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<span>名稱</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-名稱-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去名稱細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中世紀同文藝復興時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀同文藝復興時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>中世紀同文藝復興時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀同文藝復興時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大航海時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大航海時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>大航海時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大航海時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新教改革同反改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新教改革同反改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>新教改革同反改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新教改革同反改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-啟蒙時代同現代時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#啟蒙時代同現代時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>啟蒙時代同現代時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-啟蒙時代同現代時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疏仕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疏仕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>疏仕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疏仕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">天主教會</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有173種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">173種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geurija_Katolik_Roma" title="Geurija Katolik Roma – 亞齊文" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Geurija Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亞齊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-katholische_Kirche" title="Römisch-katholische Kirche – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Römisch-katholische Kirche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B_%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="የሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Catolica" title="Ilesia Catolica – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ilesia Catolica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remisc_Cirice" title="Remisc Cirice – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Remisc Cirice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D_%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܪܗܘܡܝܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܪܗܘܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83" title="كنيسة الروم الكاتوليك – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة الروم الكاتوليك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Ilesia Católica – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia Católica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma-Katolik_kils%C9%99si" title="Roma-Katolik kilsəsi – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma-Katolik kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کاتولیک کیلیساسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاتولیک کیلیساسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Католик сиркәүе – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Католик сиркәүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remisch-katholische_Kira" title="Remisch-katholische Kira – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Remisch-katholische Kira" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomas_Katal%C4%97ku_Ba%C5%BEn%C4%AB%C4%8D%C4%97" title="Ruomas Katalėku Bažnīčė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruomas Katalėku Bažnīčė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_Katoliko" title="Simbahan Katoliko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbahan Katoliko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рымска-Каталіцкая Царква – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымска-Каталіцкая Царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Каталіцкая Царква – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каталіцкая Царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%A8ja_Katolik" title="Gerèja Katolik – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gerèja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Католическа църква – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Католическа църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="ক্যাথলিক মণ্ডলী – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যাথলিক মণ্ডলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz_katolik_roman" title="Iliz katolik roman – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz katolik roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimokatoli%C4%8Dka_crkva" title="Rimokatolička crkva – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimokatolička crkva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gareja Katolik Roma – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Gareja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Католик сүмэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Католик сүмэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Cat%C3%B2lica_Romana" title="Església Catòlica Romana – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Catòlica Romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_romano_catolico" title="Iglesia romano catolico – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iglesia romano catolico" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81-ti%C4%95ng-ci%C5%8D-g%C3%A1u" title="Lò̤-mā-tiĕng-ciō-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā-tiĕng-ciō-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Katoliko_Romano" title="Simbahang Katoliko Romano – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simbahang Katoliko Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کڵێسای کاتۆلیک – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کڵێسای کاتۆلیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolick%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Katolická církev – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katolická církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katol%C3%ABcczi_K%C3%B2sc%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Katolëcczi Kòscół – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Katolëcczi Kòscół" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Gatholig_Rufeinig" title="Yr Eglwys Gatholig Rufeinig – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Gatholig Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerskkatolske_kirke" title="Romerskkatolske kirke – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerskkatolske kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_cheechi" title="Roman cheechi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Roman cheechi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-katholische_Kirche" title="Römisch-katholische Kirche – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römisch-katholische Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1lisa_Katolike" title="Kılisa Katolike – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kılisa Katolike" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωμαιοκαθολική Εκκλησία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαιοκαθολική Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%E1%B9%A1a_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Ceṡa Catòlica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ceṡa Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Catholic Church" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolika_Eklezio" title="Katolika Eklezio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katolika Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Iglesia católica – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia católica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoliku_kirik" title="Katoliku kirik – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katoliku kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Eliza_Katolikoa" title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9sia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Elésia católica – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Elésia católica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کلیسای کاتولیک – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای کاتولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolinen_kirkko" title="Katolinen kirkko – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katolinen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk-kat%C3%B3lska_kirkjan" title="Rómversk-katólska kirkjan – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rómversk-katólska kirkjan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Église catholique – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église catholique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_catolica_rom%C3%A8na" title="Égllése catolica romèna – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése catolica romèna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6ms-Katuulsk_Sark" title="Rööms-Katuulsk Sark – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rööms-Katuulsk Sark" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomsk-Katolike_Tsjerke" title="Roomsk-Katolike Tsjerke – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roomsk-Katolike Tsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eaglais_Chaitliceach_R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1nach" title="An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gliz_katolik" title="Légliz katolik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Légliz katolik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaglais_Chaitligeach" title="Eaglais Chaitligeach – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eaglais Chaitligeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Igrexa católica – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa católica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3rape_Oparupigua" title="Tupãrape Oparupigua – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupãrape Oparupigua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_firgoz" title="Katolik firgoz – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Katolik firgoz" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocin_katolika" title="Cocin katolika – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cocin katolika" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-ch%C3%BA-kau" title="Thiên-chú-kau – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-chú-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הכנסייה הקתולית – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה הקתולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0" title="कैथोलिक गिरजाघर – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैथोलिक गिरजाघर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman Catholic Church" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C4%8Dka_Crkva" title="Katolička Crkva – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katolička Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legliz_Katolik" title="Legliz Katolik – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Legliz Katolik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_katolikus_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Római katolikus egyház – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római katolikus egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Catholic" title="Ecclesia Catholic – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecclesia Catholic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerija_Katolik" title="Gerija Katolik – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Gerija Katolik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesie_Catolic" title="Eclesie Catolic – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Eclesie Catolic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaan_a_Katoliko" title="Simbaan a Katoliko – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Simbaan a Katoliko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_eklezio" title="Katolik eklezio – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katolik eklezio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk-ka%C3%BE%C3%B3lska_kirkjan" title="Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica" title="Chiesa cattolica – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa cattolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="カトリック教会 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カトリック教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoman_Kiaklik_Choch" title="Ruoman Kiaklik Choch – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruoman Kiaklik Choch" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ja_Katulik" title="Gréja Katulik – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gréja Katulik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომის კათოლიკური ეკლესია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის კათოლიკური ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoliki_Cejewiye" title="Katoliki Cejewiye – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Katoliki Cejewiye" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sot_%C3%81%CC%B1nietkhwi_Katolika" title="Sot Á̱nietkhwi Katolika – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sot Á̱nietkhwi Katolika" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%88%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Католик шіркеуі – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Католик шіркеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾಥೋಲಿಕ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಥೋಲಿಕ್ ಚರ್ಚ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="로마 가톨릭교회 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 가톨릭교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAra_katol%C3%AEk" title="Dêra katolîk – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dêra katolîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglos_Katholik_Romanek" title="Eglos Katholik Romanek – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eglos Katholik Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Catholica_Romana" title="Ecclesia Catholica Romana – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Catholica Romana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilisia_Katolika" title="Kilisia Katolika – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kilisia Katolika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoulesch_Kierch" title="Kathoulesch Kierch – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kathoulesch Kierch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglesa_Catolica" title="Eglesa Catolica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eglesa Catolica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roems-Kathelieke_K%C3%A8rk" title="Roems-Kathelieke Kèrk – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roems-Kathelieke Kèrk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlijia_catolica" title="Dlijia catolica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dlijia catolica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekel%C3%A9ziya_katolike" title="Ekeléziya katolike – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ekeléziya katolike" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_Katalik%C5%B3_Ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia" title="Romos Katalikų Bažnyčia – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos Katalikų Bažnyčia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_Kato%C4%BCu_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Romas Katoļu baznīca – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas Katoļu baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="रोमन क्याथोलिक चर्च – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोमन क्याथोलिक चर्च" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglizy_kat%C3%B4lika_r%C3%B4manina" title="Eglizy katôlika rômanina – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eglizy katôlika rômanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Римокатоличка црква – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римокатоличка црква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="കത്തോലിക്കാസഭ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കത്തോലിക്കാസഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="कॅथलिक चर्च – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅथलिक चर्च" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik" title="Gereja Katolik – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knisja_Kattolika" title="Knisja Kattolika – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Knisja Kattolika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigreija_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Eigreija Católica – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eigreija Católica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ကက်သလစ် အသင်းတော် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကက်သလစ် အသင်းတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کاتولیک کلیسا – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاتولیک کلیسا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolicismo_Romano" title="Catolicismo Romano – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Catolicismo Romano" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesia_cattoleca" title="Chiesia cattoleca – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chiesia cattoleca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch-kathoolsche_Kark" title="Röömsch-kathoolsche Kark – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch-kathoolsche Kark" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Karke" title="Rooms-Katholieke Karke – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rooms-Katholieke Karke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="क्याथोलिक चर्च – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्याथोलिक चर्च" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_katolske_kyrkja" title="Den katolske kyrkja – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den katolske kyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_katolske_kirke" title="Den katolske kirke – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den katolske kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Église catholique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Église catholique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89%C3%A9%CA%BC_neishoodii" title="Ééʼ neishoodii – 納瓦霍文" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ééʼ neishoodii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="納瓦霍文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A8isa_Catolica_Romana" title="Glèisa Catolica Romana – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glèisa Catolica Romana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੈਥੋਲਿਕ ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਥੋਲਿਕ ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Catolico_Romano" title="Iglesia Catolico Romano – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Iglesia Catolico Romano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Catolike" title="Église Catolike – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Église Catolike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedollische_Kaerich" title="Gedollische Kaerich – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gedollische Kaerich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_katolicki" title="Kościół katolicki – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół katolicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesa_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Cesa Catòlica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cesa Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86" title="کیتھولک چرچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیتھولک چرچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کاتولیکه کلیسا – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاتولیکه کلیسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Igreja Católica – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Católica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuliku_Inlisya" title="Kathuliku Inlisya – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kathuliku Inlisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselgia_catolica_romana" title="Baselgia catolica romana – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Baselgia catolica romana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83" title="Biserica Catolică – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Catolică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisearic%C3%A3_C%C3%A3tulic%C3%A3" title="Bisearicã Cãtulicã – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bisearicã Cãtulicã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Римокатолїцка церква – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Римокатолїцка церква" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Католическая церковь – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Католическая церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Римокатолицька церьков – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Римокатолицька церьков" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Католик Таҥара дьиэтэ – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Католик Таҥара дьиэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_Catt%C3%B2lica_Rumana" title="Chiesa Cattòlica Rumana – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiesa Cattòlica Rumana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Kirk" title="Catholic Kirk – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Catholic Kirk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolala%C5%A1_girku" title="Katolalaš girku – 北方薩米文" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Katolalaš girku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C4%8Dka_crkva" title="Katolička crkva – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katolička crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කතෝලික සභාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කතෝලික සභාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catholic Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katol%C3%ADcka_cirkev_(latinsk%C3%A1_cirkev_a_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%A9_katol%C3%ADcke_cirkvi)" title="Katolícka cirkev (latinská cirkev a východné katolícke cirkvi) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katolícka cirkev (latinská cirkev a východné katolícke cirkvi)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimskokatoli%C5%A1ka_cerkev" title="Rimskokatoliška cerkev – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimskokatoliška cerkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_Katolike" title="Kisha Katolike – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha Katolike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Католичка црква – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Католичка црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoolske_S%C3%A4%C3%A4rke" title="Katoolske Säärke – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Katoolske Säärke" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk-katolska_kyrkan" title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_Katoliki" title="Kanisa Katoliki – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa Katoliki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzimskokatolicki_ko%C5%9B%C4%87%C5%AF%C5%82" title="Rzimskokatolicki kośćůł – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rzimskokatolicki kośćůł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF" title="కాథలిక్ చర్చి – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాథలిక్ చర్చి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Калисои католикӣ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои католикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="โรมันคาทอลิก – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรมันคาทอลิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Katolikong_Romano" title="Simbahang Katolikong Romano – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbahang Katolikong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_Kilisesi" title="Katolik Kilisesi – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katolik Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_%C3%A7irk%C3%A4w" title="Katolik çirkäw – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Katolik çirkäw" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Католицька церква – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Католицька церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کاتھولک کلیسیا – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاتھولک کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_cherkovi" title="Katolik cherkovi – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katolik cherkovi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceza_Cat%C3%B2%C5%82ega" title="Ceza Catòłega – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ceza Catòłega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoline_jumalankodikund" title="Katoline jumalankodikund – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katoline jumalankodikund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_C%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1o" title="Giáo hội Công giáo – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hội Công giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholieke_kerke" title="Katholieke kerke – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Katholieke kerke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCg_Katulik" title="Glüg Katulik – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Glüg Katulik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singbahan_Katoliko" title="Singbahan Katoliko – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Singbahan Katoliko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%8E%E6%9C%83" title="天主敎會 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天主敎會" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A2" title="קאטוילישע קירכע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאטוילישע קירכע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%E1%BB%8D_K%C3%A1t%C3%B3l%C3%ACk%C3%AC" title="Ìjọ Kátólìkì – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjọ Kátólìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天主教會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-ch%C3%BA-k%C3%A0u" title="Thian-chú-kàu – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-chú-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9592#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&oldid=2204406" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&id=2204406&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%259C%2583"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%259C%2583"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9592" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4470" data-file-height="2975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF" title="聖伯多祿大殿">聖伯多祿大殿</a>係天主教會入面最大規模嘅建築物</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2009783">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>呢篇文可能要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B8%85%E7%90%86" title="Wikipedia:清理">清理或者重寫</a>，令佢更符合維基百科嘅<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:格式與指南目錄">質素標準</a>。</b><br /><small>如果你有能力又咁啱得閒，可以<a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit">改善吓呢篇文</a>。</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>天主教會</b>又叫<b>羅馬天主敎</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：<span lang="la"><b>Ecclesia Catholica Romana</b></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>Roman Catholic Church</b></span>），簡稱<b>天主敎</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：<span lang="la"><b>Ecclesia Catholica</b></span>），或者叫<b>公教</b>，係世界上最大嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="基督敎">基督敎</a>會。根據敎會統計年報（<span lang="en" title="英文文字">Statistical Yearbook of the Church</span>），2004年有 1,098,366,000 信眾，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>報稱嗰年世界人口有 6,388,500,000。羅馬天主敎個阿頭係<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>，即係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬主教 (無呢版)">羅馬主教</a>，家下係敎宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="方濟">方濟</a>。 </p><p>敎會界定自己係承繼<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF" title="聖伯多祿">伯多祿</a>嘅天主敎會，係<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="耶穌基督">耶穌基督</a>拯救世人嘅唯一、神聖、普世同使徒嘅敎會。 </p><p>羅馬天主教自信係源自<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="耶穌基督">耶穌基督</a>嘅正宗，論據來自<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%AA%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="馬太福音">瑪竇福音</a>第十六章18節，耶穌同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼得">伯多祿</a>講：｢你是伯多祿（磐石），我要將我的教會建立在這磐石上。｣伯多祿喺瑪竇福音嘅名，喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="巴勒斯坦地區">巴勒斯坦地區</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞拉姆語">亞拉美文</a>係「刻法」（Cephas），喺亞拉美文正係「磐石」嘅意思，所以佢哋相信伯多祿係羅馬第一位<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="主教">主教</a>，一直承傳到而家。而伯多祿啲繼承者，就係俾人叫做<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>嘅人，係全球天主教嘅最高領袖。 </p><p>羅馬天主教會嘅統治範圍曾經俾人叫做<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗國">教宗國</a>，直到而家，教宗依然係<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1" title="梵蒂岡">梵蒂岡</a>嘅元首。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 名稱"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">想知多啲：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_(term)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic (term) (無呢版)">Catholic (term)</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_(term)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Catholic (term) (無呢版)">Roman Catholic (term)</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignatius_of_Antiochie,_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_(17th_c.,_Pushkin_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/190px-Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/286px-Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/381px-Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>「天主教會」呢個詞，意思係「普世嘅教會」，第一次由<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%88%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="教父">教父</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E5%98%85%E4%BE%9D%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安提阿嘅依納爵 (無呢版)">安提阿嘅依納爵</a>喺佢大約公元110年寫畀<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%8F%E6%8B%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="士每拿 (無呢版)">士每拿</a>信徒嘅《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%9D%E7%BA%B3%E7%88%B5%E4%B9%A6%E4%BF%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安提阿的依纳爵书信 (無呢版)">士每拿書信</a>》裡面用到。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 依納爵亦係首次使用「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>」呢個詞嘅人，喺公元大約100年記錄過。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢喺羅馬過身，佢嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖物 (無呢版)">聖物</a>位於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E7%9A%84%E8%81%96%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉特朗的聖克萊門特 (無呢版)">拉特朗的聖克萊門特</a>。</figcaption></figure><p>「天主教」呢個詞（源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>：<span lang="el">καθολικός</span>，<small>羅馬拼音：</small><span lang="el-Latn" title="希臘文嘅一種羅馬拼音">katholikos</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AD%AF" title="直譯">意思係</a> </small> ｢普世｣），第一次用嚟形容教會，係喺二世紀初期。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 最早知道嘅「天主教會」呢個詞嘅用法（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>：<span lang="el">καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία</span>，<small>羅馬拼音：</small><span lang="el-Latn" title="希臘文嘅一種羅馬拼音">katholikḕ ekklēsía</span>），係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E5%98%85%E4%BE%9D%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安提阿嘅依納爵 (無呢版)">安提阿嘅依納爵</a>喺大約公元110年寫畀<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%8F%E6%8B%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="士每拿 (無呢版)">士每拿</a>信徒嘅信裡面用到。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢話：「主教出現嘅地方，信徒就喺嗰度，好似耶穌喺嗰度，普世（katholike）教會就喺嗰度。」<sup id="cite_ref-CathEnc1910_Catholic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEnc1910_Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶路撒冷的西里尔 (無呢版)">耶路撒冷的西里尔</a>公元大約350年嘅《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%90%86%E8%AC%9B%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教理講道 (無呢版)">教理講道</a>》入面，呢個名「天主教會」就用嚟區分其他同樣自稱為「教會」嘅團體。<sup id="cite_ref-CathEnc1910_Catholic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEnc1910_Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 「天主教」呢個概念喺公元380年<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狄奧多西一世">狄奧多西一世</a>頒布《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E8%AB%AD%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德菲德天主教諭令 (無呢版)">德菲德天主教諭令</a>》時更加強調。狄奧多西一世係最後一個統治東西<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>嘅皇帝，佢建立咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國國教 (無呢版)">羅馬帝國國教</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>自從公元1054年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="東西教會大分裂">東西教會大分裂</a>以嚟，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="東正教會">東正教會</a>使用「正教」做佢哋嘅特有形容詞，佢哋嘅官方名稱仍然係「正統天主教會」。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺16世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>之後，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁教會 (無呢版)">拉丁教會</a>被稱為「天主教」，呢個稱呼亦形容咗啲同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座">聖座</a>仍保持共融嘅教會，至於同聖座失去共融嘅就被稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新教徒 (無呢版)">新教徒</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McBrien_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBrien-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而「羅馬教會」呢個詞自從<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西羅馬帝國滅亡 (無呢版)">西羅馬帝國滅亡</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀初期 (無呢版)">中世紀初期</a>（6至10世紀）起，用嚟形容教宗嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%95%99%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬教區 (無呢版)">羅馬教區</a>，而「羅馬天主教會」呢個詞自16世紀宗教改革之後，已經喺英文裡面用嚟形容整個教會。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 進一步講，啲人有時會用「羅馬天主教」嚟區分<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東方天主教會 (無呢版)">東方天主教會</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁教會 (無呢版)">拉丁教會</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀同文藝復興時期"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E5.90.8C.E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>中世紀同文藝復興時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 中世紀同文藝復興時期"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">想知多啲：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀基督教歷史 (無呢版)">中世紀基督教歷史</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%98%85%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16世紀嘅基督教 (無呢版)">16世紀嘅基督教 § 文藝復興教會</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG/220px-Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG/330px-Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG/440px-Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption>法國<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" title="沙特爾">沙特爾</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙特爾大教堂 (無呢版)">沙特爾大教堂</a>，喺1220年完工</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg/220px-Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="米開朗基羅">米開朗基羅</a>畫嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西斯廷禮拜堂 (無呢版)">西斯廷禮拜堂</a>天頂；15同16世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>時期係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天主教藝術 (無呢版)">天主教藝術</a>嘅黃金時代。</figcaption></figure> <p>天主教會由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晚期古代 (無呢版)">晚期古代</a>到現代初期，一直係西方文明嘅主要影響力。<sup id="cite_ref-O'CollinsPref_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'CollinsPref-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢係羅馬式、哥特式、文藝復興式、風格主義同巴洛克式藝術、建築同音樂嘅主要贊助者。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 文藝復興時期嘅藝術家好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" title="拉斐爾">拉斐爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="米開朗基羅">米開朗基羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="達文西">達文西</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波提切利 (無呢版)">波提切利</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安吉利科修士 (無呢版)">安吉利科修士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%89%98%E5%88%97%E6%89%98" title="丁托列托">丁托列托</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%A6%99" title="提香">提香</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝尼尼 (無呢版)">貝尼尼</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%96%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡拉瓦喬 (無呢版)">卡拉瓦喬</a>，都係教會贊助嘅眾多視覺藝術家嘅例子。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E7%A6%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="史丹福大學">史丹福大學</a>嘅歷史學家Paul Legutko話，天主教會「係發展我哋所謂<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方文明 (無呢版)">西方文明</a>嘅價值觀、思想、科學、法律同制度嘅中心」。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺西方<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="基督教世界">基督教世界</a>，歐洲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀大學 (無呢版)">最早嘅大學</a>係由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修士 (無呢版)">修士</a>創辦嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 由11世紀開始，幾間舊嘅大教堂學校變成咗大學，好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="牛津大學">牛津大學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="巴黎大學">巴黎大學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="博洛尼亞大學">博洛尼亞大學</a>。之前嘅高等教育一直都係由基督教大教堂學校或修道院學校負責，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修士 (無呢版)">修士</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="修女">修女</a>主導。呢啲學校嘅證據可以追溯到公元6世紀。<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢啲新嘅大學擴大咗課程，包括咗神職人員、律師、公務員同醫生嘅學術課程。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 大學通常被認為係源於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教歷史 (無呢版)">中世紀基督教</a>環境嘅機構。<sup id="cite_ref-verger1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verger1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=7%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%98%85%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7世紀嘅基督教 (無呢版)">7世紀中期</a>大規模嘅伊斯蘭入侵，開始咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教同伊斯蘭教 (無呢版)">基督教同伊斯蘭教</a>喺地中海盆地嘅長期鬥爭。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a>好快就失去咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>、亞歷山大里亞同安提阿嘅東方<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗主教 (無呢版)">宗主教</a>嘅土地，縮減到只剩下帝國首都嘅君士坦丁堡。由於伊斯蘭統治咗地中海，遠離呢個海嘅法蘭克國家，就成為咗塑造中世紀西歐嘅主要力量。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E7%9B%A7%E8%8C%B2%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖盧茲戰役 (無呢版)">圖盧茲戰役</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6%E6%8D%B7%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布瓦捷戰役 (無呢版)">布瓦捷戰役</a>阻止咗伊斯蘭教喺西方嘅推進，而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="君士坦丁堡圍城失敗 (無呢版)">君士坦丁堡圍城失敗</a>阻止咗佢喺東方嘅推進。兩三十年之後，喺751年，拜占庭帝國失去咗拉維納呢個城市畀倫巴底人，呢個城市原本係佢用嚟<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3%E8%BD%84%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉維納總督轄區 (無呢版)">管理</a>意大利嘅小片土地，包括羅馬。拉維納嘅失陷意味住喺752年選舉<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教宗斯蒂芬二世 (無呢版)">教宗斯蒂芬二世</a>嘅時候，冇再需要一個已經唔存在嘅總督確認，而且教廷被迫要喺其他地方搵一個政權嚟保護佢。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺754年，應教宗斯蒂芬嘅緊急要求，法蘭克國王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%95%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="丕平三世">丕平三世</a>征服咗倫巴底人。之後佢<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%95%E5%B9%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%8D%90%E8%B4%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丕平的捐贈 (無呢版)">贈送</a>咗前總督轄區嘅土地畀教宗，開始咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗國">教宗國</a>。羅馬同拜占庭東方喺860年代嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福提烏斯分裂 (無呢版)">福提烏斯分裂</a>期間會有更多衝突，當時<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E7%A6%8F%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="君士坦丁堡的福提烏斯一世 (無呢版)">福提烏斯</a>批評拉丁西方加入咗「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%90%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和子說 (無呢版)">和子說</a>」條款，之後佢就畀<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教宗尼古拉一世 (無呢版)">尼古拉一世</a>開除教籍。雖然分裂最後和解咗，但仲有未解決嘅問題會導致更多分裂。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺11世紀，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%E7%B4%8D%E5%98%85%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索瓦納嘅希爾德布蘭德 (無呢版)">索瓦納嘅希爾德布蘭德</a>嘅努力導致咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%9E%E6%A9%9F%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="樞機團 (無呢版)">樞機團</a>嘅成立，用嚟選舉新嘅教宗，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=1061%E5%B9%B4%E5%98%85%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1061年嘅教宗選舉 (無呢版)">1061年嘅教宗選舉</a>選出嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大二世">亞歷山大二世</a>開始。當亞歷山大二世死咗之後，希爾德布蘭德被選舉繼承佢，成為咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格里高利七世 (無呢版)">格里高利七世</a>。格里高利七世幫手建立嘅樞機團基本選舉制度一直延續到21世紀。教宗格里高利七世又發起咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%88%A9%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格里高利改革 (無呢版)">格里高利改革</a>，關於神職人員獨立於世俗權力。呢個導致咗教會同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>皇帝之間嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81%E6%AC%8A%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冊封權爭議 (無呢版)">冊封權爭議</a>，爭論邊個有權力委任主教同教宗。<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar107_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar107-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffy78_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy78-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺1095年，拜占庭皇帝<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷克修斯一世 (無呢版)">亞歷克修斯一世</a>向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏爾巴努斯二世 (無呢版)">烏爾巴努斯二世</a>求助，對抗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD-%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E6%9F%B1%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭-塞爾柱戰爭 (無呢版)">拜占庭-塞爾柱戰爭</a>中再次入侵嘅穆斯林，<sup id="cite_ref-rileysmith_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rileysmith-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個導致烏爾巴努斯發動咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次十字軍東征 (無呢版)">第一次十字軍東征</a>，目的係幫助拜占庭帝國同重奪基督教對<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="聖地">聖地</a>嘅控制。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%98%85%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11世紀嘅基督教 (無呢版)">11世紀嘅基督教</a>，主要係希臘教會同拉丁教會之間嘅緊張關係喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="東西教會大分裂">東西教會大分裂</a>中分離咗佢哋，部分原因係關於<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>權力嘅衝突。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四次十字軍東征 (無呢版)">第四次十字軍東征</a>同叛變嘅十字軍掠奪君士坦丁堡成為咗最後嘅破裂。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺呢個時代，法國嘅偉大哥特式大教堂係人民對基督教信仰嘅自豪感嘅表現。 </p><p>喺13世紀初期，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方濟各·亞西西 (無呢版)">方濟各·亞西西</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E6%98%8E" title="聖道明">聖道明</a>創立咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E7%BC%BD%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托缽修會 (無呢版)">托缽修會</a>。托缽修會嘅「修道院研究」同「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公學 (無呢版)">公學</a>」喺將教會資助嘅大教堂學校同皇宮學校（好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%BC" title="查理曼">查理曼</a>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%90%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞琛 (無呢版)">亞琛</a>嘅學校）轉變成歐洲著名嘅大學嘅過程中扮演咗重要角色。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a>神學家同哲學家，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E6%88%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明我會 (無呢版)">多明我會</a>嘅神父<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托馬斯·阿奎那 (無呢版)">托馬斯·阿奎那</a>，喺呢啲公學度研究同教書。阿奎那嘅《神學大全》係一個智力里程碑，將<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="古希臘哲學">古希臘哲學家</a>好似柏拉圖同亞里士多德嘅遺產同基督教啟示嘅內容綜合起來。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>14世紀出現咗越嚟越多教會同國家之間嘅衝突。為咗逃避羅馬嘅不穩定，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克萊門五世 (無呢版)">克萊門五世</a>喺1309年成為咗第一個住喺南法要塞城市<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%84%82" class="mw-redirect" title="亞維儂">亞維儂</a>嘅七個教宗之一，<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy122_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy122-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢段時期叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%84%82%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞維儂教廷 (無呢版)">亞維儂教廷</a>。亞維儂教廷喺1376年教宗返回羅馬時結束，<sup id="cite_ref-McManners232_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners232-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但之後喺1378年就開始咗38年長嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方大分裂 (無呢版)">西方大分裂</a>，有三個人分別喺羅馬、亞維儂同（1409年之後）比薩宣稱自己係教宗。<sup id="cite_ref-McManners232_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners232-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢件事喺1415-17年嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康斯坦茨大公會議 (無呢版)">康斯坦茨大公會議</a>大致解決咗，羅馬同比薩嘅候選人同意辭職，第三個候選人畀樞機主教開除咗教籍，之後佢哋舉行新嘅選舉，選出<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁五世">馬丁五世</a>做教宗。<sup id="cite_ref-McManners240_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners240-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1438年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛羅倫斯大公會議 (無呢版)">佛羅倫斯大公會議</a>召開，重點係理解東西方之間嘅神學差異，希望重新統一天主教同東正教。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 幾個東方教會重新統一，形成咗大部分<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東方天主教會 (無呢版)">東方天主教會</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大航海時代"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E8.88.AA.E6.B5.B7.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>大航海時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 大航海時代"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%90%8C%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天主教會同大航海時代 (無呢版)">天主教會同大航海時代</a></div> <p>15世紀開始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="大航海時代">大航海時代</a>見證咗西歐嘅政治同文化影響力喺全世界嘅擴張。因為強烈信奉天主教嘅西班牙同葡萄牙喺西方殖民主義中扮演咗重要角色，天主教透過探險家、征服者同傳教士，以及透過殖民統治嘅社會政治機制改變社會，傳播到美洲、亞洲同大洋洲。<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke13_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大六世">亞歷山大六世</a>將大部分新發現嘅土地嘅殖民權授予咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙</a>，隨之而來嘅「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E8%B4%8A%E5%8A%A9%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王室贊助權 (無呢版)">贊助權</a>」制度容許國家當局，而唔係梵蒂岡，控制新殖民地嘅所有神職任命。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1521年，葡萄牙探險家<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="麥哲倫">麥哲倫</a>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙東印度群島 (無呢版)">菲律賓</a>製造咗第一批天主教徒。<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke21_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺其他地方，西班牙耶穌會嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%BF%E7%95%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方濟各·沙勿略 (無呢版)">方濟各·沙勿略</a>帶領葡萄牙傳教士喺印度、中國同日本傳教。<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16世紀開始嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國殖民美洲 (無呢版)">法國殖民美洲</a>建立咗一個講<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>嘅天主教人口，並禁止非天主教徒喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="魁北克">魁北克</a>定居。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新教改革同反改革"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E6.95.99.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9.E5.90.8C.E5.8F.8D.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>新教改革同反改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 新教改革同反改革"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新教改革 (無呢版)">新教改革</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="反宗教改革">反宗教改革</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%A2%9D%E8%AB%96%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九十五條論綱 (無呢版)">九十五條論綱</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/186px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/279px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/372px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_95_Thesen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/140px-Luther_95_Thesen.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/210px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/280px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="4611" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">喺1517年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>（左），原本係一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯定修會 (無呢版)">奧斯定會</a>嘅修士，發表咗《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%A2%9D%E8%AB%96%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九十五條論綱 (無呢版)">九十五條論綱</a>》（右），詳細講述咗路德反對佢認為嘅天主教會嘅濫用同腐敗，包括佢哋出售大赦券，呢啲係一種可以減少購買者或者佢哋摯愛嘅人喺煉獄中嘅罪罰嘅證書。路德發表同發布呢份文件被廣泛認為係發動<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>嘅開始。</div></div></div></div> <p>喺1415年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%9A%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="揚·胡斯 (無呢版)">揚·胡斯</a>因為異端而被火刑，但係佢嘅改革努力鼓勵咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>，一個喺當時德國嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯定修會 (無呢版)">奧斯定會</a>修士，喺1517年將佢嘅《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%A2%9D%E8%AB%96%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="九十五條論綱 (無呢版)">九十五條論綱</a>》<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97%E5%98%85%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路德宗嘅歷史 (無呢版)">送</a>畀幾個主教。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢嘅論綱抗議天主教<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="教義">教義</a>嘅關鍵點同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%96%E7%BD%AA%E5%88%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贖罪券 (無呢版)">贖罪券</a>嘅出售，加上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB%E8%BE%AF%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萊比錫辯論 (無呢版)">萊比錫辯論</a>導致佢喺1521年被<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7#被逐出教會" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁·路德">逐出教會</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar184_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar184-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%88%E9%81%8B%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慈運理 (無呢版)">慈運理</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·加爾文 (無呢版)">約翰·加爾文</a>同其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新教改革者 (無呢版)">新教改革者</a>進一步批評天主教嘅教義。呢啲挑戰發展成為宗教改革，誕生咗絕大多數<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="新教">新教</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教宗派列表 (無呢版)">宗派</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004223–24_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004223–24-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同埋天主教會內部嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%B1%E8%94%BD%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隱蔽新教 (無呢版)">隱蔽新教</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同時，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="亨利八世">亨利八世</a>向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克萊門七世 (無呢版)">克萊門七世</a>請願，要求<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%98%85%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E7%84%A1%E6%95%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天主教會嘅婚姻無效 (無呢版)">天主教會嘅婚姻無效</a>宣告佢同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%B2%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%87%B1%E8%96%A9%E7%90%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉貢的凱薩琳 (無呢版)">阿拉貢的凱薩琳</a>嘅婚姻。當呢個請求被拒絕之後，佢通過咗《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8A%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="至尊法案 (無呢版)">至尊法案</a>》，令自己成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="英格蘭教會">英格蘭教會</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英格蘭教會最高統治者 (無呢版)">英格蘭教會最高統治者</a>，刺激咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英格蘭宗教改革 (無呢版)">英格蘭宗教改革</a>同最終<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="聖公會">聖公會</a>嘅發展。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004235–37_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004235–37-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>宗教改革導致咗新教<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="施馬卡爾登同盟 (無呢版)">施馬卡爾登同盟</a>同天主教皇帝<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查理五世 (神聖羅馬帝國) (無呢版)">查理五世</a>同佢嘅盟友之間嘅衝突。第一次九年戰爭喺1555年隨住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧格斯堡和約 (無呢版)">奧格斯堡和約</a>結束，但係持續嘅緊張局勢產生咗一場更嚴重嘅衝突 —— <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a>，喺1618年爆發。<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar233_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar233-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺法國，一系列被稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國宗教戰爭 (無呢版)">法國宗教戰爭</a>嘅衝突喺1562年到1598年之間，喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E8%AB%BE%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡格諾教徒 (無呢版)">胡格諾教徒</a>（法國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E5%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加爾文宗 (無呢版)">加爾文宗</a>教徒）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天主教聯盟 (法國) (無呢版)">法國天主教聯盟</a>嘅力量之間爆發，後者得到一系列教宗嘅支持同資助。<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy177_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢場戰爭喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克萊門八世 (無呢版)">克萊門八世</a>嘅統治下結束，佢遲疑咁接受咗國王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)" title="亨利四世 (法國)">亨利四世</a>喺1598年頒布嘅《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E7%89%B9%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南特敕令 (無呢版)">南特敕令</a>》，畀予法國新教徒公民同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AF%AC%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教寬容 (無呢版)">宗教寬容</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar233_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar233-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffy177_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%89%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特倫托大公會議 (無呢版)">特倫托大公會議</a>（1545-1563）成為咗回應新教運動嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="反宗教改革">反宗教改革</a>嘅推動力。喺教義方面，佢重申咗天主教嘅核心教導，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="變質 (無呢版)">變質</a>同要求愛同希望同信仰一樣先可以得到救贖。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242–44_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242–44-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺之後嘅幾個世紀，天主教透過傳教士同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="帝國主義">帝國主義</a>廣泛傳播到世界各地，雖然佢喺歐洲人口中嘅影響力因為啟蒙運動期間同之後<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教懷疑主義 (無呢版)">宗教懷疑主義</a>嘅增長而下降。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="啟蒙時代同現代時期"><span id=".E5.95.9F.E8.92.99.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3.E5.90.8C.E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>啟蒙時代同現代時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 啟蒙時代同現代時期"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註"><span id=".E8.A8.BB"></span>註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 註"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans (c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110 AD</span>)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疏仕"><span id=".E7.96.8F.E4.BB.95"></span>疏仕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 疏仕"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Meyendorff, <i>Catholicity and the Church</i>, St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1997, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-88141-006-3" title="Special:書本來源/0-88141-006-3">0-88141-006-3</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFElwellComfort2001" class="citation cs2">Elwell, Walter; Comfort, Philip Wesley (2001), <i>Tyndale Bible Dictionary</i>, Tyndale House Publishers, pp. 266, 828, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-8423-7089-7" title="Special:書本來源/0-8423-7089-7"><bdi>0-8423-7089-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyndale+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=266%2C+828&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8423-7089-7&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Comfort%2C+Philip+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEnc1910_Catholic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CathEnc1910_Catholic_5-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CathEnc1910_Catholic_5-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Thurston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Thurston (無呢版)">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm">"Catholic"</a>. 出自 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knight (無呢版)">Knight, Kevin</a> (編). <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.第3卷. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103033237/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm">歸檔</a>喺3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03449a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm">"Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26"</a>. Tertullian.org. 6 August 2004. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608224834/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm">歸檔</a>喺8 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyril+of+Jerusalem%2C+Lecture+XVIII%2C+26&rft.pub=Tertullian.org&rft.date=2004-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers2%2FNPNF2-07%2FNpnf2-07-23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135704/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm">"Edictum de fide catholica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm">原著</a>喺8 February 2012歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edictum+de+fide+catholica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebu2.upmf-grenoble.fr%2FHaiti%2FCours%2FAk%2FConstitutiones%2FThessalonique.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531013354/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期31 May 2020., <i><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="大英百科全書">大英百科全書</a></i>線上版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"catholic, adj. and n." <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="牛津英語詞典">牛津英語詞典</a>線上版。牛津大學出版社，2014年6月。網站。2014年8月7日。摘錄：「喺東西教會分裂之後，『天主教』成為咗西方或者拉丁教會嘅描述詞，『正教』則係東方或者希臘教會嘅描述詞。喺宗教改革期間，留喺羅馬權威之下嘅教會繼續使用『天主教』呢個詞，而脫離教宗嘅教會就被稱為『新教』或者『改革教會』。呢啲教會大部分保留咗『天主教』呢個詞，賦予佢一個更廣泛、更理想化嘅意思，唔係指單一團體，而係指所有教會同聖徒嘅共融。」」參考完整嘅「天主教」定義可以睇<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/Roman_Catholic_Church/Archive_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 17 (無呢版)">呢度</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McBrien-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McBrien_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McBrien, Richard (2008). <i>The Church</i>. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213">Browseinside.harpercollins.com</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期27 August 2009.. Quote: "[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism... and the Protestant Reformation. ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title <i>Catholic</i> Church, while the East appropriated the name <i>Orthodox</i> Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective "Catholic", while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called <i>Protestant</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063">"Roman Catholic, n. and adj"</a></span>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《牛津英語詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>牛</span><span class="zit3">津英語詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625133257/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063">歸檔</a>喺25 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F167063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2007" class="citation web cs1">Isaac, Brother André Marie, M.I.C.M. (5 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicism.org/catholic.html">"What Does the Word <i>Catholic</i> Mean?"</a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201064517/https://catholicism.org/catholic.html">歸檔</a>喺1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Word+Catholic+Mean%3F&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Brother+Andr%C3%A9+Marie%2C+M.I.C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicism.org%2Fcatholic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'CollinsPref-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-O'CollinsPref_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤無效嘅<code><ref></code>標籤；無文字提供畀叫做<code>O'CollinsPref</code>嘅參照</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, pp. 115–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWoods" class="citation web cs1">Woods, Thomas Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">"Review of <i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation</i>"</a>. <i>National Review Book Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">原著</a>喺22 August 2006歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2006搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Book+Service&rft.atitle=Review+of+How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilisation&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrbookservice.com%2Fproducts%2Fbookpage.asp%3Fprod_cd%3Dc6664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDen_Heijer2011" class="citation book cs1">Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). <i>Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions</i>. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789059724877" title="Special:書本來源/9789059724877"><bdi>9789059724877</bdi></a>. <q>Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+University+Campus%3A+Information+to+Support+Real+Estate+Decisions&rft.pub=Academische+Uitgeverij+Eburon&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789059724877&rft.aulast=Den+Heijer&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFA._Lamport2015" class="citation book cs1">A. Lamport, Mark (2015). <i>Encyclopedia of Christian Education</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780810884939" title="Special:書本來源/9780810884939"><bdi>9780810884939</bdi></a>. <q>All the great European universities—Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Education&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810884939&rft.aulast=A.+Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFB_M._Leonard2013" class="citation book cs1">B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). <i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i>. Routledge. p. 1369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781135205157" title="Special:書本來源/9781135205157"><bdi>9781135205157</bdi></a>. <q>Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=1369&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135205157&rft.aulast=B+M.+Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-87249-376-8" title="Special:書本來源/0-87249-376-8">0-87249-376-8</a>, pp. 126–27, 282–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudy, <i>The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914</i>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verger1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-verger1999_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Verger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Verger">Verger, Jacques</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W"><i>Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles</i></a> (法文) (第1版). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-2-86847-344-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-2-86847-344-8"><bdi>978-2-86847-344-8</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313042832/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W/Culture_enseignement_et_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_en_Occident_aux_XIIe_et_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cles">歸檔</a>喺13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+enseignement+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+en+Occident+aux+XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes+in+Rennes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-86847-344-8&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL822497W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism", in <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: <i>A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:書本來源/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. xix–xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPirenne1980" class="citation book cs1">Pirenne, Henri (1980) [1925]. [[[:Template:Googlebooks]] <i>Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade</i>]. Frank D. Halsey (trans.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 27–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-00760-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-691-00760-1"><bdi>978-0-691-00760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Cities%3A+Their+Origins+and+the+Revival+of+Trade&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=27-32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00760-1&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=%3ATemplate%3AGooglebooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (2014). [[[:Template:Googlebooks]] <i>The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages</i>]. Routledge. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-317-67817-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-317-67817-5"><bdi>978-1-317-67817-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+the+Papacy+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-67817-5&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=%3ATemplate%3AGooglebooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1985" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Willston (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA250"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 250–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-684-18417-3" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-684-18417-3"><bdi>978-0-684-18417-3</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112235/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false">歸檔</a>喺10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=250-51&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18417-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Willston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFw8PtQhpVoC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar107-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar107_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), pp. 107–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy78-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy78_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Eugene_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pope Eugene II (無呢版)">Eugenius II</a> (824–27), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Sergius_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pope Sergius II (無呢版)">Sergius II</a> (844–47) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rileysmith-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rileysmith_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley-Smith, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 140–41.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBokenkotter2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2005). [[[:Template:Googlebooks]] <i>The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople</i>]. Penguin Books. p. PT19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-101-12772-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-101-12772-8"><bdi>978-1-101-12772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Crusade+and+the+Sack+of+Constantinople&rft.pages=PT19&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-101-12772-8&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=%3ATemplate%3AGooglebooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, pp. 44–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 158–59.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBokenkotter2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy122-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy122_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners232-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McManners232_36-0">35.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McManners232_36-1">35.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners240-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McManners240_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McManners, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1989" class="citation book cs1">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). <i>Constantinople and the West</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-299-11880-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-299-11880-8"><bdi>978-0-299-11880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+and+the+West&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11880-8&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFCollinge2012" class="citation book cs1">Collinge, William J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LR0Nyt3bi_MC&pg=PA169"><i>Historical Dictionary of Catholicism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-8108-5755-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-8108-5755-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5755-1</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908080036/https://books.google.com/books?id=LR0Nyt3bi_MC&pg=PA169">歸檔</a>喺8 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Catholicism&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5755-1&rft.aulast=Collinge&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLR0Nyt3bi_MC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke13-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke13_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, pp. 13, 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings (1994), p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke21-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke21_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke3_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, pp. 3, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons (2013), p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215_45-0">44.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215_45-1">44.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 215.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBokenkotter2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar184-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar184_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004223–24-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004223–24_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 223–24.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBokenkotter2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFernández2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Luis Martínez (2000). "Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean". <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 347–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046900004255">10.1017/S0022046900004255</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162296826">162296826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Crypto-Protestants+and+Pseudo-Catholics+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Hispanic+Caribbean&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=347-65&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046900004255&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162296826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Luis+Mart%C3%ADnez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004235–37-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004235–37_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 235–37.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBokenkotter2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar233-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar233_50-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar233_50-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy177-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy177_51-0">50.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy177_51-1">50.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 177–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242–44-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242–44_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 242–44.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBokenkotter2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxwell, Melvin. <i>Bible Truth or Church Tradition</i>, p. 70</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="權威控制Category:包含15元素嘅權威控制" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="權威控制Category:包含15元素嘅權威控制" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">權威控制</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" 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<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118691560">cb118691560</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118691560">資料</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibsys" class="extiw" title="en:Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ask.bibsys.no/ask/action/result?cmd=&kilde=biblio&cql=bs.autid+%3D+90054429&feltselect=bs.autid">90054429</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" class="extiw" title="en:Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500241849">500241849</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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