology/">and theology</a> (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/cosmology/">cosmology, philosophy of</a> (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cosmopolitanism/">cosmopolitanism</a> (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) </li> <li> counterfactuals — see <a href="entries/counterfactuals/">conditionals: counterfactual</a> </li> <li> counterpart theory — see <a href="entries/possible-objects/">possible objects</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/crathorn/">Crathorn, William</a> (Aurélien Robert) </li> <li> <a href="entries/creation-conservation/">creation and conservation</a> (David Vander Laan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/creationism/">creationism</a> (Michael Ruse) </li> <li> <a href="entries/creativity/">creativity</a> (Elliot Samuel Paul and Dustin Stokes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/crescas/">Crescas, Hasdai</a> (Shalom Sadik) </li> <li> <a href="entries/criminal-law/">criminal law, theories of</a> (James Edwards) </li> <li> <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/">critical philosophy of race</a> (Linda Alcoff) </li> <li> critical race theory — see <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/">critical philosophy of race</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/critical-theory/">critical theory</a> (Robin Celikates and Jeffrey Flynn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/critical-thinking/">critical thinking</a> (David Hitchcock) </li> <li> Croce, Benedetto <ul> <li> <a href="entries/croce-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Gary Kemp) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/alexander-crummell/">Crummell, Alexander</a> (Stephen Thompson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cudworth/">Cudworth, Ralph</a> (Sarah Hutton) </li> <li> cultural evolution — see <a href="entries/evolution-cultural/">evolution: cultural</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/">cultural heritage, ethics of</a> (Erich Hatala Matthes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/culture/">culture</a> (Patti Tamara Lenard) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/culture-cogsci/">and cognitive science</a> (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/curry-paradox/">Curry’s paradox</a> (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall) </li> <li> <a href="entries/cusanus/">Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa]</a> (Clyde Lee Miller) </li> </ul> <a id="d"></a> <hr /> <h2>D <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/peter-damian/">Damian, Peter</a> (Toivo J. Holopainen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dance/">dance, philosophy of</a> (Aili Bresnahan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dante/">Dante Alighieri</a> (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander) </li> <li> <a href="entries/daoism/">Daoism</a> (Chad Hansen) <ul> <li> Laozi — see <a href="entries/laozi/">Laozi</a> </li> <li> Neo-Daoism — see <a href="entries/neo-daoism/">Neo-Daoism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/daoism-religion/">religious</a> (Fabrizio Pregadio) </li> <li> Zhuang Zi — see <a href="entries/zhuangzi/">Zhuangzi</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Darwin, Charles <ul> <li> from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man — see <a href="entries/origin-descent/">evolution: from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/darwinism/">Darwinism</a> (James Lennox and Charles H. Pence) </li> <li> Dasein — see <a href="entries/heidegger/">Heidegger, Martin</a> </li> <li> Daud, Abraham Ibn — see <a href="entries/abraham-daud/">Ibn Daud, Abraham</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/david/">David</a> (Christian Wildberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/davidson/">Davidson, Donald</a> (Jeff Malpas) </li> <li> <a href="entries/death/">death</a> (Steven Luper) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/death-definition/">definition of </a> (David DeGrazia) </li> </ul></li> <li> de Beauvoir, Simone — see <a href="entries/beauvoir/">Beauvoir, Simone de</a> </li> <li> deception <ul> <li> definition of — see <a href="entries/lying-definition/">lying and deception: definition of</a> </li> <li> self — see <a href="entries/self-deception/">self-deception</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/decision-capacity/">decision-making capacity</a> (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland) </li> <li> <a href="entries/decision-theory/">decision theory</a> (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/decision-causal/">causal</a> (Paul Weirich) </li> <li> <a href="entries/decision-theory-descriptive/">descriptive</a> (Jake Chandler) </li> <li> expected utility theories of rational choice — see <a href="entries/rationality-normative-utility/">rational choice, normative: expected utility</a> </li> <li> non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see <a href="entries/rationality-normative-nonutility/">rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Dedekind, Richard <ul> <li> <a href="entries/dedekind-foundations/">contributions to the foundations of mathematics</a> (Erich Reck) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/deductivism-mathematics/">deductivism in the philosophy of mathematics</a> (Alexander Paseau and Fabian Pregel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/">defaults in semantics and pragmatics</a> (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/definitions/">definitions</a> (Anil Gupta and Stephen Mackereth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/deleuze/">Deleuze, Gilles</a> (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss) </li> <li> <a href="entries/delmedigo/">Delmedigo, Elijah</a> (Michael Engel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/delusion/">delusion</a> (Lisa Bortolotti) </li> <li> demarcation of science — see <a href="entries/pseudo-science/">science: and pseudo-science</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/democracy/">democracy</a> (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/global-democracy/">global</a> (Jonathan Kuyper) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/democritus/">Democritus</a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li> <li> demonstration <ul> <li> Aristotle’s theory of — see <a href="entries/aristotle-logic/">Aristotle, General Topics: logic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/demonstration-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (John Longeway) </li> </ul></li> <li> demonstratives — see <a href="entries/indexicals/">indexicals</a> </li> <li> denotation — see <a href="entries/reference/">reference</a> </li> <li> deontological ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-deontological/">ethics: deontological</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/dependence-ontological/">dependence, ontological</a> (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/depiction/">depiction</a> (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki) </li> <li> <a href="entries/derrida/">Derrida, Jacques</a> (Leonard Lawlor) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes/">Descartes, René</a> (Gary Hatfield) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-epistemology/">epistemology</a> (Lex Newman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-ethics/">ethics</a> (Donald Rutherford) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-works/">life and works</a> (Kurt Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-mathematics/">mathematics</a> (Mary Domski) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-method/">method</a> (Tarek R. Dika) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-modal/">modal metaphysics</a> (David Cunning) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-ontological/">ontological argument</a> (Lawrence Nolan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-physics/">physics</a> (Edward Slowik) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pineal-gland/">and the pineal gland</a> (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/descartes-ideas/">theory of ideas</a> (Kurt Smith) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/descriptions/">descriptions</a> (Peter Ludlow) </li> <li> <a href="entries/desert/">desert</a> (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow) </li> <li> <a href="entries/desgabets/">Desgabets, Robert</a> (Patricia Easton) </li> <li> design, argument from — see <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/">teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/desire/">desire</a> (Tim Schroeder) </li> <li> <a href="entries/determinate-determinables/">determinates and determinables</a> (Jessica Wilson) </li> <li> determinism <ul> <li> ancient theories of — see <a href="entries/freedom-ancient/">freedom: ancient theories of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/determinism-causal/">causal</a> (Carl Hoefer) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/biology-developmental/">developmental biology</a> (Alan Love) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/evolution-development/">evolution and development</a> (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert) </li> <li> theories of — see <a href="entries/theories-biological-development/">biological development: theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/dewey/">Dewey, John</a> (David Hildebrand) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/dewey-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dewey-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Elizabeth Anderson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dewey-political/">political philosophy</a> (Matthew Festenstein) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/dharmakiirti/">Dharmakīrti</a> (Tom Tillemans) </li> <li> <a href="entries/diagrams/">diagrams</a> (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma) <ul> <li> epistemology of — see <a href="entries/epistemology-visual-thinking/">visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/dialectical-school/">Dialectical School</a> (Susanne Bobzien and Matthew Duncombe) </li> <li> dialectics, Hegel’s — see <a href="entries/hegel-dialectics/">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/dialetheism/">dialetheism</a> (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/diderot/">Diderot, Denis</a> (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dietrich-freiberg/">Dietrich of Freiberg</a> (Markus Führer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/digital-art/">digital art, philosophy of</a> (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dignity/">dignity</a> (Remy Debes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dilthey/">Dilthey, Wilhelm</a> (Rudolf Makkreel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/diodorus-cronus/">Diodorus Cronus</a> (Matthew Duncombe) </li> <li> Diogenes Laertius — see <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> </li> <li> Dionysius the Areopagite — see <a href="entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/dirty-hands/">dirty hands, the problem of</a> (C.A.J. Coady) </li> <li> disability <ul> <li> <a href="entries/disability-critical/">critical disability theory</a> (Melinda C. Hall) </li> <li> <a href="entries/disability/">definitions and models</a> (David Wasserman and Sean Aas) </li> <li> feminist perspectives on — see <a href="entries/feminism-disability/">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/disability-health/">health, well-being, personal relationships</a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li> <li> <a href="entries/disability-care-rationing/">and health care rationing</a> (Jerome Bickenbach) </li> <li> <a href="entries/disability-justice/">and justice</a> (Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/disagreement/">disagreement</a> (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson) <ul> <li> moral — see <a href="entries/disagreement-moral/">moral disagreement</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/discourse-representation-theory/">discourse representation theory</a> (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/discrimination/">discrimination</a> (Andrew Altman) </li> <li> disease — see <a href="entries/health-disease/">health</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/disjunction/">disjunction</a> (Maria Aloni) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dispositions/">dispositions</a> (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara) </li> <li> Dissoi Logoi — see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li> <li> distributive justice — see <a href="entries/justice-distributive/">justice: distributive</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/justice-moral-psych/">and empirical moral psychology</a> (Christian B. Miller) </li> <li> international — see <a href="entries/international-justice/">justice: international distributive</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> diversity <ul> <li> religious — see <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/">religious diversity</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> divine <ul> <li> command theory — see <a href="entries/voluntarism-theological/">voluntarism, theological</a> </li> <li> foreknowledge and free will — see <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">free will: divine foreknowledge and</a> </li> <li> freedom — see <a href="entries/divine-freedom/">freedom: divine</a> </li> <li> hiddenness — see <a href="entries/divine-hiddenness/">hiddenness of God</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/illumination/">illumination</a> (Robert Pasnau) </li> <li> providence — see <a href="entries/providence-divine/">providence, divine</a> </li> <li> revelation — see <a href="entries/divine-revelation/">revelation, divine</a> </li> <li> simplicity — see <a href="entries/divine-simplicity/">simplicity: divine</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/doing-allowing/">doing vs. allowing harm</a> (Fiona Woollard and Frances Howard-Snyder) </li> <li> domestic partnership and marriage — see <a href="entries/marriage/">marriage and domestic partnership</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/domination/">domination</a> (Christopher McCammon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gametes-donation-sale/">donation and sale of human eggs and sperm</a> (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams) </li> <li> <a href="entries/organ-donation/">donation of human organs</a> (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/double-consciousness/">double consciousness</a> (John P. Pittman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/double-effect/">double effect, doctrine of</a> (Alison McIntyre) </li> <li> <a href="entries/frederick-douglass/">Douglass, Frederick</a> (Ronald Sundstrom) </li> <li> <a href="entries/doxastic-voluntarism/">doxastic voluntarism</a> (Mark Boespflug and Elizabeth Jackson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> (Jaap Mansfeld and David Runia) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dreams-dreaming/">dreams and dreaming</a> (Jennifer M. Windt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dualism/">dualism</a> (Howard Robinson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dubois/">Du Bois, W.E.B.</a> (Robert Gooding-Williams) </li> <li> <a href="entries/du-bos/">Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste </a> (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron) </li> <li> <a href="entries/duhem/">Duhem, Pierre</a> (Roger Ariew) </li> <li> Dunbar, James — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/duns-scotus/">Duns Scotus, John</a> (Thomas Williams) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dutch-book/">Dutch book arguments</a> (Susan Vineberg) </li> <li> dynamic epistemic logic — see <a href="entries/dynamic-epistemic/">logic: dynamic epistemic</a> </li> <li> dynamic semantics — see <a href="entries/dynamic-semantics/">semantics: dynamic</a> </li> </ul> <a id="e"></a> <hr /> <h2>E <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/early-modern-india/">Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in</a> (Jonardon Ganeri) </li> <li> Eckhart, Meister — see <a href="entries/meister-eckhart/">Meister Eckhart</a> </li> <li> ecological genetics — see <a href="entries/ecological-genetics/">genetics: ecological</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ecology/">ecology</a> (Alkistis Elliott-Graves) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/biodiversity/">biodiversity</a> (Daniel P. Faith) </li> <li> conservation biology — see <a href="entries/conservation-biology/">conservation biology</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> economics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/economics-early-modern/">in early modern philosophy</a> (Margaret Schabas) </li> <li> <a href="entries/economics/">philosophy of</a> (Daniel M. Hausman) </li> <li> Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics — see <a href="entries/ramsey-economics/">Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/economic-justice/">economics [normative] and economic justice</a> (Marc Fleurbaey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/education-philosophy/">education, philosophy of</a> (Harvey Siegel, D.C. Phillips, and Eamonn Callan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/edwards/">Edwards, Jonathan</a> (William Wainwright) </li> <li> <a href="entries/egalitarianism/">egalitarianism</a> (Richard Arneson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/egoism/">egoism</a> (Robert Shaver) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ehrenfels/">Ehrenfels, Christian von</a> (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna) </li> <li> Einstein, Albert <ul> <li> the hole argument — see <a href="entries/spacetime-holearg/">space and time: the hole argument</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/einstein-philscience/">philosophy of science</a> (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/elias/">Elias</a> (Christian Wildberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/elisabeth-bohemia/">Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia</a> (Lisa Shapiro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/properties-emergent/">emergent properties</a> (Timothy O’Connor) </li> <li> <a href="entries/emerson/">Emerson, Ralph Waldo</a> (Russell Goodman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/emotion/">emotion</a> (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">17th and 18th century theories of</a> (Amy M. Schmitter) </li> <li> in Early Chinese philosophy — see <a href="entries/emotions-chinese/">Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/emotion-Christian-tradition/">in the Christian tradition</a> (Robert Roberts) </li> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-emotions/">medieval theories of</a> (Simo Knuuttila) </li> <li> responses to fiction — see <a href="entries/fiction-emotion-response/">fiction: emotional responses to</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/empathy/">empathy</a> (Karsten Stueber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/empedocles/">Empedocles</a> (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry) </li> <li> empirical approaches <ul> <li> altruism — see <a href="entries/altruism-empirical/">altruism: empirical approaches</a> </li> <li> character, moral — see <a href="entries/moral-character-empirical/">character, moral: empirical approaches</a> </li> <li> psychology of normative cognition — see <a href="entries/psychology-normative-cognition/">normative cognition, psychology of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> empiricism — see <a href="entries/rationalism-empiricism/">rationalism vs. empiricism</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/empiricism-ancient-medieval/">ancient and medieval</a> (Gregory W. Dawes) </li> <li> constructive — see <a href="entries/constructive-empiricism/">constructive empiricism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-empiricism/">logical</a> (Richard Creath) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/enlightenment/">Enlightenment</a> (William Bristow) </li> <li> entailment — see <a href="entries/logical-consequence/">logical consequence</a> </li> <li> entropy <ul> <li> and information processing — see <a href="entries/information-entropy/">information processing: and thermodynamic entropy</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/envy/">envy</a> (Justin D’Arms) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epictetus/">Epictetus</a> (Margaret Graver) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epicurus/">Epicurus</a> (David Konstan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epiphenomenalism/">epiphenomenalism</a> (William Robinson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/episteme-techne/">episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise]</a> (Richard Parry) </li> <li> epistemic basing relation — see <a href="entries/basing-epistemic/">basing relation, epistemic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/closure-epistemic/">epistemic closure</a> (Steven Luper) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemic-paradoxes/">epistemic paradoxes</a> (Roy Sorensen) </li> <li> epistemic self-doubt — see <a href="entries/epistemic-self-doubt/">self-doubt, epistemic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemic-utility/">epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms</a> (Richard Pettigrew) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology/">epistemology</a> (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-bayesian/">Bayesian</a> (Hanti Lin) </li> <li> contextualism in — see <a href="entries/contextualism-epistemology/">contextualism, epistemic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-evolutionary/">evolutionary</a> (Michael Bradie and William Harms) </li> <li> feminist — see <a href="entries/feminism-epistemology/">feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science</a> </li> <li> in classical Indian philosophy — see <a href="entries/epistemology-india/">Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-latin-america/">in Latin America</a> (Diego Machuca) </li> <li> moral — see <a href="entries/moral-epistemology/">moral epistemology</a> </li> <li> moral, a priorism in — see <a href="entries/moral-epistemology-a-priori/">moral epistemology: a priorism in</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-naturalized/">naturalism in</a> (Patrick Rysiew) </li> <li> reliabilist — see <a href="entries/reliabilism/">reliabilist epistemology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-social/">social</a> (Cailin O’Connor, Sanford Goldberg, and Alvin Goldman) </li> <li> social feminist — see <a href="entries/feminist-social-epistemology/">feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-virtue/">virtue</a> (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/formal-epistemology/">epistemology, formal</a> (Jonathan Weisberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epsilon-calculus/">epsilon calculus</a> (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach) </li> <li> <a href="entries/equality/">equality</a> (Stefan Gosepath) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/equal-ed-opportunity/">of educational opportunity</a> (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/equal-opportunity/">of opportunity</a> (Gideon Elford) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/equivME/">equivalence of mass and energy</a> (Francisco Fernflores) </li> <li> <a href="entries/erasmus/">Erasmus, Desiderius</a> (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ergodic-hierarchy/">ergodic hierarchy</a> (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scottus-eriugena/">Eriugena, John Scottus</a> (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu) </li> <li> essence, real — see <a href="entries/real-essence/">Locke, John: on real essence</a> </li> <li> essentialism — see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> (Teresa Robertson Ishii and Philip Atkins) </li> <li> <a href="entries/eternity/">eternity, in Christian thought</a> (Natalja Deng) </li> <li> ethics <ul> <li> actualism and possibilism — see <a href="entries/actualism-possibilism-ethics/">actualism and possibilism in ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ancient</a> (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud) </li> <li> of belief — see <a href="entries/ethics-belief/">belief, ethics of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-business/">business</a> (Jeffrey Moriarty) </li> <li> Chinese — see <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/">Chinese Philosophy: ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-deontological/">deontological</a> (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-environmental/">environmental</a> (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo) </li> <li> feminist — see <a href="entries/feminism-ethics/">feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/">in Indian Buddhism</a> (Charles Goodman and Aaron Schultz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-internet-research/">internet research</a> (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-law-ethics/">natural law tradition</a> (Mark Murphy) </li> <li> and personal identity — see <a href="entries/identity-ethics/">personal identity: and ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-search/">search engines and</a> (Herman Tavani and Michael Zimmer) </li> <li> and social networking — see <a href="entries/ethics-social-networking/">social networking and ethics</a> </li> <li> thick concepts — see <a href="entries/thick-ethical-concepts/">thick ethical concepts</a> </li> <li> utilitarian — see <a href="entries/consequentialism/">consequentialism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-virtue/">virtue</a> (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove) </li> </ul></li> <li> ethics, African — see <a href="entries/african-ethics/">African Philosophy: ethics</a> </li> <li> ethics, applied <ul> <li> phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see <a href="entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/">information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> ethics, biomedical <ul> <li> advance directives and substitute decision-making — see <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/chimeras/">chimeras, human/non-human</a> (Robert Streiffer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/clinical-research/">clinical research</a> (David Wendler) </li> <li> cloning — see <a href="entries/cloning/">cloning</a> </li> <li> decision-making capacity — see <a href="entries/decision-capacity/">decision-making capacity</a> </li> <li> disability — see <a href="entries/disability/">disability: definitions and models</a> </li> <li> disease and health, concepts of — see <a href="entries/health-disease/">health</a> </li> <li> the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see <a href="entries/gametes-donation-sale/">donation and sale of human eggs and sperm</a> </li> <li> the donation of human organs — see <a href="entries/organ-donation/">donation of human organs</a> </li> <li> human enhancement — see <a href="entries/enhancement/">human enhancement</a> </li> <li> informed consent — see <a href="entries/informed-consent/">informed consent</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-inequality-health/">justice, inequality, and health</a> (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-healthcareaccess/">justice and access to health care</a> (Norman Daniels) </li> <li> pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see <a href="entries/ethics-pregnancy/">pregnancy, birth, and medicine</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/privacy-medicine/">privacy and medicine</a> (Anita Allen) </li> <li> public health ethics — see <a href="entries/publichealth-ethics/">public health: ethics</a> </li> <li> the sale of human organs — see <a href="entries/organs-sale/">sale of human organs</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/stem-cells/">stem cell research</a> (Andrew Siegel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/theory-bioethics/">theory</a> (Jennifer Flynn) </li> </ul></li> <li> eudaimonia — see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ethics: ancient</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/eugenics/">eugenics</a> (Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Sara Goering) </li> <li> euthanasia <ul> <li> <a href="entries/euthanasia-voluntary/">voluntary</a> (Robert Young) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/events/">events</a> (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/evidence/">evidence</a> (Thomas Kelly) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/evidence-legal/">the legal concept of</a> (Hock Lai Ho) </li> <li> scientific — see <a href="entries/confirmation/">confirmation</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/higher-order-evidence/">evidence, higher-order</a> (Sophie Horowitz) </li> <li> evil <ul> <li> <a href="entries/concept-evil/">concept of</a> (Todd Calder) </li> <li> <a href="entries/evil-kinds-origins/">kinds and origins</a> (Andrew Chignell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/evil/">problem of</a> (Michael Tooley) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/evolution/">evolution</a> (Roberta L. Millstein) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/evolution-before-darwin/">concept before Darwin</a> (Phillip Sloan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/evolution-cultural/">cultural</a> (Tim Lewens and Andrew Buskell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/origin-descent/">from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man</a> (Phillip Sloan) </li> </ul></li> <li> evolutionary ethics — see <a href="entries/morality-biology/">morality: and evolutionary biology</a> </li> <li> evolutionary game theory — see <a href="entries/game-evolutionary/">game theory: evolutionary</a> </li> <li> evolutionary psychology — see <a href="entries/evolutionary-psychology/">psychology: evolutionary</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/existence/">existence</a> (Michael Nelson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/existentialism/">existentialism</a> (Kevin Aho) <ul> <li> aesthetics — see <a href="entries/aesthetics-existentialist/">aesthetics: existentialist</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> experience, aesthetic — see <a href="entries/aesthetic-experience/">aesthetic experience</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/experimental-moral/">experimental moral philosophy</a> (Mark Alfano, Edouard Machery, Alexandra Plakias, and Don Loeb) </li> <li> <a href="entries/experimental-philosophy/">experimental philosophy</a> (Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols) </li> <li> experimental philosophy of art and aesthetics — see <a href="entries/experimental-aesthetics/">art and aesthetics: experimental philosophy of</a> </li> <li> experimentation <ul> <li> in biology — see <a href="entries/biology-experiment/">biology: experiment in</a> </li> <li> in physics — see <a href="entries/physics-experiment/">physics: experiment in</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> explanation <ul> <li> mathematical — see <a href="entries/mathematics-explanation/">mathematical: explanation</a> </li> <li> metaphysics — see <a href="entries/metaphysical-explanation/">metaphysical explanation</a> </li> <li> scientific — see <a href="entries/scientific-explanation/">scientific explanation</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/exploitation/">exploitation</a> (Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer) </li> <li> externalism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/self-knowledge-externalism/">and self-knowledge</a> (T. Parent) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/content-externalism/">externalism about the mind</a> (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch) </li> <li> extrinsic — see <a href="entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/">intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties</a> </li> <li> Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see <a href="entries/ibn-ezra/">Ibn Ezra, Abraham</a> </li> </ul> <a id="f"></a> <hr /> <h2>F <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/facts/">facts</a> (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia) </li> <li> <a href="entries/faith/">faith</a> (John Bishop and Daniel J. McKaughan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/falaquera/">Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn</a> (Steve Harvey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fallacies/">fallacies</a> (Hans Hansen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/frantz-fanon/">Fanon, Frantz</a> (John Drabinski) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fatalism/">fatalism</a> (Hugh Rice) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fechner/">Fechner, Gustav Theodor</a> (Frederick C. Beiser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/federalism/">federalism</a> (Andreas Follesdal) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feigl/">Feigl, Herbert</a> (Matthias Neuber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/margaret-fell/">Fell, Margaret</a> (Jacqueline Broad) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy/">feminist philosophy</a> (Noëlle McAfee, Ann Garry, Anita Superson, Heidi Grasswick, and Serene Khader) </li> <li> feminist philosophy, approaches <ul> <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-analytic/">analytic philosophy</a> (Ann Garry) </li> <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-continental/">continental philosophy</a> (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown) </li> <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-analy-cont/">intersections between analytic and continental philosophy</a> (Georgia Warnke) </li> <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-prag-cont/">intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy</a> (Shannon Sullivan and Erin Tarver) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-latin-america/">Latin American feminism</a> (Stephanie Rivera Berruz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-pragmatism/">pragmatism</a> (Judy Whipps and Danielle Lake) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-psychoanalysis/">psychoanalytic philosophy</a> (Emily Zakin and Claudia Leeb) </li> </ul></li> <li> feminist philosophy, interventions <ul> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Carolyn Korsmeyer and Peg Brand Weiser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-bioethics/">bioethics</a> (Jackie Leach Scully) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-environmental/">environmental philosophy</a> (Karen J. Warren) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-epistemology/">epistemology and philosophy of science</a> (Elizabeth Anderson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-ethics/">ethics</a> (Kathryn Norlock) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-femhist/">history of philosophy</a> (Charlotte Witt and Lisa Shapiro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-liberal/">liberal feminism</a> (Amy R. Baehr) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Katharine Jenkins, Matthew Cull, Sally Haslanger, and Ásta) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-moralpsych/">moral psychology</a> (Anita Superson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy-biology/">philosophy of biology</a> (Carla Fehr and Letitia Meynell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-language/">philosophy of language</a> (Jennifer Saul, Esa Diaz-Leon, and Samia Hesni) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-law/">philosophy of law</a> (Leslie Francis and Patricia Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-religion/">philosophy of religion</a> (Nancy Frankenberry) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-political/">political philosophy</a> (Noëlle McAfee and Katie B. Howard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-social-epistemology/">social epistemology</a> (Heidi Grasswick) </li> </ul></li> <li> feminist philosophy, topics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-argumentation/">perspectives on argumentation</a> (Catherine E. Hundleby) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-autonomy/">perspectives on autonomy</a> (Natalie Stoljar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-class/">perspectives on class and work</a> (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-disability/">perspectives on disability</a> (Anita Silvers) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-globalization/">perspectives on globalization</a> (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-objectification/">perspectives on objectification</a> (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-power/">perspectives on power</a> (Amy Allen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-rape/">perspectives on rape</a> (Rebecca Whisnant) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-family/">perspectives on reproduction and the family</a> (Debra Satz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-science/">perspectives on science</a> (Sharon Crasnow) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-gender/">perspectives on sex and gender</a> (Mari Mikkola) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-sex-markets/">perspectives on sex markets</a> (Laurie Shrage) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminist-body/">perspectives on the body</a> (Kathleen Lennon and Clara Fischer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-self/">perspectives on the self</a> (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feminism-trans/">perspectives on trans issues</a> (Talia Bettcher) </li> </ul></li> <li> Ferguson, Adam — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> Ferrier, James — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ludwig-feuerbach/">Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas</a> (Todd Gooch) </li> <li> <a href="entries/feyerabend/">Feyerabend, Paul</a> (John Preston) </li> <li> <a href="entries/johann-fichte/">Fichte, Johann Gottlieb</a> (Dan Breazeale) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ficino/">Ficino, Marsilio</a> (Christopher S. Celenza) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fiction/">fiction</a> (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/fiction-emotion-response/">emotional responses to</a> (Katie Tullmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fictional-entities/">fictional entities</a> (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/fictionalism/">fictionalism</a> (Matti Eklund) <ul> <li> in the philosophy of mathematics — see <a href="entries/fictionalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/fictionalism-modal/">modal</a> (Daniel Nolan) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/fideism/">fideism</a> (Richard Amesbury) </li> <li> <a href="entries/film/">film, philosophy of</a> (Thomas Wartenberg) </li> <li> finance, philosophy of money and — see <a href="entries/money-finance/">money and finance, philosophy of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/findlay/">Findlay, J.N.</a> (Douglas Lackey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fine-tuning/">fine-tuning</a> (Simon Friederich) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fitch-paradox/">Fitch’s paradox of knowability</a> (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fitness/">fitness</a> (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fitting-attitude-theories/">fitting attitude theories of value</a> (Christopher Howard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fitzralph/">FitzRalph, Richard</a> (Michael W. Dunne) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fleck/">Fleck, Ludwik</a> (Wojciech Sady) </li> <li> folk psychology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/folkpsych-simulation/">as mental simulation</a> (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/folkpsych-theory/">as a theory</a> (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/philippa-foot/">Foot, Philippa</a> (John Hacker-Wright) </li> <li> foreknowledge, divine — see <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">free will: divine foreknowledge and</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/forgiveness/">forgiveness</a> (Paul M. Hughes and Brandon Warmke) </li> <li> formal epistemology — see <a href="entries/formal-epistemology/">epistemology, formal</a> </li> <li> formalism <ul> <li> in the philosophy of mathematics — see <a href="entries/formalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: formalism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> formal representations of belief — see <a href="entries/formal-belief/">belief, formal representations of</a> </li> <li> Forms [Platonic] — see <a href="entries/plato-metaphysics/">Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/form-matter/">form vs. matter</a> (Thomas Ainsworth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/foucault/">Foucault, Michel</a> (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala) </li> <li> four dimensionalism — see <a href="entries/temporal-parts/">temporal parts</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/frame-problem/">frame problem</a> (Murray Shanahan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/francis-marchia/">Francis of Marchia</a> (Christopher Schabel) </li> <li> Frankfurt School — see <a href="entries/critical-theory/">critical theory</a> </li> <li> freedom <ul> <li> <a href="entries/freedom-ancient/">ancient theories of</a> (Tim O’Keefe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/freedom-association/">of association</a> (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins) </li> <li> <a href="entries/divine-freedom/">divine</a> (William Rowe) </li> <li> positive and negative — see <a href="entries/liberty-positive-negative/">liberty: positive and negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/freedom-speech/">of speech</a> (Jeffrey W. Howard) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/free-rider/">free rider problem</a> (Russell Hardin and Garrett Cullity) </li> <li> <a href="entries/freewill/">free will</a> (Timothy O’Connor and Christopher Franklin) <ul> <li> (nondeterministic) theories of — see <a href="entries/incompatibilism-theories/">incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">divine foreknowledge and</a> (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/frege/">Frege, Gottlob</a> (Edward N. Zalta) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/frege-hilbert/">controversy with Hilbert</a> (Patricia Blanchette) </li> <li> <a href="entries/frege-logic/">logic</a> (Roy Cook) </li> <li> <a href="entries/frege-theorem/">theorem and foundations for arithmetic</a> (Edward N. Zalta) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/friendship/">friendship</a> (Bennett Helm) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fuller-margaret/">Fuller, Margaret</a> (Daniel Howe) </li> <li> function <ul> <li> in biology — see <a href="entries/teleology-biology/">teleology: teleological notions in biology</a> </li> <li> propositional — see <a href="entries/propositional-function/">propositional function</a> </li> <li> recursive — see <a href="entries/recursive-functions/">recursive functions</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/functionalism/">functionalism</a> (Janet Levin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/fundamentality/">fundamentality</a> (Tuomas E. Tahko) </li> <li> <a href="entries/future-contingents/">future contingents</a> (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-futcont/">medieval theories of</a> (Simo Knuuttila) </li> </ul></li> </ul> <a id="g"></a> <hr /> <h2>G <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/gadamer/">Gadamer, Hans-Georg</a> (Jeff Malpas) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/gadamer-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Nicholas Davey and Cynthia Nielsen) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/galen/">Galen</a> (P. N. Singer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/galileo/">Galileo Galilei</a> (Peter Machamer and David Marshall Miller) </li> <li> games <ul> <li> <a href="entries/games-abstraction/">abstraction and completeness</a> (Felice Cardone) </li> <li> logic and — see <a href="entries/logic-games/">logic: and games</a> </li> <li> logics for analyzing — see <a href="entries/logics-for-games/">logic: for analyzing games</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/game-theory/">game theory</a> (Don Ross) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/epistemic-game/">epistemic foundations of</a> (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/game-ethics/">and ethics</a> (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf) </li> <li> <a href="entries/game-evolutionary/">evolutionary</a> (J. McKenzie Alexander) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/gangesa/">Gaṅgeśa</a> (Stephen Phillips) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gassendi/">Gassendi, Pierre</a> (Saul Fisher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gelukpa/">Gelukpa [dge lugs pa]</a> (Douglas Duckworth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gene/">gene</a> (Robert Meunier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/generalized-quantifiers/">generalized quantifiers</a> (Dag Westerståhl) </li> <li> general relativity <ul> <li> <a href="entries/genrel-early/">early philosophical interpretations of</a> (Thomas A. Ryckman) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/generics/">generic generalizations</a> (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/genetic-drift/">genetic drift</a> (Roberta L. Millstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/genetics/">genetics</a> (James Tabery) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/ecological-genetics/">ecological</a> (Michael Wade) </li> <li> <a href="entries/genotype-phenotype/">genotype/phenotype distinction</a> (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/molecular-genetics/">molecular</a> (Ken Waters) </li> <li> <a href="entries/population-genetics/">population</a> (Samir Okasha) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/genomics/">genomics and postgenomics</a> (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupré) </li> <li> geometry <ul> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-geometry/">epistemology of</a> (Jeremy Gray and José Ferreirós) </li> <li> <a href="entries/geometry-finitism/">finitism in</a> (Jean Paul Van Bendegem) </li> <li> <a href="entries/geometry-19th/">in the 19th century</a> (Roberto Torretti) </li> </ul></li> <li> Gerard, Alexander — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> German Philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/18thGerman-preKant/">in the 18th century, prior to Kant</a> (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/gersonides/">Gersonides</a> (Tamar Rudavsky) </li> <li> <a href="entries/giles/">Giles of Rome</a> (Roberto Lambertini) </li> <li> given, the — see <a href="entries/justep-foundational/">justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of</a> </li> <li> global democracy — see <a href="entries/global-democracy/">democracy: global</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/globalization/">globalization</a> (William Scheuerman) </li> <li> global justice — see <a href="entries/justice-global/">justice: global</a> </li> <li> God <ul> <li> <a href="entries/god-necessary-being/">and other necessary beings</a> (Matthew Davidson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/god-ultimates/">and other ultimates</a> (Jeanine Diller) </li> </ul></li> <li> God, arguments for belief in <ul> <li> pragmatic — see <a href="entries/pragmatic-belief-god/">pragmatic arguments and belief in God</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> God, arguments for the existence of <ul> <li> cosmological — see <a href="entries/cosmological-argument/">cosmological argument</a> </li> <li> Descartes’ ontological — see <a href="entries/descartes-ontological/">Descartes, René: ontological argument</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-arguments-god/">moral arguments</a> (C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett) </li> <li> ontological — see <a href="entries/ontological-arguments/">ontological arguments</a> </li> <li> teleological — see <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/">teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/godfrey/">Godfrey of Fontaines</a> (John Wippel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/godwin/">Godwin, William</a> (Mark Philp) </li> <li> <a href="entries/goedel/">Gödel, Kurt</a> (Juliette Kennedy) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/goedel-incompleteness/">incompleteness theorems</a> (Panu Raatikainen) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/goodman/">Goodman, Nelson</a> (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/goodman-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Alessandro Giovannelli) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/perfect-goodness/">goodness, perfect</a> (Mark Murphy) </li> <li> goods, public — see <a href="entries/public-goods/">public goods</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/gorampa/">Gorampa [go rams pa]</a> (Constance Kassor) </li> <li> grammar <ul> <li> categorial — see <a href="entries/typelogical-grammar/">grammar: typelogical</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/typelogical-grammar/">typelogical</a> (Michael Moortgat) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/gramsci/">Gramsci, Antonio</a> (James Martin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gratitude/">gratitude</a> (Tony Manela) </li> <li> <a href="entries/green/">Green, Thomas Hill</a> (David Brink) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gregory-rimini/">Gregory of Rimini</a> (Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard) </li> <li> <a href="entries/grice/">Grice, Paul</a> (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/grosseteste/">Grosseteste, Robert</a> (Neil Lewis and Nicola Polloni) </li> <li> <a href="entries/grotius/">Grotius, Hugo</a> (Jon Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/grounding/">grounding, metaphysical</a> (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon) </li> <li> group rights — see <a href="entries/rights-group/">rights: group</a> </li> </ul> <a id="h"></a> <hr /> <h2>H <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/habermas/">Habermas, Jürgen</a> (James Gordon Finlayson and Dafydd Huw Rees) </li> <li> <a href="entries/haecceitism/">haecceitism</a> (Sam Cowling) </li> <li> haecceity — see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-haecceity/">medieval theories of</a> (Richard Cross) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/halevi/">Halevi, Judah</a> (Barry Kogan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hamann/">Hamann, Johann Georg</a> (Gwen Griffith-Dickson) </li> <li> Hamilton, William — see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/happiness/">happiness</a> (Dan Haybron) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hare/">Hare, Richard Mervyn</a> (Anthony Price) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hartley/">Hartley, David</a> (Richard Allen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nicolai-hartmann/">Hartmann, Nicolai</a> (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hartshorne/">Hartshorne, Charles</a> (Dan Dombrowski) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hate-speech/">hate speech</a> (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/friedrich-hayek/">Hayek, Friedrich</a> (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke) </li> <li> <a href="entries/health-disease/">health</a> (Dominic Murphy) </li> <li> heart-mind, in Chinese Philosophy — see <a href="entries/chinese-mind/">Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/heaven-hell/">heaven and hell in Christian thought</a> (Thomas Talbott) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hedonism/">hedonism</a> (Andrew Moore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hegel/">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich</a> (Paul Redding) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/hegel-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Stephen Houlgate) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hegel-dialectics/">dialectics</a> (Julie E. Maybee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hegel-social-political/">social and political philosophy</a> (Thom Brooks) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/heidegger/">Heidegger, Martin</a> (Michael Wheeler) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/heidegger-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Iain Thomson) </li> </ul></li> <li> hell and heaven in Christian thought — see <a href="entries/heaven-hell/">heaven and hell in Christian thought</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/hermann-helmholtz/">Helmholtz, Hermann von</a> (Lydia Patton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hempel/">Hempel, Carl</a> (James Fetzer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/michel-henry/">Henry, Michel</a> (Frédéric Seyler) </li> <li> <a href="entries/henry-ghent/">Henry of Ghent</a> (Pasquale Porro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/heraclitus/">Heraclitus</a> (Daniel W. Graham) </li> <li> <a href="entries/johann-herbart/">Herbart, Johann Friedrich</a> (Alan Kim) </li> <li> <a href="entries/herder/">Herder, Johann Gottfried von</a> (Michael Forster) </li> <li> <a href="entries/heritability/">heritability</a> (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews) <ul> <li> inheritance systems — see <a href="entries/inheritance-systems/">inheritance systems</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/hermeneutics/">hermeneutics</a> (Theodore George) </li> <li> <a href="entries/heytesbury/">Heytesbury, William</a> (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung) </li> <li> <a href="entries/divine-hiddenness/">hiddenness of God</a> (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green) </li> <li> Hilbert, David <ul> <li> controversy with Frege — see <a href="entries/frege-hilbert/">Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/hilbert-program/">program in the foundations of mathematics</a> (Richard Zach) </li> </ul></li> <li> Hippias — see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/history/">history, philosophy of</a> (Daniel Little) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hobbes/">Hobbes, Thomas</a> (Stewart Duncan) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/hobbes-moral/">moral and political philosophy</a> (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hobbes-science/">philosophy of science</a> (Marcus P. Adams) </li> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/holbach/">Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’</a> (Michael LeBuffe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/holes/">holes</a> (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/holkot/">Holkot [Holcot], Robert</a> (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker) </li> <li> Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/homosexuality/">homosexuality</a> (Brent Pickett) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sidney-hook/">Hook, Sidney</a> (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hope/">hope</a> (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl) </li> <li> <a href="entries/horkheimer/">Horkheimer, Max</a> (J.C. Berendzen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/enhancement/">human enhancement</a> (Eric Juengst and Daniel Moseley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/human-genome/">human genome project</a> (Lisa Gannett) </li> <li> humanism <ul> <li> civic — see <a href="entries/humanism-civic/">civic humanism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/human-nature/">human nature</a> (Neil Roughley) </li> <li> human rights — see <a href="entries/rights-human/">rights: human</a> </li> <li> human test subjects — see <a href="entries/clinical-research/">ethics, biomedical: clinical research</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/alexander-humboldt/">Humboldt, Alexander von</a> (Dalia Nassar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wilhelm-humboldt/">Humboldt, Wilhelm von</a> (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hume/">Hume, David</a> (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/hume-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Theodore Gracyk) </li> <li> and Kant on causality — see <a href="entries/kant-hume-causality/">Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality</a> </li> <li> and Kant on morality — see <a href="entries/kant-hume-morality/">Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/hume-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Rachel Cohon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hume-newton/">Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism</a> (Eric Schliesser and Tamás Demeter) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hume-freewill/">on free will</a> (Paul Russell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hume-religion/">on religion</a> (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal) </li> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> humility — see <a href="entries/modesty-humility/">modesty and humility</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/humor/">humor, philosophy of</a> (John Morreall) </li> <li> <a href="entries/husserl/">Husserl, Edmund</a> (Christian Beyer) </li> <li> Hutcheson, Francis — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/hutcheson/">Hutcheson, Francis</a> (Dale Dorsey) <ul> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> hybrid logic — see <a href="entries/logic-hybrid/">logic: hybrid</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/hyperintensionality/">hyperintensionality</a> (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan) </li> </ul> <a id="i"></a> <hr /> <h2>I <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/iamblichus/">Iamblichus</a> (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-arabi/">Ibn ‘Arabî</a> (William Chittick) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-bajja/">Ibn Bâjja [Avempace]</a> (Josep Puig Montada) </li> <li> <a href="entries/abraham-daud/">Ibn Daud, Abraham</a> (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-ezra/">Ibn Ezra, Abraham</a> (Tzvi Langermann) </li> <li> Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see <a href="entries/falaquera/">Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-gabirol/">Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron]</a> (Sarah Pessin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-kammuna/">Ibn Kammūna</a> (Tzvi Langermann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-rushd/">Ibn Rushd [Averroes]</a> (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-rushd-natural/">natural philosophy</a> (Josep Puig Montada) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina/">Ibn Sina [Avicenna]</a> (Dimitri Gutas) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina-logic/">logic</a> (Riccardo Strobino) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Olga Lizzini) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina-natural/">natural philosophy</a> (Jon McGinnis) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/ibn-taymiyya/">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (Jon Hoover) </li> <li> Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see <a href="entries/tibbon/">Tibbon, Samuel Ibn</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/idealism/">idealism</a> (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/identity/">identity</a> (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/identity-indiscernible/">of indiscernibles</a> (Peter Forrest) </li> <li> <a href="entries/identity-time/">over time</a> (Andre Gallois) </li> <li> personal — see <a href="entries/identity-personal/">personal identity</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/identity-relative/">relative</a> (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/identity-transworld/">transworld</a> (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/identity-politics/">identity politics</a> (Cressida Heyes) </li> <li> identity theory of mind — see <a href="entries/mind-identity/">mind/brain identity theory</a> </li> <li> ideology, law and — see <a href="entries/law-ideology/">law: and ideology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/idiolects/">idiolects</a> (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ikhwan-al-safa/">Ikhwân al-Safâ’</a> (Carmela Baffioni) </li> <li> imagery, mental — see <a href="entries/mental-imagery/">mental imagery</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/imagination/">imagination</a> (Shen-yi Liao and Tamar Gendler) </li> <li> <a href="entries/imaginative-resistance/">imaginative resistance</a> (Emine Hande Tuna) </li> <li> imitation game — see <a href="entries/turing-test/">Turing test</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/immigration/">immigration</a> (Christopher Heath Wellman) </li> <li> immortality — see <a href="entries/afterlife/">afterlife</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/immunology/">immunology, philosophy of</a> (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/immutability/">immutability</a> (Brian Leftow) </li> <li> <a href="entries/impartiality/">impartiality</a> (Troy Jollimore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/implicature/">implicature</a> (Wayne Davis) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/implicature-optimality-games/">optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches</a> (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke) </li> </ul></li> <li> implicit bias — see <a href="entries/implicit-bias/">bias, implicit</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/impossible-worlds/">impossible worlds</a> (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago) </li> <li> incommensurability <ul> <li> <a href="entries/incommensurability/">of scientific theories</a> (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene) </li> <li> of values — see <a href="entries/value-incommensurable/">value: incommensurable</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> incomparable values — see <a href="entries/value-incommensurable/">value: incommensurable</a> </li> <li> incompatibilism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/incompatibilism-theories/">(nondeterministic) theories of free will</a> (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/incompatibilism-arguments/">arguments for</a> (Kadri Vihvelin) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/indexicals/">indexicals</a> (David Braun) </li> <li> Indian Philosophy (Classical) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/concept-emotion-india/">concept of emotion</a> (Joerg Tuske) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-india/">epistemology</a> (Stephen Phillips and Anand Vaidya) </li> <li> <a href="entries/language-india/">language and testimony</a> (Madhav Deshpande) </li> <li> <a href="entries/literal-nonliteral-india/">literal-nonliteral distinction</a> (Malcolm Keating) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-india/">logic</a> (Brendan Gillon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/naturalism-india/">naturalism</a> (Amita Chatterjee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-india/">perceptual experience and concepts</a> (Monima Chadha) </li> <li> <a href="entries/personhood-india/">personhood</a> (Monima Chadha) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/methodological-individualism/">individualism, methodological</a> (Joseph Heath) </li> <li> individuals, biological — see <a href="entries/biology-individual/">biological individuals</a> </li> <li> induction <ul> <li> <a href="entries/induction-problem/">problem of</a> (Leah Henderson) </li> </ul></li> <li> inductive logic — see <a href="entries/logic-inductive/">logic: inductive</a> </li> <li> inequality — see <a href="entries/equality/">equality</a> </li> <li> inertial systems — see <a href="entries/spacetime-iframes/">space and time: inertial frames</a> </li> <li> inference to the best explanation — see <a href="entries/abduction/">abduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/infinite-regress/">infinite regress arguments</a> (Ross Cameron) </li> <li> infinitesimals — see <a href="entries/continuity/">continuity and infinitesimals</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/infinity/">infinity</a> (Kenny Easwaran, Alan Hájek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy) </li> <li> informal logic — see <a href="entries/logic-informal/">logic: informal</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/information/">information</a> (Pieter Adriaans) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/information-biological/">biological</a> (Marc Artiga) </li> <li> and logic — see <a href="entries/logic-information/">logic: and information</a> </li> <li> quantum entanglement and — see <a href="entries/qt-entangle/">quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/information-semantic/">semantic conceptions of</a> (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi) </li> </ul></li> <li> information processing <ul> <li> <a href="entries/information-entropy/">and thermodynamic entropy</a> (Owen Maroney) </li> </ul></li> <li> information technology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/it-moral-values/">and moral values</a> (John Sullins) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/">phenomenological approaches to ethics and</a> (Lucas Introna) </li> <li> <a href="entries/it-privacy/">and privacy</a> (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/informed-consent/">informed consent</a> (Nir Eyal) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ingarden/">Ingarden, Roman</a> (Amie Thomasson) </li> <li> inherence — see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/inheritance-systems/">inheritance systems</a> (Ehud Lamm) </li> <li> <a href="entries/innate-acquired/">innate/acquired distinction</a> (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist) </li> <li> innateness <ul> <li> <a href="entries/innateness-cognition/">and contemporary theories of cognition</a> (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik) </li> <li> <a href="entries/innateness-history/">historical controversies</a> (Jerry Samet) </li> <li> <a href="entries/innateness-language/">and language</a> (Fiona Cowie) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/inner-speech/">inner speech</a> (Daniel Gregory and Peter Langland-Hassan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/insolubles/">insolubles [= insolubilia]</a> (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read) </li> <li> instrumental rationality — see <a href="entries/rationality-instrumental/">rationality: instrumental</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/integrity/">integrity</a> (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine) </li> <li> intelligent design, theory of — see <a href="entries/creationism/">creationism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/intensional-trans-verbs/">intensional transitive verbs</a> (Graeme Forbes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/intention/">intention</a> (Kieran Setiya) </li> <li> <a href="entries/intentionality/">intentionality</a> (Pierre Jacob) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/collective-intentionality/">collective</a> (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid) </li> <li> consciousness and — see <a href="entries/consciousness-intentionality/">consciousness: and intentionality</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/intentionality-ancient/">in ancient philosophy</a> (Victor Caston) </li> <li> <a href="entries/phenomenal-intentionality/">phenomenal</a> (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici) </li> </ul></li> <li> internal vs. external reasons for action — see <a href="entries/reasons-internal-external/">reasons for action: internal vs. external</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/international-law/">international law, philosophy of</a> (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame) </li> <li> internet research ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-internet-research/">ethics: internet research</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/">intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties</a> (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/introspection/">introspection</a> (Eric Schwitzgebel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/intuition/">intuition</a> (Joel Pust) </li> <li> intuitionism <ul> <li> ethics — see <a href="entries/intuitionism-ethics/">moral intuitionism</a> </li> <li> in the philosophy of mathematics — see <a href="entries/intuitionism/">mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> intuitionistic logic — see <a href="entries/logic-intuitionistic/">logic: intuitionistic</a> <ul> <li> development of — see <a href="entries/intuitionistic-logic-development/">logic, history of: intuitionistic logic</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> intuitionistic type theory — see <a href="entries/type-theory-intuitionistic/">type theory: intuitionistic</a> </li> <li> inverted qualia — see <a href="entries/qualia-inverted/">qualia: inverted</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/israeli/">Israeli, Isaac</a> (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik) </li> <li> <a href="entries/john-italos/">Italos, John</a> (András Kraft) </li> </ul> <a id="j"></a> <hr /> <h2>J <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/friedrich-jacobi/">Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich</a> (Paolo Livieri and George di Giovanni) </li> <li> <a href="entries/jaina-philosophy/">Jaina Philosophy</a> (Marie-Hélène Gorisse) </li> <li> <a href="entries/james/">James, William</a> (Russell Goodman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/james-viterbo/">James of Viterbo</a> (Antoine Côté) </li> <li> <a href="entries/japanese-philosophy/">Japanese Philosophy</a> (Thomas Kasulis) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/japanese-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane) </li> <li> <a href="entries/japanese-confucian/">Confucian</a> (John Tucker) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kokugaku-school/">Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School]</a> (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kukai/">Kūkai</a> (John Krummel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kyoto-school/">Kyoto School</a> (Bret W. Davis) </li> <li> Nishida Kitarō — see <a href="entries/nishida-kitaro/">Nishida Kitarō</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/japanese-pure-land/">Pure Land</a> (Dennis Hirota) </li> <li> Watsuji Tetsurō — see <a href="entries/watsuji-tetsuro/">Watsuji Tetsurō</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/japanese-zen/">Zen Buddhism</a> (Shigenori Nagatomo) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/jaspers/">Jaspers, Karl</a> (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron) </li> <li> <a href="entries/jayaraasi/">Jayarāśi</a> (Piotr Balcerowicz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/jefferson/">Jefferson, Thomas</a> (M. Andrew Holowchak) </li> <li> <a href="entries/william-jevons/">Jevons, William Stanley</a> (Bert Mosselmans) </li> <li> <a href="entries/john-salisbury/">John of Salisbury</a> (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/emily-elizabeth-constance-jones/">Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance</a> (Gary Ostertag) </li> <li> Judah Halevi — see <a href="entries/halevi/">Halevi, Judah</a> </li> <li> judgment <ul> <li> aesthetic — see <a href="entries/aesthetic-judgment/">aesthetics: aesthetic judgment</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> judgment aggregation and belief merging — see <a href="entries/belief-merging/">belief merging and judgment aggregation</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/jury-theorems/">jury theorems</a> (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice/">justice</a> (David Miller) <ul> <li> and access to health care — see <a href="entries/justice-healthcareaccess/">ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care</a> </li> <li> and bad luck — see <a href="entries/justice-bad-luck/">luck: justice and bad luck</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-climate/">climate</a> (Simon Caney) </li> <li> and disability — see <a href="entries/disability-justice/">disability: and justice</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-distributive/">distributive</a> (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) </li> <li> distributive justice and empirical moral psychology — see <a href="entries/justice-moral-psych/">distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology</a> </li> <li> economic — see <a href="entries/economic-justice/">economics and economic justice</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-global/">global</a> (Gillian Brock and Nicole Hassoun) </li> <li> inequality and health — see <a href="entries/justice-inequality-health/">ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-intergenerational/">intergenerational</a> (Lukas Meyer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/international-justice/">international distributive</a> (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-retributive/">retributive</a> (Alec Walen) </li> <li> territorial — see <a href="entries/territorial-rights/">territorial rights and justice</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-transitional/">transitional</a> (Nir Eisikovits) </li> <li> <a href="entries/justice-virtue/">as a virtue</a> (Mark LeBar) </li> </ul></li> <li> justification, epistemic <ul> <li> a priori — see <a href="entries/apriori/">a priori justification and knowledge</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/justep-coherence/">coherentist theories of</a> (Erik Olsson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/justep-foundational/">foundationalist theories of</a> (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/justep-intext/">internalist vs. externalist conceptions of</a> (George Pappas) </li> <li> reliabilism — see <a href="entries/reliabilism/">reliabilist epistemology</a> </li> <li> transmission of — see <a href="entries/transmission-justification-warrant/">transmission of justification and warrant</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> justification, political <ul> <li> <a href="entries/justification-public/">public</a> (Kevin Vallier) </li> </ul></li> </ul> <a id="k"></a> <hr /> <h2>K <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/kant/">Kant, Immanuel</a> (Michael Rohlf) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/kant-reason/">account of reason</a> (Garrath Williams) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-aesthetics/">aesthetics and teleology</a> (Hannah Ginsborg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-conceptualism/">conceptualism/nonconceptualism</a> (Colin McLear) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-metaphysics/">critique of metaphysics</a> (Michelle Grier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-hume-causality/">and Hume on causality</a> (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-hume-morality/">and Hume on morality</a> (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-leibniz/">and Leibniz</a> (Catherine Wilson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-development/">philosophical development</a> (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-mathematics/">philosophy of mathematics</a> (Lisa Shabel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-religion/">philosophy of religion</a> (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-science/">philosophy of science</a> (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-social-political/">social and political philosophy</a> (Frederick Rauscher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-judgment/">theory of judgment</a> (Robert Hanna) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-transcendental/">transcendental arguments</a> (Derk Pereboom) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-transcendental-idealism/">transcendental idealism</a> (Nicholas F. Stang) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-mind/">view of mind and consciousness of self</a> (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kant-spacetime/">views on space and time</a> (Andrew Janiak) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/kaspi-joseph/">Kaspi, Joseph</a> (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kepler/">Kepler, Johannes</a> (Daniel A. Di Liscia) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kierkegaard/">Kierkegaard, Søren</a> (John Lippitt and C. Stephen Evans) </li> <li> killing vs. letting die — see <a href="entries/doing-allowing/">doing vs. allowing harm</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/kilvington/">Kilvington, Richard</a> (Elzbieta Jung) </li> <li> <a href="entries/robert-kilwardby/">Kilwardby, Robert</a> (José Filipe Silva) </li> <li> knowledge <ul> <li> <a href="entries/knowledge-analysis/">analysis of</a> (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup) </li> <li> a priori — see <a href="entries/apriori/">a priori justification and knowledge</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/knowledge-acquaindescrip/">by acquaintance vs. description</a> (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) </li> <li> self- — see <a href="entries/self-knowledge/">self-knowledge</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/knowledge-value/">knowledge, value of</a> (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter) </li> <li> <a href="entries/knowledge-how/">knowledge how</a> (Carlotta Pavese) </li> <li> Kochen-Specker theorem — see <a href="entries/kochen-specker/">quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem</a> </li> <li> Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School — see <a href="entries/kokugaku-school/">Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/korean-philosophy/">Korean Philosophy</a> (Halla Kim) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/korean-buddhism/">Buddhism</a> (Lucy Hyekyung Jee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/korean-confucianism/">Confucianism</a> (Kevin N. Cawley) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/thomas-kuhn/">Kuhn, Thomas</a> (Alexander Bird) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kumaarila/">Kumārila</a> (Daniel Arnold) </li> <li> Kūkai — see <a href="entries/kukai/">Japanese Philosophy: Kūkai</a> </li> </ul> <a id="l"></a> <hr /> <h2>L <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/lacan/">Lacan, Jacques</a> (Adrian Johnston) </li> <li> <a href="entries/la-forge/">La Forge, Louis de</a> (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lakatos/">Lakatos, Imre</a> (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lambda-calculus/">lambda calculus, the</a> (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lambert-auxerre/">Lambert of Auxerre</a> (Sara L. Uckelman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/friedrich-lange/">Lange, Friedrich Albert</a> (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/language-thought/">language of thought hypothesis</a> (Michael Rescorla) </li> <li> <a href="entries/laozi/">Laozi</a> (Alan Chan) </li> <li> large cardinals and determinacy — see <a href="entries/large-cardinals-determinacy/">set theory: large cardinals and determinacy</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/latin-american-philosophy/">Latin American Philosophy</a> (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/latin-american-analytic/">analytic philosophy in</a> (Diana Ines Perez and Santiago Echeverri) </li> <li> epistemology — see <a href="entries/epistemology-latin-america/">epistemology: in Latin America</a> </li> <li> feminism — see <a href="entries/feminism-latin-america/">feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism</a> </li> <li> liberalism — see <a href="entries/liberalism-latin-america/">liberalism: in Latin America</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/latin-american-metaphilosophy/">metaphilosophical foundations</a> (Susana Nuccetelli) </li> <li> philosophy of biology — see <a href="entries/phil-bio-latin-america/">philosophy of biology: in Latin America</a> </li> <li> philosophy of science — see <a href="entries/phil-science-latin-america/">philosophy of science: in Latin America</a> </li> <li> skepticism — see <a href="entries/skepticism-latin-america/">skepticism: in Latin America</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/latinx/">Latinx Philosophy</a> (Manuel Vargas) </li> <li> law <ul> <li> <a href="entries/law-ideology/">and ideology</a> (Christine Sypnowich) </li> <li> <a href="entries/law-language/">and language</a> (Timothy Endicott) </li> <li> limits of — see <a href="entries/law-limits/">limits of law</a> </li> <li> nature of — see <a href="entries/natural-law-theories/">nature of law: natural law theories</a> </li> <li> rule of — see <a href="entries/rule-of-law/">rule of law and procedural fairness</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/laws-of-nature/">laws of nature</a> (John W. Carroll) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/ceteris-paribus/">ceteris paribus</a> (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/perceptual-learning/">learning, perceptual</a> (Kevin Connolly and Adrienne Prettyman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/learning-formal/">learning theory, formal</a> (Oliver Schulte) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lefevre-etaples/">Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques</a> (Richard J. Oosterhoff) </li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-interpretation/">legal interpretation</a> (Mark Greenberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-obligation/">legal obligation and authority</a> (Massimo Renzo and Leslie Green) </li> <li> legal philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/legal-econanalysis/">economic analysis of law</a> (Lewis Kornhauser) </li> </ul></li> <li> legal positivism — see <a href="entries/legal-positivism/">nature of law: legal positivism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-probabilism/">legal probabilism</a> (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello) </li> <li> legal punishment — see <a href="entries/legal-punishment/">punishment, legal</a> </li> <li> legal reasoning <ul> <li> <a href="entries/legal-reas-interpret/">interpretation and coherence in</a> (Julie Dickson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-reas-prec/">precedent and analogy in</a> (Grant Lamond) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-rights/">legal rights</a> (Ori Herstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/legitimacy/">legitimacy, political</a> (Fabienne Peter) </li> <li> <a href="entries/legrand/">Le Grand, Antoine</a> (Patricia Easton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz/">Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm</a> (Brandon C. Look) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-ethics/">ethics</a> (Andrew Youpa) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-exoteric/">Exoteric Philosophy</a> (John Whipple) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-logic-influence/">influence on 19th century logic</a> (Volker Peckhaus) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-modal/">modal metaphysics</a> (Brandon C. Look) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-causation/">on causation</a> (Marc Bobro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-evil/">on the problem of evil</a> (Michael J. Murray, Sean Greenberg, and Thomas Feeney) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-mind/">philosophy of mind</a> (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-physics/">philosophy of physics</a> (Jeffrey K. McDonough) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/leibowitz-yeshayahu/">Leibowitz, Yeshayahu</a> (Daniel Rynhold) </li> <li> Leone Ebreo — see <a href="entries/abrabanel/">Abrabanel, Judah</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/lesniewski/">Leśniewski, Stanisław</a> (Peter Simons) </li> <li> <a href="entries/leucippus/">Leucippus</a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/levels-org-biology/">levels of organization in biology</a> (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks) </li> <li> <a href="entries/levinas/">Levinas, Emmanuel</a> (Bettina Bergo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lewis-ci/">Lewis, Clarence Irving</a> (Bruce Hunter) </li> <li> <a href="entries/david-lewis/">Lewis, David</a> (Brian Weatherson) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/lewis-metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/liar-paradox/">liar paradox</a> (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, and David Ripley) </li> <li> liberal feminism — see <a href="entries/feminism-liberal/">feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/liberalism/">liberalism</a> (Shane D. Courtland, Gerald Gaus, and David Schmidtz) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/liberalism-latin-america/">in Latin America</a> (Faviola Rivera) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/liberation/">liberation, philosophy of</a> (Eduardo Mendieta) </li> <li> <a href="entries/libertarianism/">libertarianism</a> (Bas van der Vossen and Billy Christmas) </li> <li> liberty <ul> <li> <a href="entries/liberty-positive-negative/">positive and negative</a> (Ian Carter) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/life/">life</a> (Carlos Mariscal) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/life-meaning/">meaning of</a> (Thaddeus Metz) </li> </ul></li> <li> lifeworld — see <a href="entries/husserl/">Husserl, Edmund</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/law-limits/">limits of law</a> (John Stanton-Ife) </li> <li> linear logic — see <a href="entries/logic-linear/">logic: linear</a> </li> <li> linguistics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/computational-linguistics/">computational</a> (Lenhart Schubert) </li> <li> <a href="entries/linguistics/">philosophy of</a> (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ryan Nefdt) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/justus-lipsius/">Lipsius, Justus</a> (Jan Papy) </li> <li> living wills — see <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/llull/">Llull, Ramon</a> (Ernesto Priani) </li> <li> <a href="entries/location-mereology/">location and mereology</a> (Cody Gilmore, Claudio Calosi, and Damiano Costa) </li> <li> <a href="entries/alain-locke/">Locke, Alain LeRoy</a> (Jacoby Adeshei Carter and Corey Barnes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/locke/">Locke, John</a> (William Uzgalis) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/locke-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Patricia Sheridan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/locke-freedom/">on freedom</a> (Samuel Rickless) </li> <li> <a href="entries/locke-on-medicine/">on medicine</a> (Jonathan Craig Walmsley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/locke-personal-identity/">on personal identity</a> (Jessica Gordon-Roth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/real-essence/">on real essence</a> (Jan-Erik Jones) </li> <li> <a href="entries/locke-philosophy-science/">philosophy of science</a> (Hylarie Kochiras) </li> <li> <a href="entries/locke-political/">political philosophy</a> (Alex Tuckness) </li> </ul></li> <li> logic <ul> <li> <a href="entries/logic-action/">action</a> (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-algebraic-propositional/">algebraic propositional</a> (Ramon Jansana) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-ancient/">ancient</a> (Susanne Bobzien) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-belief-revision/">of belief revision</a> (Sven Ove Hansson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-classical/">classical</a> (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-combinatory/">combinatory</a> (Katalin Bimbó) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-combining/">combining</a> (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-conditionals/">conditionals</a> (Paul Egré and Hans Rott) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-connexive/">connexive</a> (Heinrich Wansing) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-deontic/">deontic</a> (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-dependence/">dependence</a> (Pietro Galliani) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-dialogical/">dialogical</a> (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/dynamic-epistemic/">dynamic epistemic</a> (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-epistemic/">epistemic</a> (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logics-for-games/">for analyzing games</a> (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-power-games/">for analyzing power in normal form games</a> (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-free/">free</a> (John Nolt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-fuzzy/">fuzzy</a> (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-games/">and games</a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-hybrid/">hybrid</a> (Torben Braüner) </li> <li> in classical Indian philosophy — see <a href="entries/logic-india/">Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-if/">independence friendly</a> (Tero Tulenheimo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-inductive/">inductive</a> (James Hawthorne) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-infinitary/">infinitary</a> (John L. Bell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-informal/">informal</a> (Leo Groarke) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-information/">and information</a> (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-intensional/">intensional</a> (Melvin Fitting) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-intuitionistic/">intuitionistic</a> (Joan Moschovakis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-justification/">justification</a> (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-linear/">linear</a> (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) </li> <li> logic-based artificial intelligence — see <a href="entries/logic-ai/">artificial intelligence: logic-based</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-many-sorted/">many-sorted</a> (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-manyvalued/">many-valued</a> (Siegfried Gottwald) </li> <li> of mass expressions — see <a href="entries/logic-massexpress/">mass expressions: logic of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-modal/">modal</a> (James Garson) </li> <li> natural deduction systems in — see <a href="entries/natural-deduction/">natural deduction systems in logic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-nonmonotonic/">non-monotonic</a> (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-paraconsistent/">paraconsistent</a> (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-probability/">and probability</a> (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-propositional/">propositional</a> (Curtis Franks) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-dynamic/">propositional dynamic</a> (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-provability/">provability</a> (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-relevance/">relevance</a> (Edwin Mares) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-higher-order/">second-order and higher-order</a> (Jouko Väänänen) </li> <li> sentence connectives in — see <a href="entries/connectives-logic/">connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-substructural/">substructural</a> (Greg Restall) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-temporal/">temporal</a> (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg) </li> </ul></li> <li> logic, history of <ul> <li> <a href="entries/logic-firstorder-emergence/">first-order logic</a> (William Ewald) </li> <li> <a href="entries/intuitionistic-logic-development/">intuitionistic logic</a> (Mark van Atten) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-modal-origins/">modal logic</a> (Roberta Ballarin) </li> <li> proof theory — see <a href="entries/proof-theory-development/">proof theory: development of</a> </li> <li> set theory, early — see <a href="entries/settheory-early/">set theory: early development</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-normative/">logic, normative status of</a> (Florian Steinberger) </li> <li> logical atomism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/logical-atomism/">Russell’s</a> (Kevin Klement) </li> <li> Wittgenstein’s — see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-atomism/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-consequence/">logical consequence</a> (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi) <ul> <li> algebraic propositional logic — see <a href="entries/logic-algebraic-propositional/">logic: algebraic propositional</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-constants/">logical constants</a> (John MacFarlane) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-construction/">logical constructions</a> (Bernard Linsky) </li> <li> logical empiricism — see <a href="entries/logical-empiricism/">empiricism: logical</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-form/">logical form</a> (Paul Pietroski) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-pluralism/">logical pluralism</a> (Gillian Russell and Christopher Blake-Turner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logical-truth/">logical truth</a> (Mario Gómez-Torrente) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logic-ontology/">logic and ontology</a> (Thomas Hofweber) </li> <li> <a href="entries/logicism/">logicism and neologicism</a> (Neil Tennant) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hermann-lotze/">Lotze, Hermann</a> (David Sullivan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/love/">love</a> (Bennett Helm) </li> <li> <a href="entries/loyalty/">loyalty</a> (John Kleinig) </li> <li> luck <ul> <li> <a href="entries/justice-bad-luck/">justice and bad luck</a> (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-luck/">moral</a> (Dana K. Nelkin) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/lucretius/">Lucretius</a> (Simon Trépanier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lukacs/">Lukács, Georg [György]</a> (Titus Stahl) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lukasiewicz/">Łukasiewicz, Jan</a> (Peter Simons) </li> <li> <a href="entries/luther/">Luther, Martin</a> (Robert Stern) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/luther-influence/">influence on philosophy</a> (Robert Stern) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/luxemburg/">Luxemburg, Rosa</a> (Lea Ypi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lvov-warsaw/">Lvov-Warsaw School</a> (Jan Woleński) </li> <li> lying and deception <ul> <li> <a href="entries/lying-definition/">definition of</a> (James Edwin Mahon) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/lyotard/">Lyotard, Jean François</a> (Peter Gratton) </li> </ul> <a id="m"></a> <hr /> <h2>M <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/catharine-macaulay/">Macaulay, Catharine</a> (Karen Green) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ernst-mach/">Mach, Ernst</a> (Paul Pojman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/machiavelli/">Machiavelli, Niccolò</a> (Cary Nederman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/macroevolution/">macroevolution, philosophy of</a> (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad) </li> <li> <a href="entries/madhyamaka/">Madhyamaka</a> (Richard Hayes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/maimon/">Maimon, Salomon</a> (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed) </li> <li> <a href="entries/maimonides/">Maimonides</a> (Kenneth Seeskin) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/maimonides-islamic/">the influence of Islamic thought on</a> (Sarah Pessin) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/malebranche/">Malebranche, Nicolas</a> (Tad Schmaltz) <ul> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/malebranche-ideas/">theory of ideas and vision in God</a> (Lawrence Nolan) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mally/">Mally, Ernst</a> (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/mally-deontic/">deontic logic</a> (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mandeville/">Mandeville, Bernard</a> (Mikko Tolonen and Robin Douglass) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-manipulation/">manipulation, ethics of</a> (Robert Noggle) </li> <li> <a href="entries/problem-of-many/">many, problem of</a> (Brian Weatherson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marcel/">Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré)</a> (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ruth-barcan-marcus/">Marcus, Ruth Barcan</a> (Roberta Ballarin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marcus-aurelius/">Marcus Aurelius</a> (Rachana Kamtekar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marcuse/">Marcuse, Herbert</a> (Arnold Farr) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lucrezia-marinella/">Marinella, Lucrezia</a> (Marguerite Deslauriers) </li> <li> <a href="entries/maritain/">Maritain, Jacques</a> (William Sweet) </li> <li> <a href="entries/markets/">markets</a> (Lisa Herzog) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marriage/">marriage and domestic partnership</a> (Elizabeth Brake) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marsilius-inghen/">Marsilius of Inghen</a> (Maarten Hoenen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marty/">Marty, Anton</a> (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marx/">Marx, Karl</a> (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/marxism-analytical/">Marxism, analytical</a> (David Leopold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lady-masham/">Masham, Lady Damaris</a> (Sarah Hutton) </li> <li> mass/energy equivalence — see <a href="entries/equivME/">equivalence of mass and energy</a> </li> <li> mass expressions <ul> <li> <a href="entries/logic-massexpress/">logic of</a> (David Nicolas) </li> <li> <a href="entries/metaphysics-massexpress/">metaphysics of</a> (Mark Steen) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/material-constitution/">material constitution</a> (Ryan Wasserman) </li> <li> materialism — see <a href="entries/physicalism/">physicalism</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/materialism-eliminative/">eliminative</a> (William Ramsey) </li> </ul></li> <li> mathematical <ul> <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-explanation/">explanation</a> (Paolo Mancosu, Francesca Poggiolesi, and Christopher Pincock) </li> <li> style — see <a href="entries/mathematical-style/">style: in mathematics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> mathematics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-constructive/">constructive</a> (Douglas Bridges, Erik Palmgren, and Hajime Ishihara) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-inconsistent/">inconsistent</a> (Chris Mortensen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-nondeductive/">non-deductive methods in</a> (Alan Baker) </li> </ul></li> <li> mathematics, foundations of <ul> <li> Dedekind’s contributions to — see <a href="entries/dedekind-foundations/">Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics</a> </li> <li> Hilbert’s program — see <a href="entries/hilbert-program/">Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of</a> (Leon Horsten) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/fictionalism-mathematics/">fictionalism</a> (Mark Balaguer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/formalism-mathematics/">formalism</a> (Alan Weir) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mathphil-indis/">indispensability arguments in the</a> (Mark Colyvan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/intuitionism/">intuitionism</a> (Rosalie Iemhoff) </li> <li> Kant — see <a href="entries/kant-mathematics/">Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/naturalism-mathematics/">naturalism</a> (Alexander Paseau) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nominalism-mathematics/">nominalism</a> (Otávio Bueno) </li> <li> <a href="entries/platonism-mathematics/">Platonism</a> (Øystein Linnebo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/structuralism-mathematics/">structuralism</a> (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer) </li> <li> Wittgenstein — see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-mathematics/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mctaggart/">McTaggart, John M. E.</a> (Kris McDaniel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mead/">Mead, George Herbert</a> (Mitchell Aboulafia and Scott Taylor) </li> <li> meaning <ul> <li> <a href="entries/meaning-normativity/">normativity of</a> (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini) </li> <li> <a href="entries/word-meaning/">of words</a> (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/meaning/">meaning, theories of</a> (Jeff Speaks) </li> <li> <a href="entries/meaning-holism/">meaning holism</a> (Henry Jackman) </li> <li> means, treating persons as — see <a href="entries/persons-means/">treating persons as means</a> </li> <li> measurement <ul> <li> <a href="entries/measurement-science/">in science</a> (Eran Tal) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/science-mechanisms/">mechanism in science</a> (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari) </li> <li> <a href="entries/medicine/">medicine, philosophy of</a> (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny) </li> <li> medicine: Chinese philosophy — see <a href="entries/chinese-phil-medicine/">Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-philosophy/">medieval philosophy</a> (John Marenbon) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-literary/">literary forms of</a> (Eileen Sweeney) </li> <li> political — see <a href="entries/medieval-political/">political philosophy: medieval</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> medieval theories of <ul> <li> analogy — see <a href="entries/analogy-medieval/">analogy: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> categories — see <a href="entries/medieval-categories/">categories: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> causation — see <a href="entries/causation-medieval/">causation: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> conscience — see <a href="entries/conscience-medieval/">conscience: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> consequence — see <a href="entries/consequence-medieval/">consequence, medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> demonstration — see <a href="entries/demonstration-medieval/">demonstration: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> emotion — see <a href="entries/medieval-emotions/">emotion: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> future contingents — see <a href="entries/medieval-futcont/">future contingents: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> haecceity — see <a href="entries/medieval-haecceity/">haecceity: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> mental representation — see <a href="entries/representation-medieval/">mental representation: in medieval philosophy</a> </li> <li> modality — see <a href="entries/modality-medieval/">modality: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> obligationes — see <a href="entries/obligationes/">obligationes, medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> practical reason — see <a href="entries/practical-reason-med/">practical reason: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> properties of terms — see <a href="entries/medieval-terms/">terms, properties of: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> relations — see <a href="entries/relations-medieval/">relations: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> singular terms — see <a href="entries/singular-terms-medieval/">singular terms: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> syllogism — see <a href="entries/medieval-syllogism/">syllogism: medieval theories of</a> </li> <li> transcendentals — see <a href="entries/transcendentals-medieval/">transcendentals, medieval theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/meinong/">Meinong, Alexius</a> (Johann Marek) </li> <li> <a href="entries/meister-eckhart/">Meister Eckhart</a> (Amber L. Griffioen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/memory/">memory</a> (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/memory-episprob/">epistemological problems of</a> (Matthew Frise) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mencius/">Mencius</a> (Bryan Van Norden) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mendelssohn/">Mendelssohn, Moses</a> (Daniel Dahlstrom) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mental-causation/">mental causation</a> (David Robb, John Heil, and Sophie Gibb) </li> <li> mental content <ul> <li> <a href="entries/content-causal/">causal theories of</a> (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa) </li> <li> externalism about the mind — see <a href="entries/content-externalism/">externalism about the mind</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/content-narrow/">narrow</a> (Curtis Brown) </li> <li> <a href="entries/content-nonconceptual/">nonconceptual</a> (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/content-teleological/">teleological theories of</a> (Peter Schulte and Karen Neander) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mental-disorder/">mental disorder</a> (Jennifer Radden and Jonathan Y. Tsou) </li> <li> mental illness — see <a href="entries/mental-disorder/">mental disorder</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/mental-imagery/">mental imagery</a> (Bence Nanay) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mental-representation/">mental representation</a> (David Pitt) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/representation-medieval/">in medieval philosophy</a> (Henrik Lagerlund) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mereology/">mereology</a> (Achille Varzi) <ul> <li> and location — see <a href="entries/location-mereology/">location and mereology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/mereology-medieval/">medieval</a> (Andrew Arlig) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/meritocracy/">meritocracy</a> (Thomas Mulligan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/merleau-ponty/">Merleau-Ponty, Maurice</a> (Ted Toadvine) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mersenne/">Mersenne, Marin</a> (Philippe Hamou) </li> <li> <a href="entries/metaepistemology/">metaepistemology</a> (J. Adam Carter and Ernest Sosa) </li> <li> <a href="entries/metaethics/">metaethics</a> (Geoff Sayre-McCord) </li> <li> <a href="entries/normativity-metaethics/">metaethics, normativity in</a> (David Copp and Justin Morton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/metaphor/">metaphor</a> (David Hills) </li> <li> <a href="entries/metaphysical-explanation/">metaphysical explanation</a> (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/metaphysics/">metaphysics</a> (Peter van Inwagen, Meghan Sullivan, and Sara Bernstein) </li> <li> metaphysics in the 16th century <ul> <li> Francisco Suárez — see <a href="entries/suarez/">Suárez, Francisco</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/holism-social/">methodological holism in the social sciences</a> (Julie Zahle) </li> <li> Mexico <ul> <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-mexico/">philosophy in</a> (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/microbiology/">microbiology, philosophy of</a> (Maureen A. O’Malley and Emily C. Parke) </li> <li> <a href="entries/harriet-mill/">Mill, Harriet Taylor</a> (Dale E. Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/james-mill/">Mill, James</a> (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mill/">Mill, John Stuart</a> (Christopher Macleod) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/mill-moral-political/">moral and political philosophy</a> (David Brink) </li> </ul></li> <li> mind <ul> <li> <a href="entries/computational-mind/">computational theory of</a> (Michael Rescorla) </li> <li> in Chinese Philosophy — see <a href="entries/chinese-mind/">Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/mind-indian-buddhism/">in Indian Buddhist Philosophy</a> (Christian Coseru) </li> <li> <a href="entries/modularity-mind/">modularity of</a> (Philip Robbins) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mind-identity/">mind/brain identity theory</a> (J. J. C. Smart) </li> <li> <a href="entries/miracles/">miracles</a> (Timothy McGrew and Robert Larmer) </li> <li> modal epistemology — see <a href="entries/modality-epistemology/">modality: epistemology of</a> </li> <li> modality <ul> <li> Descartes and — see <a href="entries/descartes-modal/">Descartes, René: modal metaphysics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/modality-epistemology/">epistemology of</a> (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner) </li> <li> impossible worlds — see <a href="entries/impossible-worlds/">impossible worlds</a> </li> <li> Leibniz and — see <a href="entries/leibniz-modal/">Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/modality-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (Simo Knuuttila) </li> <li> modal fictionalism — see <a href="entries/fictionalism-modal/">fictionalism: modal</a> </li> <li> necessary and sufficient conditions — see <a href="entries/necessary-sufficient/">necessary and sufficient conditions</a> </li> <li> possible objects — see <a href="entries/possible-objects/">possible objects</a> </li> <li> possible worlds — see <a href="entries/possible-worlds/">possible worlds</a> </li> <li> Spinoza and — see <a href="entries/spinoza-modal/">Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/modality-varieties/">varieties of</a> (Boris Kment) </li> </ul></li> <li> modal logic — see <a href="entries/logic-modal/">logic: modal</a> <ul> <li> modern origins — see <a href="entries/logic-modal-origins/">logic, history of: modal logic</a> </li> <li> philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic — see <a href="entries/phil-multimodallogic/">multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/agent-modeling-philscience/">modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based</a> (Dunja &Scaron;e&scaron;elja) </li> <li> <a href="entries/models-science/">models in science</a> (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/model-theory/">model theory</a> (Wilfrid Hodges) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/modeltheory-fo/">first-order</a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/modesty-humility/">modesty and humility</a> (Nicolas Bommarito) </li> <li> Mohism — see <a href="entries/mohism/">Chinese Philosophy: Mohism</a> </li> <li> Mohist Canons — see <a href="entries/mohist-canons/">Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/molecular-biology/">molecular biology</a> (Tudor Baetu, Monika Piotrowska, and James Tabery) </li> <li> <a href="entries/molyneux-problem/">Molyneux’s problem</a> (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li> <li> <a href="entries/money-finance/">money and finance, philosophy of</a> (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O’Neill, and Joakim Sandberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/monism/">monism</a> (Jonathan Schaffer) <ul> <li> anomalous — see <a href="entries/anomalous-monism/">anomalous monism</a> </li> <li> neutral — see <a href="entries/neutral-monism/">neutral monism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/russellian-monism/">Russellian</a> (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/monotheism/">monotheism</a> (William Wainwright) </li> <li> <a href="entries/montaigne/">Montaigne, Michel de</a> (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari) </li> <li> <a href="entries/montesquieu/">Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de</a> (Hilary Bok) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moore/">Moore, George Edward</a> (Tom Baldwin) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moore-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Thomas Hurka) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-conventional/">moral/conventional distinction</a> (Edouard Machery and Stephen Stich) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-anti-realism/">moral anti-realism</a> (Richard Joyce) </li> <li> moral character — see <a href="entries/moral-character/">character, moral</a> </li> <li> moral cognition, psychology of — see <a href="entries/psychology-normative-cognition/">normative cognition, psychology of</a> </li> <li> moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see <a href="entries/moral-cognitivism/">cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-decision-uncertainty/">moral decision-making under uncertainty</a> (Christian Tarsney, Teruji Thomas, and William MacAskill) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-demands-permissions/">moral demands and permissions/prerogatives</a> (Thomas Hurka) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-dilemmas/">moral dilemmas</a> (Terrance McConnell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/disagreement-moral/">moral disagreement</a> (Folke Tersman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-epistemology/">moral epistemology</a> (Richmond Campbell) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moral-epistemology-a-priori/">a priorism in</a> (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks) </li> </ul></li> <li> moral generalism — see <a href="entries/moral-particularism-generalism/">moral particularism: and moral generalism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/intuitionism-ethics/">moral intuitionism</a> (Philip Stratton-Lake) </li> <li> morality <ul> <li> <a href="entries/morality-biology/">and evolutionary biology</a> (William FitzPatrick) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/morality-definition/">morality, definition of</a> (Bernard Gert and Joshua Gert) </li> <li> moral luck — see <a href="entries/moral-luck/">luck: moral</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-motivation/">moral motivation</a> (Connie S. Rosati) </li> <li> moral naturalism — see <a href="entries/naturalism-moral/">naturalism: moral</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-non-naturalism/">moral non-naturalism</a> (Michael Ridge) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-particularism/">moral particularism</a> (Jonathan Dancy) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moral-particularism-generalism/">and moral generalism</a> (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever) </li> </ul></li> <li> moral phenomenology — see <a href="entries/moral-phenomenology/">phenomenology: moral</a> </li> <li> moral psychology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moral-psych-emp/">empirical approaches</a> (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-realism/">moral realism</a> (Geoff Sayre-McCord) </li> <li> moral reasoning — see <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/">reasoning: moral</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-relativism/">moral relativism</a> (Chris Gowans) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-responsibility/">moral responsibility</a> (Matthew Talbert) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moral-responsibility-epistemic/">the epistemic condition</a> (Fernando Rudy-Hiller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/alternative-possibilities/">principle of alternative possibilities</a> (David Robb) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-sentimentalism/">moral sentimentalism</a> (Antti Kauppinen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-moral/">moral skepticism</a> (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) </li> <li> moral status <ul> <li> of animals — see <a href="entries/moral-animal/">animals, moral status of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/grounds-moral-status/">moral status, grounds of</a> (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum) </li> <li> <a href="entries/moral-theory/">moral theory</a> (Julia Driver) </li> <li> <a href="entries/henry-more/">More, Henry</a> (John Henry) </li> <li> <a href="entries/thomas-more/">More, Thomas</a> (Gerard B. Wegemer) </li> <li> motivation <ul> <li> moral — see <a href="entries/moral-motivation/">moral motivation</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/mulla-sadra/">Mulla Sadra</a> (Sajjad Rizvi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/phil-multimodallogic/">multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of</a> (Sonja Smets and Fernando Velázquez-Quesada) </li> <li> <a href="entries/multiculturalism/">multiculturalism</a> (Sarah Song) </li> <li> <a href="entries/multiple-realizability/">multiple realizability</a> (John Bickle) </li> <li> <a href="entries/murdoch/">Murdoch, Iris</a> (Lawrence Blum) </li> <li> music <ul> <li> <a href="entries/hist-westphilmusic-to-1800/">history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800</a> (Matteo Ravasio) </li> <li> <a href="entries/hist-westphilmusic-since-1800/">history of western philosophy of, since 1800</a> (Matteo Ravasio) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/music/">music, philosophy of</a> (Andrew Kania) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mysticism/">mysticism</a> (Richard Jones and Jerome Gellman) </li> <li> myths, Plato’s — see <a href="entries/plato-myths/">Plato: myths</a> </li> </ul> <a id="n"></a> <hr /> <h2>N <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/nagarjuna/">Nāgārjuna</a> (Jan Christoph Westerhoff) </li> <li> <a href="entries/names/">names</a> (Sam Cumming) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nationalism/">nationalism</a> (Nenad Miscevic) </li> <li> Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School — see <a href="entries/kokugaku-school/">Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/natorp/">Natorp, Paul</a> (Alan Kim) </li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-deduction/">natural deduction systems in logic</a> (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/naturalism/">naturalism</a> (David Papineau) <ul> <li> in epistemology — see <a href="entries/epistemology-naturalized/">epistemology: naturalism in</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/lawphil-naturalism/">in legal philosophy</a> (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy) </li> <li> in the philosophy of mathematics — see <a href="entries/naturalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/naturalism-moral/">moral</a> (Matthew Lutz) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-kinds/">natural kinds</a> (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin) </li> <li> natural language ontology — see <a href="entries/natural-language-ontology/">ontology, natural language</a> </li> <li> natural law <ul> <li> tradition in ethics — see <a href="entries/natural-law-ethics/">ethics: natural law tradition</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> natural philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/natphil-ren/">in the Renaissance</a> (Eva Del Soldato) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-selection/">natural selection</a> (Peter Gildenhuys) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/selection-units/">units and levels of</a> (Elisabeth Lloyd) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/lawphil-nature/">nature of law</a> (Andrei Marmor and Alexander Sarch) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/law-interpretivist/">interpretivist theories</a> (Nicos Stavropoulos) </li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-positivism/">legal positivism</a> (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams) </li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-law-theories/">natural law theories</a> (John Finnis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/lawphil-theory/">pure theory of law</a> (Andrei Marmor) </li> </ul></li> <li> Navya-Nyāya — see <a href="entries/early-modern-india/">Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/necessary-sufficient/">necessary and sufficient conditions</a> (Andrew Brennan) </li> <li> necessary beings <ul> <li> and God — see <a href="entries/god-necessary-being/">God: and other necessary beings</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/needs/">needs, in moral and political philosophy</a> (Gillian Brock and David Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/negation/">negation</a> (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing) </li> <li> <a href="entries/negritude/">Négritude</a> (Souleymane Bachir Diagne) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neo-daoism/">Neo-Daoism</a> (Alan Chan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neo-kantianism/">neo-Kantianism</a> (Jeremy Heis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neoliberalism/">neoliberalism</a> (Kevin Vallier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neoplatonism/">Neoplatonism</a> (Christian Wildberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neurath/">Neurath, Otto</a> (Jordi Cat) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neuroethics/">neuroethics</a> (Adina Roskies) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neuroscience/">neuroscience, philosophy of</a> (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/neutral-monism/">neutral monism</a> (Leopold Stubenberg and Donovan Wishon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/newton/">Newton, Isaac</a> (George Smith) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/newton-principia/">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> (George Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/newton-philosophy/">philosophy</a> (Andrew Janiak) </li> <li> <a href="entries/newton-stm/">views on space, time, and motion</a> (Robert Rynasiewicz) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/autrecourt/">Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort]</a> (Hans Thijssen) </li> <li> Nicolas of Cusa — see <a href="entries/cusanus/">Cusanus, Nicolaus</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/nietzsche/">Nietzsche, Friedrich</a> (R. Lanier Anderson) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/nietzsche-life-works/">life and works</a> (Robert Wicks) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nietzsche-moral-political/">moral and political philosophy</a> (Brian Leiter) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/nishida-kitaro/">Nishida Kitarō</a> (John C. Maraldo) </li> <li> noema — see <a href="entries/husserl/">Husserl, Edmund</a> </li> <li> nominalism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/nominalism-metaphysics/">in metaphysics</a> (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) </li> <li> in the philosophy of mathematics — see <a href="entries/nominalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> non-naturalism, moral — see <a href="entries/moral-non-naturalism/">moral non-naturalism</a> </li> <li> nonconceptual content — see <a href="entries/content-nonconceptual/">mental content: nonconceptual</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/nonexistent-objects/">nonexistent objects</a> (Maria Reicher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nonidentity-problem/">nonidentity problem</a> (M. A. Roberts) </li> <li> normal form games <ul> <li> logics for analyzing power in — see <a href="entries/logic-power-games/">logic: for analyzing power in normal form games</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/psychology-normative-cognition/">normative cognition, psychology of</a> (Daniel Kelly and Stephen Setman) </li> <li> normativity <ul> <li> logic — see <a href="entries/logic-normative/">logic, normative status of</a> </li> <li> meaning — see <a href="entries/meaning-normativity/">meaning: normativity of</a> </li> <li> metaethics — see <a href="entries/normativity-metaethics/">metaethics, normativity in</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> norms of cooperation — see <a href="entries/social-norms/">social norms</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/john-norris/">Norris, John</a> (June Yang) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nothingness/">nothingness</a> (Roy Sorensen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/novalis/">Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg]</a> (Kristin Gjesdal) </li> <li> Nozick, Robert <ul> <li> <a href="entries/nozick-political/">political philosophy</a> (Eric Mack) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/numenius/">Numenius</a> (George Karamanolis) </li> </ul> <a id="o"></a> <hr /> <h2>O <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/oakeshott/">Oakeshott, Michael</a> (Terry Nardin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/object/">object</a> (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey) </li> <li> objectivity <ul> <li> scientific — see <a href="entries/scientific-objectivity/">scientific objectivity</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> obligation <ul> <li> legal — see <a href="entries/legal-obligation/">legal obligation and authority</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/obligationes/">obligationes, medieval theories of</a> (Mikko Yrjönsuuri) </li> <li> obligations <ul> <li> <a href="entries/special-obligations/">special</a> (Diane Jeske) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/self-obligations/">obligations to oneself</a> (Daniel Muñoz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/occasionalism/">occasionalism</a> (Sukjae Lee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ockham/">Ockham [Occam], William</a> (Paul Vincent Spade, Claude Panaccio, and Jenny Pelletier) </li> <li> <a href="entries/olivi/">Olivi, Peter John</a> (Robert Pasnau and Juhana Toivanen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/olympiodorus/">Olympiodorus</a> (Christian Wildberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/omnipotence/">omnipotence</a> (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/omnipresence/">omnipresence</a> (Edward Wierenga) </li> <li> <a href="entries/omniscience/">omniscience</a> (Edward Wierenga) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ontological-arguments/">ontological arguments</a> (Graham Oppy, Joshua Rasmussen, and Joseph Schmid) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ontological-commitment/">ontological commitment</a> (Phillip Bricker) </li> <li> ontological dependence — see <a href="entries/dependence-ontological/">dependence, ontological</a> </li> <li> ontology <ul> <li> social — see <a href="entries/social-ontology/">social ontology</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-language-ontology/">ontology, natural language</a> (Friederike Moltmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/art-ontology-history/">ontology of art, history of</a> (Paisley Livingston) </li> <li> <a href="entries/operationalism/">operationalism</a> (Hasok Chang) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ordinary-objects/">ordinary objects</a> (Daniel Z. Korman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nicole-oresme/">Oresme, Nicole</a> (Stefan Kirschner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/origen/">Origen</a> (Mark J. Edwards) </li> <li> <a href="entries/original-position/">original position</a> (Samuel Freeman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/gasset/">Ortega y Gasset, José</a> (Oliver Holmes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/other-minds/">other minds</a> (Anita Avramides) </li> <li> ownership, property and — see <a href="entries/property/">property and ownership</a> </li> </ul> <a id="p"></a> <hr /> <h2>P <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/pacifism/">pacifism</a> (Andrew Fiala) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pain/">pain</a> (Murat Aydede) </li> <li> <a href="entries/paine/">Paine, Thomas</a> (Mark Philp) </li> <li> <a href="entries/panentheism/">panentheism</a> (John Culp) </li> <li> <a href="entries/panpsychism/">panpsychism</a> (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pantheism/">pantheism</a> (William Mander) </li> <li> paradox <ul> <li> Curry’s — see <a href="entries/curry-paradox/">Curry’s paradox</a> </li> <li> Fitch’s paradox of knowability — see <a href="entries/fitch-paradox/">Fitch’s paradox of knowability</a> </li> <li> of the liar — see <a href="entries/liar-paradox/">liar paradox</a> </li> <li> Russell’s paradox — see <a href="entries/russell-paradox/">Russell’s paradox</a> </li> <li> Simpson’s paradox — see <a href="entries/paradox-simpson/">Simpson’s paradox</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/paradox-skolem/">Skolem’s</a> (Timothy Bays) </li> <li> St. Petersburg paradox — see <a href="entries/paradox-stpetersburg/">St. Petersburg paradox</a> </li> <li> of suspense — see <a href="entries/paradox-suspense/">suspense, paradox of</a> </li> <li> Zeno’s paradoxes — see <a href="entries/paradox-zeno/">Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/paradoxes-contemporary-logic/">and contemporary logic</a> (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni) </li> <li> epistemic — see <a href="entries/epistemic-paradoxes/">epistemic paradoxes</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/parenthood/">parenthood and procreation</a> (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum) </li> <li> <a href="entries/parmenides/">Parmenides</a> (John Palmer) </li> <li> part/whole — see <a href="entries/mereology/">mereology</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/pascal/">Pascal, Blaise</a> (Desmond Clarke and William Wood) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pascal-wager/">Pascal’s wager</a> (Alan Hájek) </li> <li> <a href="entries/paternalism/">paternalism</a> (Gerald Dworkin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/patriotism/">patriotism</a> (Igor Primoratz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/patrizi/">Patrizi, Francesco</a> (Fred Purnell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/paul-venice/">Paul of Venice</a> (Alessandro Conti) </li> <li> <a href="entries/peirce-benjamin/">Peirce, Benjamin</a> (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh) </li> <li> <a href="entries/peirce/">Peirce, Charles Sanders</a> (Robert Burch) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/peirce-logic/">logic</a> (Sun-Joo Shin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/peirce-semiotics/">theory of signs</a> (Albert Atkin) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/penbygull/">Penbygull, William</a> (Alessandro Conti) </li> <li> perception <ul> <li> action-based theories — see <a href="entries/action-perception/">action-based theories of perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-auditory/">auditory</a> (Casey O’Callaghan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-contents/">the contents of</a> (Susanna Siegel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-disjunctive/">the disjunctive theory of</a> (Matthew Soteriou) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-episprob/">epistemological problems of</a> (Jack Lyons) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-justification/">experience and justification</a> (Nicholas Silins) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perception-problem/">the problem of</a> (Tim Crane and Craig French) </li> </ul></li> <li> perceptual learning — see <a href="entries/perceptual-learning/">learning, perceptual</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/gomez-pereira/">Pereira, Gómez</a> (José Manuel García Valverde) </li> <li> <a href="entries/perfectionism-moral/">perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy</a> (Steven Wall) </li> <li> persistence — see <a href="entries/temporal-parts/">temporal parts</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/identity-personal/">personal identity</a> (Eric T. Olson) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/identity-ethics/">and ethics</a> (David Shoemaker) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/personalism/">personalism</a> (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/personal-relationship-goods/">personal relationship goods</a> (Anca Gheaus) </li> <li> personhood <ul> <li> in classical Indian Philosophy — see <a href="entries/personhood-india/">Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> persons — see <a href="entries/identity-personal/">personal identity</a> </li> <li> persons, treating as means — see <a href="entries/persons-means/">treating persons as means</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/peter-spain/">Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus]</a> (Joke Spruyt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/joane-petrizi/">Petrizi, Joane</a> (Tengiz Iremadze) </li> <li> phenomenal intentionality — see <a href="entries/phenomenal-intentionality/">intentionality: phenomenal</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/phenomenology/">phenomenology</a> (David Woodruff Smith) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/moral-phenomenology/">moral</a> (John Drummond and Mark Timmons) </li> <li> <a href="entries/phenomenology-mg/">of the Munich and Göttingen Circles</a> (Alessandro Salice) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/philanthropy/">philanthropy</a> (Theodore M. Lechterman, Emma Saunders-Hastings, and Rob Reich) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philip-chancellor/">Philip the Chancellor</a> (Colleen McCluskey and Anthony Celano) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philodemus/">Philodemus</a> (David Blank) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philolaus/">Philolaus</a> (Carl Huffman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philo/">Philo of Alexandria</a> (Carlos Lévy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philo-larissa/">Philo of Larissa</a> (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philoponus/">Philoponus</a> (Christian Wildberg) </li> <li> philosophy of biology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/phil-bio-latin-america/">in Latin America</a> (Pablo Lorenzano) </li> </ul></li> <li> philosophy of science <ul> <li> <a href="entries/phil-science-latin-america/">in Latin America</a> (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz) </li> </ul></li> <li> Philo the Dialectician — see <a href="entries/dialectical-school/">Dialectical School</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/phylogenetic-inference/">phylogenetic inference</a> (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco) </li> <li> <a href="entries/physicalism/">physicalism</a> (Daniel Stoljar) </li> <li> physics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/physics-experiment/">experiment in</a> (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic) </li> <li> <a href="entries/physics-holism/">holism and nonseparability</a> (Richard Healey and Henrique Gomes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/physics-interrelate/">intertheory relations in</a> (Patricia Palacios) </li> <li> quantum field theory — see <a href="entries/quantum-field-theory/">quantum theory: quantum field theory</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/physics-structuralism/">structuralism in</a> (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/symmetry-breaking/">symmetry and symmetry breaking</a> (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh) </li> </ul></li> <li> physis and nomos — see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/pico-della-mirandola/">Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni</a> (Brian Copenhaver) </li> <li> pineal gland — see <a href="entries/pineal-gland/">Descartes, René: and the pineal gland</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato/">Plato</a> (Richard Kraut) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/plato-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Nickolas Pappas) </li> <li> <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/">Callicles and Thrasymachus</a> (Rachel Barney) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-cratylus/">Cratylus</a> (David Meißner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-ethics/">ethics</a> (Dorothea Frede and Mi-Kyoung Lee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-ethics-politics/">ethics and politics in The Republic</a> (Eric Brown) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-friendship/">friendship and eros</a> (C. D. C. Reeve) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-sophstate/">method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman</a> (Mary-Louise Gill) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-metaphysics/">middle period metaphysics and epistemology</a> (Allan Silverman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-myths/">myths</a> (Catalin Partenie) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-theaetetus/">on knowledge in the Theaetetus</a> (Sophie-Grace Chappell) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-utopia/">on utopia</a> (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-parmenides/">Parmenides</a> (Samuel Rickless) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-rhetoric/">rhetoric and poetry</a> (Charles L. Griswold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-ethics-shorter/">shorter ethical works</a> (Paul Woodruff) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plato-timaeus/">Timaeus</a> (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler) </li> </ul></li> <li> Platonism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/platonism/">in metaphysics</a> (Mark Balaguer) </li> <li> in the philosophy of mathematics — see <a href="entries/platonism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/pleasure/">pleasure</a> (Leonard D. Katz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plotinus/">Plotinus</a> (Paul Kalligas) </li> <li> pluralism <ul> <li> religious — see <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/">religious diversity</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> plurality of forms — see <a href="entries/binarium/">binarium famosissimum</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/plural-quant/">plural quantification</a> (Øystein Linnebo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/plutarch/">Plutarch</a> (George Karamanolis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/poincare/">Poincaré, Henri</a> (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump) </li> <li> Polgar, Isaac — see <a href="entries/polqar/">Polqar, Isaac</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/political-obligation/">political obligation</a> (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz) </li> <li> political philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/ancient-political/">ancient</a> (Melissa Lane) </li> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-political/">medieval</a> (John Kilcullen and Jonathan Robinson) </li> </ul></li> <li> political realism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/realism-intl-relations/">in international relations</a> (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) </li> </ul></li> <li> political theory and religion — see <a href="entries/religion-politics/">religion: and political theory</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/polqar/">Polqar, Isaac</a> (Racheli Haliva) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pomponazzi/">Pomponazzi, Pietro</a> (Craig Martin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/popper/">Popper, Karl</a> (Stephen Thornton) </li> <li> population genetics — see <a href="entries/population-genetics/">genetics: population</a> </li> <li> pornography <ul> <li> <a href="entries/pornography-censorship/">and censorship</a> (Caroline West) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/porphyry/">Porphyry</a> (Eyjólfur Emilsson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/della-porta/">Porta, Giambattista della</a> (Sergius Kodera) </li> <li> <a href="entries/port-royal-logic/">Port Royal Logic</a> (Alan Nelson and Jill Buroker) </li> <li> <a href="entries/possibilism-actualism/">possibilism-actualism debate</a> (Christopher Menzel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/possible-objects/">possible objects</a> (Takashi Yagisawa) </li> <li> <a href="entries/possible-worlds/">possible worlds</a> (Christopher Menzel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/postmodernism/">postmodernism</a> (Gary Aylesworth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/francois-barre/">Poulain de la Barre, François</a> (Martina Reuter) </li> <li> poverty of the stimulus argument — see <a href="entries/innateness-language/">innateness: and language</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/practical-reason/">practical reason</a> (R. Jay Wallace and Benjamin Kiesewetter) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/practical-reason-med/">medieval theories of</a> (Anthony Celano) </li> <li> <a href="entries/practical-reason-action/">and the structure of actions</a> (Elijah Millgram) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/pragmatic-belief-god/">pragmatic arguments and belief in God</a> (Jeff Jordan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pragmatics/">pragmatics</a> (Kepa Korta and John Perry) <ul> <li> defaults in — see <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/">defaults in semantics and pragmatics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/pragmatism/">pragmatism</a> (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway) </li> <li> prayer <ul> <li> <a href="entries/petitionary-prayer/">petitionary</a> (Scott A. Davison) </li> </ul></li> <li> predicate calculus — see <a href="entries/logic-classical/">logic: classical</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/prediction-accommodation/">prediction versus accommodation</a> (Eric Christian Barnes) </li> <li> predictivism — see <a href="entries/prediction-accommodation/">prediction versus accommodation</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/preferences/">preferences</a> (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-pregnancy/">pregnancy, birth, and medicine</a> (Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne) </li> <li> prenatal testing and screening — see <a href="entries/eugenics/">eugenics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/presentism/">presentism</a> (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant) </li> <li> <a href="entries/presocratics/">Presocratic Philosophy</a> (Patricia Curd) </li> <li> <a href="entries/presupposition/">presupposition</a> (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger) </li> <li> <a href="entries/price/">Price, Henry Habberley</a> (Arthur Schipper and Paul Snowdon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/richard-price/">Price, Richard</a> (David McNaughton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/prichard/">Prichard, Harold Arthur</a> (Jonathan Dancy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qualities-prim-sec/">primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy</a> (Martha Bolton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/principia-mathematica/">Principia Mathematica</a> (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/pm-notation/">notation in</a> (Bernard Linsky) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/sufficient-reason/">principle of sufficient reason</a> (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/prior/">Prior, Arthur</a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li> <li> <a href="entries/prisoner-dilemma/">prisoner’s dilemma</a> (Steven Kuhn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/privacy/">privacy</a> (Beate Roessler and Judith DeCew) <ul> <li> and information technology — see <a href="entries/it-privacy/">information technology: and privacy</a> </li> <li> and medicine — see <a href="entries/privacy-medicine/">ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/private-language/">private language</a> (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/imprecise-probabilities/">probabilities, imprecise</a> (Seamus Bradley) </li> <li> probabilities, indeterminate — see <a href="entries/imprecise-probabilities/">probabilities, imprecise</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/probability-medieval-renaissance/">probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy</a> (Rudolf Schuessler) </li> <li> <a href="entries/probability-interpret/">probability, interpretations of</a> (Alan Hájek) </li> <li> probability and logic — see <a href="entries/logic-probability/">logic: and probability</a> </li> <li> procedural fairness — see <a href="entries/rule-of-law/">rule of law and procedural fairness</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/process-philosophy/">process philosophy</a> (Johanna Seibt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/process-theism/">process theism</a> (Donald Viney) </li> <li> <a href="entries/proclus/">Proclus</a> (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel) </li> <li> procreation — see <a href="entries/parenthood/">parenthood and procreation</a> </li> <li> Prodicus — see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/progress/">progress</a> (Agnes Tam and Margaret Meek Lange) </li> <li> <a href="entries/promises/">promises</a> (Allen Habib) </li> <li> <a href="entries/proof-theory/">proof theory</a> (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/proof-theory-development/">development of</a> (Jan von Plato) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/properties/">properties</a> (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti) <ul> <li> emergent — see <a href="entries/properties-emergent/">emergent properties</a> </li> <li> essential vs. accidental — see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-properties/">natural</a> (Cian Dorr) </li> </ul></li> <li> property <ul> <li> <a href="entries/intellectual-property/">intellectual</a> (Adam Moore and Ken Himma) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/property/">property and ownership</a> (Jeremy Waldron) </li> <li> <a href="entries/prophecy/">prophecy</a> (Scott A. Davison) </li> <li> <a href="entries/prop-attitude-reports/">propositional attitude reports</a> (Michael Nelson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/propositional-function/">propositional function</a> (Edwin Mares) </li> <li> propositional logic — see <a href="entries/logic-propositional/">logic: propositional</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/propositions/">propositions</a> (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/propositions-singular/">singular</a> (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/propositions-structured/">structured</a> (Jeffrey C. King) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/protagoras/">Protagoras</a> (Mauro Bonazzi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/providence-divine/">providence, divine</a> (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a> (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington) </li> <li> pseudo-science, science and — see <a href="entries/pseudo-science/">science: and pseudo-science</a> </li> <li> psyche — see <a href="entries/ancient-soul/">soul, ancient theories of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/psychiatry/">psychiatry, philosophy of</a> (Dominic Murphy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/psychologism/">psychologism</a> (Martin Kusch) </li> <li> psychology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/evolutionary-psychology/">evolutionary</a> (Stephen M. Downes) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/public-goods/">public goods</a> (Julian Reiss) </li> <li> public health <ul> <li> <a href="entries/publichealth-ethics/">ethics</a> (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/publicity/">publicity</a> (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr) </li> <li> <a href="entries/public-reason/">public reason</a> (Jonathan Quong) </li> <li> Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von <ul> <li> <a href="entries/pufendorf-moral/">moral and political philosophy</a> (Michael Seidler) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/legal-punishment/">punishment, legal</a> (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pyrrho/">Pyrrho</a> (Richard Bett) </li> <li> Pyrrhonism — see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">skepticism: ancient</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/pythagoras/">Pythagoras</a> (Carl Huffman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/pythagoreanism/">Pythagoreanism</a> (Carl Huffman) </li> </ul> <a id="q"></a> <hr /> <h2>Q <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> Qing philosophy — see <a href="entries/qing-philosophy/">Chinese Philosophy: Qing philosophy</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/qualia/">qualia</a> (Michael Tye) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/qualia-inverted/">inverted</a> (Alex Byrne) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qualia-knowledge/">knowledge argument</a> (Martine Nida-Rümelin and Donnchadh O Conaill) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/quantification/">quantifiers and quantification</a> (Gabriel Uzquiano) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm/">quantum mechanics</a> (Jenann Ismael) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/qm-action-distance/">action at a distance in</a> (Joseph Berkovitz) </li> <li> Bell’s Theorem — see <a href="entries/bell-theorem/">Bell’s Theorem</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-bohm/">Bohmian mechanics</a> (Sheldon Goldstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-collapse/">collapse theories</a> (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-consistent-histories/">consistent histories approach</a> (Robert B. Griffiths) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-copenhagen/">Copenhagen interpretation of</a> (Jan Faye) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-everett/">Everettian</a> (Jeffrey Barrett) </li> <li> <a href="entries/kochen-specker/">Kochen-Specker theorem</a> (Carsten Held) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-manyworlds/">many-worlds interpretation of</a> (Lev Vaidman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-modal/">modal interpretations of</a> (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-relational/">relational</a> (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-retrocausality/">retrocausality</a> (Simon Friederich and Peter W. Evans) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qm-decoherence/">the role of decoherence in</a> (Guido Bacciagaluppi) </li> </ul></li> <li> quantum theory <ul> <li> <a href="entries/quantum-bayesian/">Bayesian and pragmatist views</a> (Richard Healey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-consciousness/">and consciousness</a> (Harald Atmanspacher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-epr/">the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in</a> (Arthur Fine) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-idind/">identity and individuality in</a> (Steven French and Tomasz Bigaj) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-nvd/">and mathematical rigor</a> (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher) </li> <li> the measurement problem — see <a href="entries/qt-issues/">quantum theory: philosophical issues in</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-issues/">philosophical issues in</a> (Wayne Myrvold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-quantcomp/">quantum computing</a> (Michael Cuffaro and Amit Hagar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-entangle/">quantum entanglement and information</a> (Jeffrey Bub) </li> <li> <a href="entries/quantum-field-theory/">quantum field theory</a> (Meinard Kuhlmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/quantum-gravity/">quantum gravity</a> (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-quantlog/">quantum logic and probability theory</a> (Alexander Wilce) </li> <li> uncertainty principle in — see <a href="entries/qt-uncertainty/">Uncertainty Principle</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/questions/">questions</a> (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/quine/">Quine, Willard Van Orman</a> (Peter Hylton and Gary Kemp) <ul> <li> indispensability argument — see <a href="entries/mathphil-indis/">mathematics, philosophy of: indispensability arguments in the</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/quine-nf/">New Foundations</a> (Thomas Forster) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/quotation/">quotation</a> (Herman Cappelen, Ernest Lepore, and Matthew McKeever) </li> </ul> <a id="r"></a> <hr /> <h2>R <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/race/">race</a> (Michael James and Adam Burgos) <ul> <li> critical philosophy of — see <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/">critical philosophy of race</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/radulphus-brito/">Radulphus Brito</a> (Ana María Mora-Márquez and Iacopo Costa) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ramsey/">Ramsey, Frank</a> (Fraser MacBride, Mathieu Marion, María José Frápolli, Dorothy Edgington, Edward Elliott, Sebastian Lutz, and Jeffrey Paris) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/ramsey-economics/">and intergenerational welfare economics</a> (Partha Dasgupta) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/ramus/">Ramus, Petrus</a> (Erland Sellberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ayn-rand/">Rand, Ayn</a> (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long) </li> <li> randomness <ul> <li> versus chance — see <a href="entries/chance-randomness/">chance: versus randomness</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> rational choice, normative <ul> <li> <a href="entries/rationality-normative-utility/">expected utility</a> (R. A. Briggs) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rationality-normative-nonutility/">rivals to expected utility</a> (Lara Buchak) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/rationalism-empiricism/">rationalism vs. empiricism</a> (Peter Markie and M. Folescu) </li> <li> rationality <ul> <li> Bayesian — see <a href="entries/epistemology-bayesian/">epistemology: Bayesian</a> </li> <li> bounded — see <a href="entries/bounded-rationality/">bounded rationality</a> </li> <li> epistemic foundations of game theory — see <a href="entries/epistemic-game/">game theory: epistemic foundations of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/rationality-historicist/">historicist theories of</a> (Thomas Nickles) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rationality-instrumental/">instrumental</a> (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rationality-structural/">structural</a> (Benjamin Kiesewetter and Alex Worsnip) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/rawls/">Rawls, John</a> (Leif Wenar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/realism/">realism</a> (Alexander Miller) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/realism-sem-challenge/">challenges to metaphysical</a> (Drew Khlentzos) </li> <li> moral — see <a href="entries/moral-realism/">moral realism</a> </li> <li> political, in international relations — see <a href="entries/realism-intl-relations/">political realism: in international relations</a> </li> <li> scientific — see <a href="entries/scientific-realism/">scientific realism</a> </li> <li> structural — see <a href="entries/structural-realism/">structural realism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/realism-theory-change/">and theory change in science</a> (Stathis Psillos) </li> </ul></li> <li> reason and religious commitment — see <a href="entries/religious-commitment-reason/">religious commitment and reason</a> </li> <li> reasoning <ul> <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/">automated</a> (Frederic Portoraro) </li> <li> by analogy — see <a href="entries/reasoning-analogy/">analogy and analogical reasoning</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-defeasible/">defeasible</a> (Robert Koons) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/">moral</a> (Henry S. Richardson) </li> </ul></li> <li> reasons for action <ul> <li> <a href="entries/reasons-agent/">agent-neutral vs. agent-relative</a> (Michael Ridge) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reasons-internal-external/">internal vs. external</a> (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reasons-just-vs-expl/">justification, motivation, explanation</a> (Maria Alvarez and Jonathan Way) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/recognition/">recognition</a> (Mattias Iser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reconciliation/">reconciliation</a> (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy) </li> <li> recursion — see <a href="#" onclick="return false;">recursion</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/recursive-functions/">recursive functions</a> (Walter Dean and Alberto Naibo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/redistribution/">redistribution</a> (Christian Barry) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-reduction/">reduction, scientific</a> (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/reduction-biology/">in biology</a> (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) </li> <li> in physics — see <a href="entries/physics-interrelate/">physics: intertheory relations in</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/reference/">reference</a> (Eliot Michaelson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reflective-equilibrium/">reflective equilibrium</a> (Carl Knight) </li> <li> <a href="entries/henricus-regius/">Regius, Henricus</a> (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos) </li> <li> <a href="entries/august-rehberg/">Rehberg, August Wilhelm</a> (Frederick C. Beiser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reichenbach/">Reichenbach, Hans</a> (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/physics-Rpcc/">common cause principle</a> (Christopher Hitchcock and Miklós Rédei) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/reid/">Reid, Thomas</a> (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/reid-ethics/">ethics</a> (Terence Cuneo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reid-memory-identity/">on memory and personal identity</a> (Rebecca Copenhaver) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/reinach/">Reinach, Adolf</a> (Alessandro Salice, James DuBois, and Barry Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/karl-reinhold/">Reinhold, Karl Leonhard</a> (Dan Breazeale and John Walsh) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reism/">reism</a> (Jan Woleński) </li> <li> <a href="entries/relations/">relations</a> (Fraser MacBride) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/relations-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (Jeffrey Brower) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/relativism/">relativism</a> (Maria Baghramian and J. Adam Carter) <ul> <li> moral — see <a href="entries/moral-relativism/">moral relativism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/reliabilism/">reliabilist epistemology</a> (Alvin Goldman and Bob Beddor) </li> <li> religion <ul> <li> <a href="entries/concept-religion/">concept of</a> (Kevin Schilbrack) </li> <li> <a href="entries/religion-epistemology/">epistemology of</a> (Peter Forrest) </li> <li> feminist philosophy of — see <a href="entries/feminist-religion/">feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of religion</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/religion-morality/">and morality in western philosophy</a> (John Hare and Jennifer Herdt) </li> <li> natural — see <a href="entries/natural-theology/">theology, natural and natural religion</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/phenomenology-religion/">phenomenology of</a> (Mark Wynn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-religion/">philosophy of</a> (Charles Taliaferro) </li> <li> <a href="entries/religion-politics/">and political theory</a> (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/religion-science/">and science</a> (Helen De Cruz) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/religious-commitment-reason/">religious commitment and reason</a> (J. L. Schellenberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/">religious diversity</a> (David Basinger) </li> <li> <a href="entries/religious-experience/">religious experience</a> (Mark Webb) </li> <li> <a href="entries/religious-language/">religious language</a> (Michael Scott) </li> <li> <a href="entries/black-reparations/">reparations, Black</a> (Bernard Boxill and J. Angelo Corlett) </li> <li> <a href="entries/replication/">replication and reproduction</a> (John S. Wilkins and Pierrick Bourrat) </li> <li> <a href="entries/political-representation/">representation, political</a> (Suzanne Dovi) </li> <li> representation, scientific — see <a href="entries/scientific-representation/">scientific representation</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-reproducibility/">reproducibility, scientific</a> (Fiona Fidler and John Wilcox) </li> <li> <a href="entries/republicanism/">republicanism</a> (Frank Lovett) </li> <li> <a href="entries/repugnant-conclusion/">repugnant conclusion, the</a> (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö) </li> <li> resistance, imaginative — see <a href="entries/imaginative-resistance/">imaginative resistance</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/respect/">respect</a> (Robin S. Dillon) </li> <li> responsibility <ul> <li> <a href="entries/collective-responsibility/">collective</a> (Marion Smiley) </li> </ul></li> <li> retributive justice — see <a href="entries/justice-retributive/">justice: retributive</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/divine-revelation/">revelation, divine</a> (Mats Wahlberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/reverse-mathematics/">reverse mathematics</a> (Benedict Eastaugh) </li> <li> <a href="entries/revolution/">revolution</a> (Allen Buchanan and Alexander Motchoulski) </li> <li> <a href="entries/richard-sophister/">Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum]</a> (Paul Streveler) </li> <li> <a href="entries/heinrich-rickert/">Rickert, Heinrich</a> (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ricoeur/">Ricoeur, Paul</a> (David Pellauer and Bernard Dauenhauer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rights/">rights</a> (Leif Wenar) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/rights-children/">of children</a> (David William Archard) </li> <li> civil — see <a href="entries/civil-rights/">civil rights</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/rights-group/">group</a> (Peter Jones) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rights-human/">human</a> (James Nickel and Adam Etinson) </li> <li> legal — see <a href="entries/legal-rights/">legal rights</a> </li> <li> territorial — see <a href="entries/territorial-rights/">territorial rights and justice</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/rigid-designators/">rigid designators</a> (Joseph LaPorte) </li> <li> <a href="entries/risk/">risk</a> (Sven Ove Hansson) </li> <li> robotics <ul> <li> ethics of — see <a href="entries/ethics-ai/">artificial intelligence: ethics of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> role obligations — see <a href="entries/special-obligations/">obligations: special</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/rorty/">Rorty, Richard</a> (Bjørn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rosenstock-huessy/">Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen</a> (Wayne Cristaudo) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rosenzweig/">Rosenzweig, Franz</a> (Benjamin Pollock) </li> <li> <a href="entries/antonio-rosmini/">Rosmini, Antonio</a> (Denis Cleary) </li> <li> <a href="entries/william-david-ross/">Ross, William David</a> (Anthony Skelton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/rousseau/">Rousseau, Jean Jacques</a> (Christopher Bertram) </li> <li> Routley [Sylvan], Richard — see <a href="entries/sylvan-routley/">Sylvan, Richard</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/royce/">Royce, Josiah</a> (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt) </li> <li> Rufus, Richard — see <a href="entries/richard-sophister/">Richard the Sophister</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/rule-following/">rule-following and intentionality</a> (Alexander Miller and Olivia Sultanescu) </li> <li> rule consequentialism — see <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/">consequentialism: rule</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/rule-of-law/">rule of law and procedural fairness</a> (Jeremy Waldron) </li> <li> <a href="entries/russell/">Russell, Bertrand</a> (Andrew David Irvine) <ul> <li> logical atomism — see <a href="entries/logical-atomism/">logical atomism: Russell’s</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/russell-moral/">moral philosophy</a> (Charles Pigden) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/russell-paradox/">Russell’s paradox</a> (Andrew David Irvine and Harry Deutsch) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ryle/">Ryle, Gilbert</a> (Julia Tanney) </li> </ul> <a id="s"></a> <hr /> <h2>S <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/saadya/">Saadya [Saadiah]</a> (Sarah Pessin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/saantarak-sita/">Śāntarakṣita</a> (James Blumenthal and James Apple) </li> <li> <a href="entries/shantideva/">Śāntideva</a> (Charles Goodman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sakya-pandita/">Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta]</a> (Jonathan C. Gold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/organs-sale/">sale of human organs</a> (Stephen Wilkinson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wesley-salmon/">Salmon, Wesley</a> (Maria Carla Galavotti) </li> <li> <a href="entries/francisco-sanches/">Sanches, Francisco</a> (Rolando Pérez) </li> <li> <a href="entries/shankara/">Śaṅkara</a> (Neil Dalal) </li> <li> <a href="entries/santayana/">Santayana, George</a> (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sartre/">Sartre, Jean-Paul</a> (Jack Reynolds and Pierre-Jean Renaudie) </li> <li> scepticism — see <a href="entries/skepticism/">skepticism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/scheler/">Scheler, Max</a> (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schelling/">Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von</a> (Andrew Bowie) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schema/">schema</a> (John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schiller/">Schiller, Friedrich</a> (Lydia L. Moland) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schlegel-aw/">Schlegel, August Wilhelm von</a> (Katia D. Hay) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schlegel/">Schlegel, Friedrich</a> (Allen Speight) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schleiermacher/">Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst</a> (Michael Forster) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schlick/">Schlick, Moritz</a> (Thomas Oberdan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schmitt/">Schmitt, Carl</a> (Lars Vinx) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scholem/">Scholem, Gershom</a> (Shaul Magid) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scholz/">Scholz, Heinrich</a> (Volker Peckhaus) </li> <li> <a href="entries/school-names/">School of Names</a> (Chris Fraser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/school-salamanca/">School of Salamanca</a> (Thomas Izbicki and Matthias Kaufmann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/schopenhauer/">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (Robert Wicks) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Sandra Shapshay) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/schutz/">Schutz, Alfred</a> (Michael Barber) </li> <li> science <ul> <li> models in — see <a href="entries/models-science/">models in science</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/pseudo-science/">and pseudo-science</a> (Sven Ove Hansson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/science-theory-observation/">theory and observation in</a> (Nora Mills Boyd and James Bogen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-unity/">unity of</a> (Jordi Cat) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-discovery/">scientific discovery</a> (Jutta Schickore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-explanation/">scientific explanation</a> (James Woodward and Lauren Ross) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/causal-explanation-science/">causal approaches to</a> (Lauren Ross and James Woodward) </li> </ul></li> <li> scientific knowledge <ul> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-knowledge-social/">social dimensions of</a> (Helen Longino) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-method/">scientific method</a> (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-objectivity/">scientific objectivity</a> (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-pluralism/">scientific pluralism</a> (David Ludwig and Stéphanie Ruphy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-progress/">scientific progress</a> (Ilkka Niiniluoto) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-realism/">scientific realism</a> (Anjan Chakravartty) <ul> <li> and theory change — see <a href="entries/realism-theory-change/">realism: and theory change in science</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-representation/">scientific representation</a> (Roman Frigg and James Nguyen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/science-big-data/">scientific research and big data</a> (Sabina Leonelli) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-revolutions/">scientific revolutions</a> (Thomas Nickles) </li> <li> scientific theories <ul> <li> incommensurability of — see <a href="entries/incommensurability/">incommensurability: of scientific theories</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/structure-scientific-theories/">structure of</a> (Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther) </li> <li> underdetermination of — see <a href="entries/scientific-underdetermination/">underdetermination, of scientific theories</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Scottish Philosophy <ul> <li> <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">in the 18th Century</a> (Alexander Broadie and Craig Smith) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">in the 19th century</a> (Gordon Graham) </li> </ul></li> <li> Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see <a href="entries/scottus-eriugena/">Eriugena, John Scottus</a> </li> <li> Scotus, John Duns — see <a href="entries/duns-scotus/">Duns Scotus, John</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/madeleine-scudery/">Scudéry, Madeleine de</a> (John Conley) </li> <li> search engines and ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-search/">ethics: search engines and</a> </li> <li> Sebond, Raymond — see <a href="entries/montaigne/">Montaigne, Michel de</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/secession/">secession</a> (Allen Buchanan and Elizabeth Levinson) </li> <li> secondary qualities, in early modern philosophy — see <a href="entries/qualities-prim-sec/">primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy</a> </li> <li> self <ul> <li> feminist perspectives on the — see <a href="entries/feminism-self/">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on the self</a> </li> <li> knowledge — see <a href="entries/self-knowledge/">self-knowledge</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/self-consciousness/">self-consciousness</a> (Joel Smith) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological/">phenomenological approaches to</a> (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/self-deception/">self-deception</a> (Ian Deweese-Boyd) </li> <li> <a href="entries/self-defense/">self-defense</a> (Helen Frowe and Jonathan Parry) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemic-self-doubt/">self-doubt, epistemic</a> (Sherrilyn Roush) </li> <li> <a href="entries/self-knowledge/">self-knowledge</a> (Brie Gertler) <ul> <li> and externalism — see <a href="entries/self-knowledge-externalism/">externalism: and self-knowledge</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/self-locating-beliefs/">self-locating beliefs</a> (Andy Egan and Michael G. Titelbaum) </li> <li> <a href="entries/self-reference/">self-reference</a> (Thomas Bolander) </li> <li> self-respect — see <a href="entries/respect/">respect</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/sellars/">Sellars, Wilfrid</a> (Willem deVries and Carl Sachs) </li> <li> semantic holism — see <a href="entries/meaning-holism/">meaning holism</a> </li> <li> semantics <ul> <li> defaults in — see <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/">defaults in semantics and pragmatics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/dynamic-semantics/">dynamic</a> (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser) </li> <li> <a href="entries/montague-semantics/">Montague</a> (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann) </li> <li> <a href="entries/proof-theoretic-semantics/">proof-theoretic</a> (Peter Schroeder-Heister) </li> <li> of sign language — see <a href="entries/sign-language-semantics/">sign language semantics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/two-dimensional-semantics/">two-dimensional</a> (Laura Schroeter) </li> </ul></li> <li> semiotics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/semiotics-medieval/">medieval</a> (Stephan Meier-Oeser) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/seneca/">Seneca</a> (Katja Vogt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sense-data/">sense data</a> (Gary Hatfield) </li> <li> sensibility theory — see <a href="entries/fitting-attitude-theories/">fitting attitude theories of value</a> </li> <li> sentimentalism, moral — see <a href="entries/moral-sentimentalism/">moral sentimentalism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/set-theory/">set theory</a> (Joan Bagaria) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/settheory-alternative/">alternative axiomatic theories</a> (M. Randall Holmes) </li> <li> <a href="entries/set-theory-constructive/">constructive and intuitionistic ZF</a> (Laura Crosilla) </li> <li> <a href="entries/continuum-hypothesis/">continuum hypothesis</a> (Peter Koellner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/settheory-early/">early development</a> (José Ferreirós) </li> <li> <a href="entries/independence-large-cardinals/">independence and large cardinals</a> (Peter Koellner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/large-cardinals-determinacy/">large cardinals and determinacy</a> (Peter Koellner) </li> <li> <a href="entries/nonwellfounded-set-theory/">non-wellfounded</a> (Lawrence S. Moss) </li> <li> <a href="entries/zermelo-set-theory/">Zermelo’s axiomatization of</a> (Michael Hallett) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/sex-sexuality/">sex and sexuality</a> (Raja Halwani) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sextus-empiricus/">Sextus Empiricus</a> (Benjamin Morison) </li> <li> <a href="entries/shaftesbury/">Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of]</a> (Michael B. Gill) <ul> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/sharpe/">Sharpe, Johannes</a> (Alessandro Conti) </li> <li> <a href="entries/mary-shepherd/">Shepherd, Mary</a> (Martha Bolton) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sidgwick/">Sidgwick, Henry</a> (Barton Schultz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sign-language-semantics/">sign language semantics</a> (Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton, and Jeremy Kuhn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/simon-faversham/">Simon of Faversham</a> (Ana María Mora-Márquez) </li> <li> <a href="entries/simplicity/">simplicity</a> (Alan Baker) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/divine-simplicity/">divine</a> (William F. Vallicella) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/simplicius/">Simplicius</a> (Christoph Helmig) </li> <li> <a href="entries/paradox-simpson/">Simpson’s paradox</a> (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger) </li> <li> <a href="entries/simulations-science/">simulations in science</a> (Eric Winsberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sin-christian/">sin, in Christian thought</a> (Kevin Timpe) </li> <li> singular terms <ul> <li> <a href="entries/singular-terms-medieval/">medieval theories of</a> (Julie Brumberg-Chaumont and E. Jennifer Ashworth) </li> </ul></li> <li> situations <ul> <li> <a href="entries/situations-semantics/">in natural language semantics</a> (Angelika Kratzer) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/skeptical-theism/">skeptical theism</a> (Timothy Perrine) </li> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism/">skepticism</a> (Juan Comesaña and Peter Klein) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-moral-responsibility/">about moral responsibility</a> (Gregg Caruso) </li> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">ancient</a> (Katja Vogt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-content-externalism/">and content externalism</a> (Michael McKinsey) </li> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-latin-america/">in Latin America</a> (Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno) </li> <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-medieval/">medieval</a> (Charles Bolyard) </li> <li> moral — see <a href="entries/skepticism-moral/">moral skepticism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> Skolem’s paradox — see <a href="entries/paradox-skolem/">paradox: Skolem’s</a> </li> <li> Smith, Adam — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/smith-moral-political/">moral and political philosophy</a> (Samuel Fleischacker) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/social-choice/">social choice theory</a> (Christian List) </li> <li> social construction <ul> <li> <a href="entries/social-construction-naturalistic/">naturalistic approaches to</a> (Ron Mallon) </li> </ul></li> <li> social contract — see <a href="entries/contractarianism/">contractarianism</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/contractarianism-contemporary/">contemporary approaches to</a> (Fred D’Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher) </li> </ul></li> <li> social epistemology — see <a href="entries/epistemology-social/">epistemology: social</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/social-institutions/">social institutions</a> (Seumas Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/socialism/">socialism</a> (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O’Neill) </li> <li> <a href="entries/social-minimum/">social minimum [basic income]</a> (Stuart White) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ethics-social-networking/">social networking and ethics</a> (Shannon Vallor) </li> <li> <a href="entries/social-norms/">social norms</a> (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso) </li> <li> <a href="entries/social-ontology/">social ontology</a> (Brian Epstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/social-procedures/">social procedures, formal approaches</a> (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sociobiology/">sociobiology</a> (Catherine Driscoll) </li> <li> <a href="entries/socrates/">Socrates</a> (Debra Nails and S. Sara Monoson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/solidarity/">solidarity in social and political philosophy</a> (Andrea Sangiovanni and Juri Viehoff) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sophie-de-grouchy/">Sophie de Grouchy</a> (Sandrine Berges) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sophismata/">sophismata [= sophisms]</a> (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sorites-paradox/">Sorites paradox</a> (Dominic Hyde and Diana Raffman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sortals/">sortals</a> (Richard E. Grandy and Max A. Freund) </li> <li> <a href="entries/ancient-soul/">soul, ancient theories of</a> (Hendrik Lorenz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sounds/">sounds</a> (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sovereignty/">sovereignty</a> (Daniel Philpott) </li> <li> space and time <ul> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-theories-classical/">absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories</a> (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-theories/">absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories</a> (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/">being and becoming in modern physics</a> (Steven Savitt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-convensimul/">conventionality of simultaneity</a> (Allen Janis) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-holearg/">the hole argument</a> (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-iframes/">inertial frames</a> (Robert DiSalle) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-singularities/">singularities and black holes</a> (Erik Curiel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-supertasks/">supertasks</a> (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/species/">species</a> (Marc Ereshefsky) </li> <li> speech <ul> <li> inner — see <a href="entries/inner-speech/">inner speech</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/speech-acts/">speech acts</a> (Mitchell Green) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spencer/">Spencer, Herbert</a> (David Weinstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/speusippus/">Speusippus</a> (Russell Dancy and Giulia De Cesaris) </li> <li> Spinoza <ul> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-epistemology-mind/">epistemology and philosophy of mind</a> (Karolina Hübner) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza/">Spinoza, Baruch</a> (Steven Nadler) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-modal/">modal metaphysics</a> (Samuel Newlands) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-physics/">physical theory</a> (Richard Manning) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-political/">political philosophy</a> (Justin Steinberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-psychological/">psychological theory</a> (Michael LeBuffe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-attributes/">theory of attributes</a> (Noa Shein) </li> <li> theory of emotion — see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/sport/">sport, philosophy of</a> (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias) </li> <li> <a href="entries/square/">square of opposition</a> (Terence Parsons) </li> <li> <a href="entries/sriharsa/">Śrīharṣa</a> (Nilanjan Das) </li> <li> <a href="entries/paradox-stpetersburg/">St. Petersburg paradox</a> (Martin Peterson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/states-of-affairs/">states of affairs</a> (Mark Textor) </li> <li> statistical physics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/statphys-Boltzmann/">Boltzmann’s work in</a> (Jos Uffink) </li> <li> <a href="entries/statphys-statmech/">philosophy of statistical mechanics</a> (Roman Frigg and Charlotte Werndl) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/statistics/">statistics, philosophy of</a> (Jan-Willem Romeijn) </li> <li> <a href="entries/stebbing/">Stebbing, Susan</a> (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/stein/">Stein, Edith</a> (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran) </li> <li> stem cell research, ethics of — see <a href="entries/stem-cells/">ethics, biomedical: stem cell research</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/stevenson/">Stevenson, Charles Leslie</a> (Daniel Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen) </li> <li> Stewart, Dugald — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/max-stirner/">Stirner, Max</a> (David Leopold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/stoicism/">Stoicism</a> (Marion Durand, Simon Shogry, and Dirk Baltzly) </li> <li> <a href="entries/strauss-leo/">Strauss, Leo</a> (Leora Batnitzky) </li> <li> <a href="entries/strawson/">Strawson, Peter Frederick</a> (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes) </li> <li> structuralism <ul> <li> in mathematics — see <a href="entries/structuralism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism</a> </li> <li> in physics — see <a href="entries/physics-structuralism/">physics: structuralism in</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/structural-realism/">structural realism</a> (James Ladyman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/stumpf/">Stumpf, Carl</a> (Denis Fisette) </li> <li> <a href="entries/johann-sturm/">Sturm, Johann</a> (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel) </li> <li> style <ul> <li> <a href="entries/mathematical-style/">in mathematics</a> (Paolo Mancosu) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/suarez/">Suárez, Francisco</a> (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz) </li> <li> <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir) </li> <li> substructural logics — see <a href="entries/logic-substructural/">logic: substructural</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/suhrawardi/">Suhrawardi</a> (Roxanne Marcotte) </li> <li> <a href="entries/suicide/">suicide</a> (Michael Cholbi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/supererogation/">supererogation</a> (David Heyd) </li> <li> <a href="entries/supervenience/">supervenience</a> (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/supervenience-ethics/">in ethics</a> (Tristram McPherson) </li> </ul></li> <li> surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/susman-margarete/">Susman, Margarete</a> (Willi Goetschel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/paradox-suspense/">suspense, paradox of</a> (Aaron Smuts) </li> <li> syllogism <ul> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-syllogism/">medieval theories of</a> (Henrik Lagerlund) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/sylvan-routley/">Sylvan [Routley], Richard</a> (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber) </li> <li> symmetry and symmetry breaking — see <a href="entries/symmetry-breaking/">physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking</a> </li> <li> synthetic — see <a href="entries/analytic-synthetic/">analytic/synthetic distinction</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/syrianus/">Syrianus</a> (Christian Wildberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/systems-synthetic-biology/">systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of</a> (Sara Green) </li> </ul> <a id="t"></a> <hr /> <h2>T <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> Taoism — see <a href="entries/daoism/">Daoism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/tarski/">Tarski, Alfred</a> (Mario Gómez-Torrente) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/tarski-truth/">truth definitions</a> (Wilfrid Hodges) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/taurellus/">Taurellus, Nicolaus</a> (Andreas Blank) </li> <li> techne — see <a href="entries/episteme-techne/">episteme and techne</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/technology/">technology, philosophy of</a> (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel) </li> <li> teleology <ul> <li> <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/">teleological arguments for God’s existence</a> (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski) </li> <li> <a href="entries/teleology-biology/">teleological notions in biology</a> (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal) </li> <li> teleological theories of mental content — see <a href="entries/content-teleological/">mental content: teleological theories of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/telesio/">Telesio, Bernardino</a> (Michaela Boenke) </li> <li> temporal consciousness — see <a href="entries/consciousness-temporal/">consciousness: temporal</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/temporal-parts/">temporal parts</a> (Katherine Hawley) </li> <li> <a href="entries/tense-aspect/">tense and aspect</a> (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott) </li> <li> terms, properties of <ul> <li> <a href="entries/medieval-terms/">medieval theories of</a> (Stephen Read) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/territorial-rights/">territorial rights and justice</a> (Margaret Moore) </li> <li> <a href="entries/terrorism/">terrorism</a> (Igor Primoratz) </li> <li> testimony <ul> <li> <a href="entries/testimony-episprob/">epistemological problems of</a> (Nick Leonard) </li> </ul></li> <li> testimony, aesthetic — see <a href="entries/aesthetic-testimony/">aesthetic testimony</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/theater/">theater, philosophy of</a> (James R. Hamilton) </li> <li> theism <ul> <li> atheism and agnosticism — see <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/">atheism and agnosticism</a> </li> <li> monotheism — see <a href="entries/monotheism/">monotheism</a> </li> <li> panentheism — see <a href="entries/panentheism/">panentheism</a> </li> <li> pantheism — see <a href="entries/pantheism/">pantheism</a> </li> <li> process — see <a href="entries/process-theism/">process theism</a> </li> <li> skeptical — see <a href="entries/skeptical-theism/">skeptical theism</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/theodicies/">theodicies</a> (Laura W. Ekstrom) </li> <li> <a href="entries/natural-theology/">theology, natural and natural religion</a> (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom) </li> <li> <a href="entries/theology-aristotle/">Theology of Aristotle</a> (Peter Adamson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/theophrastus/">Theophrastus</a> (Katerina Ierodiakonou) </li> <li> <a href="entries/theoretical-terms-science/">theoretical terms in science</a> (Holger Andreas) </li> <li> <a href="entries/thick-ethical-concepts/">thick ethical concepts</a> (Pekka Väyrynen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/erfurt/">Thomas of Erfurt</a> (Jack Zupko) </li> <li> <a href="entries/thoreau/">Thoreau, Henry David</a> (Rick Anthony Furtak) </li> <li> thought, associationist theories of — see <a href="entries/associationist-thought/">associationist theories of thought</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/thought-experiment/">thought experiments</a> (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige) </li> <li> Thrasymachus — see <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/">Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/tibbon/">Tibbon, Samuel Ibn</a> (James T. Robinson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-language-tibetan/">Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language</a> (Pascale Hugon) </li> <li> <a href="entries/time/">time</a> (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan) <ul> <li> being and becoming in modern physics — see <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/">space and time: being and becoming in modern physics</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/time-thermo/">thermodynamic asymmetry in</a> (Craig Callender) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/time-machine/">time machines</a> (John Earman, Christian Wüthrich, and JB Manchak) </li> <li> <a href="entries/time-travel/">time travel</a> (Nicholas J.J. Smith) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/time-travel-phys/">and modern physics</a> (Christopher Smeenk, Frank Arntzenius, and Tim Maudlin) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/timon-phlius/">Timon of Phlius</a> (Richard Bett) </li> <li> <a href="entries/toleration/">toleration</a> (Rainer Forst) </li> <li> <a href="entries/tort-theories/">torts, theories of the common law of</a> (Arthur Ripstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/torture/">torture</a> (Seumas Miller) </li> <li> <a href="entries/touch/">touch</a> (Matthew Fulkerson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/transcendental-arguments/">transcendental arguments</a> (Robert Stern and Tony Cheng) <ul> <li> Kant — see <a href="entries/kant-transcendental/">Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/transcendentalism/">transcendentalism</a> (Russell Goodman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/transcendentals-medieval/">transcendentals, medieval theories of</a> (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/transformative-experience/">transformative experience</a> (Rebecca Chan) </li> <li> trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see <a href="entries/feminism-trans/">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/transmission-justification-warrant/">transmission of justification and warrant</a> (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza) </li> <li> <a href="entries/trans/">trans philosophy</a> (Perry Zurn) </li> <li> transworld identity — see <a href="entries/identity-transworld/">identity: transworld</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/persons-means/">treating persons as means</a> (Samuel Kerstein) </li> <li> <a href="entries/trinity/">trinity</a> (Dale Tuggy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/tropes/">tropes</a> (Anna-Sofia Maurin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/trust/">trust</a> (Carolyn McLeod) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth/">truth</a> (Michael Glanzberg) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/truth-axiomatic/">axiomatic theories of</a> (Volker Halbach and Graham E. Leigh) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-coherence/">coherence theory of</a> (James O. Young) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-correspondence/">correspondence theory of</a> (Marian David) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-deflationary/">deflationism about</a> (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-identity/">identity theory of</a> (Richard Gaskin) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-pluralist/">pluralist theories of</a> (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-pragmatic/">pragmatic theory of</a> (John Capps) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-revision/">revision theory of</a> (Philip Kremer and Edoardo Rivello) </li> <li> Tarski’s theory of truth — see <a href="entries/tarski-truth/">Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/truthlikeness/">truthlikeness</a> (Graham Oddie and Gustavo Cevolani) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truthmakers/">truthmakers</a> (Fraser MacBride and Christopher Daly) </li> <li> <a href="entries/truth-values/">truth values</a> (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing) </li> <li> <a href="entries/tsongkhapa/">Tsongkhapa</a> (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm) </li> <li> <a href="entries/turing/">Turing, Alan</a> (Andrew Hodges) </li> <li> <a href="entries/turing-machine/">Turing machines</a> (Liesbeth De Mol) </li> <li> <a href="entries/turing-test/">Turing test</a> (Graham Oppy and David Dowe) </li> <li> Turnbull, George — see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/twardowski/">Twardowski, Kazimierz</a> (Arianna Betti) </li> <li> <a href="entries/twotruths-india/">two truths in India, theory of</a> (Sonam Thakchoe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/twotruths-tibet/">two truths in Tibet, theory of</a> (Sonam Thakchoe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/types-tokens/">types and tokens</a> (Linda Wetzel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/type-theory/">type theory</a> (Thierry Coquand) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/type-theory-church/">Church’s type theory</a> (Christoph Benzmüller and Peter Andrews) </li> <li> constructive — see <a href="entries/type-theory-intuitionistic/">type theory: intuitionistic</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/type-theory-intuitionistic/">intuitionistic</a> (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren) </li> </ul></li> </ul> <a id="u"></a> <hr /> <h2>U <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> ultimates <ul> <li> and God — see <a href="entries/god-ultimates/">God: and other ultimates</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/umar-khayyam/">Umar Khayyam</a> (Seyed N. Mousavian, Suzanne Sumner, Mehdi Aminrazavi, and Glen Van Brummelen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/qt-uncertainty/">Uncertainty Principle</a> (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink) </li> <li> <a href="entries/scientific-underdetermination/">underdetermination, of scientific theories</a> (Kyle Stanford) </li> <li> <a href="entries/understanding/">understanding</a> (Stephen Grimm) </li> <li> units and levels of natural selection — see <a href="entries/selection-units/">natural selection: units and levels of</a> </li> <li> unity of science — see <a href="entries/scientific-unity/">science: unity of</a> </li> <li> universal hylomorphism — see <a href="entries/binarium/">binarium famosissimum</a> </li> <li> universals — see <a href="entries/properties/">properties</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/universals-medieval/">the medieval problem of</a> (Gyula Klima) </li> </ul></li> <li> utilitarianism — see <a href="entries/consequentialism/">consequentialism</a> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/utilitarianism-history/">history of</a> (Julia Driver) </li> <li> rule — see <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/">consequentialism: rule</a> </li> </ul></li> </ul> <a id="v"></a> <hr /> <h2>V <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/vagueness/">vagueness</a> (Roy Sorensen) </li> <li> vagueness of composition — see <a href="entries/problem-of-many/">many, problem of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/vaihinger/">Vaihinger, Hans</a> (Timothy Stoll) </li> <li> validity — see <a href="entries/logical-truth/">logical truth</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/lorenzo-valla/">Valla, Lorenzo</a> (Lodi Nauta) </li> <li> value <ul> <li> <a href="entries/value-incommensurable/">incommensurable</a> (Nien-hê Hsieh and Henrik Andersson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/">intrinsic vs. extrinsic</a> (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley) </li> <li> of knowledge — see <a href="entries/knowledge-value/">knowledge, value of</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/value-pluralism/">pluralism</a> (Elinor Mason) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/value-theory/">value theory</a> (Mark Schroeder) </li> <li> <a href="entries/vasubandhu/">Vasubandhu</a> (Jonathan C. Gold) </li> <li> <a href="entries/vegetarianism/">vegetarianism, ethics of</a> (Tyler Doggett) </li> <li> veil of ignorance — see <a href="entries/original-position/">original position</a> </li> <li> verbs, intensional transitive — see <a href="entries/intensional-trans-verbs/">intensional transitive verbs</a> </li> <li> verisimilitude — see <a href="entries/truthlikeness/">truthlikeness</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/vico/">Vico, Giambattista</a> (Timothy Costelloe) </li> <li> <a href="entries/vienna-circle/">Vienna Circle</a> (Thomas Uebel) </li> <li> virtue <ul> <li> ancient theories of — see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ethics: ancient</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> virtue ethics — see <a href="entries/ethics-virtue/">ethics: virtue</a> </li> <li> visual thinking in mathematics <ul> <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-visual-thinking/">epistemology of</a> (Marcus Giaquinto) </li> </ul></li> <li> Viterbo, James of — see <a href="entries/james-viterbo/">James of Viterbo</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/vives/">Vives, Juan Luis</a> (Lorenzo Casini) </li> <li> volition — see <a href="entries/freewill/">free will</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/voltaire/">Voltaire</a> (J.B. Shank) </li> <li> voluntarism, doxastic — see <a href="entries/doxastic-voluntarism/">doxastic voluntarism</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/voluntarism-theological/">voluntarism, theological</a> (Mark Murphy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/voting/">voting</a> (Jason Brennan) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/voting-methods/">methods</a> (Eric Pacuit) </li> </ul></li> </ul> <a id="w"></a> <hr /> <h2>W <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/wang-yangming/">Wang Yangming</a> (Bryan Van Norden) </li> <li> <a href="entries/war/">war</a> (Seth Lazar) </li> <li> <a href="entries/james-ward/">Ward, James</a> (Pierfrancesco Basile) </li> <li> warrant, transmission of — see <a href="entries/transmission-justification-warrant/">transmission of justification and warrant</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/watsuji-tetsuro/">Watsuji Tetsurō</a> (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/weakness-will/">weakness of will</a> (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky) </li> <li> <a href="entries/weber/">Weber, Max</a> (Sung Ho Kim) </li> <li> <a href="entries/simone-weil/">Weil, Simone</a> (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis) </li> <li> welfare economics — see <a href="entries/economic-justice/">economics and economic justice</a> <ul> <li> intergenerational, and Ramsey — see <a href="entries/ramsey-economics/">Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/well-being/">well-being</a> (Roger Crisp) </li> <li> <a href="entries/weyl/">Weyl, Hermann</a> (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté) </li> <li> <a href="entries/whewell/">Whewell, William</a> (Laura J. Snyder) </li> <li> Whichcote, Benjamin — see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/whitehead/">Whitehead, Alfred North</a> (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine) </li> <li> <a href="entries/william-auvergne/">William of Auvergne</a> (Neil Lewis and Katrin Fischer) </li> <li> <a href="entries/william-champeaux/">William of Champeaux</a> (Kevin Guilfoy) </li> <li> William of Ockham — see <a href="entries/ockham/">Ockham, William</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/william-sherwood/">William of Sherwood</a> (Sara L. Uckelman) </li> <li> <a href="entries/williams-bernard/">Williams, Bernard</a> (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth) </li> <li> <a href="entries/williams-dc/">Williams, Donald Cary</a> (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wilson/">Wilson, John Cook</a> (Mathieu Marion) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wilhelm-windelband/">Windelband, Wilhelm</a> (Katherina Kinzel) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wisdom/">wisdom</a> (Sharon Ryan) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig</a> (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein-aesthetics/">aesthetics</a> (Garry Hagberg) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein-atomism/">logical atomism</a> (Ian Proops) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein-mathematics/">philosophy of mathematics</a> (Victor Rodych) </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/wodeham/">Wodeham, Adam de</a> (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wolff-christian/">Wolff, Christian</a> (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wollstonecraft/">Wollstonecraft, Mary</a> (Sylvana Tomaselli) </li> <li> word meaning — see <a href="entries/word-meaning/">meaning: of words</a> </li> <li> <a href="entries/work-labor/">work and labor</a> (Michael Cholbi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/world-government/">world government</a> (Catherine Lu) </li> <li> worlds <ul> <li> impossible — see <a href="entries/impossible-worlds/">impossible worlds</a> </li> <li> possible — see <a href="entries/possible-worlds/">possible worlds</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/wright/">Wright, Chauncey</a> (Jean De Groot) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wilhelm-wundt/">Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian</a> (Alan Kim) </li> <li> <a href="entries/wyclif/">Wyclif, John</a> (Alessandro Conti) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/wyclif-political/">political Philosophy</a> (Stephen Lahey) </li> </ul></li> </ul> <a id="x"></a> <hr /> <h2>X <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/xenocrates/">Xenocrates</a> (Russell Dancy) </li> <li> <a href="entries/xenophanes/">Xenophanes</a> (James Lesher) </li> <li> <a href="entries/xunzi/">Xunzi</a> (Paul R. Goldin) </li> </ul> <a id="y"></a> <hr /> <h2>Y <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/yogacara/">Yogācāra</a> (Szilvia Szanyi) </li> <li> <a href="entries/yorck/">Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul</a> (Ingo Farin) </li> </ul> <a id="z"></a> <hr /> <h2>Z <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2> <ul> <li> <a href="entries/zabarella/">Zabarella, Giacomo</a> (Heikki Mikkeli and Tawrin Baker) </li> <li> <a href="entries/zeno-elea/">Zeno of Elea</a> (John Palmer) <ul> <li> <a href="entries/paradox-zeno/">Zeno’s paradoxes</a> (Nick Huggett) </li> </ul></li> <li> Zermelo, Ernst <ul> <li> axiomatization of set theory — see <a href="entries/zermelo-set-theory/">set theory: Zermelo’s axiomatization of</a> </li> </ul></li> <li> <a href="entries/zhuangzi/">Zhuangzi</a> (Chad Hansen) </li> <li> <a href="entries/zhu-xi/">Zhu Xi</a> (Kirill Thompson) </li> <li> <a href="entries/zombies/">zombies</a> (Robert Kirk) </li> </ul> <hr /><h3><a href="projected-contents.html">Projected Table of Contents</a></h3> </div>  <div id="footer" class="scroll-block"> <div id="footer-menu"> <div class="menu-block"> <h4> Browse</h4> <ul role="menu"> <li role="menuitem"><a href="contents.html">Table of Contents</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="new.html">What's New</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/random">Random Entry</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="published.html">Chronological</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="archives/">Archives</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu-block"> <h4> About</h4> <ul role="menu"> <li role="menuitem"><a href="info.html">Editorial Information</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="about.html">About the SEP</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="board.html">Editorial Board</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="cite.html">How to Cite the SEP</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="special-characters.html">Special Characters</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="tools/">Advanced Tools</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="accessibility.html">Accessibility</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="contact.html">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu-block"> <h4> Support SEP</h4> <ul role="menu"> <li role="menuitem"><a href="support/">Support the SEP</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="support/friends.html">PDFs for SEP Friends</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="support/donate.html">Make a Donation</a></li> <li role="menuitem"><a href="support/sepia.html">SEPIA for Libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mirrors"> <div id="mirror-info"> <h4> Mirror Sites</h4> View this site from another server: </div> <div class="btn-group open"> <a class="btn dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/"> USA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="mirrors.html">Info about mirror sites</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="site-credits"> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is <a href="info.html#c">copyright © 2024</a> by <a href="https://mally.stanford.edu/">The Metaphysics Research Lab</a>, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054 </div>  </div>  </div>   <script> $('.dropdown-toggle').dropdown(); $(document).ready(function(){ $(".sticky").sticky({topSpacing:0}); }); </script> </body> </html>