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data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"640\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Cb\u003EGodina \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003EMarka Marulića\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E – 500 godina od smrti oca hrvatske književnosti. \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:2px solid #0077BB;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Zahtjev_za_komentare/Nazivi_%C4%8Dlanaka\" title=\"Wikipedija:Zahtjev za komentare/Nazivi članaka\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Treffpunkt.svg/36px-Treffpunkt.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"36\" 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typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Zahtjev_za_komentare/Detaljni_kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Zahtjev za komentare/Detaljni kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/36px-Blue_check.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"36\" height=\"36\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/54px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/72px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"600\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E Započelo je izjašnjavanje zajednice o usvajanju \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Zahtjev_za_komentare/Detaljni_kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Zahtjev za komentare/Detaljni kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EKriterija značajnosti po temama\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ohmov_zakon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohmov_zakon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ohmov zakon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohmov_zakon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jouleova_toplina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jouleova_toplina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jouleova toplina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jouleova_toplina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Električni_naboj_ili_količina_elektriciteta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Električni_naboj_ili_količina_elektriciteta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Električni naboj ili količina elektriciteta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Električni_naboj_ili_količina_elektriciteta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektromotorna_sila_i_napon_na_stezaljkama_izvora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektromotorna_sila_i_napon_na_stezaljkama_izvora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elektromotorna sila i napon na stezaljkama izvora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektromotorna_sila_i_napon_na_stezaljkama_izvora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Istosmjerna struja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 86 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelykstroom" title="Gelykstroom – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gelykstroom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8C%85%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ቀጥተኛ ጅረት – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀጥተኛ ጅረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrient_contina" title="Corrient contina – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Corrient contina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1" title="تيار مستمر – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيار مستمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriente_continua" title="Corriente continua – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corriente continua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabit_c%C9%99r%C9%99yan" title="Sabit cərəyan – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sabit cərəyan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichstraum" title="Gleichstraum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gleichstraum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Пастаянны ток – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пастаянны ток" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Постоянен ток – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Постоянен ток" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="একমুখী বিদ্যুৎ প্রবাহ – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একমুখী বিদ্যুৎ প্রবাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istosmjerna_struja" title="Istosmjerna struja – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istosmjerna struja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_continu" title="Corrent continu – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrent continu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95" title="تەزووی نەگۆڕ – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەزووی نەگۆڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stejnosm%C4%9Brn%C3%BD_proud" title="Stejnosměrný proud – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stejnosměrný proud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Улшăнусăр ток – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Улшăнусăр ток" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6vnstr%C3%B8m" title="Jævnstrøm – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jævnstrøm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichstrom" title="Gleichstrom – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gleichstrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Συνεχές ρεύμα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνεχές ρεύμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Direct current" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinua_kurento" title="Kontinua kurento – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontinua kurento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriente_continua" title="Corriente continua – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corriente continua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alalisvool" title="Alalisvool – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alalisvool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korronte_zuzen" title="Korronte zuzen – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Korronte zuzen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85" title="جریان مستقیم – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جریان مستقیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasavirta" title="Tasavirta – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tasavirta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_continu" title="Courant continu – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courant continu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likstruum" title="Likstruum – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Likstruum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_continua" title="Corrente continua – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corrente continua" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_searah" title="Arus searah – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Arus searah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="זרם ישר – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרם ישר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="दिष्ट धारा – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिष्ट धारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouran_dir%C3%A8k_(DC)" title="Kouran dirèk (DC) – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kouran dirèk (DC)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyen%C3%A1ram" title="Egyenáram – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyenáram" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Հաստատուն հոսանք – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաստատուն հոսանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_searah" title="Arus searah – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arus searah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafnstraumur" title="Jafnstraumur – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jafnstraumur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_continua" title="Corrente continua – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corrente continua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81" title="直流 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直流" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მუდმივი დენი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუდმივი დენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Тұрақты ток – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұрақты ток" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EB%A5%98" title="직류 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Туруктуу ток – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Туруктуу ток" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelieksjtroum" title="Gelieksjtroum – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gelieksjtroum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_continua" title="Corrent continua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Corrent continua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuolatin%C4%97_elektros_srov%C4%97" title="Nuolatinė elektros srovė – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nuolatinė elektros srovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABdzstr%C4%81va" title="Līdzstrāva – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Līdzstrāva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еднонасочна струја – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еднонасочна струја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="നേർധാരാ വൈദ്യുതി – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നേർധാരാ വൈദ്യുതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тогтмол гүйдэл – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтмол гүйдэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_terus" title="Arus terus – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arus terus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="တည်ငြိမ်လျှပ်စစ် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တည်ငြိမ်လျှပ်စစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="डिसी करेन्ट – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डिसी करेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelijkstroom" title="Gelijkstroom – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gelijkstroom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likestraum" title="Likestraum – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Likestraum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likestr%C3%B8m" title="Likestrøm – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Likestrøm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_contin%C3%BA" title="Corrent continú – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corrent continú" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਿਜਲੀ ਦੀ ਸਿੱਧੀ ਪ੍ਰਵਾਹਿਤ ਧਾਰਾ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲੀ ਦੀ ਸਿੱਧੀ ਪ੍ਰਵਾਹਿਤ ਧਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%85d_sta%C5%82y" title="Prąd stały – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prąd stały" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9" title="ڈریکٹ کرنٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈریکٹ کرنٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_cont%C3%ADnua" title="Corrente contínua – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrente contínua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curent_continuu" title="Curent continuu – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curent continuu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Постоянный ток – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постоянный ток" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednosmjerna_struja" title="Jednosmjerna struja – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jednosmjerna struja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Direct current" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednosmern%C3%BD_pr%C3%BAd" title="Jednosmerný prúd – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jednosmerný prúd" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enosmerni_elektri%C4%8Dni_tok" title="Enosmerni električni tok – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enosmerni električni tok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rryma_e_vazhdueshme" title="Rryma e vazhdueshme – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rryma e vazhdueshme" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Једносмерна струја – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Једносмерна струја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glieksponnenge" title="Glieksponnenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Glieksponnenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik_saarah" title="Arus listrik saarah – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arus listrik saarah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likstr%C3%B6m" title="Likström – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Likström" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நேர் மின்னோட்டம் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர் மின்னோட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%96_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="ఏకముఖ విద్యుత్ ప్రవాహం – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏకముఖ విద్యుత్ ప్రవాహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87" title="ไฟฟ้ากระแสตรง – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟฟ้ากระแสตรง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Direct current" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fru_ak%C4%B1m" title="Doğru akım – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğru akım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Постійний струм – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Постійний струм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88" title="راست رو – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راست رو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBzgarmas_tok" title="Oʻzgarmas tok – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻzgarmas tok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_m%E1%BB%99t_chi%E1%BB%81u" title="Điện một chiều – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện một chiều" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Direct current" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawaan_gu_w%C3%A9y" title="Dawaan gu wéy – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dawaan gu wéy" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E7%94%B5" title="直流电 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="直流电" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="直流電" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%CC%8Dt-li%C3%BB" title="Ti̍t-liû – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" 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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg/290px-Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg/435px-Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg/580px-Crookes_tube_two_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crookesova_cijev" title="Crookesova cijev">Crookesova cijev</a> (2 pogleda): na svjetlu i u tami. <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektroni</a> putuju ravno s lijeve strane gdje je <a href="/wiki/Katoda" title="Katoda">katoda</a>, na desnu stranu gdje je <a href="/wiki/Anoda" title="Anoda">anoda</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDica" title="Žica">žica</a> na dnu <a href="/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev">cijevi</a> desno). Kao dokaz struje elektrona postavljen je <a href="/wiki/Malte%C5%A1ki_kri%C5%BE" title="Malteški križ">Malteški križ</a> koji baca sjenu na desnu stranu cijevi.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/0/0b/Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png/290px-Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/0/0b/Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png/435px-Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/0/0b/Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png/580px-Daniellov_%C4%8Dlanak_2.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Kod <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">Daniellovog</a> članka <a href="/wiki/Elektroda" title="Elektroda">elektrode</a> nisu bile u istom <a href="/wiki/Elektrolit" title="Elektrolit">elektrolitu</a> (bakrena u otopini <a href="/wiki/Bakrov(II)_sulfat_pentahidrat" title="Bakrov(II) sulfat pentahidrat">bakrova sulfata</a>, cinkova u otopini <a href="/wiki/Cinkov_sulfat" title="Cinkov sulfat">cinkova sulfata</a>), a elektroliti su odijeljeni poroznom <a href="/wiki/Membrana" class="mw-disambig" title="Membrana">membranom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Otpor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Otpor.svg/290px-Otpor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Otpor.svg/435px-Otpor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Otpor.svg/580px-Otpor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jouleova_toplina" title="Jouleova toplina">Jouleova toplina</a> je <a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina">toplina</a> koja nastaje pri prolasku električne struje kroz <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">vodič</a> zbog njegova <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">otpora</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Circuit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Circuit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Circuit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Circuit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Karakteristika_izvora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Karakteristika_izvora.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Istosmjerna struja</b> ili <b>istosmjerna električna struja</b> je <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električna struja</a> koja ima u tijeku <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" title="Vrijeme (fizika)">vremena</a> stalnu ili konstantnu <a href="/wiki/Jakost" class="mw-disambig" title="Jakost">jakost</a> i trajno jedan te isti smjer. Za istosmjernu struju u <a href="/wiki/Strujni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Strujni krug">strujnim krugovima</a> vrijede osnovni zakoni: <a href="/wiki/Ohmov_zakon" title="Ohmov zakon">Ohmov zakon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoffovi_zakoni_o_struji_i_naponu" title="Kirchhoffovi zakoni o struji i naponu">oba Kirchhoffova zakona</a> i zakoni osnovnih učinaka (<a href="/wiki/Jouleov_zakon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jouleov zakon">Jouleov zakon</a> za toplinski učinak, <a href="/wiki/Faradayevi_zakoni_elektrolize" title="Faradayevi zakoni elektrolize">Faradayevi zakoni elektrolize</a>, Hopkinsonov zakon <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_tok" title="Magnetski tok">magnetskog toka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">Električna struja</a> je <a href="/wiki/Gibanje" title="Gibanje">gibanje</a> slobodnih <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, to jest <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">negativno nabijenih čestica</a>. Do takvog gibanja dolazi u nekom <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnom vodiču</a> ako je on svojim krajevima priključen na <a href="/wiki/Pol" class="mw-disambig" title="Pol">polove</a> nekog <a href="/wiki/Proizvodnja_elektri%C4%8Dne_energije" title="Proizvodnja električne energije">izvora struje</a> između kojih postoji <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električni napon</a>. Kako napon između polova nastaje zbog razlike količine <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, to elektroni nastoje tu razliku izjednačiti tako da se gibaju od pola, gdje ih ima previše, prema polu, gdje ih ima premalo. Vlada li između obiju vodljivo spojenih točaka nekoga izvora struje stalni električni napon, u <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnom vodiču</a> će teći električna struja. Onaj pol izvora struje koji ima viši <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_potencijal" title="Električni potencijal">električni potencijal</a> označuje se s plus (+), a pol koji ima niži potencijal s minus (-). </p><p>Za svako <a href="/wiki/Gibanje" title="Gibanje">gibanje</a> postoji neki uzrok. Tako je na primjer uzrok gibanju vode u <a href="/wiki/Vodovod" title="Vodovod">vodovodnim</a> cijevima razlika <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaka</a>, a uzrok gibanju elektrona je <a href="/wiki/Elektromotorna_sila" title="Elektromotorna sila">elektromotorna sila</a> (EMS), to jest ona <a href="/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">sila</a> koja stvara razliku električnih potencijala, to jest električni napon. Uređaji koji stvaraju elektromotornu silu zovu se izvori struje. Takav je na primjer izvor struje džepna <a href="/wiki/Baterija" title="Baterija">baterija</a>. Da struja može teći, <a href="/wiki/Strujni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Strujni krug">strujni krug</a> mora biti zatvoren. Strujni krug se sastoji od izvora struje i električnih vodiča koji su priključeni na njegove polove. Za otvaranje i zatvaranje strujnih krugova služe različiti <a href="/wiki/Prekida%C4%8D" title="Prekidač">prekidači</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sklopka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sklopka (stranica ne postoji)">sklopke</a>. Otvori li se strujni krug, na primjer kod džepne baterije, elektromotorna sila će i dalje tjerati elektrone, pa će na negativnom polu nastati suvišak, a na pozitivnome manjak elektrona. Između polova vladat će, dakle, napeto stanje koje se zove <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električni napon</a> ili električna napetost, što je posljedica elektromotorne sile. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ohmov_zakon">Ohmov zakon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Ohmov zakon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ohmov zakon"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Ohmov_zakon" title="Ohmov zakon">Ohmov zakon</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Ohmov zakon</b> (nazvan po njemačkom fizičaru <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simon_Ohm" title="Georg Simon Ohm">Georgu Simonu Ohmu</a>) je zakon prema kojemu je <a href="/wiki/Jakost_elektri%C4%8Dne_struje" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakost električne struje">jakost električne struje</a> <i>I</i> u <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnom vodiču</a>, pri <a href="/wiki/Konstanta" title="Konstanta">konstantnoj</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturi</a>, određena kao omjer <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električnoga napona</a> <i>U</i> koji električnu struju prouzročuje i <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">električnoga otpora</a> <i>R</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {U}{R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>U</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {U}{R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8ec08feef66fbb8a9e336f9e986a5f9293e367d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.889ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {U}{R}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>I ostali oblici tog oblika zakona također se nazivaju po Ohmu: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=I\cdot R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=I\cdot R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a83c0289e4b9c2f2cc5c394ca23125641c24e60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.496ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=I\cdot R}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R={\frac {U}{I}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>U</mi> <mi>I</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R={\frac {U}{I}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9aeac00e2c5ccebd661fab9f46ed99fcd4eae61e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.481ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R={\frac {U}{I}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=U\cdot G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=U\cdot G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87cefdb6246350cf55abf73c1a81dd6bda79b550" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.559ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=U\cdot G}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: </p> <ul><li><i>I</i> - <a href="/wiki/Jakost_elektri%C4%8Dne_struje" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakost električne struje">jakost električne struje</a> kroz <a href="/wiki/Strujni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Strujni krug">strujni krug</a> u <a href="/wiki/Amper" title="Amper">amperima</a> (A);</li> <li><i>U</i> - <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električni napon</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_izvor" title="Električni izvor">izvora</a> u <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">voltima</a> (V);</li> <li><i>R</i> - ukupan <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">električni otpor</a> strujnog kruga (otpor <a href="/wiki/Tro%C5%A1ilo" title="Trošilo">trošila</a> + otpor <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vod" title="Električni vod">električnih vodova</a> + unutarnji otpor <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_izvor" title="Električni izvor">izvora struje</a>) u <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">omima</a> (Ω). Om se može napisati i kao <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amper" title="Amper">amper</a> (V/A).</li> <li><i>G</i> - <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_vodljivost" title="Električna vodljivost">električna vodljivost</a>, pa i neki izvedeni oblici, na primjer za vodiče pri različitim <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ohmov zakon je jedan od temeljnih zakona <a href="/wiki/Elektrotehnika" title="Elektrotehnika">elektrotehnike</a>. Ohmov zakon vrijedi za <a href="/wiki/Metali" class="mw-redirect" title="Metali">metale</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektrolit" title="Elektrolit">vodljive otopine</a>. Takvi se vodiči zovu omski vodiči. Za neke materijale Ohmov zakon ne vrijedi a takvi se vodiči zovu neomski. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jouleova_toplina">Jouleova toplina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Jouleova toplina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Jouleova toplina"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Jouleova_toplina" title="Jouleova toplina">Jouleova toplina</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Jouleova toplina</b> je <a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina">toplina</a> koja nastaje pri prolasku <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električne struje</a> kroz <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">vodič</a> zbog njegova <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">otpora</a>. Ta je količina topline: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=I^{2}\cdot R\cdot t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=I^{2}\cdot R\cdot t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0f2f546aa06fab17cbcf464119bee42040bef8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.169ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=I^{2}\cdot R\cdot t}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>I</i> - <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">jakost struje</a>, <i>R</i> - <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">električni otpor</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">vodiča</a>, a <i>t</i> - <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" title="Vrijeme (fizika)">vrijeme</a>. Jednadžba je poznata i pod nazivom <b>Jouleov zakon</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prema tome Jouleov zakon glasi: </p><p><b>Razvijena toplina u nekom električnom vodiču (otporu) je razmjerna s kvadratom jakosti električne struje, veličinom električnog otpora i vremenom.</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Električni_naboj_ili_količina_elektriciteta"><span id="Elektri.C4.8Dni_naboj_ili_koli.C4.8Dina_elektriciteta"></span>Električni naboj ili količina elektriciteta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Električni naboj ili količina elektriciteta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Električni naboj ili količina elektriciteta"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">Električni naboj</a></div></i></div> <p>U osnovi se jakost istosmjerne struje objašnjena matematičkim izrazom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {Q}{t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {Q}{t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3483ade97a0305b1a02a4a3097c837f69058a56f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.945ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {Q}{t}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>Q</i> - <a href="/wiki/Koli%C4%8Dina_elektriciteta" class="mw-redirect" title="Količina elektriciteta">količina elektriciteta</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a> (osnovna jedinica je <a href="/wiki/Kulon" title="Kulon">kulon</a>), <i>t</i> - <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" title="Vrijeme (fizika)">vremenski period</a> (osnovna jedinica je <a href="/wiki/Sekunda" title="Sekunda">sekunda</a>). Ovaj izraz govori da je <a href="/wiki/Jakost_elektri%C4%8Dne_struje" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakost električne struje">jakost električne struje</a> zapravo količina naboja <i>Q</i> koja prođe presjekom nekog vodiča u nekom vremenu <i>t</i>. </p><p>Ako pozitivni priključak izvora preko nekog <a href="/wiki/Tro%C5%A1ilo" title="Trošilo">trošila</a> (primjerice <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_%C5%BEarulja" title="Električna žarulja">žarulje</a>) povežemo na negativni priključak <a href="/wiki/Proizvodnja_elektri%C4%8Dne_energije" title="Proizvodnja električne energije">izvora</a>, elektroni će nagrnuti s negativnog pola gdje su nagužvani, prema pozitivnom polu gdje ih nedostaje tako snažno, da će se tanka otporna žica žarulje usijati, te će žarulja zasvijetliti. Drugim riječima, od negativnog pola baterije poteći će struja elektrona prema pozitivnom polu. Zagrijavanje vodiča zbog prolaska struje zovemo toplinskim učinkom električne struje. </p><p>S obzirom na to da bi bilo teško često crtati bateriju, žaruljicu i druge električne elemente i naprave, dogovoreni su simboli za razne vrste električnih elemenata, pa opisani sklop shematski možemo prikazati donjom slikom. Takav sklop zovemo strujnim krugom. <a href="/wiki/Strujni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Strujni krug">Strujni krug</a> dakle sadrži neki izvor ili točnije izvor <a href="/wiki/Napon" title="Napon">napona</a> <i>U</i> na stezaljkama (iako greškom često zvan izvor struje), neko trošilo i <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vod" title="Električni vod">električne vodove</a>. U prikazanom primjeru ucrtana je i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sklopka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sklopka (stranica ne postoji)">sklopka</a> <i>S</i>, za uključenje, odnosno isključenje strujnog toka. Na slikama je vidljivo da je smjer struje označen od + prema - <a href="/wiki/Pol" class="mw-disambig" title="Pol">polu</a>, dakle obrnuto od smjera kretanja elektrona. Smjer struje je naime određen dogovorno, zbog određivanja zakonitosti prema kojima se odvijaju električni procesi, još u vrijeme kada nije bio detaljnije poznat mehanizam nastajanja električnih pojava. </p><p>Dakle, kao pozitivan, smjer struje je definiran od + prema - polu, iako se zapravo slobodni elektroni kroz strujni krug izvan izvora kreću u obrnutom smjeru. Ako se polaritet izvora ne mijenja kao kod baterijskog izvora, ne mijenja se ni smjer struje kroz strujni krug, pa se ta struja zove istosmjernom. </p><p>Struja kroz vodič putuje velikom brzinom, međutim treba imati u vidu da je to ustvari brzina putovanja pojave premještanja elektrona s atoma na atom. Elektroni naime ne prelaze čitav strujni krug jureći kroz njega, nego samo preskaču s ljuskaste staze jednog atoma na ljuskastu stazu susjednog, prelazeći samo kratak put kroz vodič. To sliči putovanju vala po morskoj površini. Morem ne putuju čestice vode, nego samo pojava njihovog izdizanja i spuštanja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektromotorna_sila_i_napon_na_stezaljkama_izvora">Elektromotorna sila i napon na stezaljkama izvora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Elektromotorna sila i napon na stezaljkama izvora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Elektromotorna sila i napon na stezaljkama izvora"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Elektromotorna_sila" title="Elektromotorna sila">Elektromotorna sila</a></div></i></div> <p>Iz unutrašnjost izvora pruža se otpor prolasku struje. Taj se otpor zove unutarnji otpor izvora <i>R<sub>i</sub></i>. Izvor stvara takozvanu elektromotornu silu <i>E</i>, to jest proizvodi razliku <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_potencijal" title="Električni potencijal">električnog potencijala</a> na svojim stezaljkama, gomilajući elektrone na negativnom polu. Kad je izvor neopterećen, to jest kada nije na njega priključeno nikakvo trošilo, razlika potencijala (<a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električni napon</a>) na njegovim stezaljkama jednaka je elektromotornoj sili. Kad se međutim na izvor priključi trošilo, to jest kad je izvor opterećen, može se shvatiti da je u strujni krug uključen otpor trošila <i>R</i>, a s njim u seriju uključen je i unutarnji otpor izvora <i>R<sub>i</sub></i>. Ukupna elektromotorna sila raspodjeljuje se na savladavanje oba otpora. Kod toga, na oba otpora nastaje pad napona sukladan otporima. Rezultat je toga, da na stezajkama izvora više nećemo moći dobiti puni iznos elektromotorne sile koju stvara izvor, nego će ona biti umanjena za vrijednost pada napona na unutarnjem otporu <i>I∙R<sub>i</sub></i>. Napon na stezaljkama bit će dakle: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=E-I\cdot R_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=E-I\cdot R_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c06b00aecd46694fd13e7a101ce442dbee69e057" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.912ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=E-I\cdot R_{i}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>U ovom primjeru, zanemaren je pad napona na vodovima strujnog kruga. <b>Opterećenom izvoru napon na stezaljkama bit će manji nego neopterećenom</b>. Ovisnost napona na stezaljkama izvora o jakosti struje koju daje izvor prikazuje dijagram koji se zove <i>karakteristika izvora</i>. Smanjenje napona izvora nakon opterećenja razlogom je, što mjerenje napona baterijskih članaka kad su izvađeni iz uređaja i neopterećeni, ne daje pravu sliku stanja baterije. Neopterećena, ona može pokazivati puni napon, no, kad se optereti, može se pokazati da je ipak poluprazna i da nema dovoljan napon za ispravan rad uređaja s većom potrošnjom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>električna struja</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=17572">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Ohmov zakon</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=44871">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Joule, James Prescott</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=29371">[3]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poveznice">Poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istosmjerna_struja&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektromotorna_sila" title="Elektromotorna sila">Elektromotorna sila</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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