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in Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Stewarts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Stewarts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Stewarts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Stewarts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_MP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_MP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Irish MP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_MP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reflections on the Revolution in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_relief,_loyalty_to_Pitt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_relief,_loyalty_to_Pitt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Catholic relief, loyalty to Pitt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_relief,_loyalty_to_Pitt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chief Secretary for Ireland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chief Secretary for Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_the_United_Irishmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_the_United_Irishmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Suppression of the United Irishmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_the_United_Irishmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executions_of_William_Orr_and_James_Porter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executions_of_William_Orr_and_James_Porter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Executions of William Orr and James Porter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executions_of_William_Orr_and_James_Porter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Act_of_Union_and_the_promise_of_Emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Act_of_Union_and_the_promise_of_Emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Act of Union and the promise of Emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Act_of_Union_and_the_promise_of_Emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Board_of_Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>President of the Board of Control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle President of the Board of Control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wellesley_and_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wellesley_and_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wellesley and India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wellesley_and_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Irish interventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_home_constituency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_home_constituency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Loss of home constituency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_home_constituency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_for_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_for_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary for War</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign Secretary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_Secretary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign Secretary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Chaumont" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Chaumont"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Treaty of Chaumont</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Chaumont-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_the_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_the_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Abolition of the slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_the_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonintervention_in_European_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonintervention_in_European_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Nonintervention in European affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonintervention_in_European_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lampooning_by_Thomas_Moore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lampooning_by_Thomas_Moore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lampooning by Thomas Moore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lampooning_by_Thomas_Moore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decline and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_to_his_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_to_his_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reaction to his death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_to_his_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Memorials and tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Beskont_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Beskont Castlereagh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert Stewart, Beskont Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart_(vescomte_de_Castlereagh)" title="Robert Stewart (vescomte de Castlereagh) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Stewart (vescomte de Castlereagh)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_vikomt_z_Castlereaghu" title="Robert Stewart, vikomt z Castlereaghu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Stewart, vikomt z Castlereaghu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Is-iarll_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Is-iarll Castlereagh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Stewart, Is-iarll Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, viscount Castlereagh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Stewart, viscount Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_2._Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, 2. Marquess of Londonderry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Stewart, 2. Marquess of Londonderry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_vikont_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, vikont Castlereagh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Stewart, vikont Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84,_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BB%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Ρόμπερτ Στιούαρτ, Υποκόμης Κάσλρεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Στιούαρτ, Υποκόμης Κάσλρεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart" title="Robert Stewart – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Stewart" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart_(vicomte_Castlereagh)" title="Robert Stewart (vicomte Castlereagh) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Stewart (vicomte Castlereagh)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_B%C3%ADocunta_an_Chaisle%C3%A1in_Riabhaigh" title="Robert Stewart, Bíocunta an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Stewart, Bíocunta an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%91_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="캐슬레이 자작 로버트 스튜어트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐슬레이 자작 로버트 스튜어트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="कासलरे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कासलरे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_II_marchese_di_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, II marchese di Londonderry – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Stewart, II marchese di Londonderry" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98,_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="רוברט סטיוארט, הוויקונט קאסלריי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט סטיוארט, הוויקונט קאסלריי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)" title="روبرت ستيوارت (حاكم) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت ستيوارت (حاكم)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Robert_Stewart" title="Henry Robert Stewart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Robert Stewart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5)" title="ロバート・ステュアート (カースルレー子爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ステュアート (カースルレー子爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart" title="Robert Stewart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Stewart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart_(wicehrabia_Castlereagh)" title="Robert Stewart (wicehrabia Castlereagh) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Stewart (wicehrabia Castlereagh)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_2.%C2%BA_Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, 2.º Marquês de Londonderry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Stewart, 2.º Marquês de Londonderry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart" title="Robert Stewart – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Stewart" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Каслри, Роберт Стюарт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каслри, Роберт Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_vikont_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, vikont Castlereagh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Stewart, vikont Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart Castlereagh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Stewart Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, viscount Castlereagh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Stewart, viscount Castlereagh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E9%9B%B7%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5" title="卡斯爾雷子爵 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="卡斯爾雷子爵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E9%83%BD%E8%8F%AF" title="卡蘇里子爵羅伯特·史都華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡蘇里子爵羅伯特·史都華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British statesman (1769–1822)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Marquess of Londonderry</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order">GCH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">PC (Ire)</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg/220px-Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg/330px-Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg/440px-Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Castlereagh_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Castlereagh (painting)">Portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1809–1810</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 March 1812 – 12 August 1822</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Liverpool">The Earl of Liverpool</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 June 1812 – 12 August 1822</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Liverpool</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Spencer Perceval</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Canning</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1807 – 1 November 1809</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Windham" title="William Windham">William Windham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Liverpool</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 July 1805 – 5 February 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Earl Camden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Windham</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">President of the Board of Control</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 July 1802 – 11 February 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></li><li>William Pitt the Younger</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_3rd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth">The Earl of Dartmouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">The Lord Minto</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 June 1798 – 27 April 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Pitt the Younger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Marquess_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Thomas Pelham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_1st_Baron_Colchester" title="Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester">Charles Abbot</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Stewart</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1769-06-18</span>)</span>18 June 1769<br /><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 August 1822<span style="display:none">(1822-08-12)</span> (aged 53)<br /><a href="/wiki/Loring_Hall" title="Loring Hall">Woollet Hall</a>, Kent, England, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg/23px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg/35px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg/46px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whig</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_(political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (political faction)">Tory</a> (1795–1822)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Stewart,_Viscountess_Castlereagh" title="Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh">Lady Amelia Hobart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry">Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry</a><br /> Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Cambridge">St. John's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castlereagh_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Castlereagh_signature.jpg/128px-Castlereagh_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Castlereagh_signature.jpg/192px-Castlereagh_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Castlereagh_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">"Bloody Castlereagh"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh,_KG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh%2C_KG.png/250px-Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh%2C_KG.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh%2C_KG.png/375px-Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh%2C_KG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh%2C_KG.png/500px-Shield_of_arms_of_Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh%2C_KG.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Quartered arms of Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, KG</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order">GCH</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">PC (Ire)</a></span></span> (18 June 1769 – 12 August 1822), usually known as <b>Lord Castlereagh</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy title</a> <b>Viscount Castlereagh</b><sup id="cite_ref-Castlereagh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castlereagh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAH</span>-səl-ray</i></a>) by which he was styled from 1796 to 1821, was an <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a>-born British statesman and politician. As secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Viceroy in Ireland</a>, he worked to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1798" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of 1798">Rebellion of 1798</a> and to secure passage in 1800 of the Irish <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union.</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> from 1812, he was central to the management of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">coalition</a> that defeated <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and was British <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. In the post-war government of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>, Castlereagh was seen to support harsh measures against agitation for reform, and he ended his life an isolated and unpopular figure. </p><p>Early in his career in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and following a visit to <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">revolutionary France</a>, Castlereagh recoiled from the democratic politics of his <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian</a> constituents in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. Crossing the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish Commons</a> in support of the government, he took a leading role in detaining members of the republican conspiracy, the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>, his former political associates among them. After the <a href="/wiki/1798_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1798 Rebellion">1798 Rebellion</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> he pushed the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>. But it was without the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> that both he and British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> believed should have accompanied the creation of a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>From 1805 Castlereagh served under Pitt and then the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>. In 1809 he was obliged to resign after <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh-Canning_duel" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlereagh-Canning duel">fighting a duel</a> with the Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>. In 1812 Castlereagh returned to government serving <a href="/wiki/Lord_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a> as Foreign Secretary and as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a>. </p><p>Castlereagh organised and financed the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">alliance</a> that defeated <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, bringing the powers together at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> in 1814. After <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">Napoleon's second abdication</a> in 1815, Castlereagh worked with the European courts represented at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> to frame the territorial, and broadly conservative, continental order that was to hold until mid-century. He blocked harsh terms against France believing that a treaty based on vengeance and retaliation would upset a necessary <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of powers</a>. France restored the Bourbons kings and her frontiers were restored to 1791 lines. Her British-occupied colonies were returned. In 1820 Castlereagh enunciated a policy of non-intervention, proposing that Britain hold herself aloof from continental affairs. </p><p>After 1815, at home, Castlereagh supported repressive measures that linked him in public opinion to the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> of 1819. Widely reviled in both Ireland and Great Britain, overworked, and personally distressed, Castlereagh died of suicide in 1822. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career_in_Ireland">Early life and career in Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert was born on 18 June 1769 in 28 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street,_Dublin" title="Henry Street, Dublin">Henry Street</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Northside,_Dublin" title="Northside, Dublin">Northside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpgPA6_6]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpgPA6_6]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the second and only surviving child of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry">Robert Stewart</a> (the elder) and his wife Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway. His parents married in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_3]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_3]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Stewarts">The Stewarts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Stewarts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Stewarts had been a Scottish family settled in Donegal whose fortunes had been transformed by the marriage of Castlereagh's grandfather <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(1699%E2%80%931781)" title="Alexander Stewart (1699–1781)">Alexander Stewart</a> to an <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> heiress. The legacy from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cowan_(governor)" title="Robert Cowan (governor)">Robert Cowan</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Bombay">Governor of Bombay</a>, allowed for the purchase of extensive properties in north <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a> including the future family <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Stewart" title="Mount Stewart">Mount Stewart</a>, on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Strangford_Lough" title="Strangford Lough">Strangford Lough</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian</a> (a "Dissenter"), rather than a member of the established <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Communion</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>), Castlereagh's father, Robert Stewart, had an easy reputation as a friend of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1771, and again in 1776, he was elected from <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>. In 1778 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)" title="Irish Volunteers (18th century)">Irish Volunteer movement</a>, raising an armed and drilled company from his estates. In parliament and among the Volunteers, he was a friend and supporter of <a href="/wiki/James_Caulfeild,_1st_Earl_of_Charlemont" title="James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont">Lord Charlemont</a> and his policy. This favoured Volunteer agitation for the independence of Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> parliament, but not for its reform and not for Catholic emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1798, the elder Robert Stewart was created <a href="/wiki/Baron_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Londonderry">Baron Londonderry</a> in 1789, Viscount Castlereagh in 1795, and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Londonderry" title="Earl of Londonderry">Earl of Londonderry</a> in 1796 by King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, enabling him from the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union of 1800</a> onwards to sit at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Irish_representative_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish representative peer">Irish representative peer</a>. In 1816 he was elevated to <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Marquess of Londonderry">Marquess of Londonderry</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen132_131,_line_9]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen132_131,_line_9]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young Robert's mother died in childbirth when he was a year old.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–53">: 49–53 </span></sup> Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway had been the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_1st_Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford">Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford</a> and Isabella Fitzroy. Lord Hertford was a former <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to France">British Ambassador to France</a> (1764–65) and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> (1765–66). Isabella Fitzroy was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy,_2nd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton">Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton</a>. </p><p>Five years later his father married <a href="/wiki/Frances_Stewart,_Marchioness_of_Londonderry" title="Frances Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry">Lady Frances Pratt</a>, the independent-minded daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden</a> (1714–94),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> a leading English jurist and prominent political supporter of both <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>, and his son, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>. The marriages of the elder Robert Stewart linked his family with the upper ranks of English nobility and political elites. The Camden connection was to be especially important for the political careers of the older and the younger Robert Stewart.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Frances Pratt, his father's second wife, young Robert had eleven <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Marquess_of_Londonderry#Birth_and_origins" title="Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry">half-siblings</a>, including his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Charles William Stewart (later Vane)</a>, Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in County Donegal (1814) and 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (1822).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em 0 0.3em 1em; float:right; clear:right; min-width:auto; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; clear: both; font-size: 90%; width: 39em;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0 solid white; text-align: left;">Robert Stewart (Castlereagh) with wife, parents, and other selected relatives. He had no children.</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>William<br />Stewart</b><br />Colonel</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>John<br />Cowan</b><br />d. 1733</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(1699%E2%80%931781)" title="Alexander Stewart (1699–1781)"><b>Alexander</b></a><br />1699–1781</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>Mary<br />Cowan</b><br />d. 1788</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cowan_(governor)" title="Robert Cowan (governor)"><b>Robert<br />Cowan</b></a><br />d. 1737<br />Bombay<br />Governor</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>Sarah<br />Frances<br />Seymour</b><br />1747–1770</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry">Robert<br /><b>1st<br />Marquess</b></a><br />1739–1821</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>Frances<br />Pratt</b><br />c. 1751 -<br />1833</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 2px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;">Robert<br /><b>2nd<br />Marquess</b><br />1769–1822<br />Castlereagh</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Stewart,_Viscountess_Castlereagh" title="Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh">Amelia<br />Hobart</a><br />1772–1829</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>Catherine<br />Bligh</b><br />d. 1812</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Charles<br /><b>3rd<br />Marquess</b></a><br />1778–1854</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Anne_Vane,_Marchioness_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Anne Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry"><b>Frances<br />Vane</b></a><br />1800–1865</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart,_4th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry">Frederick<br /><b>4th<br />Marquess</b></a><br />1805–1872</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/George_Vane-Tempest,_5th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry">George<br /><b>5th<br />Marquess</b></a><br />1821–1884</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_6th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry">Charles<br /><b>6th<br />Marquess</b></a><br />1852–1915</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em;"><b>Theresa<br />Talbot</b><br />d. 1919</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0 solid white;"><b>Legend</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 2px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; color: white;">XXX</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0 solid white; text-align: left;">Subject of<br />the article</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px; border-radius: 0.5em; color: white;">XXX</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0 solid white; text-align: left;">Robert<br />Cowan</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background: lavender; border-radius: 0.5em; border-width: 1px; color: lavender;">XXX</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0 solid white; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Marquess of Londonderry">Marquesses of<br />Londonderry</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The younger Robert Stewart had recurring health problems throughout his childhood, and was sent to <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_School,_Armagh" title="The Royal School, Armagh">The Royal School, Armagh</a>, rather than to England for his secondary education. At the encouragement of Charles Pratt, first Earl of Camden, who took a great interest in him and treated him as if he had been a grandson by blood, he later attended <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Cambridge">St. John's College, Cambridge</a> (1786–87),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeigh195122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeigh195122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he applied himself with greater diligence than expected from an aristocrat and excelled in his first-year examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he then withdrew, pleading an illness that he admitted to Camden was something "which cannot be directly acknowledged before women", i.e. something sexually transmitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_MP">Irish MP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Irish MP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1790, Stewart was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(pre-Union_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (pre-Union Ireland)">Member of the Irish Parliament</a> for his family's <a href="/wiki/County_Down_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="County Down (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">County Down constituency</a>. In a county with an exceptionally large number of enfranchised <a href="/wiki/Forty-shilling_freeholders" title="Forty-shilling freeholders">freeholders</a>, his campaign pitted him in a popular contest against the nominees of the county's established Ascendancy families,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse_of_Commons1878[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL1ETAAAAYAAJpg683_683]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse_of_Commons1878[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL1ETAAAAYAAJpg683_683]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage7_7,_last_line]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage7_7,_last_line]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Election_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on that basis alone he won the sympathy and support of Belfast's Northern Whig Club. It had been his conscious strategy to capitalise on strong <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)" title="Irish Volunteers (18th century)">Volunteer</a> and reform sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34–36">: 34–36 </span></sup> </p><p>In a letter to the <i><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Newsletter" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Newsletter">Belfast Newsletter</a></i> he declared for parliamentary reform (reform that would have abolished the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket boroughs">pocket boroughs</a> that allowed Ascendancy families, in addition to their presence in the House of Lords, to control seats in the Commons). In doing so, he won the support of many who, later despairing of parliamentary "patriots", were to enter the ranks of the United Irishmen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34–36">: 34–36 </span></sup> </p><p>In the House of Commons, Stewart spurned an offer of a place in government and sat as an independent. But otherwise, he made little impression and was judged a poor speaker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reflections on the Revolution in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1791, having both read <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> (a family friend) and learnt that in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> Irish Volunteers were preparing to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Bastille" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Bastille">Bastille Day</a>, Stewart decided to judge events in France for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46–47">: 46–47 </span></sup>In <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> he had difficulty in empathising with the wholly reactionary outlook of the French emigres. But after passing into France in November, he conceded that while he did not "like" the government of Ireland, "I prefer it to a revolution.".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stewart was not convinced of Burke's contention that the revolution would produce a French <a href="/wiki/Cromwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromwell">Cromwell</a>, although he recognised that outside Paris the principles of liberty were not as entrenched. As the revolutionary factions, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a>, struggled for supremacy in the capital, it was "the nation at large" that would "ultimately decide between them."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–53">: 49–53 </span></sup> </p><p>In "an early example of [his] scepticism about foreign intervention", Stewart argued it was beyond her neighbours to give government to France. The <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Austrian Emperor</a> might march his troops to Paris, but unless he was prepared to keep them there, the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> restored would again collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> </p><p>Stewart returned to the Austrian Netherlands in the autumn of 1792, but was unable to cross the now military frontlines into France. However, news of the Jacobin triumph in Paris, and, following her <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">victory at Valmy</a>, the prospect of France carrying defence of the revolution beyond her frontiers convinced him that "it would not be long before he had to face his own 'Jacobins' in Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_relief,_loyalty_to_Pitt"><span id="Catholic_relief.2C_loyalty_to_Pitt"></span>Catholic relief, loyalty to Pitt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholic relief, loyalty to Pitt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When in 1793 he returned to the parliament in Dublin, Stewart spoke in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Relief Bill">Catholic Relief Bill</a>. In doing so he was supporting the policy of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> who determined that Catholic opinion be conciliated in preparation for the impending war with the new, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clericalist">anti-clericalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While calling for the removal of their remaining civil disabilities, Stewart stopped short of endorsing extension to Catholics of the right to vote on the same <a href="/wiki/Forty-shilling_freehold" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-shilling freehold">forty-shilling freehold</a> terms as Protestants that was provided in the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that to now deprive the Ascendancy of their pocket boroughs would result in Catholics forming an overwhelming majority of those represented in the Irish Parliament. "Can a Protestant superstructure," he asked, "long continue supported on such base?"<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> </p><p>However, his loyalty to Pitt now seemed unconditional.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1793, Stewart was gazetted a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> in the government's new <a href="/wiki/Irish_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Militia">Militia</a>, its replacement for the now proscribed Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> He commanded the <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Militia" title="Londonderry Militia">Londonderry Militia</a>, being promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Colonel_of_the_Regiment" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> of the regiment in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1794, partly as a result of the promotion of his interests by his Camden connections, Stewart was offered the Government-controlled seat of <a href="/wiki/Tregony_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tregony (UK Parliament constituency)">Tregony</a> in Cornwall. In 1796, he transferred to a seat for the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/Orford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orford (UK Parliament constituency)">Orford</a>, which was in the interest of his mother's family, the Seymour-Conways (<a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Marquess of Hertford">Marquess of Hertford</a>). He held these seats simultaneously with his county seat in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1794, Stewart married <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Stewart,_Viscountess_Castlereagh" title="Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh">Amelia (Emily) Hobart</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Hobart,_2nd_Earl_of_Buckinghamshire" title="John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire">John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_38]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_38]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a former <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to Russia">British Ambassador to Russia</a> (1762–65) and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> (1776–80). Her mother, Caroline Conolly, was the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/William_Conolly" title="William Conolly">William Conolly</a>, Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a> in the early 18th century and one of the wealthiest landowners in Ireland. Caroline's brother, Thomas Conolly, was married to <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa Lennox">Louisa Lennox</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Emily_FitzGerald,_Duchess_of_Leinster" title="Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster">Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster</a>, whose son and Emily's cousin-by-marriage, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_FitzGerald" title="Lord Edward FitzGerald">Lord Edward FitzGerald</a> was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> and one of their martyrs in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>. </p><p>Emily Stewart was well known as a hostess for her husband in both Ireland and London and during some of his most important diplomatic missions. In later years she was a leader of <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency</a> London <a href="/wiki/Ton_(le_bon_ton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ton (le bon ton)">high society</a> as one of the Lady Patronesses of <a href="/wiki/Almack%27s" title="Almack's">Almack's</a>. She is noted in contemporary accounts for her attractiveness, volubility and <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">eccentricities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By all accounts, the two remained devoted to each other to the end, but they had no children.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple did, however, care for the young <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart,_4th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry">Frederick Stewart</a>, while his father, Stewart's half-brother, Charles, was serving in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chief Secretary for Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_the_United_Irishmen">Suppression of the United Irishmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Suppression of the United Irishmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloody_Castlereagh_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Bloody_Castlereagh_%282%29.png/220px-Bloody_Castlereagh_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Bloody_Castlereagh_%282%29.png/330px-Bloody_Castlereagh_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Bloody_Castlereagh_%282%29.png/440px-Bloody_Castlereagh_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Bloody Castlereagh, 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1795, Pitt replaced <a href="/wiki/William_Fitzwilliam,_4th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam">William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam</a> as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland with Stewart's uncle, John Pratt the <a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">2nd Earl Camden</a>. Fitzwilliam had urged that the emancipation of Catholics be completed with their admission to parliament. Camden's arrival in Dublin was greeted with riots, and that year Stewart crossed the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a> to join the supporters of the government, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle executive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-War_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart became an essential adviser to the inexperienced and unpopular Lord Lieutenant, who was Stewart's senior by only ten years. </p><p>In August 1796 Stewart's father was elevated to the title <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Londonderry" title="Earl of Londonderry">Earl of Londonderry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his son, Stewart was henceforth styled <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a> Castlereagh. </p><p>In September, acting upon evidence of communication with the French, Castlereagh personally led troops in a series of raids in Belfast and its environs (the "Siege of Belfast") that netted leading members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>. Among them were men who had supported him in the election of 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–100, 107–108">: 96–100, 107–108 </span></sup> Originating in Belfast among Presbyterian celebrants of the American and French revolutions, the republican conspiracy had spread rapidly in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> and, in league with the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a>, across the Irish midlands. In <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, Castlereagh's father had difficulty in raising a loyalist yeomanry among his tenants and eventually, with all rent withheld, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Stewart" title="Mount Stewart">Mount Stewart</a> was placed under armed guard.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1796, a large <a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone#Hoche's_Expedition_and_the_1798_Rebellion" title="Wolfe Tone">French expedition to Ireland</a> failed to effect a landing at <a href="/wiki/Bantry_Bay" title="Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a>, but due only to contrary winds. As an officer in the militia, Castlereagh was well apprised of the lack of preparedness to meet a combination of professional French soldiery and the countrywide insurgency it would likely trigger. </p><p>In February 1797, Castlereagh was at last appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a> as Keeper of the King's Signet for Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Limavedy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limavedy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a declaration of martial law he was made both a <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer_of_Ireland#Commissioners_of_the_Treasury_for_Ireland_(1793-1817)" title="Lord High Treasurer of Ireland">Lord of the Treasury</a> and a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a> (1797–1800).<sup id="cite_ref-Abercromby_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abercromby-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the urging of Camden, Castlereagh assumed many of the onerous duties of the often-absent <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>, who was responsible for day-to-day administration and for asserting the influence of Dublin Castle in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireland_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity, and after March 1798 as Acting Chief Secretary, Castlereagh played a key role in crushing the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">United Irish rising</a> when it came in May and June <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798</a>. </p><p>In November 1798, Castlereagh was formally appointed to the office of Chief Secretary by Camden's successor, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executions_of_William_Orr_and_James_Porter">Executions of William Orr and James Porter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Executions of William Orr and James Porter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castlereagh's general policy was to offer immediate clemency to the rebel rank-and-file, many of whom were then inducted into the yeomanry, while still focusing on the politically committed leadership. But already before the rebellion, he had begun to earn the sobriquet "Bloody Castlereagh". </p><p>In October 1797 his stepmother, Lady Frances, had petitioned Camden for the life of <a href="/wiki/William_Orr_(United_Irishman)" title="William Orr (United Irishman)">William Orr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> On a charge of administering the <a href="/wiki/Test_of_the_Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Test of the Society of United Irishmen">United Irish test</a> to two soldiers, Orr had been named on the same warrant that Castlereagh had used in the roundup of the previous September. The judge reportedly broke down in tears as he read the death sentence which the popular journalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finnerty" title="Peter Finnerty">Peter Finnerty</a> credited to Castlereagh's insistence on making an example in the face of the growing French fever. In 1811, Castlereagh successfully had Finnerty convicted for libel.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Finnerty_–_Irish_Biography_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Finnerty_–_Irish_Biography-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the rebellion, during which Mount Stewart was briefly occupied,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castlereagh was content that leading United Irishmen in the Presbyterian north be allowed American exile. An exception was made in the case of James Porter, executed, again despite the entreaties of Lady Frances, following a court martial before Castlereagh's father, Lord Londonderry.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porter, who had been his family's Presbyterian minister and, in 1790, his election agent, had become a household name in Ulster as the author of a satire of the county gentry, <i>Billy Bluff</i>, in which Londonderry was serially lampooned as an inarticulate tyrant.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Act_of_Union_and_the_promise_of_Emancipation">The Act of Union and the promise of Emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Act of Union and the promise of Emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1799, in furtherance of both his own political vision and Pitt's policies, Castlereagh began lobbying in the Irish and British Parliaments for a union that would incorporate <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in a United Kingdom. In addition to security against the French, Castlereagh saw the principal merit of bringing Ireland directly under <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> Parliament as a resolution of what ultimately was the key issue for the governance of the country, the Catholic question.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> "Linked with England", he reasoned that "the Protestants, feeling less exposed, would be more confident and liberal", while Catholics, reduced to a minority within the larger kingdom, would lower their expectations and moderate their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the campaign for the Act of Union, both Castlereagh and Cornwallis had, in good faith, forwarded informal assurances they had received from Pitt's Cabinet to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> that they would be allowed to sit in the new United Kingdom Parliament. However, opposition in England, and not least from the King, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, obliged Castlereagh to defy what he saw as "the very logic of the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Union bill</a> that, with a generous distribution of titles and favours, he helped put through the Irish Parliament omitted the provision for Catholic emancipation. A separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, but representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to Westminster constituted as the Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Multitext_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multitext-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt had tried to follow through on his commitment, but when it came to light that the King had approached <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a>, an opponent of Catholic emancipation, about becoming Prime Minister to replace him, both Castlereagh and Pitt resigned. Castlereagh would long be held personally responsible by many Catholics in Ireland for the breach of promise and the British Government's failure to remove their remaining political disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Multitext_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multitext-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_Board_of_Control">President of the Board of Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: President of the Board of Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wellesley_and_India">Wellesley and India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wellesley and India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> the tensions within the ruling <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> over Catholic emancipation abated, and after obtaining his desired cessation of hostilities with France (the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Amiens">Peace of Amiens</a>), in July 1802 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a> brought Castlereagh into the Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">President of the Board of Control</a>. His chief task was to mediate the bitter disputes between the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley</a> (the brother of Arthur Wellesley) and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_directors" class="mw-redirect" title="East India Company directors">Directors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, smoothing quarrels while generally supporting <a href="/wiki/Lord_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Wellesley">Lord Wellesley</a>'s policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage40_41]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage40_41]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–114">: 107–114 </span></sup> In 1805, with the renewed struggle against Napoleon in Europe the overriding priority, he presided over Wellesley's recall and replacement by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>, and over the subsequent abandonment of most of Wellesley's recent acquisitions in central India.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_interventions">Irish interventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Irish interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While his British interests and responsibilities took up more and more of his time, and his visits home became increasingly brief and rare, Castlereagh still hoped to do something for Ireland from the government benches.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> On entering the cabinet he wrote to Addington deploring the role of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> in fostering sectarian violence and to commend putting "the law rigidly in force against all parties" so that in future wars, "our foreign enemies" would not again find an aggrieved domestic ally.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than this, he won cabinet approval for schemes to ensure that the Established Church was not alone in preaching loyalty to the Crown. </p><p>To counter "the democratic party in the [Presbyterian] synod, most of whom, if not engaged in the Rebellion, were deeply infected with its principles",<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he proposed transforming the existing <i><a href="/wiki/Regium_Donum" title="Regium Donum">Regium Donum</a>,</i> which the Presbyterian body had apportioned equally among its clergy, into a discretionary grant for which each minister had to apply individually with proofs and professions of loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts to extend a similar scheme to the Catholic clergy met with stiffer resistance: priests would not accept support from <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> while it continued to deny their communicants political equality.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_home_constituency">Loss of home constituency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Loss of home constituency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> was slow to forgive Castlereagh for the loss of their parliament. The Dowager <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hill,_Marchioness_of_Downshire" title="Mary Hill, Marchioness of Downshire">Marchioness of Downshire</a> broke her family's electoral truce with the Stewarts in County Down and in July 1805 forced Castlereagh to defend his (now Westminster) parliamentary seat. In the contest he also faced the hostility of unrepentant United Irishmen—men like <a href="/wiki/William_Drennan" title="William Drennan">William Drennan</a> who were to engage in what Castlereagh denounced as "a deep laid scheme again to bring the Presbyterian Synod within the ranks of democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In 1810, with Castlereagh out of office, Drennan and his friends secured a government grant for the education of Presbyterian ministers in their new, distinctly liberal, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Academical_Institution" title="Royal Belfast Academical Institution">Belfast Academical Institution)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the prestige of a new cabinet position in London, Castlereagh was defeated in a campaign marked by repeated aspersions on his failure to father a child, and by the taunts of those who, otherwise no friends of the Downshires, reminded him of the principles on which he had stood in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204–205">: 204–205 </span></sup> News of his discomfiture was met with public celebration in Dublin and Belfast.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p><p>On his return to London, the Treasury found him an alternative English seat, <a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Boroughbridge</a>, a government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten borough</a>. Having conciliated the Downshires and able to ride the victories of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> (future Duke of Wellington), the reputed Dubliner he had appointed to command in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, in 1812 Castlereagh avenged his humiliation, and recovered the family seat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307">: 307 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_for_War">Secretary for War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secretary for War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanover,_Copenhagen_and_Walcheren"><span id="Hanover.2C_Copenhagen_and_Walcheren"></span>Hanover, Copenhagen and Walcheren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hanover, Copenhagen and Walcheren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the renewal of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, at the urging of Castlereagh and other long-time supporters in 1804 Pitt returned as Prime Minister. Castlereagh entered the new cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>. </p><p>While pushing forward reforms of the military, he joined Pitt in endorsing an aggressive expeditionary policy. In October 1805, an army under General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">George Don</a> was landed at the mouth of the Elbe with a view <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Expedition" title="Hanover Expedition">to liberating Hanover</a>. Following Napoleon's triumph over the Russian and Austrian armies at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> in December, it had to be recalled at great cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120–123">: 120–123 </span></sup> </p><p>As the only other member of <a href="/wiki/Second_Pitt_ministry" title="Second Pitt ministry">Pitt's cabinet</a> in the House of Commons, Castlereagh became Pitt's political deputy, taking on ever more burdens as Pitt's health continued to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Pitt's death in 1806, Castlereagh resigned amid the chaos of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a>. When that Government collapsed, Castlereagh again became Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in 1807, this time in the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland#The_Duke_of_Portland's_Second_Ministry,_March_1807_–_October_1809" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">ministry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spartacus_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1807, he concurred with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> in authorising a British bombardment of the neutral Danish capital, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. They sought to pre-emptively capture or destroy the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Danish_navy" title="History of the Danish navy">Dano-Norwegian fleet</a> fearing that it would fall into French hands. The incident precipitated both the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War of 1807</a> and Denmark's adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> and alliance with France.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1808 Castlereagh had been warned by <a href="/wiki/Dumouriez" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a> that the best policy England could adopt with respect to colonies in Spanish America was to relinquish all ideas of military conquest by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> and instead support the emancipation of the territories. Furthermore, Dumouriez suggested that once emancipation was achieved, a constitutional monarchy should be established with the exiled Duke of Orleans as King.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1809, with the Dowager Marchioness of Downshire now manoeuvring against him in London, the debacle of the <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Walcheren Expedition">Walcheren Expedition</a> subjected Castlereagh to particularly hostile scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225, 252">: 225, 252 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duel_with_Canning">Duel with Canning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Duel with Canning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh%E2%80%93Canning_duel" title="Castlereagh–Canning duel">Castlereagh–Canning duel</a></div> <p>Canning claimed to have opposed the <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Walcheren Expedition">Walcheren Expedition</a>, to have dismissed the landing on the Dutch coast as an ill-advised, ill-prepared diversion of troops from the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. Castlereagh had the support of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">General Wellesley</a>, and evidence later surfaced that the Foreign Secretary himself had interfered with the plan, selecting the <a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">Earl of Chatham</a> to command the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-nndb_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portland government became increasingly paralysed by disputes between the two men. Portland was in deteriorating health and gave no lead, until Canning threatened resignation unless Castlereagh was removed. When Castlereagh discovered Canning's terms had been accepted, he challenged the Foreign Secretary to a duel. </p><p>The duel was fought on 21 September 1809 on <a href="/wiki/Putney#Putney_Heath" title="Putney">Putney Heath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canning missed but Castlereagh wounded his opponent in the thigh. There was much outrage that two cabinet ministers had sought to settle their differences in such a manner, and they both felt compelled to resign. Six months later, Canning published a full account of his actions in the affair, but many who had initially rallied to him became convinced Castlereagh had been betrayed by his cabinet colleague.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Secretary">Foreign Secretary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg/220px-Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg/330px-Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg/440px-Viscount_Castlereagh_by_Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Castlereagh by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nollekens" title="Joseph Nollekens">Joseph Nollekens</a>, 1821. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three years later, in 1812, Castlereagh returned to the government, this time as Foreign Secretary, a role in which he served for the next ten years. He also became leader of the House of Commons in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval's assassination</a> in 1812. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Treaty of Chaumont"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his role of Foreign Secretary, he was instrumental in negotiating what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815)" title="Quadruple Alliance (1815)">quadruple alliance</a> between Britain, Austria, Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a> in March 1814, in the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a><sup id="cite_ref-nndb_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that brought peace with France, and at the Congress of Vienna. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> was part of the final deal offered to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1814. Napoleon rejected it and it never took effect. However, the key terms reaffirmed decisions that had been made already. These decisions were again ratified and put into effect by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814–1815. The terms were largely written by Lord Castlereagh, who offered cash subsidies to keep the other armies in the field against Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-BarnesFisher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidj45Rg2VBbRACpgPA302_302–305]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-BarnesFisher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidj45Rg2VBbRACpgPA302_302–305]-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key terms included the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain, and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 would become modern Belgium. The treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance which formed the balance of power for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015183744pagen124_110,_line_12]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015183744pagen124_110,_line_12]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a> argues: </p> <dl><dd>In 1813 and 1814 Castlereagh played the part that William III and Marlborough had played more than a hundred years before, in holding together an alliance of jealous, selfish, weak-kneed states and princes, by a vigour of character and singleness of purpose that held Metternich, the Czar, and the King of Prussia on the common track until the goal was reached. It is quite possible that, but for the lead taken by Castlereagh in the allied counsels, France would never have been reduced to her ancient limits, nor Napoleon dethroned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage132_133]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage132_133]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_Vienna">Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Castlereagh designed and proposed a form of collective and collaborative security for Europe, then called a <a href="/wiki/Congress_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress system">Congress system</a>. In the Congress system, the main signatory powers met periodically (every two years or so) and collectively managed European affairs. This system was used in an attempt to address the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Saxon_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Saxon crisis">Polish-Saxon crisis</a> at Vienna and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Laibach#Eastern_Question" title="Congress of Laibach">question of Greek independence</a> at Laibach. The following ten years saw five European Congresses where disputes were resolved with a diminishing degree of effectiveness. Finally, by 1822, the whole system had collapsed because of the irreconcilable differences of opinion between Britain, Austria, and Russia, and because of the lack of support for the Congress system in British public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years 1812 to 1822, Castlereagh continued to manage Britain's foreign policy, generally pursuing a policy of continental engagement uncharacteristic of British foreign policy in the nineteenth century. Castlereagh was not an effective public speaker and his diplomatic presentation style was at times abstruse.<sup id="cite_ref-nndb_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_the_slave_trade">Abolition of the slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Abolition of the slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#End_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade § End of the Atlantic slave trade</a></div> <p>Abolitionist opinion in Britain was strong enough in 1807 to abolish the slave trade in all <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a>—although slavery itself persisted in the colonies until 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. In 1806, Castlereagh had opposed Wilberforce's abolition bills arguing that the slave trade could not be suppressed by Britain alone, but only by broad international agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> This, as Foreign Minister, he pursued. He concluded treaties with Portugal, Sweden and Denmark, 1810–1814, whereby they agreed to restrict their trading.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna whose Final Act included a declaration condemning the slave trade. Wilberforce, himself, allowed that Castlereagh had secured all that "could be done".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229">: 229 </span></sup> </p><p>Castlereagh cooperated with senior officials to use the Royal Navy to detect and capture slave ships; the freed slaves were sent to freedom in a new British colony of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. He used diplomacy to conclude search-and-seize agreements with all the countries whose ships were trading. There was serious friction with the United States, where the southern slave interest was politically powerful. Washington recoiled at British policing of the high seas. Spain, France and Portugal also relied on the international slave trade to supply their colonial plantations. As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. It was illegal under American law for American ships to engage in the slave trade, but the idea of Britain enforcing American laws was unacceptable to Washington. Lord Palmerston continued the Castlereagh policies. Eventually, from 1842 to 1845, an arrangement was reached between London and Washington. With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">a staunchly anti-slavery government</a> in Washington in 1861, the Atlantic slave trade was doomed. In the long run, Castlereagh's strategy on how to stifle the trade proved successful.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonintervention_in_European_affairs">Nonintervention in European affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nonintervention in European affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1820 Castlereagh circulated to high officials a major state paper that set the main British policy for the rest of the century. Temperley and Penson call it, "the most famous State Paper in British history and the one of the widest ultimate consequences."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castlereagh called for no British intervention in continental affairs. He argued that the purpose of the Quadruple Alliance was to contain France and put down revolutions. But the Spanish revolt did not threaten European peace nor any of the great powers. Castlereagh said that in actual practice the powers would seldom be able to agree on concerted action, and he pointed out that British public opinion would not support interventions. He admitted that individual states could indeed intervene in affairs in their recognized sphere of interest, such as Austria's intervention in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 258, 263–264">: 258, 263–264 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lampooning_by_Thomas_Moore">Lampooning by Thomas Moore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lampooning by Thomas Moore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a press, or <a href="/wiki/Squib_(writing)" title="Squib (writing)">squib</a>, writer for the Whigs, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a>, better remembered as Ireland's <a href="/wiki/National_bard" class="mw-redirect" title="National bard">national bard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mercilessly lampooned Castlereagh. In what were the "verbal equivalents of the political cartoons of the day",<sup id="cite_ref-Poetry_Foundation_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poetry_Foundation-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress</i> (1818) and "Fables for the Holy Alliance" (1823), Moore savages Castlereagh's pirouetting with Britain's reactionary continental allies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely read, so that Moore eventually produced a sequel, was his verse novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fudge_Family_in_Paris" title="The Fudge Family in Paris">The Fudge Family in Paris</a></i> (1818). The family of an Irishman working as a propagandist for Castlereagh in Paris, the Fudges are accompanied by an accomplished tutor and classicist, Phelim Connor. An upright but disillusioned Irish Catholic, his letters to a friend reflect Moore's own views. Connor's regular epistolary denunciations of Castlereagh had two recurrent themes. First is Castlereagh as "the embodiment of the sickness with which Ireland had infected British politics as a consequence of the union":<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 530–531">: 530–531 </span></sup> "We sent thee Castlereagh—as heaps of dead Have slain their slayers by the pest they spread". The second is that at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> Castlereagh's support for Catholic emancipation had been disingenuous. Castlereagh had been master of "that faithless craft" which can "cart the slave, can swear he shall be freed", but then "basely spurns him" when his "point is gain'd."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This imputation that he had betrayed his country, bloodied his hands in 1798, and deliberately deceived Catholics at the time of the Union all reportedly wounded Castlereagh. Moore learnt from a mutual connection that Castlereagh had said that "the humorous and laughing things he did not at all mind, but the verses of the Tutor in the <i>Fudge Family</i> were quite another sort of thing, and were in very bad taste indeed."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 531">: 531 </span></sup> For openly casting the same aspersions against the former Chief Secretary, in 1811 the London-based Irish publisher and former United Irishman, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finnerty" title="Peter Finnerty">Peter Finnerty</a>, was sentenced to eighteen months for libel.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Finnerty_–_Irish_Biography_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Finnerty_–_Irish_Biography-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_death">Decline and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Decline and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg/220px-Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg/330px-Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg/440px-Castlereagh%27s_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Castlereagh's house, <a href="/wiki/Loring_Hall" title="Loring Hall">Woollet Hall</a> (now called Loring Hall), in <a href="/wiki/North_Cray" title="North Cray">North Cray</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bexley" title="Bexley">Bexley</a>, south London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg/220px-Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg/330px-Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg/440px-Blue_Plaque_for_the_Viscount_Castlereagh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque along the North Cray Road</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite his contributions to the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of peace, Castlereagh became extremely unpopular at home. He was attacked in the House of Commons by the Opposition for his support of repressive European governments,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the public resented his role in handling the Commons side of the <a href="/wiki/Pains_and_Penalties_Bill_1820#Background" title="Pains and Penalties Bill 1820">divorce of George IV and Queen Caroline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also condemned for his association with repressive measures of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington,_1st_Viscount_Sidmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth">Lord Sidmouth</a> (the former Prime Minister Addington).<sup id="cite_ref-nndb_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool#Lord_Liverpool's_ministry_(1812–1827)" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool Government</a>, he was often called upon to <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">defend government policy</a> in the House. He had to support the widely reviled measures taken by Sidmouth and the others, including the infamous <a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a>, to remain in cabinet and continue his diplomatic work. For these reasons, Castlereagh appears with other members of Lord Liverpool's Cabinet in <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i>, which was inspired by, and heavily critical of, the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>: </p> <dl><dd>I met Murder on the way –</dd> <dd>He had a mask like Castlereagh –</dd> <dd>Very smooth he looked, yet grim;</dd> <dd>Seven bloodhounds followed him.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>All were fat; and well they might</dd> <dd>Be in admirable plight,</dd> <dd>For one by one, and two by two,</dd> <dd>He tossed them human hearts to chew</dd> <dd>Which from his wide cloak he drew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley1832[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmasqueanarchyap00huntgoogpagen36_2]_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley1832[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmasqueanarchyap00huntgoogpagen36_2]-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>After the death of his father in April 1821, which "greatly afflicted him", Castlereagh became the 2nd Marquess of Londonderry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1869[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenealogicalhera00inburkpage704_704,_left_column,_line_71]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1869[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenealogicalhera00inburkpage704_704,_left_column,_line_71]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although ineligible to continue sitting for an Irish constituency, as a non-representative Irish peer he was eligible to sit in the House of Commons for an English seat. Preparations had already been made, and he was able to vacate Down and swiftly win a by-election for his uncle Lord Hertford's borough of Orford of which he had been an MP between 1796 and 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stood in good favour with the new King, George IV, who openly proposed to dismiss Lord Liverpool and appoint Castlereagh in his stead. Castlereagh's relations with his colleagues, however, were beginning to break down, possibly under the influence of paranoia. In March 1821, he told his brother he lacked able support on the government benches, and that his parliamentary labours were 'difficult to endure'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1822, he was showing clear signs of a form of <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>. He was severely overworked with both his responsibilities in leading the government in the House and the never-ending diplomacy required to manage conflicts among the other major powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage262_262]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage262_262]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His oratory in the House had never been of the highest calibre, but now he was considered to be practically incoherent.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke of resigning his office if matters did not improve. </p><p>Castlereagh began confessing to what was at the time criminal activity. He had already told his friend Mrs. Arbuthnot that he was being blackmailed for an alleged homosexual offence; at a 9 August meeting with the King, Castlereagh appeared distracted, said he was being mysteriously watched by a servant, and that he had committed all manner of crimes, remarking finally, "I am accused of the same crime as the Bishop of Clogher." <a href="/wiki/Percy_Jocelyn" title="Percy Jocelyn">Percy Jocelyn</a>, who had been the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Clogher" title="Bishop of Clogher">Bishop of Clogher</a> until the previous month, was prosecuted for homosexuality. The King concluded he was unwell and urged him to rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 541–542">: 541–542 </span></sup> </p><p>The King then sent a message to Lord Liverpool warning him of Castlereagh's illness; Liverpool initially failed to take the matter seriously and dismissed the message. Later that day, however, Castlereagh met with the Duke of Wellington, his cabinet colleague. Castlereagh behaved much as he had with the King; Wellington bluntly told Castlereagh he was not in his right mind, advised him to see a doctor, and alerted Castlereagh's personal physician Charles Bankhead, as well as Castlereagh's friends the Arbuthnots.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of Bankhead, Castlereagh went to his country seat at <a href="/wiki/Loring_Hall" title="Loring Hall">Woollet Hall</a> in Water Lane, <a href="/wiki/North_Cray" title="North Cray">North Cray</a>, Kent, for a weekend stay. He continued to be distressed, and to the concern of his friends and family, ranted wildly about conspiracies and threats to his life. No special watch was kept on him, though his wife saw to it that his pistols and razors were locked away.<sup id="cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 543">: 543 </span></sup> </p><p>Lady Castlereagh wrote to the King informing him that her husband would be unable to continue with official business. The King responded with a note to Castlereagh that his minister did not live to read: "Remember of what importance Your Health is to the Country but above all things to Me".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 543–544">: 543–544 </span></sup> </p><p>At about 7:30am on the morning of 12 August 1822, he sent for Bankhead, who found him in a dressing room seconds after he had cut his own <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">throat</a>, using a small knife which had been overlooked. He collapsed when Bankhead entered, and died almost instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-nndb_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nndb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpg544_544]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpg544_544]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Retrospective speculative diagnoses vary. At the time, his brother blamed "the intrigues that were carried on by the women surrounding the king" (the king's mistress, Lady Conyngham, was not on good terms with Castlereagh's wife). George Agar Ellis, on the other hand, concluded Castlereagh was disillusioned by "the nothingness of human grandeurs... the sad effects which disappointment and chagrin may have on a mind in which religion is not uppermost, for I have no doubt that the sad and apparently irretrievable state of affairs in England was the real cause of ... [his] unfortunate state of mind." Later verdicts attribute the problem to overwork and mental stress, or to "a psychotic depressive illness".<sup id="cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories link various instances of (at the time) little explained illness to <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castlereagh_death.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Castlereagh_death.png/220px-Castlereagh_death.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Castlereagh_death.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The Suicide of Lord Castlereagh by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>, 1822</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_to_his_death">Reaction to his death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reaction to his death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inquest concluded that the act had been committed while insane, avoiding the harsh strictures of a <i><a href="/wiki/Felo_de_se" title="Felo de se">felo de se</a></i> verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-Suicide_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suicide-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verdict allowed Lady Londonderry to see her husband <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Burials_and_Memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Abbey Burials and Memorials">buried</a> with honour in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChester1876[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmarriagebaptism01chesgoogpagen515_498]_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChester1876[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmarriagebaptism01chesgoogpagen515_498]-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near his mentor, William Pitt.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pallbearers included the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>, the former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington,_1st_Viscount_Sidmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth">Lord Sidmouth</a> and two future Prime Ministers, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Goderich">Frederick Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some radicals, notably <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>, claimed a "cover-up" within the government and viewed the verdict and Castlereagh's public funeral as a damning indictment of the elitism and privilege of the unreformed electoral system. At his funeral on 20 August, the crowds which lined the funeral route were generally respectful and decorous, but some jeering and insults were heard (although not to the level of unanimity projected in the radical press); and there was cheering when the coffin was taken out of the hearse at the Abbey door.<sup id="cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A funeral monument was not erected until 1850 when his half-brother and successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Charles Stewart Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry</a> did so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwwQABAAAQBAJpgPA3_3]_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwwQABAAAQBAJpgPA3_3]-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some time after Castlereagh's death, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> wrote a savage quip about his grave: </p> <dl><dd>Posterity will ne'er survey</dd> <dd>A nobler grave than this:</dd> <dd>Here lie the bones of Castlereagh:</dd> <dd>Stop, traveller, and piss.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Some of his opponents were damning in their verdicts. Thomas Creevy defied "any human being to discover a single feature of his character that can stand a moment's criticism. By experience, good manners and great courage, he managed a corrupt House of Commons pretty well, with some address. This is the whole of his intellectual merit. He had a limited understanding and no knowledge, and his whole life was spent in an avowed, cold-blooded contempt of every honest public principle." <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1777)" title="Robert Wilson (British Army officer, born 1777)">Sir Robert Wilson</a> believed that there had never been "a greater enemy to civil liberty or a baser slave." </p><p>Others of Castlereagh's political opponents were more gracious in their epigrams. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a>, a Whig politician and later the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, who had battled frequently with Castlereagh, once almost to the point of calling him out, and had denigrated his skills as Leader,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote in the week following Castlereagh's death:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Put all their other men together in one scale, and poor Castlereagh in the other – single he plainly weighed them down ... One can't help feeling a little for him, after being pitted against him for several years, pretty regularly. It is like losing a connection suddenly. Also he was a gentleman, and the only one amongst them.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Modern historians stress the success of Castlereagh's career in spite of the hatred and ignominy he suffered. Trevelyan contrasts his positive achievements and his pitiful failures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage141_141]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage141_141]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His diplomacy was applauded by historians. For example, in 1919 diplomatic historians recommended his wise policies of 1814–1815 to the British delegation to the Paris peace conferences that ended the First World War. Historian R. J. White underscores the paradox: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There probably never was a statesman whose ideas were so right and whose attitude to public opinion was so wrong. Such disparity between the grasp of ends and the understanding of means amounts to a failure in statesmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1956332_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1956332-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>His biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Bew_(historian)" title="John Bew (historian)">John Bew</a> writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No British statesman of the 19th century reached the same level of international influence....But very few have been so maligned by their own countrymen and so abused in history. This shy and handsome Ulsterman is perhaps the most hated domestic political figure in both modern British and Irish political history.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Stewart acquired the <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy title</a> Viscount Castlereagh in 1796 when his father was created Earl of Londonderry in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish peerage">Irish peerage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailsparliamentaryga00unkngoogpagen556_372,_right_column]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailsparliamentaryga00unkngoogpagen556_372,_right_column]-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his father's death in 1821, he succeeded as <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Marquess of Londonderry">2nd Marquess of Londonderry</a>, a title to which his father had been raised in 1816. His younger half-brother, the soldier, politician and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Charles Stewart (later Vane)</a> succeeded him as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1822. </p><p>He was styled through his life as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Robert Stewart, <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a> (1769–1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></i> Robert Stewart (1789–1796)</li> <li>Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (1796–1797)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></i> Viscount Castlereagh (1797–1814)</li> <li><i>The Right Honourable</i> Viscount Castlereagh, <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">KG</a> (1814–1821)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">The</a> Marquess of Londonderry, KG, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">GCH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">PC (Ire)</a> (1821–1822)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials_and_tributes">Memorials and tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Memorials and tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_Street" title="Castlereagh Street">Castlereagh Street</a> in Sydney was named after him in 1810 by <a href="/wiki/Governor_Macquarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor Macquarie">Governor Macquarie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> suburb locality of <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh,_New_South_Wales" title="Castlereagh, New South Wales">Castlereagh</a> was also named after him by Macquarie in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-lib.mq.edu.au_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib.mq.edu.au-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_River" title="Castlereagh River">Castlereagh River</a> in north-western New South Wales was dedicated to him in 1818 by George Evans and explored by John Oxley.<sup id="cite_ref-gnb_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnb-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The New South Wales electoral seat of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Castlereagh" title="Electoral district of Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a> also carried his name from 1904 until 1991.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Castlereagh_(ship)" title="Lord Castlereagh (ship)"><i>Lord Castlereagh</i> (ship)</a>, two ships named for Lord Castlereagh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Castlereagh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Castlereagh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>Castlereagh</i> derives from the barony of <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_(County_Down_barony)" title="Castlereagh (County Down barony)">Castlereagh</a> in which lie the towns of Newtownards and Comber. The estates included the demesne land of Mount Pleasant, later <a href="/wiki/Mount_Stewart" title="Mount Stewart">Mount Stewart</a>, which became the family seat of the Londonderrys (see Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i>, p. 15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His father was a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cowan_(governor)" title="Robert Cowan (governor)">Robert Cowan</a>, a wealthy and successful <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Bombay">Governor of Bombay</a> for the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, whose heir was the elder Stewart's mother, Cowan's sister Mary. Much of the Stewart family wealth was based on the estates which came into the family through the Cowan inheritance, which put the family squarely in the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> class of <a href="/wiki/Ulster#History_and_politics" title="Ulster">Ulster Presbyterians</a> whose ancestors first arrived in Ireland during the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>. (See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114195351/http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/lond_eo.htm">"The Cowan Inheritance"</a>. Public Records Office of Northern Ireland. 7 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/lond_eo.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cowan+Inheritance&rft.pub=Public+Records+Office+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proni.gov.uk%2Frecords%2Fprivate%2Flond_eo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Election_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Down election of 1790 was fought against the elder Stewart's rival for influence in Ulster, <a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire</a>, who controlled both Down seats. The elder Stewart, who had been raised to the Irish peerage the previous year and was thereby ineligible, persuaded his son to stand for the seat. His son was backed, as he had been, by Whigs and <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a>. The election expenses to the Stewarts reached the extraordinary sum of £60,000, financed by a mortgage of Mount Stewart, which Castlereagh's father spent much of the next decades paying off. (See Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Child-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Child_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a profile of Castlereagh published within months of his death, he was reported to have had, prior to his marriage, a son by a maidservant who lived near the Mount Stewart estate, and whom it was rumoured he supported. (Felton Reede, <i>Private Life of the Marquess of Londonderry</i>, (1822), cited in Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i>, pp 34 and 144.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-War_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The war with France absorbed much of the attention of Government and Parliament, and what attention was paid to an increasingly radicalised Ireland was confused and inconsistent. Pitt's dismissal of the popular <a href="/wiki/William_Fitzwilliam,_4th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam">Lord Fitzwilliam</a> in 1795, over Fitzwilliam's aggressive support of Whig patronage and Catholic emancipation, produced outrage and rioting in Dublin. Castlereagh had watched the unravelling of Irish policy with deep concern and knew what sort of reaction to expect to Fitzwilliam's dismissal. But he was in no position to steer Irish policy nor could he object to the inevitable departure of Fitzwilliam, especially as the person appointed to replace Fitzwilliam was the brother of Stewart's step-mother, <a href="/wiki/John_Jeffreys_Pratt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jeffreys Pratt">John Jeffreys Pratt</a>, who had recently succeeded as 2nd Earl Camden. (See Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i>, Ch. 3.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Limavedy-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Limavedy_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castlereagh had been re-elected without opposition from Down in 1797 and continued to hold this seat while in office in Ireland. He could not continue to hold both Irish office and the seat in Westminster for Orford, which he therefore resigned. (See Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i>, Ch 4.) In the Irish election of 1798, he stood for <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Limavady_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Newtown Limavady (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Newtown Limavady</a> as well as for Down. He was successful for both constituencies and chose to sit for the latter. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abercromby-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abercromby_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Council, though he was active in pursuing plots against the Government, he countered the influence of the more extreme members of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> who, against especially the policies of the new Commander-in-Chief for Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ralph_Abercromby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ralph Abercromby">Sir Ralph Abercromby</a>, called for indiscriminate violence to suppress all threat of rebellion. (See Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i>, Ch 4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1795 to 1798 was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Thomas Pelham</a>, but he was continually absent from his duties due to illness. Camden pressed London to replace Pelham, recommending in his stead Castlereagh, whose performance in office was admired by those in London concerned with Irish policy. But as an example of the perverse prejudices of the era, Castlereagh, who might have been especially competent in this delicate and demanding office because he was an Irishman, was also ineligible to represent the Crown in Ireland because he was an Irishman, even though this Irishman was grandson of an English Marquess, great-grandson of an English Duke and son-in-law of an English Earl. After pressure by Pitt on <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> who shared the prejudice against appointments of Irish as representatives of the Crown in Ireland, Castlereagh was appointed Acting Chief Secretary in March 1798. But it was only in November 1798, after the Rebellion had been put down that, in response to imperious demands from the next influential Lord Lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Marquess Cornwallis</a>, Castlereagh was given the permanent office, and for the first time the Chief Secretary for Ireland was an Irishman. The next month, Castlereagh was admitted to the King's Privy Council. (See Leigh, <i>Castlereagh</i> Ch 4, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/15090/pages/1211">"The London Gazette"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+London+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F15090%2Fpages%2F1211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(112 <a href="/wiki/KiB" class="mw-redirect" title="KiB">KiB</a>)</span> 18 December 1798, p. 1 (1 page pdf).)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suicide-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suicide_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suicide was illegal in England <a href="/wiki/Suicide_Act_1961" title="Suicide Act 1961">until 1961</a>. Prior to the Right to Burial Act of 1823, a suicide was denied a Christian burial and, until the Abolition of Forfeiture Act of 1870, his property was forfeited to the Crown. These cruel penalties were less and less frequently applied over the course of the 18th century, especially in the case of wealthier perpetrators. Inquests were likely to view suicide as itself evidence of the disturbed state of the perpetrator's mind. (See e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clifton_D._Bryant" title="Clifton D. Bryant">Clifton D. Bryant</a>, <i>Handbook of Death and Dying</i>, Sage Publications (2003) pp. 316–317.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A practice established shortly after his death, for example in Sir C. K. Webster's 1925 work <i>Foreign Policy of Castlereagh 1812–1815, 1815–1822</i> and his own half-brother's 1848–53 <i>Mems. and Corresp. Visct. Castlereagh</i>. It reflects his having used the name of <i>Castlereagh</i> so long, and the name of <i>Londonderry</i> so briefly, and having earned most of his reputation under the former name. Furthermore, it avoids confusion with his father, who also was Robert Stewart, Lord Londonderry. cf <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/stewart-hon-robert-1769-1822">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpgPA6_6]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpgPA6_6]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBew2012">Bew 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyTg672rGTMC&pg=PA6">6</a>. "On 18 June 1769 ... Robert Stewart, the future Lord Castlereagh was born into a politically active and ambitious family in an elegant townhouse at 28 Henry Street, in the north side of Dublin."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_3]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_3]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDebrett1828">Debrett 1828</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage01debrgoog/page/n213">635, line 3</a>. "The marquess m. [married] 1st, 3 June 1766, Sarah-Frances Seymour, 2nd da. [daughter] of Francis, 1st marquess of Hertford, K. G. ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh1952" class="citation journal cs1">Leigh, Ione (1952). "Castlereagh". <i>Dublin Magazine</i>. <b>27</b> (January–March). Collins: 72–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Magazine&rft.atitle=Castlereagh&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=January%E2%80%93March&rft.pages=72-74&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Ione&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen132_131,_line_9]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen132_131,_line_9]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCokayne1893">Cokayne 1893</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/page/n132/">131, line 9</a>. "... and finally on 13 Jan. 1816 cr. MARQUESS OF LONDONDERRY [I.]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2011" class="citation book cs1">Bew, John (2011). <i>Castlreagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny</i>. London: Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857381866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857381866"><bdi>978-0857381866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlreagh%3A+Enlightenment%2C+War+and+Tyranny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0857381866&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeigh195122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeigh195122_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeigh1951">Leigh 1951</a>, p. 22. "Camden, interested as ever in his future, advised his father to send him up to Cambridge."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADSTWT786R" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=STWT786R&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Stewart, Robert (STWT786R)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Robert+%28STWT786R%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DSTWT786R%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse_of_Commons1878[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL1ETAAAAYAAJpg683_683]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse_of_Commons1878[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL1ETAAAAYAAJpg683_683]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1878">House of Commons 1878</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=683">683</a>. "Hon. Robert Stewart DOWN County."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage7_7,_last_line]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage7_7,_last_line]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1966">Bartlett 1966</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castlereagh00bart/page/7/">7, last line</a>. "The cost ... was staggering; the Stewart alone spent £60,000, a staggering sum ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/stewart-hon-robert-1769-1822">"STEWART, Hon. Robert (1769–1822), of Mount Stewart, co. Down. | History of Parliament Online"</a>. <i>www.historyofparliamentonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.atitle=STEWART%2C+Hon.+Robert+%281769%E2%80%931822%29%2C+of+Mount+Stewart%2C+co.+Down.+%7C+History+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1790-1820%2Fmember%2Fstewart-hon-robert-1769-1822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2013" class="citation web cs1">Bartlett, Thomas (22 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/the-catholic-question-in-the-eighteenth-century-11/">"The Catholic Question in the Eighteenth Century"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Question+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F18th-19th-century-history%2Fthe-catholic-question-in-the-eighteenth-century-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinde1981" class="citation book cs1">Hinde, Wendy (1981). <i>Castlereagh</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/000216308X" title="Special:BookSources/000216308X"><bdi>000216308X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=000216308X&rft.aulast=Hinde&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">War Office, <i>A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen & Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom</i>, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-207-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/stewart-hon-robert-1769-1822">"Stewart, Hon. Robert (1769–1822), of Mount Stewart, co. Down"</a>. <i>the History of Parliament: British Political, Social & Local History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+History+of+Parliament%3A+British+Political%2C+Social+%26+Local+History&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Hon.+Robert+%281769%E2%80%931822%29%2C+of+Mount+Stewart%2C+co.+Down.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1790-1820%2Fmember%2Fstewart-hon-robert-1769-1822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_38]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213_635,_line_38]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDebrett1828">Debrett 1828</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage01debrgoog/page/n213">635, line 38</a>. "... m. [married] 9 Jan. 1794 Amelia Hobart, youngest da. [daughter] and co-h. of John, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114195351/http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/lond_eo.htm">"The Cowan Inheritance"</a>. Public Records Office of Northern Ireland. 7 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/lond_eo.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cowan+Inheritance&rft.pub=Public+Records+Office+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proni.gov.uk%2Frecords%2Fprivate%2Flond_eo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13922" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13922/page/781">"No. 13922"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 10 August 1796. pp. 781, right column. <q>To Robert Lord Viscount Castlereagh, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name Stile and Title of Earl of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13922&rft.pages=781%2C+right+column&rft.date=1796-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13922%2Fpage%2F781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1995" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, A. 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T. Q. (1995). <i>The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down</i>. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856405582" title="Special:BookSources/0856405582"><bdi>0856405582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summer+Soldiers%3A+The+1798+Rebellion+in+Antrim+and+Down&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=The+Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0856405582&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=A.+T.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(Unitarian)" title="Alexander Gordon (Unitarian)">Gordon, Alexander</a> (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Porter, James (1753-1798)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Porter,_James_(1753-1798)">"Porter, James (1753-1798)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. 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Belfast: Athol Books. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850340457" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850340457"><bdi>978-0850340457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Bluff+and+the+Squire+%5B1796%5D+and+Other+Writing+by+Re.+James+Porter&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Athol+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0850340457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castlereagh to Sir Laurence Parsons, 28 November 1798, Castlereagh Correspondence, vol. 11, pp. 32–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multitext-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Multitext_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Multitext_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Politics_and_Administration_in_Ireland_1770-1815">Politics and Administration in Ireland, 1750–1815</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112213844/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Politics_and_Administration_in_Ireland_1770-1815">Archived</a> 12 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, James Kelley, University College Cork, Multitext Project in Irish History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage40_41]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage40_41]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1966">Bartlett 1966</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castlereagh00bart/page/40">41</a>. "Castlereagh found much of his time devoted to the thankless task of acting as a mediator between the influential Court in London and its formidable Governor-General in India, the irascible and autocratic Richard Wellesley."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColles1919" class="citation book cs1">Colles, Ramsey (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electricscotland.com/history/ulster/vol4chap20.htm"><i>The History of Ulster: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Volume IV</i></a>. London: Gresham Publishing Co. pp. 167–168<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ulster%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day%2C+Volume+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Gresham+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Colles&rft.aufirst=Ramsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectricscotland.com%2Fhistory%2Fulster%2Fvol4chap20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2009" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/black-robert-a0686">"Black, Robert | Dictionary of Irish Biography"</a>. <i>www.dib.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Spartacus Educational. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcastlereagh.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FPRcastlereagh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807." <i>English Historical Review</i> (1953): 37–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/555118">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rMuGDAAAQBAJ&dq=Charles+Dumouriez&pg=PA87">Great Britain and Argentina by K. Gallo, p. 87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nndb-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nndb_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nndb_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nndb_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nndb_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nndb_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/357/000095072/">"Profile: Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh"</a>. NNDB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+Robert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh&rft.pub=NNDB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F357%2F000095072%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Spectator" class="citation web cs1">The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205005753/http://www.spectator.co.uk/books/575291/pistols-at-dawn.thtml">"Pistols at dawn"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/books/575291/pistols-at-dawn.thtml">the original</a> on 5 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pistols+at+dawn&rft.au=The+Spectator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F575291%2Fpistols-at-dawn.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt (2008), <i>The Duel</i>. pp. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-BarnesFisher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidj45Rg2VBbRACpgPA302_302–305]-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-BarnesFisher2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidj45Rg2VBbRACpgPA302_302–305]_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFremont-BarnesFisher2004">Fremont-Barnes & Fisher 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j45Rg2VBbRAC&pg=PA302">302–305</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015183744pagen124_110,_line_12]-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015183744pagen124_110,_line_12]_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArtz1934">Artz 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183744/page/n124/">110, line 12</a>. "This treaty restated certain decisions already arrived at—the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of Spain to the Bourbons, the independence of Switzerland, and the enlargement of Holland—..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage132_133]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage132_133]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevelyan1922">Trevelyan 1922</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishhistoryin00trevuoft/page/132">133</a>:as quoted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson2000" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Harold (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C"><i>The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822</i></a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3744-9"><bdi>978-0-8021-3744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+of+Vienna%3A+A+Study+in+Allied+Unity%2C+1812%E2%80%931822&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3744-9&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZTC3IWC_py8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Drescher" title="Seymour Drescher">Seymour Drescher</a>, "Whose abolition? Popular pressure and the ending of the British slave trade." <i>Past & Present</i> 143 (1994): 136–166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651164">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Reich, "The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna – A Study in English Public Opinion" <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 53.2 (1968): 129–143. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716488">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Duram, "A Study of Frustration: Britain, the USA, and the African Slave Trade, 1815–1870." Social Science (1965): 220–225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41885111">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.W.V. Temperley, and Lillian M. Penson, eds. <i>Foundations of British Foreign Policy: 1792–1902</i> (1938) Quote p. 47, the paper itself pp 48–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2017" class="citation journal cs1">Love, Timothy (Spring 2017). "Gender and the Nationalistic Ballad: Thomas Davis, Thomas Moore, and Their Songs". <i>New Hibernia Review</i>. <b>21</b> (1). Center for Irish Studies at the University of St. Thomas: 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnhr.2017.0005">10.1353/nhr.2017.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-5815">1534-5815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149071105">149071105</a>. 660979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review&rft.atitle=Gender+and+the+Nationalistic+Ballad%3A+Thomas+Davis%2C+Thomas+Moore%2C+and+Their+Songs&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149071105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-5815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnhr.2017.0005&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poetry_Foundation-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poetry_Foundation_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/thomas-moore">"Thomas Moore"</a>. <i>poetryfoundation.org</i>. Poetry Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poetryfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Thomas+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoets%2Fthomas-moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2008" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Ronan (2008). <i>Bard of Eri:n: The Life of Thomas Moore</i>. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. pp. 322–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844881437" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844881437"><bdi>978-1844881437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bard+of+Eri%3An%3A+The+Life+of+Thomas+Moore&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=322-327&rft.pub=Penguin+Ireland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1844881437&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1818" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Thomas (1818). <i>The Fudge Family in Paris</i>. London: Longmans. pp. 69, 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fudge+Family+in+Paris&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69%2C+76&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...he deplored the frequent attacks made in the House on the conduct of foreign governments ... he defended his part in the recent negotiations, designed to secure European equilibrium, and justified the high peacetime establishment. His chief opponent in foreign affairs was now Brougham, whose motion in favour of the Spanish Liberals he deprecated as typical of the kind of meddling in the affairs of other countries that was increasingly resented on the Continent." cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/stewart-hon-robert-1769-1822">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histparl-viscount-castlereagh-d1822_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2009" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, David R. (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/stewart-robert-1769-1822">"Stewart, Robert, Visct. Castlereagh (1769–1822), of Mount Stewart, co. Down; North Cray Farm, nr. Bexley, Kent and 9 St. James's Square, Mdx"</a>. <i>The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832</i>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Parliament%3A+the+House+of+Commons+1820%E2%80%931832&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Robert%2C+Visct.+Castlereagh+%281769%E2%80%931822%29%2C+of+Mount+Stewart%2C+co.+Down%3B+North+Cray+Farm%2C+nr.+Bexley%2C+Kent+and+9+St.+James%27s+Square%2C+Mdx&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1820-1832%2Fmember%2Fstewart-robert-1769-1822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley1832[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmasqueanarchyap00huntgoogpagen36_2]-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley1832[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmasqueanarchyap00huntgoogpagen36_2]_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelley1832">Shelley 1832</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masqueanarchyap00huntgoog/page/n36/">2</a>:As quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1869[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenealogicalhera00inburkpage704_704,_left_column,_line_71]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1869[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenealogicalhera00inburkpage704_704,_left_column,_line_71]_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurke1869">Burke 1869</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/page/704/">704, left column, line 71</a>. "The marquess d. [died] 8 Apr. 1821, and was s. [succeeded] by the son of his first marriage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage262_262]-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1966[httpsarchiveorgdetailscastlereagh00bartpage262_262]_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1966">Bartlett 1966</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castlereagh00bart/page/262">262</a>. "Meanwhile, the burden of the poorly organised Foreign Office remained as heavy as ever. Castlereagh's private secretary, Planta, complained bitterly of the burden of work, and though one can hardly argue from the evidence that Castlereagh's mental instability was caused by overwork alone, it cannot be discounted."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On one occasion: "Such hash was never delivered by man. The folly of him—his speech as a composition in its attempt at style and ornament and figures, and in its real vulgarity, bombast and folly, was such as, coming from a man of his order, with 30 years parliamentary experience and with an audience quite at his devotion, amounted to a perfect miracle ... Brougham ... played the devil with him." On another occasion, when trying to explain the Government's financial plans, he was "so confused and involved in his language that the House did not in the least understand." cf.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/stewart-robert-1769-1822">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It remains unclear whether there was some sort of extortion attempt, and if so, whether such attempt represented a real threat of exposure, or whether the purported blackmail was a symptom of paranoia. See H. Montgomery Hyde, <i>Trials of Oscar Wilde</i>, Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20216-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20216-X">0-486-20216-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is no concrete evidence that Londonderry had committed a homosexual act, but it seems that a few years earlier he had been enticed into a brothel by a man disguised as a woman, and that he was being blackmailed on that score. The case of the bishop of Clogher, which was currently the talk of the town, probably impinged on his disturbed mind." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/stewart-robert-1769-1822">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He died almost instantly, but not before he had exclaimed, 'My dear Bankhead, let me fall upon you; it is all over'." cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/stewart-robert-1769-1822">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpg544_544]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpg544_544]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBew2012">Bew 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyTg672rGTMC&pg=544">544</a>. "... as Castlereagh sank to the floor with blood running from his neck and a small pen-knife in his hand with which he had cut the carotid artery in his neck."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChester1876[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmarriagebaptism01chesgoogpagen515_498]-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChester1876[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmarriagebaptism01chesgoogpagen515_498]_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChester1876">Chester 1876</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriagebaptism01chesgoog/page/n515/">498</a>. "1822 Aug. 20 The most Hon. Robert, marquis of Londonderry, etc., in Ireland; St. James's Square, St. James's, Westminster; died on the 12th, aged 53: in the North Cross."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Stanley, A.P.</a>, <i>Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey</i> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a>), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2011" class="citation book cs1">Bew, John (2011). <i>Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny</i> (1st ed.). Quercus. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857381866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857381866"><bdi>978-0857381866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh%3A+Enlightenment%2C+War+and+Tyranny&rft.pages=549&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0857381866&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwwQABAAAQBAJpgPA3_3]-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwwQABAAAQBAJpgPA3_3]_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGates2014">Gates 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a>. "What our juryman and eleven others had to decide was whether his lordship was insane at the time of his death or was felo-de-se, a self-murderer. These were the choices for the legal verdicts in 1822 ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanftleben" class="citation web cs1">Sanftleben, Kurt A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanftleben.com/Last%20Words/lastwords-ep-a.html">"Epitaphs A–C"</a>. Last Words<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epitaphs+A%E2%80%93C&rft.pub=Last+Words&rft.aulast=Sanftleben&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanftleben.com%2FLast%2520Words%2Flastwords-ep-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Lord Brougham</a>, "Lord Castlereagh", <i>Historical Sketches of Statesmen in the Time of George III</i>, London: Charles Knight & Co. (1845), Second Series, Vol I, pp. 149–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Herbert Maxwell, ed. (1904), "Henry Brougham M.P. to Thomas Creevey, August 19, 1822," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/creeveypaperssel02creeuoft/creeveypaperssel02creeuoft_djvu.txt"><i>The Creevey Papers</i></a>, London: John Murray, 2nd edition, Vol II, p 44. Internet Archive retrieved on 9 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Less flatteringly, Brougham remarked "his capacity was greatly underrated from the poverty of his discourse" and that his natural gifts were "of the most commonplace" kind. He thought less of Canning though, judging that he succeeded to "all of Castlereagh, except his good judgment, good manners and bad English." cf <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/stewart-robert-1769-1822">[6]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/stewart-hon-robert-1769-1822">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage141_141]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbritishhistoryin00trevuoftpage141_141]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevelyan1922">Trevelyan 1922</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishhistoryin00trevuoft/page/141">141</a>. "The policy embodied in the treaties of 1815 was, in some of its chief aspects, generous and wise. It prevented a war of revenge by France, and it gave security to the British Empire for a hundred years; on both counts the policy of Castlereagh had been the decisive factor. The defect of the settlement, destined to imperil Britain once more when the wheel had come full circle, was its entire neglect of the craving of the European people for nationality and for freedom."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1956332-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1956332_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1956">White 1956</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bew, "Castlereagh: enlightened conservative" <i>History Today</i>, (2011) 61#11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailsparliamentaryga00unkngoogpagen556_372,_right_column]-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailsparliamentaryga00unkngoogpagen556_372,_right_column]_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonymous1846">Anonymous 1846</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parliamentaryga00unkngoog/page/n556/">372, right column</a>. "CASTLEREAGH, a hamlet in the district of Castlereagh ... This place gives the title of Viscount to the Marquis of Londonderry."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13922" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13922/page/781">"No. 13922"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 August 1796. p. 781.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13922&rft.pages=781&rft.date=1796-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13922%2Fpage%2F781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Londonderry, Earls and Marquesses of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Londonderry,_Earls_and_Marquesses_of">"Londonderry, Earls and Marquesses of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Londonderry%2C+Earls+and+Marquesses+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=968&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/garterlist.htm">List of the Knights of the Garter (1348–present)</a>", Heraldica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/streets">"History of Sydney Streets"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/MS_Excel" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Excel">MS Excel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(for download)</span>)</span>. <i>Sydney Streets</i>. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sydney" title="City of Sydney">City of Sydney</a>. 4 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Streets&rft.atitle=History+of+Sydney+Streets&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au%2Flearn%2Fsydneys-history%2Fpeople-and-places%2Fstreets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lib.mq.edu.au-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lib.mq.edu.au_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacquarie" class="citation book cs1">Macquarie, Lachlan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310122444/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/all/journeys/1810/1810a/dec6.html">"Thursday 6th. Decr."</a>. <i>Journal of a Tour of Governor Macquarie's first Inspection of the Interior of the Colony Commencing on Tuesday the 6th. Novr. 1810</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/all/journeys/1810/1810a/dec6.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thursday+6th.+Decr.&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+Tour+of+Governor+Macquarie%27s+first+Inspection+of+the+Interior+of+the+Colony+Commencing+on+Tuesday+the+6th.+Novr.+1810&rft.aulast=Macquarie&rft.aufirst=Lachlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.mq.edu.au%2Fall%2Fjourneys%2F1810%2F1810a%2Fdec6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnb-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gnb_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/JPKqoexOGH">"Castlereagh River"</a>. <i>Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW</i>. <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales" title="Geographical Names Board of New South Wales">Geographical Names Board of New South Wales</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Names+Register+%28GNR%29+of+NSW&rft.atitle=Castlereagh+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au%2Fpublic%2Fgeonames%2FJPKqoexOGH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333050#P10008" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1846" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parliamentaryga00unkngoog/"><i>The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland</i></a>. Vol. 1. Dublin: A. Fullarton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliamentary+Gazetteer+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=A.+Fullarton&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparliamentaryga00unkngoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> – A to C (for hamlet of Castlereagh)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtz1934" class="citation book cs1">Artz, Frederick Binkerd (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499217/"><i>Reaction and Revolution 1814–1832</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883674335">883674335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaction+and+Revolution+1814%E2%80%931832&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883674335&rft.aulast=Artz&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Binkerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.499217%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._J._Bartlett" title="C. J. Bartlett">Bartlett, Christopher John</a> (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castlereagh00bart/"><i>Castlereagh</i></a></span>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcastlereagh00bart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bew_(historian)" title="John Bew (historian)">Bew, John</a> (2012) [2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyTg672rGTMC"><i>Castlereagh: A Life</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993159-0"><bdi>978-0-19-993159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993159-0&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDyTg672rGTMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Burke" title="Bernard Burke">Burke, Bernard</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/"><i>A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire</i></a> (31st ed.). London: Harrison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Genealogical+and+Heraldic+Dictionary+of+the+Peerage+and+Baronetage+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.edition=31st&rft.pub=Harrison&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenealogicalhera00inburk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester1876" class="citation book cs1">Chester, Joseph Lemuel (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriagebaptism01chesgoog/"><i>Registers of Westminster Abbey</i></a>. London: Private Edition. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140248">1140248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Registers+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Private+Edition&rft.date=1876&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140248&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Lemuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarriagebaptism01chesgoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> – Marriages, baptisms and burials from about 1660 to 1875</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokayne1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Cokayne" title="George Edward Cokayne">Cokayne, George Edward</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completepeerage05cokahrish/"><i>Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant</i></a>. Vol. V (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bell and Sons">George Bell and Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1180836840">1180836840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+peerage+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+Ireland%2C+Great+Britain+and+the+United+Kingdom%2C+extant%2C+extinct%2C+or+dormant&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1180836840&rft.aulast=Cokayne&rft.aufirst=George+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletepeerage05cokahrish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> – L to M (for Londonderry)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebrett1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Debrett" title="John Debrett">Debrett, John</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage01debrgoog/"><i>Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Vol. II (17th ed.). London: F. C. and J. Rivington. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54499602">54499602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peerage+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=F.+C.+and+J.+Rivington&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54499602&rft.aulast=Debrett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebrettspeerage01debrgoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> – Scotland and Ireland</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscott1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hay_Sweet_Escott" title="Thomas Hay Sweet Escott">Escott, Thomas Hay Sweet</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028066979"><i>Club Makers and Club Members</i></a>. London: T Fisher Unwin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2674230">2674230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Club+Makers+and+Club+Members&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2674230&rft.aulast=Escott&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hay+Sweet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924028066979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-BarnesFisher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j45Rg2VBbRAC&pg=PA302"><i>The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 302–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841768311" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841768311"><bdi>978-1841768311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=302-305&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1841768311&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj45Rg2VBbRAC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fryde" title="Edmund Fryde">Fryde, Edmund Boleslaw</a>; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/"><i>Handbook of British Chronology</i></a></span>. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, No. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86193-106-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86193-106-8"><bdi>0-86193-106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=London&rft.series=Royal+Historical+Society+Guides+and+Handbooks%2C+No.+2&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Offices+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86193-106-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofbritis0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> – (for timeline)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2014" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Barbara T. (2014) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngYEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Victorian Suicide: Mad Crimes and Sad Histories</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09437-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09437-3"><bdi>978-0-691-09437-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Suicide%3A+Mad+Crimes+and+Sad+Histories&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09437-3&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Barbara+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngYEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1878" class="citation book cs1">House of Commons (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1ETAAAAYAAJ"><i>Return. Members of Parliament – Part II. Parliaments of Great Britain, 1705–1796. Parliaments of the United Kingdom, 1801–1874. Parliaments and Conventions of the Estates of Scotland, 1357–1707. Parliaments of Ireland, 1599–1800</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/His/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="His/Her Majesty's Stationery Office">His/Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13112546">13112546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return.+Members+of+Parliament+%E2%80%93+Part+II.+Parliaments+of+Great+Britain%2C+1705%E2%80%931796.+Parliaments+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+1801%E2%80%931874.+Parliaments+and+Conventions+of+the+Estates+of+Scotland%2C+1357%E2%80%931707.+Parliaments+of+Ireland%2C+1599%E2%80%931800.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=His%2FHer+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13112546&rft.au=House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1ETAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Giles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbVpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Duel: Castlereagh, Canning and deadly cabinet rivalry</i></a>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-593-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duel%3A+Castlereagh%2C+Canning+and+deadly+cabinet+rivalry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-593-7&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissinger1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger, Henry</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldrestoredeur0000kiss/"><i>A World Restored</i></a></span>. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1203400715">1203400715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Restored&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1203400715&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldrestoredeur0000kiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh1951" class="citation book cs1">Leigh, Ione (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UDyxwEACAAJ"><i>Castlereagh</i></a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1888055">1888055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1888055&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Ione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UDyxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> – (especially for early years, access to family papers)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1832" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley, Percy Bysshe</a> (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masqueanarchyap00huntgoog/"><i>The Mask of Anarchy</i></a>. London: Edward Moxon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21441655">21441655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mask+of+Anarchy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Moxon&rft.date=1832&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21441655&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Percy+Bysshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasqueanarchyap00huntgoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, George Macaulay</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishhistoryin00trevuoft/"><i>British History in the Nineteenth Century (1782–1901)</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041642436">1041642436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+History+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+%281782%E2%80%931901%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041642436&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishhistoryin00trevuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1956" class="citation magazine cs1">White, R. J. (1956). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/lord-castlereagh">"Castlereagh"</a></span>. <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 6, no. 5. pp. 326–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Castlereagh&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=326-333&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Flord-castlereagh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1817" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wills_(poet)" title="James Wills (poet)">Wills, Rev. James</a> (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofillustrio06willuoft/page/125/">"Robert Marquis of Londonderry"</a>. <i>Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishmen, from the earliest times to the present period</i>. Vol. VI. Dublin: A Fullarton & Co. pp. 125–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Marquis+of+Londonderry&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Illustrious+and+Distinguished+Irishmen%2C+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+present+period&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=125-131&rft.pub=A+Fullarton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Rev.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofillustrio06willuoft%2Fpage%2F125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bew, John. <i>Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny</i>, London: Quercus (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85738-186-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85738-186-6">978-0-85738-186-6</a> <ul><li>review essay by Jack Gumpert Wasserman, in <i>The Byron Journal</i> (2013) Vol. 41, No. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3019546561/castlereagh-enlightenment-war-and-tyranny">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2009). <i>Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown</i>. London: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-091-0"><bdi>978-1-84595-091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pistols+at+Dawn%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+Political+Rivalry+from+Pitt+and+Fox+to+Blair+and+Brown&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-091-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cecil, Algernon. <i>British Foreign Secretaries 1807–1916</i> (1927) pp 1–52.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bristishforeigns0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Charmley, John, "Castlereagh and France." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 17.4 (2006): 665–673.</li> <li>Coburn, Helen. <i>A Gentleman Among Them: The Public and Private Life of Viscount Castlereagh</i> (Cestus 2016). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Derry" title="John W. Derry">Derry, John W.</a> <i>Castlereagh</i>, London: A. Lane (1976) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Goodlad, Graham. "From Castlereagh to Canning: Continuity and Change in British Foreign Policy," <i>History Review</i> (2008) Issue: 62. pp10+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5033651445">online</a></li> <li>Hayes, Paul. <i>Modern British Foreign Policy: The nineteenth century, 1814–80</i> (1975). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hinde, Wendy (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efqoAAAAIAAJ"><i>Castlereagh</i></a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002163088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002163088"><bdi>978-0002163088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0002163088&rft.aulast=Hinde&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefqoAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hyde, H. Montgomery (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77199/"><i>The Rise of Castlereagh</i></a>. London: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Castlereagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.77199%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jarrett, Mark (2013). <i>The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon</i>. London: I. B. Tauris & Company, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780761169" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780761169"><bdi>978-1780761169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+of+Vienna+and+its+Legacy%3A+War+and+Great+Power+Diplomacy+after+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris+%26+Company%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780761169&rft.aulast=Jarrett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lawrence, Thomas, and C. J. Bartlett. <i>The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815, Britain and the European Alliance</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/61933601/the-foreign-policy-of-castlereagh-1812-1815-britain">online</a></li> <li>King, David. <i> Vienna 1814; How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love, War, and Peace at the Congress of Vienna</i>, (Random House, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33716-0">978-0-307-33716-0</a></li> <li>Muir, Rory. <i>Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press (1966) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06443-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06443-8">978-0-300-06443-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>, <i>The Congress of Vienna</i>, Constable & Co Ltd, UK/Harcourt Brace and Company (1946)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190437">online</a></li> <li>Perkins, Bradford. <i>Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press (1964)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Schroeder, Paul W. <i>The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848</i> (1996), European diplomatic history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/28171953/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407225933/https://www.questia.com/read/28171953/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848">Archived</a> 7 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Webster, Charles Kingsley</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.227168/"><i>The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh</i></a>. London: G Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Castlereagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Charles+Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.227168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski, Adam.</a> <i>Rites of Peace; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna</i>, HarperCollins Publishers (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-077518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-077518-6">978-0-06-077518-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26507">"Stewart, Robert, Viscount Castlereagh and second marquess of Londonderry"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 21 May 2009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26507">10.1093/ref:odnb/26507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Robert%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh+and+second+marquess+of+Londonderry&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-26507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLAVJdLgD_0C"><i>Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry</i></a>, edited by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry">Charles William (Stewart) Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry</a>, London: John Murray (1848–53) in 12 volumes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Alison,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet">Sir A. Alison.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liveslordcastle07alisgoog"><i>Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart</i></a>, 3 vols., London: Blackwood (1861)</li></ul> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Londonderry,_Robert_Stewart,_2nd_Marquess_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Londonderry, Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of">Londonderry, Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 969–972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Londonderry%2C+Robert+Stewart%2C+2nd+Marquess+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=969-972&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Stewart%2C+Viscount+Castlereagh" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-robert-stewart-1">contributions in Parliament by Viscount Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnQRAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Letter to Lord Viscount Castlereagh</i></a>, John C. Hobhouse, London: Robert Stodart (1819), on the Peterloo massacre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02782">Portraits of Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry (Lord Castlereagh)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333050#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_2nd_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire">The Earl of Hillsborough</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ward_(politician)" title="Edward Ward (politician)">Hon. Edward Ward</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/County_Down_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="County Down (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">County Down</a> </b><br />1790–<a href="/wiki/1801_United_Kingdom_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1801 United Kingdom general election">1801</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_2nd_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire">The Earl of Hillsborough</a> 1790–1793<br /><a href="/wiki/Francis_Savage" title="Francis Savage">Francis Savage</a> 1794–1801 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Parliament of the United Kingdom </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Carncross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Carncross (page does not exist)">Hugh Carncross</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">Hon. Richard Trench</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Limavady_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Newtown Limavady (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Newtown Limavady</a> </b><br />1798 <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Carncross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Carncross (page does not exist)">Hugh Carncross</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell-Barry,_5th_Baron_Farnham" title="John Maxwell-Barry, 5th Baron Farnham">John Maxwell</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyre_Power_Trench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyre Power Trench (page does not exist)">Eyre Power Trench</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Stephenson_(MP_died_1794)" title="John Stephenson (MP died 1794)">John Stephenson</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Montagu">Matthew Montagu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Tregony_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tregony (UK Parliament constituency)">Tregony</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=1794_Tregony_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1794 Tregony by-election (page does not exist)">1794</a>–<a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Montagu">Matthew Montagu</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Lionel_Copley,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Lionel Copley, 2nd Baronet (page does not exist)">Lionel Copley</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholls_(MP)" title="John Nicholls (MP)">John Nicholls</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Seymour-Conway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Seymour-Conway (page does not exist)">William Seymour-Conway</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Seymour-Conway_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Seymour-Conway (MP) (page does not exist)">Robert Seymour-Conway</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Orford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orford (UK Parliament constituency)">Orford</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1797_Orford_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1797 Orford by-election (page does not exist)">1797</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Seymour-Conway_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Seymour-Conway (MP) (page does not exist)">Robert Seymour-Conway</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Seymour-Conway_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Seymour-Conway (MP) (page does not exist)">Robert Seymour-Conway</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_3rd_Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Francis Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford">The Earl of Yarmouth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Down (UK Parliament constituency)">Down</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1801_United_Kingdom_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1801 United Kingdom general election">1801</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1805_County_Down_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1805 County Down by-election (page does not exist)">1805</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Savage" title="Francis Savage">Francis Savage</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Savage" title="Francis Savage">Francis Savage</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Meade_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Meade (British Army officer)">John Meade</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Scott_(junior)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Scott (junior) (page does not exist)">John Scott</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Berkeley_Portman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Berkeley Portman">Edward Berkeley Portman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Boroughbridge</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=1806_Boroughbridge_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1806 Boroughbridge by-election (page does not exist)">January</a>–<a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">November 1806</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Berkeley_Portman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Berkeley Portman">Edward Berkeley Portman</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Dawkins_(1765%E2%80%931852)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Dawkins (1765–1852) (page does not exist)">Henry Dawkins</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Clinton" title="William Henry Clinton">William Henry Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Golding_(MP)" title="Edward Golding (MP)">Edward Golding</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Metcalfe" title="Philip Metcalfe">Philip Metcalfe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Plympton_Erle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plympton Erle (UK Parliament constituency)">Plympton Erle</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a>–<a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stephen_Lushington,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Stephen Lushington, 1st Baronet">Sir Stephen Lushington, Bt</a> 1806–1807<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Harbord,_2nd_Baron_Suffield" title="William Harbord, 2nd Baron Suffield">Hon. William Harbord</a> 1807–1810<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(1786%E2%80%931860)" title="Henry Drummond (1786–1860)">Henry Drummond</a> 1810–1812 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ranald_George_Macdonald" title="Ranald George Macdonald">Ranald George Macdonald</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Duckett_(1777-1856)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Duckett (1777-1856) (page does not exist)">George Duckett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curzon_(MP,_born_1774)" title="Robert Curzon (MP, born 1774)">Robert Curzon</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_(MP)" title="James Gordon (MP)">James Gordon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Clitheroe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Clitheroe (UK Parliament constituency)">Clitheroe</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1812_Clitheroe_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1812 Clitheroe by-election (page does not exist)">1812</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curzon_(MP,_born_1774)" title="Robert Curzon (MP, born 1774)">Robert Curzon</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curzon_(MP,_born_1774)" title="Robert Curzon (MP, born 1774)">Robert Curzon</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bootle-Wilbraham,_1st_Baron_Skelmersdale" title="Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Baron Skelmersdale">Edward Bootle-Wilbraham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Meade_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Meade (British Army officer)">John Meade</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_(1754%E2%80%931831)" title="Robert Ward (1754–1831)">Hon. Robert Ward</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Down (UK Parliament constituency)">Down</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_Down_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1821 Down by-election (page does not exist)">1821</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Meade_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Meade (British Army officer)">John Meade</a> 1812–1817<br /><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_2nd_Baron_Sandys" title="Arthur Hill, 2nd Baron Sandys">Lord Arthur Hill</a> 1817–1821 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_2nd_Baron_Sandys" title="Arthur Hill, 2nd Baron Sandys">Lord Arthur Hill</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Forde" title="Mathew Forde">Mathew Forde</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(died_1838)" title="John Douglas (died 1838)">John Douglas</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alexander_MacNaghten" title="Edmond Alexander MacNaghten">Edmond Alexander MacNaghten</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Orford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orford (UK Parliament constituency)">Orford</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_Orford_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1821 Orford by-election (page does not exist)">1821</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1822_Orford_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1822 Orford by-election (page does not exist)">1822</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alexander_MacNaghten" title="Edmond Alexander MacNaghten">Edmond Alexander MacNaghten</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alexander_MacNaghten" title="Edmond Alexander MacNaghten">Edmond Alexander MacNaghten</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Charles_Lockhart-Ross,_8th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Charles Lockhart-Ross, 8th Baronet (page does not exist)">Charles Ross</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_2nd_Earl_of_Shannon" title="Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon">The Earl of Shannon</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Parnell,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet">Sir John Parnell, Bt</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Hon. Thomas Pelham</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/John_Monck_Mason" title="John Monck Mason">John Monck Mason</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Morres" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodge Morres">Lodge Morres</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_Treasury_for_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of the Treasury for Ireland">Commissioner of the Treasury for Ireland</a> </b><br />1797–1799 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_2nd_Earl_of_Shannon" title="Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon">The Earl of Shannon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Corry" title="Isaac Corry">Isaac Corry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Hon. Thomas Pelham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Monck_Mason" title="John Monck Mason">John Monck Mason</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Morres" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodge Morres">Lodge Morres</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_2nd_Earl_of_Shannon" title="Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon">The Earl of Shannon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Corry" title="Isaac Corry">Isaac Corry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_1st_Baron_Colchester" title="Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester">Charles Abbot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lodge_de_Montmorency,_1st_Viscount_Frankfort_de_Montmorency" title="Lodge de Montmorency, 1st Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency">The Lord Frankfort</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Loftus,_2nd_Marquess_of_Ely" title="John Loftus, 2nd Marquess of Ely">Viscount Loftus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_18th_Knight_of_Kerry" title="Maurice FitzGerald, 18th Knight of Kerry">Maurice FitzGerald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_Treasury_for_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of the Treasury for Ireland">Commissioner of the Treasury for Ireland</a> </b><br />1800 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_2nd_Earl_of_Shannon" title="Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon">The Earl of Shannon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Corry" title="Isaac Corry">Isaac Corry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Morres" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodge Morres">Lodge Morres</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Loftus,_2nd_Marquess_of_Ely" title="John Loftus, 2nd Marquess of Ely">Viscount Loftus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Wickham_(spymaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wickham (spymaster)">William Wickham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_18th_Knight_of_Kerry" title="Maurice FitzGerald, 18th Knight of Kerry">Mourice FitzGerald</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Hon. Thomas Pelham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> </b><br />1798–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_1st_Baron_Colchester" title="Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester">Charles Abbot</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_3rd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth">The Earl of Dartmouth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">President of the Board of Control</a> </b><br />1802–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">The Lord Minto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Earl Camden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> </b><br />1805–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Windham" title="William Windham">William Windham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Windham" title="William Windham">William Windham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> </b><br />1807–1809 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Liverpool">The Earl of Liverpool</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1812–1822 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Hon. Spencer Perceval</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1812–1822 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_1st_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry">Robert Stewart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Marquess of Londonderry">Marquess of Londonderry</a> </b><br />1821–1822 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane,_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign<br />and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign,<br />Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333050#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1214788">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.008311.v1">Ireland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11851962X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11851962X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034520295">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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