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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Redshank (soldier)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century Scottish mercenaries</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_soldiers_in_service_of_Gustavus_Adolphus,_1631-cropped-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Scottish_soldiers_in_service_of_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_1631-cropped-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A Highland mercenary fighting in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>, with a bow, <a href="/wiki/Belted_plaid" title="Belted plaid">plaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue bonnet (hat)">blue bonnet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Redshank</b> was a nickname for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands of Scotland">Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Western Isles</a> contracted to fight in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>; they were a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> armies throughout the 16th century. They were called redshanks because they went dressed in <a href="/wiki/Belted_plaid" title="Belted plaid">plaids</a> and waded bare-legged through rivers in the coldest weather. An alternative etymology, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Jamieson" title="John Jamieson">Jamieson</a> by a quote from <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, is that it referred to the untanned deer leather <a href="/wiki/Buskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Buskins">buskins</a> worn by Highlanders, although Jamieson notes that Scott's source, <a href="/wiki/John_Elder_(writer)" title="John Elder (writer)">John Elder of Caithness</a>, actually stated its origin was from their habit of going "<i>bare-legged and bare-footed</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Jamieson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamieson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was not derogatory, as the English were in general impressed with the redshanks' qualities as soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-falls79_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falls79-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons">Weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redshank_(soldier)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The redshanks were usually armed alike, principally with bows (the short bow of Scotland and Ireland, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> of Wales and England) and, initially, two-handed <a href="/wiki/Claymore" title="Claymore">claymores</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lochaber_axe" title="Lochaber axe">Lochaber axes</a>. English observers reported that some Highlanders fighting in Ireland wore <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a>, long obsolete elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-fforde_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fforde-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the period, they may have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Targe" title="Targe">targe</a> and single-handed <a href="/wiki/Broadsword" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadsword">broadsword</a>, a style of weaponry originally fashionable in early 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from where its use could have spread to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson83_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the use of <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>, this credited by some writers to have influenced the development of what was later referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Highland_charge" title="Highland charge">highland charge</a>", a tactic of firing a single coordinated musket volley before closing at a run with sword and targe.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is strongly disputed and evidence from earlier periods such as at the first Battle of Inverlochy or the Stettin Woodblock of 1631 indicate that the volley and charge tactic originates in earlier tactics such as the "Boars Snout" to smash shield walls and in the mobile tactics of the Cathearneachd. Many clan levies, however, could have remained relatively poorly armed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redshank_(soldier)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many redshanks came from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">clans</a> of the Hebrides. Others originated from the poorer clans of mainland <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Their presence was, in general, an indication of the politically unsettled conditions in the west of the country during the period, particularly following the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lordship of the Isles</a> at the end of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, who had furnished Irish lords with soldiers in earlier times under the <a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">gallowglass</a> system, the men were mostly drawn from the clans of <a href="/wiki/MacLeod" title="MacLeod">MacLeod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacQuarrie" title="Clan MacQuarrie">MacQuarrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLean" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacLean">MacLean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Campbell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacKay" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacKay">MacKay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-falls79_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falls79-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were often drawn to contract themselves out due to poverty and overpopulation in their home areas. There are records of men of other clans being hired, such as in 1564 when <a href="/wiki/Sorley_Boy_MacDonnell" title="Sorley Boy MacDonnell">Somhairle Buidhe Mac Domhnaill</a> procured a group of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Gregor" title="Clan Gregor">MacGregors</a>, led by their chief, for a season's campaigning in Ulster.<sup id="cite_ref-lenman51_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenman51-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further source of manpower was the tenantry of the <a href="/wiki/MacDonnell_of_Antrim" title="MacDonnell of Antrim">MacDonnells of Antrim</a>, recent Hebridean settlers in north-eastern Ireland. </p><p>Their first recorded use was in 1428, when Niall Garbh Ó Domhnaill imported a large force of Scots mercenaries to assist in the siege of <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle" title="Carrickfergus Castle">Carrickfergus Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the gallowglass, who were hired for long periods of service, were generally settled in Ireland and paid in land and beef, the redshanks were hired for the summer months, often on three month contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-lenman45_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenman45-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were <a href="/wiki/Billet" title="Billet">billeted</a> (housed) with civilians, usually by force. This was known as the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buannacht" class="extiw" title="wikt:buannacht">buannacht</a></i> system. As the custom of mercenary hire spread from its origin in the north of the country, the scale and destructiveness of warfare in Ireland steadily increased.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercenary hire was often founded on family links, with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9an_%C3%93_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Séan Ó Néill">Shane O'Neill</a>'s alliance by marriage with the MacLeans and Campbells facilitating his importation of fighting men from those clans.<sup id="cite_ref-falls81_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falls81-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Elizabethan conflict in Ireland proceeded to its culmination in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a>, the use of seasonal Scottish mercenaries was further expanded, as the gallowglass system could not meet the demands posed by the extremely large armies that <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> employed in Ireland. Despite this, the English never considered engaging the redshanks on a large scale themselves, although <a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_1st_Baron_Russell_of_Thornhaugh" title="William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh">Lord Deputy Russell</a> advocated it, and gallowglasses had been employed in the early years of Elizabeth's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-falls84_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falls84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initial period of the redshanks' employment ended with the final collapse of native Irish resistance in 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_the_Confederate_Wars">Use in the Confederate Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redshank_(soldier)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in the Confederate Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid 17th century, a large number of Scottish Highlanders, also often called "redshanks", fought in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a>, notably the clansmen serving under <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Mac_Colla" title="Alasdair Mac Colla">Alasdair Mac Colla</a>, himself a member of a minor Hebridean branch of Clan Donald (a cadet family of <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Dunnyveg" title="Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg">Macdonald of Dunnyveg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ohlmeyer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohlmeyer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Highlanders who fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dungan%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Dungan's Hill">Dungan's Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knocknanuss" title="Battle of Knocknanuss">Knocknanuss</a> were to be the last of the redshanks.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson189_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson189-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> saw the end of the employment of Highland mercenaries, both through the destruction of their employers, the Irish nobility, and the pacification of the Highlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redshank_(soldier)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heath, Ian and Sque, David. (1993) <i>The Irish Wars 1485-1603</i> <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jamieson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jamieson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamieson (ed), <i> Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language</i>, v2, p.280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-falls79-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-falls79_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-falls79_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Falls, <i>Elizabeth's Irish Wars</i>, p.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fforde-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fforde_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fforde, <i>The Great Glen</i>, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevenson83-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stevenson83_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, <i>Alasdair MacColla and the Highland Problem in the Seventeenth Century</i>, 1980, p.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevenson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevenson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenson_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, <i>Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates</i>, 1981, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenman51-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenman51_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenman, <i>England's Colonial Wars 1550-1688</i>, 2014, p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (ed) <i>Medieval Ireland: an Encyclopedia</i>, 2005, p.554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenman45-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenman45_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenman, p45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-falls81-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-falls81_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falls, p.81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-falls84-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-falls84_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falls, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohlmeyer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohlmeyer_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohlmeyer, <i>Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms</i>, 2001, p.198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevenson189-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stevenson189_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, 1981, p.189</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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