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id="toc-Naming_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recognizing_benefactors_through_species_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognizing_benefactors_through_species_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Recognizing benefactors through species naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognizing_benefactors_through_species_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وصف الأنواع الحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وصف الأنواع الحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng_%C3%AA_k%C3%AC-ch%C3%A0i" title="Chéng ê kì-chài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng ê kì-chài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descripci%C3%B3_d%27una_esp%C3%A8cie" title="Descripció d'una espècie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Descripció d'una espècie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popis_druhu" title="Popis druhu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Popis druhu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstbeschreibung" title="Erstbeschreibung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erstbeschreibung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liikide_kirjeldamine" title="Liikide kirjeldamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liikide kirjeldamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descripci%C3%B3n_de_especie" title="Descripción de especie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Descripción de especie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_priskribo" title="Unua priskribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua priskribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezie_deskribapen" title="Espezie deskribapen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezie deskribapen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%81_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="توصیف گونه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توصیف گونه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Description des espèces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Description des espèces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%AC" title="종 기재 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종 기재" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deskripsi_spesies" title="Deskripsi spesies – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deskripsi spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deskripsyon_esp%C3%A8s_yo" title="Deskripsyon espès yo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Deskripsyon espès yo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huraian_spesies" title="Huraian spesies – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Huraian spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E8%BC%89" title="記載 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="記載" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsbeskrivelse" title="Artsbeskrivelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Artsbeskrivelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsskildring" title="Artsskildring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Artsskildring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_esp%C3%A9cies" title="Descrição de espécies – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Descrição de espécies" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descrierea_speciilor" title="Descrierea speciilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Descrierea speciilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Описание вида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Описание вида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Species description" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajikuvaus" title="Lajikuvaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lajikuvaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0" title="物种描述 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物种描述" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formal description of a discovered species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New species" redirects here. For newly evolved species, see <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>species description</b> is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, typically articulated through a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific publication">scientific publication</a>. Its purpose is to provide a clear description of a new species of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> and explain how it differs from species that have been previously described or related species. For a species to be considered valid, a species description must follow established guidelines and naming conventions dictated by relevant <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes" title="Nomenclature codes">nomenclature codes</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) for animals, the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> (ICN) for plants, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV) for viruses. A species description often includes photographs or other illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type material</a> and information regarding where this material is deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formal <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a>. Some 1.9 million species have been identified and described, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist.<sup id="cite_ref-plos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, over five billion species have gone <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_life_on_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of life on Earth">history of life on Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_process">Naming process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific nomenclature">Scientific nomenclature</a></div> <p>A name of a new species becomes <a href="/wiki/Validly_published_name" title="Validly published name">valid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Available_name" title="Available name">available</a> in zoological terminology) with the date of publication of its formal scientific description. Once the scientist has performed the necessary research to determine that the discovered organism represents a new species, the scientific results are summarized in a scientific manuscript, either as part of a book or as a paper to be submitted to a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a>. </p><p>A scientific species description must fulfill several formal criteria specified by the <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes" title="Nomenclature codes">nomenclature codes</a>, e.g. selection of at least one <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimen</a>. These criteria are intended to ensure that the species name is clear and unambiguous, for example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> states that "Authors should exercise reasonable care and consideration in forming new names to ensure that they are chosen with their subsequent users in mind and that, as far as possible, they are appropriate, compact, <a href="/wiki/Euphonious" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphonious">euphonious</a>, memorable, and do not cause offence."<sup id="cite_ref-ICZNRec25C_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICZNRec25C-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species names are written in the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, but many species names are based on words from other languages, and are Latinized. </p><p>Once the manuscript has been accepted for publication,<sup id="cite_ref-ICZNexampleabstract_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICZNexampleabstract-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new species name is officially created. </p><p>Once a species name has been assigned and approved, it can generally not be changed except in the case of error. For example, a species of beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Anophthalmus_hitleri" title="Anophthalmus hitleri">Anophthalmus hitleri</a></i>) was named by a German collector after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1933 when he had recently become chancellor of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-hitler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear whether such a dedication would be considered acceptable or appropriate today, but the name remains in use.<sup id="cite_ref-hitler_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species names have been chosen on many different bases. The most common is a naming for the species' external appearance, its origin, or the species name is a dedication to a certain person. Examples would include a bat species named for the two stripes on its back (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccopteryx_bilineata" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccopteryx bilineata">Saccopteryx bilineata</a></i>), a frog named for its Bolivian origin (<i><a href="/wiki/Phyllomedusa_boliviana" title="Phyllomedusa boliviana">Phyllomedusa boliviana</a></i>), and an ant species dedicated to the actor <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pheidole_harrisonfordi" title="Pheidole harrisonfordi">Pheidole harrisonfordi</a></i>). A scientific name in honor of a person or persons is known as a taxonomic <b>eponym</b> or eponymic; <b>patronym</b> and <b>matronym</b> are the gendered terms for this.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of humorous species names also exist. Literary examples include the genus name <i><a href="/wiki/Borogovia" title="Borogovia">Borogovia</a></i> (an extinct dinosaur), which is named after the borogove, a mythical character from <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a>". A second example, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrocarpaea_apparata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrocarpaea apparata (page does not exist)">Macrocarpaea apparata</a></i> (a tall plant) was named after the magical spell "to apparate" from the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter"><i>Harry Potter</i> novels</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>, as it seemed to appear out of nowhere.<sup id="cite_ref-funnyspeciesnames_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-funnyspeciesnames-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, the British naturalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a> proposed the binomial name <i><a href="/wiki/Nessiteras_rhombopteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nessiteras rhombopteryx">Nessiteras rhombopteryx</a></i> ("Ness monster with diamond-shaped fin") for the Loch Ness Monster; it was soon spotted that it was an anagram of "Monster hoax by Sir Peter S". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognizing_benefactors_through_species_naming">Recognizing benefactors through species naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recognizing benefactors through species naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organisms_named_after_famous_people" title="List of organisms named after famous people">List of organisms named after famous people</a></div> <p>Species have frequently been named by scientists in recognition of supporters and benefactors. For example, the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(plant)" title="Victoria (plant)">Victoria</a></i> (a flowering waterplant) was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of Great Britain. More recently, a species of lemur (<i><a href="/wiki/Avahi_cleesei" class="mw-redirect" title="Avahi cleesei">Avahi cleesei</a></i>) was named after the actor <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> in recognition of his work to publicize the plight of lemurs in Madagascar. </p><p>Non-profit ecological organizations may also allow benefactors to name new species in exchange for financial support for taxonomic research and nature conservation. A German non-profit organisation, <a href="/wiki/BIOPAT_%E2%80%93_Patrons_for_Biodiversity" title="BIOPAT – Patrons for Biodiversity">BIOPAT – Patrons for Biodiversity</a>, has raised more than $450,000 for research and conservation through sponsorship of over 100 species using this model.<sup id="cite_ref-fundingecologicalresearch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundingecologicalresearch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual example of this system is the <i><a href="/wiki/Callicebus_aureipalatii" class="mw-redirect" title="Callicebus aureipalatii">Callicebus aureipalatii</a></i> (or "monkey of the Golden Palace"), which was named after the <a href="/wiki/GoldenPalace.com" title="GoldenPalace.com">Golden Palace casino</a> in recognition of a $650,000 contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Madidi_National_Park" title="Madidi National Park">Madidi National Park</a> in Bolivia in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> discourages this practice somewhat: "Recommendation 20A. Authors forming generic names should comply with the following ... (h) Not dedicate genera to persons quite unconcerned with botany, mycology, phycology, or natural science in general."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg/220px-Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg/330px-Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg/440px-Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Original title page of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>, published in 1735.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early biologists often published entire volumes or multiple-volume works of descriptions in an attempt to catalog all known species. These catalogs typically featured extensive descriptions of each species and were often illustrated upon reprinting. </p><p>The first of these large catalogs was <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>, published around 343 BC. Aristotle included descriptions of creatures, mostly fish and invertebrates, in his homeland, and several <a href="/wiki/Mythological_creature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological creature">mythological creatures</a> rumored to live in far-away lands, such as the <a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">manticore</a>. </p><p>In 77 AD <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> dedicated several volumes of his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> to the description of all life forms he knew to exist. He appears to have read Aristotle's work since he writes about many of the same far-away mythological creatures. </p><p>Toward the end of the 12th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Konungs_skuggsj%C3%A1" title="Konungs skuggsjá">Konungs skuggsjá</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> work, featured several descriptions of the whales, seals, and monsters of the Icelandic seas. These descriptions were brief and often erroneous, and they included a description of the <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a> and a rare island-like sea monster called <a href="/wiki/Hafgufa" title="Hafgufa"><i>hafgufu</i></a>. The author was hesitant to mention the beast (known today to be fictitious) for fear of its size, but felt it was important enough to be included in his descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the earliest recognized species authority is <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, who standardized the modern <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> system beginning with his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> in 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-linnaeus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnaeus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the catalog of known species was increasing rapidly, it became impractical to maintain a single work documenting every species. Publishing a paper documenting a single species was much faster and could be done by scientists with less broadened scopes of study. For example, a scientist who discovered a new species of insect would not need to understand plants, or frogs, or even insects which did not resemble the species, but would only need to understand closely related insects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_differences">Modern differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal species descriptions today follow strict guidelines set forth by the <a href="/wiki/Codes_of_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Codes of nomenclature">codes of nomenclature</a>. Very detailed formal descriptions are made by scientists, who usually study the organism closely for a considerable time. A <b>diagnosis</b> may be used instead of,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as well as<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the description. A diagnosis specifies the distinction between the new species and other species, and it does not necessarily have to be based on morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, new species descriptions have been made without voucher specimens, and this has been controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the RetroSOS report,<sup id="cite_ref-retroSOS2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retroSOS2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following numbers of species have been described each year in the 2000s. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total number of species descriptions</th> <th>New insect species described </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>17,045</td> <td>8,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>17,003</td> <td>7,775 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>16,990</td> <td>8,723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>17,357</td> <td>8,844 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>17,381</td> <td>9,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>16,424</td> <td>8,485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>17,659</td> <td>8,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>18,689</td> <td>9,651 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>18,225</td> <td>8,794 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>19,232</td> <td>9,738 </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological type">Biological type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Latin" title="Botanical Latin">Botanical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Glossary of scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_treatment" title="Taxonomic treatment">Taxonomic treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undescribed_taxon" title="Undescribed taxon">Undescribed taxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Species_described_in_the_21st_century" title="Category:Species described in the 21st century">Category:Species described in the 21st century</a>, with subcategories; contains links to earlier centuries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plos_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMora,_C.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, C.; et al. (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_Biology" title="PLOS Biology">PLOS Biology</a></i>. <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">3160336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886479">21886479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001127&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft.au=Mora%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1997" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, Michael L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view"</a>. In Kunin, W. E.; Gaston, K. J. (eds.). <i>The Biology of Rarity</i>. pp. 110–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-5874-9_7">10.1007/978-94-011-5874-9_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-6483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-6483-5"><bdi>978-94-010-6483-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051637/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+do+rare+species+avoid+extinction%3F+A+paleontological+view&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity&rft.pages=110-129&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-5874-9_7&rft.isbn=978-94-010-6483-5&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICZNRec25C-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICZNRec25C_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/">"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Recommendation 25C"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature%2C+Recommendation+25C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICZNexampleabstract-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICZNexampleabstract_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One example of an abstract of an article naming a new species can be found at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellnerLoddersKampfer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wellner, S.; Lodders, N.; Kampfer, P. (13 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.030767-0">"Methylobacterium cerastii sp. nov., isolated from the leaf surface of Cerastium holosteoides"</a>. <i>International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</i>. <b>62</b> (Pt 4): 917–924. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.030767-0">10.1099/ijs.0.030767-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21669927">21669927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Methylobacterium+cerastii+sp.+nov.%2C+isolated+from+the+leaf+surface+of+Cerastium+holosteoides&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=917-924&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fijs.0.030767-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21669927&rft.aulast=Wellner&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Lodders%2C+N.&rft.au=Kampfer%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fijs.0.030767-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hitler-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hitler_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hitler_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514205230/http://rosegeorge.com/site/a-beetle-called-hitler">"A beetle called Hitler"</a>. <i>Rose George</i>. 13 April 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosegeorge.com/site/a-beetle-called-hitler">the original</a> on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rose+George&rft.atitle=A+beetle+called+Hitler&rft.date=2002-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frosegeorge.com%2Fsite%2Fa-beetle-called-hitler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapinera2008" class="citation book cs1">Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&q=patronym&pg=PA2765"><i>Encyclopedia of Entomology</i></a> (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 2765. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402062421" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402062421"><bdi>978-1402062421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Entomology&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=2765&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1402062421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9ITMiiohVQC%26q%3Dpatronym%26pg%3DPA2765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrahanConder2007" class="citation book cs1">Strahan, Ronald; Conder, Pamela, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmJsAzEXRyEC&pg=PT15"><i>Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals</i></a>. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643100060" title="Special:BookSources/9780643100060"><bdi>9780643100060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Australian+and+New+Guinean+Mammals&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780643100060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmJsAzEXRyEC%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-funnyspeciesnames-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-funnyspeciesnames_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/index.html">"Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+Biological+Nomenclature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curioustaxonomy.net%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundingecologicalresearch-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fundingecologicalresearch_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/dec/onlinemanual/Enforcement/InstitutionalFrameworks/EconomicInstruments/Resource/tabid/1014/Default.aspx">"Financing conservation efforts by selling naming rights of new species"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financing+conservation+efforts+by+selling+naming+rights+of+new+species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fdec%2Fonlinemanual%2FEnforcement%2FInstitutionalFrameworks%2FEconomicInstruments%2FResource%2Ftabid%2F1014%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msnbc2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msnbc2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7493711">"Internet casino buys monkey naming rights"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Internet+casino+buys+monkey+naming+rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna7493711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#ICN">McNeill et al. 2012</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyserMunchUnger1848" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Keyser, Rudolph; Munch, Peter Andreas; Unger, Carl Rikard (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgtIfLwQgX4C&q=hafgfua&pg=PP7"><i>Konungs skuggsjá</i></a> (in Norwegian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konungs+skuggsj%C3%A1&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Munch%2C+Peter+Andreas&rft.au=Unger%2C+Carl+Rikard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgtIfLwQgX4C%26q%3Dhafgfua%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linnaeus-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus,_C.1735" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C.</a> (1735). <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae&rft.date=1735&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#ICN">McNeill et al. 2012</a>, Article 38)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999" class="citation web cs1">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp?article=13&nfv=true">"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition, adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature%2C+Fourth+Edition%2C+adopted+by+the+International+Union+of+Biological+Sciences&rft.date=1999&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2Findex.jsp%3Farticle%3D13%26nfv%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span> article 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawleyGamero-MoraMaronnaChiaverano2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lawley, Jonathan W.; Gamero-Mora, Edgar; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Collins, Allen G.; Morandini, André C. (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495">"Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590)"</a>. <i>South African Journal of Science</i>. <b>118</b> (9/10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17159%2Fsajs.2022%2F14495">10.17159/sajs.2022/14495</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-7489">1996-7489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Morphology+is+not+always+useful+for+diagnosis%2C+and+that%27s+ok%3A+Species+hypotheses+should+not+be+bound+to+a+class+of+data.+Reply+to+Brown+and+Gibbons+%28S+Afr+J+Sci.+2022%3B118%289%2F10%29%2C+Art.+%2312590%29&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17159%2Fsajs.2022%2F14495&rft.issn=1996-7489&rft.aulast=Lawley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+W.&rft.au=Gamero-Mora%2C+Edgar&rft.au=Maronna%2C+Maximiliano+M.&rft.au=Chiaverano%2C+Luciano+M.&rft.au=Stampar%2C+S%C3%A9rgio+N.&rft.au=Hopcroft%2C+Russell+R.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Allen+G.&rft.au=Morandini%2C+Andr%C3%A9+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsajs.co.za%2Farticle%2Fview%2F14495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kannan, Ragupathy (2007). New Bird Descriptions Without Proper Voucher Specimens: Reflections After the Bugun Liocichla Case. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 104: 12–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/154730#/summary">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/154730#/summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retroSOS2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-retroSOS2012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuentin_WheelerSara_Pennak2012" class="citation report cs1">Quentin Wheeler; Sara Pennak (18 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322184155/https://www.esf.edu/species/SOS.htm">Retro SOS 2000–2009: A Decade of Species Discovery in Review</a> (Report). International Institute for Species Exploration, Arizona State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esf.edu/species/SOS.htm">the original</a> on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Retro+SOS+2000%E2%80%932009%3A+A+Decade+of+Species+Discovery+in+Review&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Species+Exploration%2C+Arizona+State+University&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft.au=Quentin+Wheeler&rft.au=Sara+Pennak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esf.edu%2Fspecies%2FSOS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ICN" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title"><i>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</i></a>. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6"><bdi>978-3-87429-425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=A.R.G.+Gantner+Verlag+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-425-6&rft.au=McNeill%2C+J.&rft.au=Barrie%2C+F.R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+W.R.&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V.&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K.&rft.au=Prado%2C+J.&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.F.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Turland%2C+N.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+description" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Winston, Judith E. 1999. Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure For Biologists. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06824-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06824-7">0-231-06824-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_description&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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