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<span>Dissolution of the ACMP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_ACMP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Successor organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Comics_Magazine_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Magazine Association of America">Comics Magazine Association of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">May 1947<span class="noprint">; 77 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1947-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">To regulate the content of <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a> in the face of public criticism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_T._Delacorte_Jr." title="George T. Delacorte Jr.">George T. Delacorte Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Executive Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry E. Schultz</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</b> (<b>ACMP</b>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Industry_trade_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry trade group">industry trade group</a> formed in the late 1940s to regulate the content of <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a> in the face of public criticism during that time. It was a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Magazine_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Magazine Association of America">Comics Magazine Association of America</a>, and the ACMP Publishers Code served as the template for a more detailed set of rules enforced by the CMAA's <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ACMP was formed in May 1947<sup id="cite_ref-jimv3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimv3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and publicly announced on July 1, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-hajdu128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajdu128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founding members included: </p> <ul><li>Phil Keenan, publisher of <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Periodicals" title="Hillman Periodicals">Hillman Periodicals</a></li> <li>Leverett Gleason, publisher of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gleason_Publications" title="Lev Gleason Publications">Lev Gleason Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gaines">Bill Gaines</a>, publisher of <a href="/wiki/EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC Comics</a></li> <li>Harold Moore, publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/Famous_Funnies" title="Famous Funnies">Famous Funnies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_Herman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Herman">Rae Herman</a>, publisher of <a href="/wiki/Orbit_Publications" title="Orbit Publications">Orbit Publications</a></li> <li>Frank Armer, distributor</li> <li>Irving Manheimer, distributor<sup id="cite_ref-hajdu128_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajdu128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/George_T._Delacorte,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George T. Delacorte, Jr.">George T. Delacorte, Jr.</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Dell_Publishing" title="Dell Publishing">Dell Publishing</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Dell_Comics" title="Dell Comics">Dell Comics</a>, served as president,<sup id="cite_ref-jimv3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimv3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> attorney Henry E. Schultz, president of the board of <a href="/wiki/Queens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens College">Queens College</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Board of Higher Education">New York City Board of Higher Education</a>, as executive director.<sup id="cite_ref-hajdu129_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajdu129-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACMP was formed after "accusations from several fronts charged comic books with contributing to the rising rates of <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-jimv3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimv3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and city and county ordinances had banned some publications<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these were effectively overturned with a March 29, 1948, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruling that a 64-year-old <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> law outlawing publications with "pictures and stories of deeds of bloodshed, lust or crime" was unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the uproar increased upon the publication of two articles: </p> <ul><li>"Horror in the Nursery", by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Crist" title="Judith Crist">Judith Crist</a>, in the March 25, 1948, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier's Weekly">Collier's Weekly</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-jimv3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimv3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based upon the symposium "Psychopathology of Comic Books" held a week earlier<sup id="cite_ref-jimv3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimv3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Wertham" title="Fredric Wertham">Fredric Wertham</a></li> <li>"The Comics ... Very Funny!", by Frederic Wertham, in the May 29, 1948, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Review_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saturday Review of Literature">The Saturday Review of Literature</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Spencer,_West_Virginia" title="Spencer, West Virginia">Spencer, West Virginia</a> held a <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">comic-book burning</a> on October 26, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported on it, copycat comic-book burnings followed around the country, particularity in <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishers_Code">Publishers Code</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publishers Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, the association released their "Publishers Code," drawing on the Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Production Code">Production Code</a> (better known as the "<a href="/wiki/Hays_Code" title="Hays Code">Hays Code</a>"), which had also been drafted to stave off external regulation. Like the Production Code, it forbid portrayals of crime that might "throw sympathy against the law" or "weaken respect for established authority," and prohibited "ridicule or attack on any religious or racial group." "Sexy, wanton comics" were not to be published, and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> was not to be "treated humorously or represented as glamorous or alluring." Comics that complied with the code were offered a "Seal of Approval." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ACMP_Publishers_Code_of_1948">ACMP Publishers Code of 1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ACMP Publishers Code of 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Sexy, wanton comics should not be published. No drawing should show a female indecently or unduly exposed, and in no event more nude than in a bathing suit commonly worn in the United States of America.</li> <li>Crime should not be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy against the law and justice or to inspire others with the desire for imitation. No comics shall show the details and methods of a crime committed by a youth. Policemen, judges, Government officials, and respected institutions should not be portrayed as stupid, ineffective, or represented in such a way to weaken respect for established authority.</li> <li>No scenes of sadistic torture should be shown.</li> <li>Vulgar and obscene language should never be used. Slang should be kept to a minimum and used only when essential to the story.</li> <li>Divorce should not be treated humorously or represented as glamorous or alluring.</li> <li>Ridicule or attack on any religious or <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> group is never permissible.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution_of_the_ACMP">Dissolution of the ACMP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the ACMP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The code, however, was not a success, ignored by both large and small publishers. Some publishers, such as <a href="/wiki/Dell_Comics" title="Dell Comics">Dell Comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archie_Comics" title="Archie Comics">Archie Comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Comics" title="Fawcett Comics">Fawcett Comics</a>, and initially <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>, refused to join the organization, the latter three had its own editorial advisory boards.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel later resisted and the group begin using the ACMP seal by 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as founding member EC Comics, terminated their participation. Those who continued as members made use of the ACMP seal of approval without any formal process of review. Describing the situation in 1954 at a comic book hearing conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_subcommittee_on_juvenile_delinquency" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate subcommittee on juvenile delinquency">Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency</a>, Director Schultz said: "The association, I would say, is out of business and so is the code."<sup id="cite_ref-senate_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor_organization">Successor organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Successor organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, a mounting tide of criticism, including a new book by Wertham — <i><a href="/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent" title="Seduction of the Innocent">Seduction of the Innocent</a></i> — and congressional hearings, spurred the formation of the ACMP's successor, the <b>Comics Magazine Association of America</b> (<b>CMAA</b>). The ACMP Publishers Code served as the template for a more detailed set of rules enforced by the CMAA's <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a>. </p><p>EC comics and Mad magazine publisher, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Gaines" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. Gaines">William M. Gaines</a>, in a 1983 interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comics_Journal" title="The Comics Journal">The Comics Journal</a></i> revealed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After the Senate Subcommittee hearings, and this isn’t very well known, but I can prove it again, I sent a letter to every comics publisher, invited them to a meeting and footed the bill for the hall. We took a big place somewhere, and all these people showed up and I tried to convince them that we should form an association and hire the Gleuks of Harvard or anybody else we could find who could do some sort of independent, honest research into whether comic books in truth were the horrendous things that people said they were. And since I really didn’t think they were, I figured, such a study would exonerate us. None of these guys wanted to do that, and right away the whole thing was taken away from me, and they turned it into a situation where they wrote a Code, and the Code forbade the use of the words 'horror,' 'terror,' or 'crime' — this was all my books — and 'weird,' even 'weird,' [laughter] so that would wipe me out. So I didn’t join the association. But then I decided to drop all those books anyway and put out the <a href="/wiki/New_Direction_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Direction (comics)">New Direction</a> stuff. I put out the six first issues, six bi-monthlies, and they sold 10, 15 percent. You can’t believe how horrendous the sales were. And I later found out that it was because the word was passed by the wholesalers, "Get ‘im!" So they got me.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jimv3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jimv3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimv3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimv3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimv3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimv3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vassallo, Michael J., "The History of Atlas Horror/Fantasy: The Comics Code 1955" (introduction), ‘’Marvel Masterworks: Atlas Era Journey into Mystery Vol. 3 ‘’ (Marvel Worldwide, 2010), p. vi (unnumbered)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajdu128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hajdu128_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hajdu128_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Hajdu" title="David Hajdu">Hajdu, David</a>. <i>The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America</i> (<a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>, 2008), p. 128. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-18767-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-18767-3">0-374-18767-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-18767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-18767-5">978-0-374-18767-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajdu129-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hajdu129_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> in August 1948 passed a binding prohibition against the sale of 50 specific comic-book series (Hajdu, p. 106); the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Los Angeles">County of Los Angeles</a> on September 23, 1948, outlawed the sale of crime comics to minors (Hajdu, p. 107); and that same year the <a href="/wiki/American_Municipal_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Municipal Association">American Municipal Association</a> reported that nearly 50 municipalities had "banned the sale of certain comic books". (Hajdu, p. 108)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psu_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovillen.d." class="citation web cs1">Coville, Jamie (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224091233/http://www.psu.edu/dept/inart10_110/inart10/cmbk4cca.html">"Seduction of the Innocents and the Attack on Comic Books: The Comic Book Villain, Dr. Fredric Wertham, M.D."</a> <i>Integrative Arts 10</i>. Penn State University. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Arts+10&rft.atitle=Seduction+of+the+Innocents+and+the+Attack+on+Comic+Books%3A+The+Comic+Book+Villain%2C+Dr.+Fredric+Wertham%2C+M.D.&rft.aulast=Coville&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psu.edu%2Fdept%2Finart10_110%2Finart10%2Fcmbk4cca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociation+of+Comics+Magazine+Publishers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. Note: article erroneously refers to Wertham as a "psychologist."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajdu, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecomicbooks.com/nsp1-21.html">"TheComicBooks.com - The History of Graphic Novels"</a>. March 8, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020359/http://www.thecomicbooks.com/nsp1-21.html">the original</a> on July 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TheComicBooks.com+-+The+History+of+Graphic+Novels&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210308020359%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecomicbooks.com%2Fnsp1-21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociation+of+Comics+Magazine+Publishers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV2011" class="citation web cs1">V, Doc (2011-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timely-atlas-comics.blogspot.com/2011/02/frederic-wertham-censorship-anti.html">"Timely-Atlas-Comics: Part 1: Fredric Wertham, Censorship & the Timely Anti-Wertham Editorials"</a>. <i>Timely-Atlas-Comics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timely-Atlas-Comics&rft.atitle=Timely-Atlas-Comics%3A+Part+1%3A+Fredric+Wertham%2C+Censorship+%26+the+Timely+Anti-Wertham+Editorials&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.aulast=V&rft.aufirst=Doc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimely-atlas-comics.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Ffrederic-wertham-censorship-anti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociation+of+Comics+Magazine+Publishers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF83rd_United_States_CongressCommittee_on_the_Judiciary_(Harley_M._Kilgore,_Chairman)1955" class="citation web cs1">83rd United States Congress; Committee on the Judiciary (Harley M. Kilgore, Chairman) (March 14, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510142944/http://class.georgiasouthern.edu/writ3030/1954SenateInterimReport.doc">"Comic Books and Juvenile Delinquency: Interim Report of the Committee on the judiciary pursuant to S. Res. 89 and S. Res. 190"</a>. <i>Congressional Record</i>. United States Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://class.georgiasouthern.edu/writ3030/1954SenateInterimReport.doc">the original</a> on May 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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