Applied Sciences | December 2012

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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="22315" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1113 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/816/pdf?version=1355909171" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Broadband Spectral Amplitude Control in High-Order Harmonic Generation" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/816">Broadband Spectral Amplitude Control in High-Order Harmonic Generation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carles Serrat</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 816-830; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040816">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040816</a> - 19 Dec 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/816#metrics">Cited by 10</a> | Viewed by 6433 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A technique for broadband spectral amplitude control of light pulses produced in high-order harmonic generation (HHG) is presented. It has been shown elsewhere that broadband spectral phase control in HHG is achievable using a computerized feedback loop scheme by coherently adding a filtered <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/816/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A technique for broadband spectral amplitude control of light pulses produced in high-order harmonic generation (HHG) is presented. It has been shown elsewhere that broadband spectral phase control in HHG is achievable using a computerized feedback loop scheme by coherently adding a filtered region of the HHG emission to the intense IR driving pulse with optimal attenuation and time delay parameters. In the present study, further computational evidence of the capabilities of this control scheme is provided by considering the spectral amplitude in a broadband region of the HHG spectrum as the control target for the production of isolated attosecond pulses. Different spectral widths and central photon energies are examined, such as a spectral width of 30 eV centered at 36 eV, well in the plateau, and a width of 20 eV centered at 60 eV in the cutoff region. An iterative procedure of the method is implemented and optimal isolated single cycle pulses at a central photon energy of 36 eV are obtained. This control scheme is a fundamental tool that can be implemented for amplitude and phase shaping of any suitable spectral region in HHG. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/816">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/ultra_pulse_laser ">Ultraintense Ultrashort Pulse Lasers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/816/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev22315"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next22315"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next22315" data-cycle-prev="#prev22315" data-cycle-progressive="#images22315" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-ag-550.jpg?1580941899" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images22315" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g001-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g002-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g003-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g004-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g005-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g006-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g007-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-22315-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g008-1024.png?1390438384'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-22315-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-ag-550.jpg?1580941899" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g001-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Schematic illustration of the numerical experiment. An intense IR laser pulse interacts with a first gas target—helium in this case. The output is filtered in a particular spectral region—and occasionally split in several pulses, in order to modify the XUV intensity, which is achieved by using variable light attenuators <span class="html-italic">A</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>i</sub></span>. The attenuated XUV<span class="html-italic"><sub>i</sub></span> pulses are combined with the original IR pulse with a given delay provided by variable delay lines <span class="html-italic">D</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>i</sub></span>. The combination of the IR+XUV<span class="html-italic"><sub>i</sub></span> pulses generates harmonics in a second gas target. The output from the second interaction region is analyzed by a spectrum analyzer for optimization of the spectral amplitude in an iterative loop procedure managed by a computer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g002-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Optimization of the HHG spectral region 21–51 eV obtained by considering a single feedback loop. The scan in <span class="html-italic">θ</span> is from <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = <span class="html-italic">−</span>720<span class="html-italic">°</span> to <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 720<span class="html-italic">°</span>, and <span class="html-italic">α</span> is scanned from <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>6</sup> to <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>7</sup>. The value of the normalized <span class="html-italic">χ</span><sup>2</sup> function is 0.9998 for the original spectrum and 0.8929 for the optimized one. In (<b>a</b>) the spectral intensity of the original and optimized spectra are shown, as indicated. The IR driving pulse together with the optimal XUV<sub>1</sub> pulse are shown in (<b>b</b>). The amplitude of the IR pulse is normalized, and the one corresponding to the XUV<sub>1</sub> pulse has been rescaled to allow its visualization. In this case the optimal values of the fitness parameters are <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>7</sup> and <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 718<span class="html-italic">°</span>. (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) show the temporal evolution of the intensities of the XUV pulses resulting from the second interaction region, before and after optimization, respectively, which are centered at a photon energy of 36 eV. The inset in (<b>d</b>) shows the spectral phase for the original and optimized spectra. Note that the labels in the vertical axis of (<b>a</b>) indicate a logarithmic scale.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g003-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Time-frequency analysis of the original (<b>a</b>) and optimized (<b>b</b>) spectra, for the case shown in <a href="#applsci-02-00816-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g004-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Optimization of the HHG spectral region 21–51 eV obtained by considering a single feedback loop. The scan in <span class="html-italic">θ</span> is from <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = <span class="html-italic">−</span>180<span class="html-italic">°</span> to <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 180<span class="html-italic">°</span>, and <span class="html-italic">α</span> is fixed to 10<sup>7</sup>. The value of the normalized <span class="html-italic">χ</span><sup>2</sup> function is 0.9998 for the original spectrum and 0.9893 for the optimized one. In (<b>a</b>) the spectral intensity of the original and optimized spectra are shown, as indicated. The IR driving pulse together with the optimal XUV pulse are shown in (<b>b</b>). The amplitude of the IR pulse is normalized, and the one corresponding to the XUV pulse has been rescaled to allow its visualization. The optimal value for the angular position results in <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = <span class="html-italic">−</span>22<span class="html-italic">°</span>. (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) show the temporal evolution of the intensities of the XUV pulses resulting from the second interaction region, before and after optimization, respectively, which are centered at a photon energy of 36 eV. The inset in (<b>d</b>) shows the spectral phase for the original and optimized spectra. Note that the labels in the vertical axis of (<b>a</b>) indicate a logarithmic scale.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g005-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(color online) Time-frequency analysis of the original (<b>a</b>) and optimized (<b>b</b>) spectra, for the case shown in <a href="#applsci-02-00816-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g006-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Optimization of the HHG spectral region 21–51 eV obtained by considering several iterations of the feedback loop for <span class="html-italic">α</span> scanned from <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>9</sup> to <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>10</sup>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and from <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>11</sup> to <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>12</sup> (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>). (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>): The scan in the first iteration in <span class="html-italic">θ</span> is from <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = <span class="html-italic">−</span>720<span class="html-italic">°</span> to <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 720<span class="html-italic">°</span>. In the subsequent iterations, <span class="html-italic">θ</span> is scanned from <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 200<span class="html-italic">°</span> to <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 700<span class="html-italic">°</span>. In (<b>a</b>) the spectral intensity of the original and optimized spectra are shown for the first and 5<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iterations, as indicated. The optimal values of the fitness parameters for the 5<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iteration are in this case <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>10</sup> and <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 496<span class="html-italic">°</span>. In (<b>b</b>) the temporal evolution of the intensity of the XUV pulse resulting from the second interaction region after the 5<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iteration (loop) is shown. The inset in (<b>b</b>) shows the value of the normalized <span class="html-italic">χ</span><sup>2</sup> parameter as a function of the iteration number. From approximately the 5<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iteration the value of <span class="html-italic">χ</span><sup>2</sup> and the intensity profile of the resulting XUV pulse do not change substantially. (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>): The scan in the all the iterations in <span class="html-italic">θ</span> is from <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = <span class="html-italic">−</span>720<span class="html-italic">°</span> to <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 720<span class="html-italic">°</span>. In (<b>c</b>) the spectral intensity of the original and optimized spectra are shown for the first and 8<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iterations, as indicated. The optimal values of the fitness parameters for the 8<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iteration are in this case <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>12</sup> and <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 365<span class="html-italic">°</span>. In (<b>d</b>) the temporal evolution of the intensity of the XUV pulse resulting from the second interaction region after the 8<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iteration is shown, which is an isolated single cycle pulse centered at 36 eV. The inset in (<b>d</b>) shows the value of the normalized <span class="html-italic">χ</span><sup>2</sup> parameter as a function of the iteration number. From approximately the 8<span class="html-italic"><sup>th</sup></span> iteration, the duration of the intensity profile of the resulting central XUV pulse does not change substantially. Note that the labels in the vertical axis of (<b>a</b>) and (<b>c</b>) indicate a logarithmic scale.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g007-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Optimization of the HHG spectral region 50–70 eV obtained by considering a single feedback loop. The scan in <span class="html-italic">θ</span> is from <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = <span class="html-italic">−</span>720<span class="html-italic">°</span> to <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 720<span class="html-italic">°</span>, and <span class="html-italic">α</span> is scanned from <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>7</sup> to <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>8</sup>. The value of the normalized <span class="html-italic">χ</span><sup>2</sup> function is 0.8771 for the original spectrum and 0.2309 for the optimized one. In (<b>a</b>) the spectral intensity of the original and optimized spectra are shown, as indicated. The IR driving pulse together with the optimal XUV pulse are shown in (<b>b</b>). The amplitude of the IR pulse is normalized, and the one corresponding to the XUV pulse has been rescaled to allow its visualization. In this case the optimal values of the fitness parameters are <span class="html-italic">α</span> = 10<sup>8</sup> and <span class="html-italic">θ</span> = 550<span class="html-italic">°</span>. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) show the temporal evolution of the intensities of the XUV pulses resulting from the second interaction region, before and after optimization, respectively, which are centered at a photon energy of 60 eV. The inset in (<b>d</b>) shows the spectral phase for the original and optimized spectra. Note that the labels in the vertical axis of (<b>a</b>) indicate a logarithmic scale.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00816/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00816-g008-1024.png?1390438384" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(Color online) Time-frequency analysis of the original (<b>a</b>) and optimized (<b>b</b>) spectra, for the case shown in <a href="#applsci-02-00816-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/816'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="21821" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 496 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/801/pdf?version=1354107006" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Power Management System for Load Banks Supplied by Pitch Controlled Wind Turbine System" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/801">Power Management System for Load Banks Supplied by Pitch Controlled Wind Turbine System</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adel Merabet</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raquel Keeble</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vigneshwaran Rajasekaran</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rachid Beguenane</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hussein Ibrahim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jogendra S. Thongam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 801-815; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040801">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040801</a> - 28 Nov 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/801#metrics">Cited by 5</a> | Viewed by 9846 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> An automatic power management system, to monitor the distribution of power to a set of load banks, is presented in this paper. The required power is generated from a laboratory-size pitch-controlled wind turbine experimental workstation. The management system is a sequence of logic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/801/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> An automatic power management system, to monitor the distribution of power to a set of load banks, is presented in this paper. The required power is generated from a laboratory-size pitch-controlled wind turbine experimental workstation. The management system is a sequence of logic expressions, based on the generated power, a profile of the banks’ states provided by the supervisor and the banks’ priorities, to obtain an optimal behavior of the system and to ensure the load requirement. A modified PI pitch angle control is proposed to regulate the generated power for tracking the power reference in order to maintain a consistent brilliance of the load’s LEDs, to reduce the activity of the pitch actuator and to deal with fluctuation problems. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed automatic power management system for load banks supplied by a pitch controlled wind turbine. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/801">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/renew-energ ">Renewable Energy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/801/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev21821"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next21821"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next21821" data-cycle-prev="#prev21821" data-cycle-progressive="#images21821" 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3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g004-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g005-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g006-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g007-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g008-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g009-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g010-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g011-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g012-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g013-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-21821-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g014-1024.png?1390435206'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-21821-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g001-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Wind turbine experiment workstation by Quanser Inc.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g002-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the load banks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g003-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Configuration of the load banks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g004-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Power reference profile and generated power.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g005-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Proposed PI fluctuation pitch angle control strategy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g006-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of the PI pitch fluctuation controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g007-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Generated power, reference power under PI pitch angle controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g008-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Automatic switching of the banks for the power reference of four banks (PI pitch angle controller).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g009-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Generated power, reference power under modified PI pitch angle controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g010-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Automatic switching of the banks for the power reference of four banks (modified PI pitch angle controller).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g011-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Generated power and pitch angle under PI fluctuation controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g012-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Generated power and pitch angle under PI fluctuation controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g013-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Generated power and pitch angle under PI fluctuation controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00801/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00801-g014-1024.png?1390435206" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Generated power and pitch angle under PI fluctuation controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/801'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="21666" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2595 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/780/pdf?version=1353588453" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Design Fuzzy Logic Controller for a Permanent Magnet Wind Generator to Enhance the Dynamic Stability of Wind Farms" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/780">A Design Fuzzy Logic Controller for a Permanent Magnet Wind Generator to Enhance the Dynamic Stability of Wind Farms</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marwan Rosyadi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>S. M. Muyeen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rion Takahashi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junji Tamura</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 780-800; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040780">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040780</a> - 22 Nov 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/780#metrics">Cited by 28</a> | Viewed by 16352 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this paper, a design fuzzy logic controller for a variable speed permanent magnet wind generator connected to a grid system through a LC-filter is proposed. A new current control method of grid side conversion is developed by integrating the fuzzy controller, in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/780/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this paper, a design fuzzy logic controller for a variable speed permanent magnet wind generator connected to a grid system through a LC-filter is proposed. A new current control method of grid side conversion is developed by integrating the fuzzy controller, in which both active and reactive power, delivered to a power grid system, is controlled effectively. The fuzzy logic controller is designed to adjust the gain parameters of the PI controllers under any operating conditions, so that the dynamic stability is enhanced. A new simple method, based on frequency response of the bode diagram, is proposed in the design of the fuzzy logic controller. To evaluate the controller system capabilities, simulation analyses are performed on a small wind farm model system including an induction wind generator connected to an infinite bus. The simulations have been performed using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results show that the proposed control scheme is more effective for enhancing the stability of wind farms during temporary and permanent network disturbances and randomly fluctuating wind speed, compared with that of a conventional PI controller. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/780">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/renew-energ ">Renewable Energy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/780/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev21666"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next21666"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g014-1024.png?1422932579'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g015-1024.png?1422932561'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g016-1024.png?1422932578'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g017-1024.png?1422932574'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g028-1024.png?1422932547'><p>Figure 28</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g029-1024.png?1422932562'><p>Figure 29</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g030-1024.png?1422932565'><p>Figure 30</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='30' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g031-1024.png?1422932566'><p>Figure 31</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='31' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g032-1024.png?1422932550'><p>Figure 32</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='32' data-target='article-21666-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g033-1024.png?1422932572'><p>Figure 33</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-21666-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g001-1024.png?1422932556" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Cp</span>–<span class="html-italic">λ</span> characteristic for different pitch angle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g002-1024.png?1422932571" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Turbine power characteristic (<span class="html-italic">β</span> = 0°).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g003-1024.png?1422932578" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g004-1024.png?1422932566" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Single phase LC filter equivalent circuit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g005-1024.png?1422932560" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of LC filter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g006-1024.png?1422932559" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>VSWT-PMSG control system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g007-1024.png?1422932568" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Stator side controller system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g008-1024.png?1422932569" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Current control loop of SSC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g009-1024.png?1422932559" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Grid side controller system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g010-1024.png?1422932561" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Pitch controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g011-1024.png?1422932549" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The LC filter in d-axis component only.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g012-1024.png?1422932573" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Current control loop of the grid side converter (GSC).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g013-1024.png?1422932560" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of fuzzy logic controller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g014-1024.png?1422932579" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>The membership function for input <span class="html-italic">er</span><span class="html-italic">.</span></p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g015-1024.png?1422932561" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>The membership function for output <span class="html-italic">P<sub>er</sub></span><span class="html-italic">.</span></p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g016-1024.png?1422932578" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The membership function for output <span class="html-italic">I<sub>er</sub></span><span class="html-italic">.</span></p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g017-1024.png?1422932574" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Bode diagram of current control loop of GSC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g018-1024.png?1422932549" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Linear block model analysis.(<b>a</b>) Step response; (<b>b</b>) Zoom of step response at 0.1 s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g019-1024.png?1422932570" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Power system blockset model analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g020-1024.png?1422932556" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Wind farm model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g021-1024.png?1422932576" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Reactive power output of PMSG.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g022-1024.png?1422932552" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Reactive power output of IG.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g023-1024.png?1422932578" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Terminal voltage at PCC.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g024-1024.png?1422932555" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Rotor speed of IG.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g025-1024.png?1422932564" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Active power output of PMSG.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g026-1024.png?1422932554" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>Active power output of IG.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g027-1024.png?1422932568" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>DC link voltage of PMSG.(<b>a</b>) case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g028-1024.png?1422932547" title=" <strong>Figure 28</strong><br/> <p>Wind speed data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g029-1024.png?1422932562" title=" <strong>Figure 29</strong><br/> <p>Active power output of wind generators.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g030-1024.png?1422932565" title=" <strong>Figure 30</strong><br/> <p>Rotor speed response of VSWT-PMSG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g031-1024.png?1422932566" title=" <strong>Figure 31</strong><br/> <p>Pitch Angle of wind turbines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g032-1024.png?1422932550" title=" <strong>Figure 32</strong><br/> <p>Reactive power outputof wind generators.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00780/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00780-g033-1024.png?1422932572" title=" <strong>Figure 33</strong><br/> <p>Terminal voltage at PCC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/780'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="20962" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 367 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/773/pdf?version=1351148934" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Host–Guest Complex of β-Cyclodextrin and Disulfide Form of 4-Aminothiophenol" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/773">Host–Guest Complex of β-Cyclodextrin and Disulfide Form of 4-Aminothiophenol</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taylor A. Cappadona</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lee M. Daniels</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tasneem A. Siddiquee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 773-779; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040773">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040773</a> - 25 Oct 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/773#metrics">Cited by 5</a> | Viewed by 8637 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> An inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin and 4-aminothiophenol was assembled by hydrophobic interaction of the host (β-cyclodextrin) and guest (4-aminothiophenol). The complex was isolated as crystalline solid and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction method along with NMR and IR spectroscopy. Two cyclodextrin rings <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/773/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> An inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin and 4-aminothiophenol was assembled by hydrophobic interaction of the host (β-cyclodextrin) and guest (4-aminothiophenol). The complex was isolated as crystalline solid and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction method along with NMR and IR spectroscopy. Two cyclodextrin rings each containing one disulfide form of 4-aminothiophenol were found to pair up by hydrogen bonding of the outer rim -OH groups. The phenyl disulfide moiety of 4-aminophenyl disulfide molecule was found in the core of β-cyclodextrin, while the amino functional groups were positioned to the exterior of the cyclodextrin ring. Phenyl rings of the guest molecule from each partner of the paired cyclodextrin complex were found parallel to each other, indicating possible π-π stacking interaction between them. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/773">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/773/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev20962"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next20962"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next20962" data-cycle-prev="#prev20962" data-cycle-progressive="#images20962" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-20962-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g001-1024.png?1390429032" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images20962" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-20962-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g002-1024.png?1390429032'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-20962-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g003-1024.png?1390429032'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-20962-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g004-1024.png?1390429032'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-20962-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g001-1024.png?1390429032" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Hydrogen bonded assembly of cyclodextrins in solid state. Head-to-head assembly of β-CD with a repeat distance of 15.7 ± 0.3 Å (<b>top</b>) and head-to-tail assembly of α-CD with repeat distance of 8.2 ± 0.1 Å (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/773'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g002-1024.png?1390429032" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Side view space filling model of the host–guest complex, (<b>b</b>) Side view space filling-ball stick (hybrid) model of the complex and (<b>c</b>) top view hybrid model of the complex.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/773'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g003-1024.png?1390429032" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The packing diagram of pure 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl disulfide molecule (view: slightly rotated from along <span class="html-italic">b</span>-axis); (<b>b</b>) The packing diagram of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl disulfide inside the cavity of β-CD (with the cyclodextrin molecules removed). In this view, the crystallographic <span class="html-italic">b</span>-axis is horizontal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/773'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00773/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00773-g004-1024.png?1390429032" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Modification of 4-ATP to 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl disulfide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/773'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="20909" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 866 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/754/pdf?version=1350996974" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Use of Residual Biomass from the Textile Industry as Carbon Source for Production of a Low-Molecular-Weight Xylanase from Aspergillus oryzae" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/754">Use of Residual Biomass from the Textile Industry as Carbon Source for Production of a Low-Molecular-Weight Xylanase from <em>Aspergillus oryzae</em></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gilvan Caetano Duarte</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leonora Rios de Souza Moreira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diana Paola Gómez-Mendoza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Félix Gonçalves de Siqueira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luís Roberto Batista</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lourdes Isabel Velho do Amaral</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos André Ornelas Ricart</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 754-772; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040754">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040754</a> - 23 Oct 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/754#metrics">Cited by 16</a> | Viewed by 7748 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Pretreated dirty cotton residue (PDCR) from the textile industry was used as an alternative carbon source for the submerged cultivation of <em>Aspergillus oryzae</em> and the production of xylanases. The filtered culture supernatant was fractionated by ultrafiltration followed by three chromatographic steps, which resulted <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/754/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Pretreated dirty cotton residue (PDCR) from the textile industry was used as an alternative carbon source for the submerged cultivation of <em>Aspergillus oryzae</em> and the production of xylanases. The filtered culture supernatant was fractionated by ultrafiltration followed by three chromatographic steps, which resulted in the isolation of a homogeneous low-molecular-weight xylanase (Xyl-O1) with a mass of 21.5 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) co-polymerized with 0.1% oat spelt xylan. Enzyme catalysis was the most efficient at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The K<sub>m</sub> values (mg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) for the soluble fraction of oat spelt and birchwood xylans were 10.05 and 3.34, respectively. Xyl-O1 was more stable in the presence of 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), l-cysteine or β-mercaptoethanol, which increased the rate of catalysis by 40%, 14%, 40% or 37%, respectively. The enzyme stability was improved at pH 7.0 in the presence of 20 mM l-cysteine, with the retention of nearly 100% of the activity after 6 h at 50 °C. Xyl-O1 catalyzed the cleavage of internal β-1,4 linkages of the soluble substrates containing d-xylose residues, with a maximum efficiency of 33% for the hydrolysis of birchwood xylan after 12 h of incubation. Identification of the hydrolysis products by high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) indicated the predominance of the hydrolysis products X2-X6 during the first 12 h of incubation and the accumulation of higher xylooligomers after the elution of the last xylooligomer standard, xylohexaose. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/754">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/754/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev20909"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next20909"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next20909" data-cycle-prev="#prev20909" data-cycle-progressive="#images20909" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-20909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-g001-1024.png?1390428380" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images20909" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-20909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-g002-1024.png?1390428380'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-20909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-g003-1024.png?1390428380'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-20909-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-g001-1024.png?1390428380" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Ion exchange chromatography of Xyl-O1 on Q-Sepharose. Absorbance at 280 nm is represented by closed diamonds [ <span class="html-fig-inline" id="applsci-02-00754-i001"> <img alt="Applsci 02 00754 i001" src="/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-i001.png"/></span>], xylanase activity is represented by thin Xs [ <span class="html-fig-inline" id="applsci-02-00754-i002"> <img alt="Applsci 02 00754 i002" src="/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-i002.png"/></span>], and the linear gradient (0–1.0 mol·L<sup>−1</sup> NaCl in equilibration buffer) is represented by a solid line [ <span class="html-fig-inline" id="applsci-02-00754-i003"> <img alt="Applsci 02 00754 i003" src="/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-i003.png"/></span>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/754'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-g002-1024.png?1390428380" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SDS-PAGE (12%) of purified Xyl-O1. The gel was stained with (<b>A</b>) silver nitrate or (<b>B</b>) 0.1% Congo red. MW—molecular weight marker (phosphorylase b (97 kDa), albumin (66 kDa), ovalbumin (45 kDa), carbonic anhydrase (30 kDa), trypsin inhibitor (20.1 kDa), and α-lactalbumin (14.4 kDa)); Lane 1—FCS from <span class="html-italic">Aspergillus oryzae</span> (10 µg); Lane 2—Purified Xyl-O1 (5.0 µg); Lane 3—FCS from <span class="html-italic">A. oryzae</span>; Lane 4—Purified Xyl-O1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/754'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-g003-1024.png?1390428380" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effect of 20 mmol·L<sup>−1</sup> <span class="html-small-caps">L</span>-cysteine on the thermostability of purified Xyl-O1 at pH 7.0 and (<b>A</b>) 50 °C or (<b>B</b>) 55 °C [ <span class="html-fig-inline" id="applsci-02-00754-i004"> <img alt="Applsci 02 00754 i004" src="/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-i004.png"/></span>]. The control without <span class="html-small-caps">L</span>-cysteine [ <span class="html-fig-inline" id="applsci-02-00754-i005"> <img alt="Applsci 02 00754 i005" src="/applsci/applsci-02-00754/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00754-i005.png"/></span>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/754'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="20834" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 301 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/738/pdf?version=1350886788" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Ethanol Production from Waste Potato Mash by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae " data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/738">Ethanol Production from Waste Potato Mash by Using <em>Saccharomyces Cerevisiae</em><em> </em></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gulten Izmirlioglu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ali Demirci</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 738-753; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040738">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040738</a> - 22 Oct 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/738#metrics">Cited by 81</a> | Viewed by 15665 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bio-ethanol is one of the energy sources that can be produced by renewable sources. Waste potato mash was chosen as a renewable carbon source for ethanol fermentation because it is relatively inexpensive compared with other feedstock considered as food sources. However, a pretreatment <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/738/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bio-ethanol is one of the energy sources that can be produced by renewable sources. Waste potato mash was chosen as a renewable carbon source for ethanol fermentation because it is relatively inexpensive compared with other feedstock considered as food sources. However, a pretreatment process is needed: specifically, liquefaction and saccharification processes are needed to convert starch of potato into fermentable sugars before ethanol fermentation. In this study, hydrolysis of waste potato mash and growth parameters of the ethanol fermentation were optimized to obtain maximum ethanol production. In order to obtain maximum glucose conversions, the relationship among parameters of the liquefaction and saccharification process was investigated by a response surface method. The optimum combination of temperature, dose of enzyme (α-amylase) and amount of waste potato mash was 95 °C, 1 mL of enzyme (18.8 mg protein/mL) and 4.04 g dry-weight/100 mL DI water, with a 68.86% loss in dry weight for liquefaction. For saccharification, temperature, dose of enzyme and saccharification time were optimized and optimum condition was determined as 60 °C-72 h-0.8 mL (300 Unit/mL) of amyloglucosidase combination, yielded 34.9 g/L glucose. After optimization of hydrolysis of the waste potato mash, ethanol fermentation was studied. Effects of pH and inoculum size were evaluated to obtain maximum ethanol. Results showed that pH of 5.5 and 3% inolculum size were optimum pH and inoculum size, respectively for maximum ethanol concentration and production rate. The maximum bio-ethanol production rate was obtained at the optimum conditions of 30.99 g/L ethanol. Since yeast extract is not the most economical nitrogen source, four animal-based substitutes (poultry meal, hull and fines mix, feather meal, and meat and bone meal) were evaluated to determine an economical alternative nitrogen source to yeast extract. Poultry meal and feather meal were able to produce 35 g/L and 32.9 g/L ethanol, respectively, which is higher than yeast extract (30.8 g/L). In conclusion, waste potato mash was found as a promising carbon source for ethanol fermentation with alternate nitrogen sources. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/738">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/renew-energ ">Renewable Energy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/738/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev20834"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next20834"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next20834" data-cycle-prev="#prev20834" data-cycle-progressive="#images20834" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-20834-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00738/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00738-g001-1024.png?1390427880" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images20834" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-20834-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00738/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00738-g002-1024.png?1390427880'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-20834-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00738/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00738-g003-1024.png?1390427880'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-20834-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00738/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00738-g001-1024.png?1390427880" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Glucose and ethanol, and biomass concentrations at pH 5.5 (<b>a</b>) and uncontrolled pH (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/738'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00738/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00738-g002-1024.png?1390427880" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Ethanol, glucose, and cell population in the fermentation broth with different inoculum size; 1% (<b>a</b>), 3% (<b>b</b>), and 5% (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/738'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00738/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00738-g003-1024.png?1390427880" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Ethanol, glucose and cell populations in the fermentation broth with different nitrogen sources: Yeast extract (<b>a</b>), Feather meal (<b>b</b>), Poultry meal (<b>c</b>),Meat bone meal (<b>d</b>), Hull and fines mix (<b>e</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/738'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="20776" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 225 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/726/pdf?version=1350566524" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Feasibility Study of Energy Storage Systems in Wind/Diesel Applications Using the HOMER Model" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/726">Feasibility Study of Energy Storage Systems in Wind/Diesel Applications Using the HOMER Model</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrew Stiel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Skyllas-Kazacos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 726-737; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040726">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040726</a> - 18 Oct 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/726#metrics">Cited by 33</a> | Viewed by 10071 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With an increased focus on solutions to the ensuing “climate crisis”, the need for energy storage systems is becoming increasingly important as a means to increase the penetration of renewable technologies such as wind energy. The Vanadium Redox Battery is one such energy <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/726/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With an increased focus on solutions to the ensuing “climate crisis”, the need for energy storage systems is becoming increasingly important as a means to increase the penetration of renewable technologies such as wind energy. The Vanadium Redox Battery is one such energy storage system showing considerable potential owing to its flexibility in power output and capacity, high efficiency and long operating life. This study models the use of the Vanadium Redox Battery as an integration technology in realistic large-scale remote wind/diesel power systems using the HOMER Micropower Optimization Model computer program developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Results from this modelling demonstrate the significant financial and environmental benefits to be gained in installing energy storage in a wind farm. The storage system considered here was a Vanadium Redox Battery. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/726">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/renew-energ ">Renewable Energy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/726/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev20776"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next20776"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next20776" data-cycle-prev="#prev20776" data-cycle-progressive="#images20776" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g001-1024.png?1390427541" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images20776" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g002-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g003-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g004-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g005-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g006-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g007-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g008-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g009-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g010-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-20776-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g011-1024.png?1390427541'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-20776-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g001-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>HOMER wind resource used in simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g002-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>HOMER load data (average daily profile) used in simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g003-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Fuhrländer 250 power curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g004-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Diesel generator efficiency curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g005-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Price of diesel in the mid-west region, western Australia [<a href="#B12-applsci-02-00726" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g006-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Vanadium pentoxide prices, 10 August 2001–4 August 2006 [<a href="#B13-applsci-02-00726" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g007-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Daily wind turbine power output over a 12 month period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g008-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) state of charge variations over a twelve month period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g009-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>VRB state-of-charge frequency histogram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g010-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>600 kW diesel generator use in wind/diesel/VRB system over 12 month period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00726/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00726-g011-1024.png?1390427541" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>600 kW diesel generator use in wind/diesel system without VRB storage.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="20539" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1878 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/709/pdf?version=1349880130" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Performance Evaluation of a Lithium-Chloride Absorption Refrigeration and an Assessment of Its Suitability for Biomass Waste Heat" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/709">Performance Evaluation of a Lithium-Chloride Absorption Refrigeration and an Assessment of Its Suitability for Biomass Waste Heat</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sacha Oberweis</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tariq Al-Shemmeri</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 709-725; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040709">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040709</a> - 10 Oct 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/709#metrics">Cited by 4</a> | Viewed by 7881 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents a computer model that will evaluate the performance of a thermo-chemical accumulator. The model is based on operational data such as temperatures and flow rates. The ultimate goal for this model is to estimate the coefficient of performance (COP) of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/709/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents a computer model that will evaluate the performance of a thermo-chemical accumulator. The model is based on operational data such as temperatures and flow rates. The ultimate goal for this model is to estimate the coefficient of performance (COP) of this unit when run on hot water from biomass combustion as the heat source. The outputs of the model are verified by comparing the simulation of the actual machine with published experimental data. The computed results for cooling COP are within 10% of the measured data. The simulations are all run for heat load temperatures varying between 80 °C and 110 °C. As expected, simulation results showed an increase in COP with increased heat source temperatures. The results demonstrate that the potential of combined solar and biomass combustion as a heat source for absorption cooling/heating in climates with low solar radiation can be coupled with biomass waste. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/709">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/renew-energ ">Renewable Energy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/709/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev20539"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next20539"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next20539" data-cycle-prev="#prev20539" data-cycle-progressive="#images20539" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g001-1024.png?1397615616" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images20539" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g002-1024.png?1397615618'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g003-1024.png?1397615604'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g004-1024.png?1397615591'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g005-1024.png?1397615606'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g006-1024.png?1397615608'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g007-1024.png?1397615603'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g008-1024.png?1397615599'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-20539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g009-1024.png?1397615600'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-20539-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g001-1024.png?1397615616" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic drawing of the thermo-chemical accumulator (TCA) unit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g002-1024.png?1397615618" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Program flowchart of the coefficient of performance (COP) evaluation model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g003-1024.png?1397615604" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Outlet temperatures for condenser and reactor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g004-1024.png?1397615591" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>COP against heat source temperature for 18 °C cooling temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g005-1024.png?1397615606" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>COP against heat source temperature for 22 °C cooling temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g006-1024.png?1397615608" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>COP against heat source temperature for 26°C cooling temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g007-1024.png?1397615603" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>COP against cooling temperature for 20 °C heat sink temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g008-1024.png?1397615599" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>COP against heat source for 25 °C heat sink temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00709/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00709-g009-1024.png?1397615600" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>COP against heat source for 30 °C heat sink temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="20509" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 444 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/682/pdf?version=1349764152" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Electro-Optic Copolymers: Determination of the Time and Temperature Stability of the Induced Electro-Optic Coefficient" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/2/4/682">Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Electro-Optic Copolymers: Determination of the Time and Temperature Stability of the Induced Electro-Optic Coefficient</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandro Belardini</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 682-708; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040682">https://doi.org/10.3390/app2040682</a> - 9 Oct 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/682#metrics">Cited by 4</a> | Viewed by 7524 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Organic fluorinated materials demonstrate their excellent electro-optic properties and versatility for technological applications. The partial substitution of hydrogen with fluorine in carbon-halides bounds allows the reduction of absorption losses at the telecommunication wavelengths. In these interesting compounds, the electro-optic coefficient was typically induced <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/682/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Organic fluorinated materials demonstrate their excellent electro-optic properties and versatility for technological applications. The partial substitution of hydrogen with fluorine in carbon-halides bounds allows the reduction of absorption losses at the telecommunication wavelengths. In these interesting compounds, the electro-optic coefficient was typically induced by a poling procedure. The magnitude and the time stability of the coefficient is an important issue to be investigated in order to compare copolymer species. Here, a review of different measurement techniques (such as nonlinear ellipsometry, second harmonic generation, temperature scanning and isothermal relaxation) was shown and applied to a variety of fluorinated and non-fluorinated electro-optic compounds. <a href="/2076-3417/2/4/682">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/applsci/special_issues/applsci_feature_papers ">Feature Papers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/2/4/682/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev20509"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next20509"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next20509" data-cycle-prev="#prev20509" data-cycle-progressive="#images20509" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-ag-1024.png?1431534252" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images20509" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g001-1024.png?1397615543'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g002-1024.png?1397615530'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g003-1024.png?1397615525'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g004-1024.png?1397615524'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g005-1024.png?1397615527'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g006-1024.png?1397615528'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g007-1024.png?1397615550'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g008-1024.png?1397615553'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g009-1024.png?1397615542'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g010-1024.png?1397615546'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g011-1024.png?1397615517'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-20509-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g012-1024.png?1397615518'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-20509-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-ag-1024.png?1431534252" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g001-1024.png?1397615543" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Centrosymmetric benzene. (<b>b, c</b>) Non-centrosymmetric donor acceptor substituted benzenes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g002-1024.png?1397615530" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chemical structure of the Disperse Red 1 (DR1) and (<b>b</b>) of the (poly)-methyl-metha-acrylate (PMMA).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g003-1024.png?1397615525" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Photoassisted poling.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g004-1024.png?1397615524" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between the molecular axes 1,2,3 and laboratory axes x,y,z.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g005-1024.png?1397615527" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Temperature scanning measurement on HFIP-DR1AF. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B62-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Copyright 2005, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g006-1024.png?1397615528" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Isothermal relaxation measurements on HFIP-DR1AF. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B62-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">62</a>].Copyright 2005, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g007-1024.png?1397615550" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Plot of the average relaxation-time constant retrieved from the measurements similar to the one reported in <a href="#applsci-02-00682-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B62-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Copyright 2005, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g008-1024.png?1397615553" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) chemical structure of the HFIP-DR1AF; (<b>b</b>) chemical structure of the DR1PMMA. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B62-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Copyright 2005, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g009-1024.png?1397615542" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) chemical structure of the ADAMANTANE-DR1AF; (<b>b</b>) chemical structure of the DR1PMMA. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B11-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Copyright 2006, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g010-1024.png?1397615546" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Temperature scanning measurements on ADAMANTANE-DR1AF. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B11-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Copyright 2006, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g011-1024.png?1397615517" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Isothermal relaxation measurements at <span class="html-italic">T<sub>m</sub></span> = 110 °C for three fluorinated copolymers: ADAMANTANE-DR1AF, FATRIFE-DR1AF, and HFIP-DR1AF . Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B11-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Copyright 2006, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-02-00682/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-02-00682-g012-1024.png?1397615518" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Arrhenius plot of the average relaxation time constants retrieved from the isothermal relaxation measurements performed on the ADAMANTANE-DR1AF copolymer at different temperatures. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B11-applsci-02-00682" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Copyright 2006, American Institute of Physics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/2/4/682'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <div class="indented1"> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Export citation of selected articles as:</span> <br class="show-for-medium-down" /> <div class="listing-export"> <select class="chosen-select inline" name="format_bottom"> <option value="plaintext"> Plain Text </option> <option value="bibtex"> BibTeX </option> <option value="bibtex_no_abstract"> BibTeX (without abstracts) </option> <option value="endnote"> Endnote </option> <option value="endnote_no_abstract"> Endnote (without abstracts) </option> <option value="tab_delimited"> Tab-delimited </option> <option value="ris"> RIS </option> </select> </div> <input type="submit" value="Export" class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_bottom"> </div> <div style="border-top: 1px solid #ededed; height: 5px; margin-top: 15px;">   </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="columns large-12 medium-12 small-12"> Displaying articles 1-9 </div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="content__container content__container__combined-for-large content__container__combined-for-large__last show-for-small"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-6 columns text-left"> Previous Issue <div><a href="/2076-3417/2/3">Volume 2, September</a></div> </div> <div class="small-6 columns text-right"> Next Issue <div><a href="/2076-3417/3/1">Volume 3, March</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="metrics-modal2" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row row-smallh3"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Issue View Metrics</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="issue_stats_div" style="margin-bottom: 1em;"> <div id="issue_stats_swf"></div> <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/applsci">Appl. 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Applied Sciences | December 2012 - Browse Articles