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Turcs (peuple) — Wikipédia

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href="#Seldjoukides_et_Ottomans_(XIe_–_XXe_siècle)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seldjoukides et Ottomans (<span>XI</span><sup>e</sup> – <span>XX</span><sup>e</sup> siècle)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seldjoukides_et_Ottomans_(XIe_–_XXe_siècle)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-République_de_Turquie_(depuis_1923)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#République_de_Turquie_(depuis_1923)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>République de Turquie (depuis 1923)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-République_de_Turquie_(depuis_1923)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Culture</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Langue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Langue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythologie_et_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythologie_et_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mythologie et folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythologie_et_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dessin_et_peinture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dessin_et_peinture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Dessin et peinture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dessin_et_peinture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littérature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littérature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Littérature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Littérature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Musique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Génétique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Génétique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Génétique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Génétique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Génétique</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Génétique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ADN_autosomal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADN_autosomal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>ADN autosomal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADN_autosomal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haplogroupes_(ADN-Y,_ADNmt)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haplogroupes_(ADN-Y,_ADNmt)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Haplogroupes (ADN-Y, ADNmt)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haplogroupes_(ADN-Y,_ADNmt)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turcs (peuple)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 98 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Тырку – adyguéen" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тырку" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyguéen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turke" title="Turke – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcos_anatolicos" title="Turcos anatolicos – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turcos anatolicos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="أتراك – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܡܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ – araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܡܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="اتراك – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتراك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcos" title="Turcos – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turcos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Туркал – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_t%C3%BCrkl%C9%99ri" title="Anadolu türkləri – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anadolu türkləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آنادولو تورکلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنادولو تورکلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төрөктәр – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төрөктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Туркі – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Туркі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turci" title="Turci – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcs" title="Turcs – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turcs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Туркой – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BE" title="ᎠᏂᎬᎾ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎬᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86%DA%B5" title="تورکەکانی ئەنادۆڵ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکەکانی ئەنادۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turci" title="Turci – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Турккăсем – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турккăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrciaid" title="Tyrciaid – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrciaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkere" title="Tyrkere – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrken" title="Türken – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rk" title="Tırk – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_(%CE%AD%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Τούρκοι (έθνος) – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούρκοι (έθνος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkish people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoj" title="Turkoj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_turco" title="Pueblo turco – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo turco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrklased" title="Türklased – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiar" title="Turkiar – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ترک‌های آناتولی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترک‌های آناتولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkkilaiset" title="Turkkilaiset – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkkilaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turken" title="Turken – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcaigh" title="Turcaigh – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Turcaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkl%C3%A4r" title="Türklär – gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türklär" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_turco" title="Pobo turco – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo turco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A2%D7%9D)" title="טורקים (עם) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקים (עם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turci" title="Turci – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%C3%B6k" title="Törökök – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թուրքեր – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Turki" title="Orang Turki – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Туркий – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Туркий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkir" title="Tyrkir – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchi" title="Turchi – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="トルコ人 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თურქები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Turki" title="Jolma Turki – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Turki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Түріктер – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түріктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%B8" title="튀르키예인 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirk" title="Tirk – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Түрктөр – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түрктөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcae" title="Turcae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Туьрквер – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьрквер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rke" title="Törke – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Törke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkai" title="Turkai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiorka_(vahoaka)" title="Tiorka (vahoaka) – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tiorka (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Туркууд – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Turki" title="Orang Turki – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turken" title="Turken – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkarar" title="Tyrkarar – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Туркаг адæм – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcy" title="Turcy – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ترک لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcos_(nacionalidade)" title="Turcos (nacionalidade) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turcos (nacionalidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko" title="Turko – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Turko" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turci" title="Turci – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Турки – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaturukiya" title="Abaturukiya – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abaturukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Туурактар – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туурактар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkis_fowk" title="Turkis fowk – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkis fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="ترڪ قوم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪ قوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turci" title="Turci – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkish people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turci" title="Turci – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqit" title="Turqit – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turqit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Turki" title="Urang Turki – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Turki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkar" title="Turkar – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waturuki" title="Waturuki – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waturuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்கிய மக்கள் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கிய மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาวตุรกี – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวตุรกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkler" title="Türkler – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төрекләр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Турки – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="ترک قوم – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترک قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turklar" title="Turklar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Người Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="土耳其人 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article concerne le peuple de Turquie.&#32;Pour les peuples turcs, voir <a href="/wiki/Peuples_turcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples turcs">Peuples turcs</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:22em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #b08261; color: #fff;"> <div>Turcs</div> </div> <div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Turks_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Turks_collage.png/220px-Turks_collage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Turks_collage.png/330px-Turks_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Turks_collage.png/440px-Turks_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"><small>Certains des Turcs célèbres dans le monde&#160;:</small> <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Ertegun">Ahmet Ertegun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var" title="Halide Edib Adıvar">Halide Edib Adıvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feriha_Tevfik" title="Feriha Tevfik">Feriha Tevfik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keriman_Halis_Ece" title="Keriman Halis Ece">Keriman Halis Ece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzan_Kahramaner" title="Suzan Kahramaner">Suzan Kahramaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Ya%C5%9Fargil" title="Gazi Yaşargil">Gazi Yaşargil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_Say" title="Fazıl Say">Fazıl Say</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan" title="Nuri Bilge Ceylan">Nuri Bilge Ceylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muazzez_%C4%B0lmiye_%C3%87%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Muazzez İlmiye Çığ">Muazzez İlmiye Çığ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asuman_Baytop" title="Asuman Baytop">Asuman Baytop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeynep_Tufekci" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeynep Tufekci">Zeynep Tufekci</a></div> <div class="images deux-images"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Flag_of_Turkey.svg&amp;lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/langfr-110px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/langfr-165px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/langfr-220px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg&amp;lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/langfr-110px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/langfr-165px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/langfr-220px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend">Le <a href="/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_Turquie" title="Drapeau de la Turquie">drapeau de la Turquie</a> est le drapeau national de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Turquie" class="mw-redirect" title="République de Turquie">république de Turquie</a>. Il est surnommé <i><b>Al sancak</b></i>. Il a été suggéré que les tribus turques, durant leurs migrations d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">asie centrale</a> vers la <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">turquie</a>, ont adopté ce symbole des tribus et états locaux dans la zone du <a href="/wiki/Moyen-orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen-orient">moyen-orient</a> actuel.</div> <table><caption style="background-color:#dec8ab;">Populations importantes par région</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Turquie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Turquie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Turquie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a></span> </th> <td> 55&#160;000&#160;000-60&#160;000&#160;000<small> (estimation)</small><small> (2020)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Allemagne"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l&#39;Allemagne"><img alt="Drapeau de l&#39;Allemagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a></span> </th> <td> 3&#160;700&#160;000 à 7&#160;000&#160;000<small> (2020, 2023)</small><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"><img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> </th> <td> 1&#160;000&#160;000 <small>(estimation)</small><small> (2016)</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Bulgarie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Bulgarie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Bulgarie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a></span> </th> <td> 588&#160;318<sup id="cite_ref-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Royaume uni"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"><img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a></span> </th> <td> 500&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Pays bas"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Pays-Bas"><img alt="Drapeau des Pays-Bas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a></span> </th> <td> 396&#160;414 à 500&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Autriche"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l&#39;Autriche"><img alt="Drapeau de l&#39;Autriche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Autriche" title="Autriche">Autriche</a></span> </th> <td> 500&#160;000 à 600&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Chypre du Nord"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Chypre du Nord"><img alt="Drapeau de Chypre du Nord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chypre_du_Nord" title="Chypre du Nord">Chypre du Nord</a></span> </th> <td> 280&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-CIACyprus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIACyprus-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belgique"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Belgique"><img alt="Drapeau de la Belgique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgique" title="Belgique">Belgique</a></span> </th> <td> 200&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_Baudouin_Foundation_2008_loc=5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Baudouin_Foundation_2008_loc=5-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="États unis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a></span></span> </th> <td> 196&#160;222 à 500&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-2013US_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013US-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaofClevelandHistory_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofClevelandHistory-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonDiplomat_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonDiplomat-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farkas_2003_loc=40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farkas_2003_loc=40-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Russie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Russie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Russie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a></span> </th> <td> 109&#160;883 à 150&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-Ryazantsev_2009_loc=172_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryazantsev_2009_loc=172-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kazakhstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Kazakhstan"><img alt="Drapeau du Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span> </th> <td> 104&#160;792 à 150&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-Demogr2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demogr2013-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aydıngün_et_al_2006_loc=13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aydıngün_et_al_2006_loc=13-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Irak"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l&#39;Irak"><img alt="Drapeau de l&#39;Irak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></span> </th> <td> 500&#160;000 à 3&#160;000&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-Park_2005_loc=37_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_2005_loc=37-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2006_loc=112_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2006_loc=112-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bassem2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Arabie saoudite"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l&#39;Arabie saoudite"><img alt="Drapeau de l&#39;Arabie saoudite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arabie_saoudite" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a></span> </th> <td> 150&#160;000 à 200&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-Akar_1993_loc=95_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akar_1993_loc=95-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karpat_2004_loc=12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karpat_2004_loc=12-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Syrie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Syrie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Syrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a></span> </th> <td> 100&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Suède"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Suède"><img alt="Drapeau de la Suède" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8de" title="Suède">Suède</a></span> </th> <td> 100&#160;000 à 150&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-SwedishAffairs_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwedishAffairs-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Macédoine du Nord"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Macédoine du Nord"><img alt="Drapeau de la Macédoine du Nord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a></span> </th> <td> 70&#160;961<small> (2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Suisse"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Suisse"><img alt="Drapeau de la Suisse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse">Suisse</a></span> </th> <td> 70&#160;440<sup id="cite_ref-Auslander_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auslander-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Australie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l&#39;Australie"><img alt="Drapeau de l&#39;Australie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australie" title="Australie">Australie</a></span> </th> <td> 66&#160;919 à 150&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-RofT_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RofT-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Jordanie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Jordanie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Jordanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordanie" title="Jordanie">Jordanie</a></span> </th> <td> 60&#160;000</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Liban"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Liban"><img alt="Drapeau du Liban" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a></span> </th> <td> 50&#160;000 à 200&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Akhbar_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Akhbar-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2015_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2015-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Libye"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Libye"><img alt="Drapeau de la Libye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libye" title="Libye">Libye</a></span> </th> <td> 50&#160;000</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Grece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Grèce"><img alt="Drapeau de la Grèce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/20px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a></span> </th> <td> 49&#160;000 à 130&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Demographics_of_Greece_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Greece-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"> Population totale </th> <td> <b><i><abbr class="abbr" title="circa (environ / aux environs de)" lang="la">c.</abbr></i><span class="nowrap">&#8201;80 millions</span></b><small> (2020)</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table><caption style="background-color:#dec8ab;">Autres</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:5em;"> Régions d’origine </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:5em;"> Langues </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">Turc</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:5em;"> Religions </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">sunnisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9visme" title="Alévisme">Alévisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiisme_duod%C3%A9cimain" title="Chiisme duodécimain">chiisme duodécimain</a>) majoritairemen</small><sup id="cite_ref-www.konda.com.tr_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.konda.com.tr-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Irr%C3%A9ligion" title="Irréligion">irréligieuses</a><sup id="cite_ref-www.konda.com.tr_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.konda.com.tr-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Christianisme" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-hurriyetdailynews.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a> et <a href="/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme">tengrisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><small>minorités plus petites</small>.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:5em;"> Ethnies liées </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Peuples_turcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples turcs">Peuples turcs</a><sup id="cite_ref-tez_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tez-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg&amp;lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/langfr-220px-Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/langfr-330px-Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/langfr-440px-Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend">Carte du peuple turc à travers le monde. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408543">.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-centre{display:table;margin:0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc ul li{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.5em}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.0em}</style><div class="legende-bloc legende-bloc-vertical legende-bloc-centre"><ul> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#000000; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Turquie</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#770000; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>+ 1,000,000</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#d40000; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>+ 100,000</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#ff8585; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>+ 10,000</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#ffc2c2; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>+ 1,000</li> </ul></div></div> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#b08261;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Groupe_ethnique" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">français</a> le mot <b>Turcs</b> désigne&#160;: </p> <ul><li>selon la <a href="/wiki/Constitution_turque_de_1982" title="Constitution turque de 1982">constitution turque de 1982</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Droit_du_sol" title="Droit du sol">droit du sol</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Droit_international" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit international">droit international</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Citoyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citoyen">citoyens</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> et eux seuls, quelles que soient leurs langues, origines et traditions culturelles<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;;</li> <li>selon la <a href="/wiki/Ethnographie" title="Ethnographie">définition ethnique</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Droit_du_sang" title="Droit du sang">droit du sang</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">appartenance linguistique</a> et <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_la_Turquie" title="Culture de la Turquie">culturelle</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Ethnie" title="Ethnie">groupe ethnique</a> <a href="/wiki/Langues_turques" class="mw-redirect" title="Langues turques">turcophone</a> qui s'auto-désigne en <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turc</a> comme <i><span class="lang-tr" lang="tr">Türk</span></i>, pluriel <i><span class="lang-tr" lang="tr">Türkler</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Mars2011_www.cia.gov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars2011_www.cia.gov-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Originaires d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_Centrale" class="mw-redirect" title="Asie Centrale">Asie Centrale</a>, ils se sont établis en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle à la suite des conquêtes <a href="/wiki/Empire_seldjoukide" title="Empire seldjoukide">seldjoukides</a>, faisant progressivement basculer la région d'une terre <a href="/wiki/Micrasiates" title="Micrasiates">hellénophone</a> et <a href="/wiki/Christianisme_oriental" title="Christianisme oriental">chrétienne</a> à une terre turcophone et <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmane</a>. Aussi appelés «&#160;Turcs anatoliens&#160;» pour les distinguer des autres <a href="/wiki/Peuples_turcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples turcs">peuples turcs</a>, ils vivent principalement en <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> soit environ <span class="nowrap">76 millions</span> d'habitants en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Turquie d'Asie</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et environ <span class="nowrap">11 millions</span> d'habitants en <a href="/wiki/Thrace_orientale" title="Thrace orientale">Turquie d'Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ainsi que dans les anciens territoires de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> en <a href="/wiki/Europe_du_Sud-Est" title="Europe du Sud-Est">Europe du Sud-Est</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tandis que <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_turque" title="Diaspora turque">d'autres</a> se sont installés en <a href="/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Ouest" title="Europe de l&#39;Ouest">Europe de l'Ouest</a>, principalement en <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Étymologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Ethnonymie" title="Ethnonymie">ethnonyme</a> <i>Türk</i> (ancien turc&#160;: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> Türük<sup id="cite_ref-KulteginMC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulteginMC-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilgeKaganMC-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> Kök Türük<sup id="cite_ref-KulteginMC_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulteginMC-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilgeKaganMC-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_K.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_R2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/10px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/15px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg/20px-Old_Turkic_letter_T2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> Türk<sup id="cite_ref-TonyukukMC_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TonyukukMC-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) est utilisé pour la première fois par le <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk">khaganat Göktürk</a>. Ils étaient appelés par les historiens chinois <i>T’ou-kiu</i>, transcription de «&#160;<i>türük</i>&#160;» (fort). Il servait à désigner à la fois l'<a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> et ses sujets, ethniquement turcs ou non. Par la suite, il a progressivement été adopté comme un ethnonyme générique désignant la totalité des tribus <a href="/wiki/Langues_turciques" title="Langues turciques">turciques</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A9rie" title="Sibérie">Sibérie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origines_et_histoire_ancienne">Origines et histoire ancienne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Origines et histoire ancienne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines et histoire ancienne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Peuples_turcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples turcs">Turcs</a> étaient à l'origine un peuple <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9dentarit%C3%A9" title="Sédentarité">sédentaire</a> pratiquant l'<a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> en <a href="/wiki/Asie_de_l%27Est" title="Asie de l&#39;Est">Asie de l'Est</a>, autour du <a href="/wiki/Liao" title="Liao">fleuve Liao</a><sup id="cite_ref-Robbeets2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbeets2017-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robbeets2020_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbeets2020-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaeolinguistics_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeolinguistics-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millet2020_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millet2020-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils migrèrent vers la <a href="/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie">Mongolie</a> au cours du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> (vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0199" data-sort-value="U-0199">200 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>), à cause du refroidissement climatique et de la désertification de leur région<sup id="cite_ref-Robbeets2017_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbeets2017-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les contraintes les poussèrent à adopter un mode de vie <a href="/wiki/Nomadisme" title="Nomadisme">nomade</a> et <a href="/wiki/Pastoralisme" title="Pastoralisme">pastoral</a><sup id="cite_ref-Robbeets2017_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbeets2017-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils étaient alors un peuple de religion <a href="/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme">tengriste</a>, une forme de <a href="/wiki/Chamanisme" title="Chamanisme">chamanisme</a>. &#160;Le premier portrait qu'affichent les Turcs d'aujourd'hui peut nous surprendre&#160;: c'est <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, roi des <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, dont le nom est souvent donné comme prénom en Turquie, signe évident de popularité. Les Huns, partis de l'<a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AF" title="Altaï">Altaï</a>, au coeur de l'Asie, s'en prirent, et avec une violence restée légendaire, à deux grands empires, <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Tang" title="Dynastie Tang">chinois</a> et <a href="/wiki/Empire_romain" title="Empire romain">romain</a>. Il est normal que ni les Romains ni les Chinois n'en donnent une image favorable<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les Turcs commencent à s'étendre en <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a> et à se mélanger aux <a href="/wiki/Scythes" title="Scythes">peuples natifs</a> de la région dès le <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, la culture et les langues scythes disparaissant alors au profit de la culture et des <a href="/wiki/Langues_turciques" title="Langues turciques">langues turciques</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nature2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature2018-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le premier État connu sous le nom de «&#160;turc&#160;» fut le <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk">khaganat Göktürk</a> (ou «&#160;Turc bleu&#160;»), fondé par le clan <a href="/wiki/Ashina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashina">Ashina</a> autour de l’<a href="/wiki/Orkhon" title="Orkhon">Orkhon</a> (affluent du <a href="/wiki/Lac_Ba%C3%AFkal" title="Lac Baïkal">lac Baïkal</a>) en 552. Ils sont considérés comme les fondateurs de la littérature turque, on leur doit le premier document connu en langue turcique, les <a href="/wiki/Inscriptions_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Inscriptions de l&#39;Orkhon">inscriptions de l’Orkhon</a> (vers 735), textes à caractère épique et poétique inscrits sur des stèles, en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Alphabet de l&#39;Orkhon">caractères runiques</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'empire se sépara en deux en l'an 603, la partie occidentale fut dissoute en 657 par la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Tang" title="Dynastie Tang">dynastie Tang</a>, avant qu'un second empire ne soit recréé en 682. Ce dernier perdura jusqu'en 744, date à laquelle il fut conquis par les <a href="/wiki/Khaganat_ou%C3%AFgour" title="Khaganat ouïgour">Ouïghours</a>. </p><p>Des cendres de l'empire d'Occident naquit l'Union de Kangar, auquel succéda en 750 la <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_d%27Oghouze-Yabgou" title="État d&#39;Oghouze-Yabgou">confédération oghouze</a> qui dura trois siècles. À la suite de l'adoption de l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> en <a href="/wiki/950" title="950">950</a> par les dynasties <a href="/wiki/Qarakhanides" title="Qarakhanides">qarakhanides</a> et <a href="/wiki/Turcs_seldjoukides" class="mw-redirect" title="Turcs seldjoukides">seldjoukides</a>, qui sont toutes deux considérées comme les ancêtres ethniques et culturels des <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_ottomane" title="Dynastie ottomane">Ottomans</a>, la langue administrative de ces États a acquis un grand nombre de mots empruntés à l'<a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a> et au <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seldjoukides_et_Ottomans_(XIe_–_XXe_siècle)"><span id="Seldjoukides_et_Ottomans_.28XIe_.E2.80.93_XXe_si.C3.A8cle.29"></span>Seldjoukides et Ottomans (<abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Seldjoukides et Ottomans (XIe – XXe siècle)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Seldjoukides et Ottomans (XIe – XXe siècle)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tugrul_bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Tugrul_bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Tugrul bey fondateur de l'empire seldjoukide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vers la fin du <a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a>, le chef <a href="/wiki/Oghouzes" title="Oghouzes">oghouze</a> <a href="/wiki/Seldjouk" title="Seldjouk">Seldjouk</a> se convertit à l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> et fonde la <a href="/wiki/Seldjoukides" title="Seldjoukides">dynastie seldjoukide</a>. Son fils <a href="/wiki/Toghrul-Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Toghrul-Beg">Tuğrul Bey</a> fonde l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_seldjoukide" title="Empire seldjoukide">Empire seldjoukide</a> en 1038 et conquiert une grande partie de la <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Perse (Iran)</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Orient" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a>. Son successeur et neveu <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> prend la tête de l'Empire en 1064, il conquiert la <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">péninsule anatolienne</a> en 1071 à la suite de sa victoire, après la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Manzikert" title="Bataille de Manzikert">bataille de Manzikert</a>, au cours de laquelle ses armées capturent l'<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">empereur byzantin</a> <a href="/wiki/Romain_IV_Diog%C3%A8ne" title="Romain IV Diogène">Romain IV Diogène</a>. </p><p>À la suite d'un accord avec les <a href="/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin">Byzantins</a>, est établi en 1077 le <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_de_Roum" title="Sultanat de Roum">sultanat de Roum</a>, toujours dirigé par la dynastie seldjoukide. L'Empire seldjoukide s'effondre en 1194 tandis que le sultanat de Roum s'affaiblit à la suite de nombreuses croisades, avant de finalement succomber à l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_mongol" title="Empire mongol">invasion mongole</a> en 1243 à la suite de la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_K%C3%B6se_Da%C4%9F" title="Bataille de Köse Dağ">bataille de Köse Dağ</a>. Après la dislocation de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_mongol" title="Empire mongol">Empire mongol</a>, les Seldjoukides deviennent les vassaux des <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat_de_Perse" title="Ilkhanat de Perse">ilkhanides</a>. </p><p>Ces épisodes d'affaiblissement du pouvoir des sultans seldjoukides donnent lieu à la <a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_des_beylicats" title="Époque des beylicats">séparation progressive de nombreuses tribus du sultanat</a>, dont celle des <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_ottomane" title="Dynastie ottomane">Ottomans</a> en 1299. </p><p>Malgré la débâcle de <a href="/wiki/Bataille_d%27Ankara" title="Bataille d&#39;Ankara">1402</a> face à <a href="/wiki/Tamerlan" title="Tamerlan">Tamerlan</a>, le territoire ottoman s'étend progressivement, notamment sous le règne de <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> et ce, jusqu'à la <a href="/wiki/Chute_de_Constantinople" title="Chute de Constantinople">conquête</a> de la capitale <a href="/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin">romaine</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> en 1453 par celui-ci où le <a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">beylicat ottoman</a> acquiert le prestige d'un empire. Grâce à <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed</a>, l'Empire ottoman fait la conquête de la majeure partie des <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Crim%C3%A9e" title="Crimée">Crimée</a>, de l’<a href="/wiki/Ligue_de_Lezha" title="Ligue de Lezha">Albanie</a> (après la mort de <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>), de la <a href="/wiki/Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Bosnie-Herzégovine">Bosnie</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9bizonde" title="Trébizonde">Trebizonde</a> et fait de la <a href="/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Valachie" title="Principauté de Valachie">Roumanie</a> un <a href="/wiki/Vassalit%C3%A9" title="Vassalité">vassal</a>. Il ordonne à <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pacha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pacha">Gedik Ahmed Pacha</a> de faire la conquête de la ville d'<a href="/wiki/Otrante" title="Otrante">Otrante</a> en 1480, mais après sa mort précoce en 1481, son fils <a href="/wiki/Bay%C3%A9zid_II" title="Bayézid II">Bayézid II</a> fait annuler le siège et met à mort Gedik Pacha. </p><p>Entre 1516 et 1517, le sultan <span><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lim_Ier" title="Sélim Ier"><span class="nowrap">Sélim <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a></span> met fin au <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_mamelouk_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Sultanat mamelouk d&#39;Égypte">sultanat mamelouk</a>, annexant ainsi le <a href="/wiki/Levant_(Proche-Orient)" title="Levant (Proche-Orient)">Levant</a>, une partie de l'<a href="/wiki/Arabie" title="Arabie">Arabie</a> ainsi que l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a> et devient le <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_ottomane" title="Dynastie ottomane">calife</a> du monde musulman. Il meurt en 1520, son fils <a href="/wiki/Soliman_le_Magnifique" title="Soliman le Magnifique">Soliman le Magnifique</a> lui succède et amène l'empire à son apogée militaire, économique et culturelle. Il étend son protectorat sur l'<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger" title="Régence d&#39;Alger">Algérie</a> grâce aux frères <a href="/wiki/Khayr_ad-Din_Barberousse" title="Khayr ad-Din Barberousse">Barberousse</a>. Ainsi, il conquiert également la <a href="/wiki/Hongrie_ottomane" title="Hongrie ottomane">Hongrie</a>, mais ne parvient pas à prendre <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Vienne_(1529)" title="Siège de Vienne (1529)">Vienne</a> (1529). </p><p>L'apogée territoriale de l'Empire ottoman dure jusqu'en 1683, date où l'échec du <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Vienne_(1683)" title="Siège de Vienne (1683)">second siège de Vienne</a> débute la <a href="/wiki/Grande_guerre_turque" title="Grande guerre turque">Grande guerre turque</a> et le déclin ottoman. À la suite de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1787-1792" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1787-1792">guerre russo-turque de 1787-1792</a>, les ottomans perdent le contrôle de la <a href="/wiki/Crim%C3%A9e" title="Crimée">Crimée</a>. L’Empire parvient à reprendre le contrôle des <a href="/wiki/Lieux_saints_de_l%27islam" title="Lieux saints de l&#39;islam">Lieux saints de l'islam</a> en <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>, contre les <a href="/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme">wahhabites</a> lors de la guerre <a href="/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Najd" title="Expédition du Najd">ottomano-saoudienne</a>. Après la perte de la Crimée, l’Empire perd également le contrôle du sud de la <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> après son <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_grecque" title="Guerre d&#39;indépendance grecque">indépendance</a> en 1821, soutenue par les puissances occidentales. L'Empire subit un grand revers face à la Russie lors de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1877-1878" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878">guerre russo-turque</a> en 1877-1878. En 1881, la France impose sont <a href="/wiki/Protectorat_fran%C3%A7ais_de_Tunisie" title="Protectorat français de Tunisie">protectorat</a> sur la <a href="/wiki/Tunisie" title="Tunisie">Tunisie</a> après avoir fait la <a href="/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_par_la_France" title="Conquête de l&#39;Algérie par la France">conquête de l'Algérie</a> dans les années 1830. L'Empire perd ainsi l’Égypte en <a href="/wiki/Occupation_britannique_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Occupation britannique de l&#39;Égypte">1882</a>, au profit du <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>. Ces nombreux revers alimentent le <a href="/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme">nationalisme</a> des <a href="/wiki/Jeunes-Turcs" title="Jeunes-Turcs">Jeunes-Turcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">modernistes</a> de surcroît, à prendre le pouvoir des années plus tard. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:West_Thrace_Republic,_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/West_Thrace_Republic%2C_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg/215px-West_Thrace_Republic%2C_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/West_Thrace_Republic%2C_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg/323px-West_Thrace_Republic%2C_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/West_Thrace_Republic%2C_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg/430px-West_Thrace_Republic%2C_Turks_in_Kardzali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Soldats volontaires de la République de Thrace occidentale dans les rues de Kardzali, 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>En 1909, le mouvement des Jeunes-Turcs renverse le sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" title="Abdülhamid II">Abdülhamid II</a> lors d'un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_des_Jeunes-Turcs" title="Révolution des Jeunes-Turcs">coup d'État</a>, et prend le pouvoir. En 1911, peu avant la guerre balkanique, l'<a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a>, nouvellement unifiée, s'attaque à la <a href="/wiki/Libye" title="Libye">Libye</a> qui était sous contrôle ottoman (<a href="/wiki/Guerre_italo-turque" title="Guerre italo-turque">guerre italo-turque</a>). L'Empire perd son dernier territoire africain et les îles du <a href="/wiki/Dod%C3%A9can%C3%A8se_italien" title="Dodécanèse italien">Dodécanèse</a>. En 1912-1913, les États balkaniques profitent des difficultés de l'Empire en <a href="/wiki/Tripolitaine" title="Tripolitaine">Tripolitaine</a> pour s'unifier et l'attaquer à leur tour pendant la <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_balkanique" title="Première guerre balkanique">première guerre balkanique</a>. Cette guerre est un fiasco pour les Turcs, qui perdent la quasi-totalité des <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Après ce conflit, l'Empire cesse d'être une puissance européenne pour devenir une puissance purement asiatique. </p><p>À l'issue de la <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a>, les ottomans s'allient à l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_allemand" title="Empire allemand">Empire allemand</a> et à l'<a href="/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie">Autriche-Hongrie</a>. Malgré une grande victoire à la suite de la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_des_Dardanelles" title="Bataille des Dardanelles">bataille des Dardanelles</a> en 1916, l'Empire ottoman enchaîne les échecs face aux <a href="/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes">Arabo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dynastie_hach%C3%A9mite" title="Dynastie hachémite">Hachémites</a> soutenus par les Britanniques (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_arabe_de_1916-1918" title="Révolte arabe de 1916-1918">révolte arabe de 1916</a>), et se retrouve partagé par le <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Traité de Sèvres">traité de Sèvres</a> signé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-08-10" data-sort-value="1920-08-10">10 août 1920</time>. Le commandant <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, ayant joué un rôle important lors de la bataille des Dardanelles, rejette ce traité et entame la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_turque" title="Guerre d&#39;indépendance turque">guerre d'indépendance turque</a>, dont les forces kémalistes sortent victorieuses. </p><p>Le dernier sultan ottoman, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, quitte Constantinople le <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> <time class="nowrap" datetime="1922-10" data-sort-value="1922-10">octobre 1922</time>, abolissant ainsi le sultanat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="République_de_Turquie_(depuis_1923)"><span id="R.C3.A9publique_de_Turquie_.28depuis_1923.29"></span>République de Turquie (depuis 1923)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : République de Turquie (depuis 1923)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : République de Turquie (depuis 1923)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lausanne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/220px-Lausanne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/330px-Lausanne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/440px-Lausanne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>La délégation turque après avoir signé le Traité de Lausanne. La délégation était dirigée par İsmet Pacha (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İnönü</a>) (au centre) et Rıza Nur (à gauche, portant un haut-de-forme).</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Lausanne_(1923)" title="Traité de Lausanne (1923)">traité de Lausanne</a> est signé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1923-07-24" data-sort-value="1923-07-24">24 juillet 1923</time> et la <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">république turque</a> est fondée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="10-29" data-sort-value="10-29">29 octobre</time> de la même année, dont Mustafa Kemal devient le président. <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, bastion de la guerre d'indépendance est désignée comme <a href="/wiki/Capitale" title="Capitale">capitale</a>. Les populations grecques d'<a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Asie mineure</a> sont expulsées la même année et échangées avec les populations turques de <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>. </p><p>Une <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9formes_k%C3%A9malistes" title="Réformes kémalistes">série de réformes majeures</a> politiques, sociales et économiques est menée entre 1923 et 1938, dont les conséquences sont, entre autres, l'abolition du califat le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1924-03-03" data-sort-value="1924-03-03">3 mars 1924</time>, la modernisation et l'enrichissement du pays, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_des_signes" title="Révolution des signes">l'adoption</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">alphabet latin</a>, une hausse du <a href="/wiki/Taux_d%27alphab%C3%A9tisation" title="Taux d&#39;alphabétisation">taux d'alphabétisation</a> et <a href="/wiki/Taux_de_f%C3%A9condit%C3%A9" title="Taux de fécondité">de fécondité</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Polygamie" title="Polygamie">polygamie</a> est officiellement interdite. Le 5 décembre 1934, le droit de vote est octroyé aux femmes pour les élections nationales&#160;; elle votent pour la première fois aux élections législatives du 8 février 1935<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1937-02-05" data-sort-value="1937-02-05">5 février 1937</time>, la <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a> est officiellement inscrite dans la constitution turque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Culture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_la_Turquie" title="Culture de la Turquie">Culture de la Turquie</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Langue">Langue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Langue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Langue"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ataturk-September_20,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/200px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/301px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/401px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal Atatürk présente le nouvel alphabet turc aux habitants de Kayseri. 20 septembre 1928 </figcaption></figure> <p>Les Turcs parlent le <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turc</a>, une <a href="/wiki/Langue" title="Langue">langue</a> appartenant à la branche <a href="/wiki/Langues_oghouzes" title="Langues oghouzes">oghouze</a> de la famille éponyme des <a href="/wiki/Langues_turciques" title="Langues turciques">langues turciques</a>. Le turc est principalement parlé en <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> mais également sur l'<a href="/wiki/Chypre_(%C3%AEle)" title="Chypre (île)">île de Chypre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Johanson2011_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanson2011-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et dans les <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> par des minorités turques présentes en <a href="/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> (principalement en <a href="/wiki/Thrace_occidentale" title="Thrace occidentale">Thrace occidentale</a>), au <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Roumanie" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a> (principalement en <a href="/wiki/Dobroudja" title="Dobroudja">Dobroudja</a>) et en <a href="/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie">Moldavie</a> (principalement en <a href="/wiki/Gagaouzie" title="Gagaouzie">Gagaouzie</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Johanson2011_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanson2011-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Historiquement, l'évolution <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a> de la langue turque est divisée en trois phases&#160;: </p> <ol><li>le «&#160;vieux turc seldjoukide&#160;» ou «&#160;anatolien&#160;» (en turc&#160;: <i>Eski Selçuk (Anadolu) Türkçesi</i>) est appartu à la suite de l'introduction de l'<a href="/wiki/Oghouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghouz">oghouze</a> par les <a href="/wiki/Empire_seldjoukide" title="Empire seldjoukide">turcs seldjoukides</a> au <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a><sup id="cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldTurkish-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La langue s'écrivait d'abord en <a href="/wiki/Turc_karamanli" title="Turc karamanli">turc karamanli</a> (en turc&#160;: <i>Karamanlı Türkçesi</i> ou <i>Karamanlıca</i> rendu en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">alphabet grec</a> byzantin), ensuite en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_perso-arabe" title="Alphabet perso-arabe">alphabet perso-arabe</a> (version dérivée de l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">alphabet arabe</a>) et absorba progressivement des mots et des <a href="/wiki/Grammaire" title="Grammaire">formes grammaticales</a> <a href="/wiki/Grec" title="Grec">grecques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nien" title="Arménien">arméniennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persanes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabes</a><sup id="cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldTurkish-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle donna naissance entre le <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> et le <a href="/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> au turc ottoman précoce<sup id="cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldTurkish-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Turc_ottoman" title="Turc ottoman">turc ottoman</a> classique (en turc&#160;: <i>Osmanlı Türkçesi</i>) a été parlé du <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> au <a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> et écrit en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_turc_ottoman" title="Alphabet turc ottoman">alphabet turc ottoman</a>, variante de l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_perso-arabe" title="Alphabet perso-arabe">alphabet perso-arabe</a><sup id="cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldTurkish-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le taux estimé d'<a href="/wiki/Emprunt_lexical" title="Emprunt lexical">emprunts lexicaux</a> en provenance des langues <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persanes</a> peut aller jusqu'à 88%<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turc moderne</a> (en turc&#160;: <i>Türkçe</i>) a été institué avec la fondation de la <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">république turque</a> en 1923. La réforme de la langue fut facilement imposée par le gouvernement républicain, alors auréolé par son statut de sauveur de la nation grâce au <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Lausanne_(1923)" title="Traité de Lausanne (1923)">traité de Lausanne (1923)</a>, ce qui réduisit à peu de chose les résistances religieuses. Les changements majeurs furent <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_des_signes" title="Révolution des signes">le passage</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">alphabet arabe</a> à l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">alphabet latin</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Turquisation" title="Turquisation">turquisation</a> d'un grand nombre de <a href="/wiki/Toponyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyme">toponymes</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Patronyme" title="Patronyme">patronymes</a>, l'exclusion du <a href="/wiki/Lexique" title="Lexique">vocabulaire</a> des mots d'origine non-turque et leur remplacement par des mots turcs (parfois des <a href="/wiki/Mot-valise" title="Mot-valise">mots-valises</a> comme <i>sayrılarevi</i> au lieu d&#39;<i>ospis</i> pour «&#160;hospice&#160;» ou bien <i>havalanı</i> au lieu d&#39;<i>aerodrom</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-RéformesTurc_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RéformesTurc-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_de_la_langue-soleil" title="Théorie de la langue-soleil">Légendairement</a>, selon l'auteur <a href="/wiki/Protochronisme" title="Protochronisme">protochroniste</a> français <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Barenton" title="Hilaire de Barenton">Hilaire de Barenton</a>, le turc serait la <a href="/wiki/Langue_originelle" title="Langue originelle">langue originelle</a> de toute l'humanité, également appelée «&#160;langue-soleil&#160;» (en <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turc</a>&#160;: <i><span class="lang-tr" lang="tr">Güneş Dil</span></i> ), «&#160;langue-mère&#160;» ou «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Proto-langue" title="Proto-langue">proto-langue</a> originelle&#160;» et <span class="citation">«&#160;origine de toutes les langues actuellement connues, parlée il y a au moins cent mille ans&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Religion"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg/215px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg/323px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg/430px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>La mosquée Sultan Ahmed à Istanbul, Turquie.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> majoritaire chez les turcs est l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>, la plupart d'entre eux étant <a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">sunnites</a> de tradition <a href="/wiki/Hanafisme" title="Hanafisme">hanafite</a>, la plus libérale. Depuis les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9formes_k%C3%A9malistes" title="Réformes kémalistes">réformes d'Atatürk</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> est officiellement un état <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" title="Laïcité">laïque</a> et, de 1924 à 1984, le port du <a href="/wiki/Fez_(coiffure)" title="Fez (coiffure)"><i>fez</i> (couvre-chef masculin)</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Hidjab" title="Hidjab"><i>tesettür</i> (voile féminin)</a>, signes religieux, a été interdit en public<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Hidjab" title="Hidjab">voile islamique</a> était interdit dans les <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9" title="Université">universités</a> turques jusqu’en <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>, année où le parti ultra-conservateur (<a href="/wiki/Parti_de_la_justice_et_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_(Turquie)" title="Parti de la justice et du développement (Turquie)">AKP</a>) d’<a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdogan</a> l’autorise officiellement<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>82<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg/215px-Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg/323px-Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg/430px-Larnaca_01-2017_img30_Salt_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4765" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>Mosquée Hala Sultan Tekke au bord du lac salé de Larnaca, Chypre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selon le <i>CIA Factbook</i>, à la suite des <a href="/wiki/Purification_ethnique" class="mw-redirect" title="Purification ethnique">purifications ethniques</a> des années <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Génocide arménien">1915</a>-<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_grec_pontique" title="Génocide grec pontique">1925</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Pogrom_d%27Istanbul" title="Pogrom d&#39;Istanbul">1955</a>, il ne reste en Turquie que 0,2&#160;% de non-musulmans, comprenant majoritairement des <a href="/wiki/Christianisme" title="Christianisme">chrétiens</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme">juifs</a>&#160;; 99,8&#160;% de la population turque est de tradition musulmane<sup id="cite_ref-Mars2011_www.cia.gov_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mars2011_www.cia.gov-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il y a aussi entre 10&#160;et 15&#160;millions d'<a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9visme" title="Alévisme">alévis</a> musulmans estimés dans le pays<sup id="cite_ref-Shankland_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankland-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>83<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il s'agit cependant d'un islam modéré&#160;: selon une étude du KONDA, seule 9.7% de la population s'est décrite comme «&#160;pieuse et pleinement dévouée&#160;» (pratiquante), tandis que 52.8% s'est décrite comme «&#160;religieuse par tradition&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-KONDA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KONDA-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. 69,4% des femmes interrogées ont déclaré se couvrir les cheveux, mais ce taux est plus bas dans plusieurs groupes démographiques&#160;: 53% chez les 18-28&#160;ans, 27,5&#160;% chez les <a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me" title="Diplôme">diplômés</a> <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9" title="Université">universitaires</a>, 16.1% chez les titulaires d'une maîtrise ou d'un diplôme supérieur<sup id="cite_ref-KONDA_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KONDA-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythologie_et_folklore">Mythologie et folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Mythologie et folklore" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mythologie et folklore"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avant leur <a href="/wiki/Conversion_%C3%A0_l%27islam" title="Conversion à l&#39;islam">conversion à l'islam</a>, les Turcs étaient principalement <a href="/wiki/Tengrisme" title="Tengrisme">tengristes</a>, et ont conservé un certain nombre de croyances et de rituels issus de cette religion<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>85<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; d'autres ont été héritées du <a href="/wiki/Christianisme_oriental" title="Christianisme oriental">christianisme oriental</a> qui dominait en Anatolie du <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;au&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle et il existe encore quelques lieux de culte multireligieux comme dans les <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_des_Princes" title="Îles des Princes">îles des Princes</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>87<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Cuisine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Cuisine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG/215px-Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG/323px-Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG/430px-Iskender_Kebap_Bursa_Iskender.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skender_kebap" title="İskender kebap">İskender kebap</a></figcaption></figure> <p>La Turquie est très connue par ses <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_turque" title="Cuisine turque">spécialités culinaires</a> qui puisent entre autres dans la <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_grecque" title="Cuisine grecque">cuisine grecque</a> antique et médiévale, l'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie" title="Arménie">arménienne</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_iranienne" title="Cuisine iranienne">perse</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_arabe" title="Cuisine arabe">arabe</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Turquie" title="Histoire des Juifs en Turquie">juive</a>, ainsi bien sûr que dans celle des <a href="/wiki/Peuple_cavalier" title="Peuple cavalier">peuples turcophones cavaliers</a> des <a href="/wiki/Steppe_eurasienne" title="Steppe eurasienne">steppes</a>. Ces spécialités ont à leur tour inspiré la cuisine des peuples ayant vécu au sein de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a>, notamment au niveau des desserts&#160;: les ottomans ont entre autres introduit le <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café">café</a> en Europe<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>88<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Arts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Arts"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Art_turc" title="Art turc">art turc</a> actuel est en grande partie hérité de l'art <a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">ottoman</a> et comprend des secteurs tels que l'<a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">littérature</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Musique" title="Musique">musique</a>. L'art ottoman lui-même s'est enrichi des influences <a href="/wiki/Art_byzantin" title="Art byzantin">byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_perse" class="mw-redirect" title="Art perse">perses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_islamique" class="mw-redirect" title="Art islamique">islamiques</a> et bien d'autres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dessin_et_peinture">Dessin et peinture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Dessin et peinture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dessin et peinture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Miniature_ottomane" title="Miniature ottomane">miniatures ottomanes</a> étaient la forme d'illustration la plus courante dans l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> et comprennent de fortes influences <a href="/wiki/Miniature_persane" title="Miniature persane">perses</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>89<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Artiste" title="Artiste">artistes</a> à l'origine de ces miniatures étaient appelés les <i>nakkashane</i>. L'un des plus connus de la Turquie est Osman Asaf Bora, auteur de beaux paysages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Littérature"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Littérature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Littérature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Genre_litt%C3%A9raire" title="Genre littéraire">genre</a> le plus ancien connu de la <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">littérature</a> turque connue est l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pop%C3%A9e" title="Épopée">épopée héroïque</a>, l'exemple le plus classique étant le <i>Kitab-i Dede Korkut</i> signifiant littéralement «&#160;Le Livre de Grand-Père Korkut&#160;» dont des sources remontent au <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> ou au <a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Xe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> en <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a><sup id="cite_ref-DedeKorkut_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DedeKorkut-90"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>90<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le style du récit, consistant en une <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> mêlée à des <a href="/wiki/Vers" title="Vers">vers</a>, suggère une composition orale, le poème original ayant selon toute évidence été créé par un <a href="/wiki/Barde_(druidisme)" title="Barde (druidisme)">barde</a> oral (<i>ozan</i> dans les cultures turques). Les circonstances de la transformation de l'épopée en littérature écrite sont inconnues<sup id="cite_ref-DedeKorkut_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DedeKorkut-90"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>90<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>91<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 2006, l'écrivain <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> fut le premier Turc à gagner un <a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_litt%C3%A9rature" title="Prix Nobel de littérature">prix Nobel de littérature</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>92<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musique">Musique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Musique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Musique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La musique traditionnelle turques puise aux mêmes sources que la cuisine et inclut la <a href="/wiki/Musique_folklorique" title="Musique folklorique">musique folklorique turque</a> (<i>Türkü</i> ou <i>Halk müziği</i>), le <i>fasıl</i> et la musique classique ottomane (<i>Sanat müziği</i>) qui est née de la cour <a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">ottomane</a><sup id="cite_ref-DunfordRichardson2013_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordRichardson2013-93"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>93<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Genre_musical" title="Genre musical">genres</a> contemporains incluent la musique pop et le hip-hop turc<sup id="cite_ref-DunfordRichardson2013_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunfordRichardson2013-93"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>93<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Pop_(musique)" title="Pop (musique)">pop turque</a> est communément admise comme ayant débuté en 1958 avec la chanson <i>Little Lucy</i> d'<a href="/wiki/Erol_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkbur%C3%A7" title="Erol Büyükburç">Erol Büyükburç</a>, elle s'est ensuite popularisée durant les années et les décennies qui suivirent<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>94<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Génétique"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9tique"></span>Génétique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Génétique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Génétique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les Turcs d'Anatolie sont aujourd'hui principalement le fruit d'un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">métissage</a> entre les Anatoliens <a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A8ne" title="Indigène">indigènes</a> eux-mêmes issus du mélange entre les nombreuses strates du mille-feuille ethnique produit par l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Anatolie" title="Histoire de l&#39;Anatolie">histoire de l'Anatolie</a>, et les <a href="/wiki/Oghouzes" title="Oghouzes">Turcs Oghouzes</a> originaires de la <a href="/wiki/Steppe_eurasienne" title="Steppe eurasienne">steppe eurasienne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils combinent à la fois des éléments d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_de_l%27Est" title="Asie de l&#39;Est">Asie de l'Est</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Orient" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a> et d'<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Méditerranée">méditerranéenne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADN_autosomal">ADN autosomal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier la section : ADN autosomal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : ADN autosomal"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une étude publiée en 2012 dans la revue <i>Annals of Human Genetics</i> réalisa plusieurs estimations de l'ascendance turque à partir d'échantillons provenant des villes d'<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au niveau K=3, les résultats ont été estimés à 45&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Orient" title="Moyen-Orient">moyen-oriental</a>, 40&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">européen</a> et à 15&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">centre-asiatique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au niveau K=4, les résultats ont été estimés à 38&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">européen</a>, 35&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Orient" title="Moyen-Orient">moyen-oriental</a>, 18&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Asie_du_Sud" title="Asie du Sud">sud-asiatique</a> et à 9&#160;% <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">centre-asiatique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au niveau K=7, les résultats ont été estimés à 21,0% <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">européen</a>, 8,7% <a href="/wiki/Asie_du_Sud" title="Asie du Sud">sud-asiatique</a>, 6% <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">centre-asiatique</a> et à 0,4% <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Orient" title="Moyen-Orient">moyen-oriental</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Des échantillons français, italiens, toscans et sardes de référence ont été utilisés pour définir la population de base européenne. Des échantillons <a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%AFghours" title="Ouïghours">ouïghours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">hazaras</a> et <a href="/wiki/Kirghizes" title="Kirghizes">kirghizes</a> ont été utilisés pour définir la population de base centre-asiatique. Des échantillons <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">pakistanais</a> ont été utilisés pour définir la population de base sud-asiatique. Des échantillons <a href="/wiki/Palestiniens" title="Palestiniens">palestiniens</a> et <a href="/wiki/Druzes" title="Druzes">druzes</a> ont été utilisés pour définir la population de base moyen-orientale<sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une certaine homogénéité a pu être relevée dans la population turque, témoignant d'un «&#160;melting-pot anatolien&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une étude publiée en 2014 dans la revue <i>BMC Genomics</i> réalisa une moyenne à partir d'échantillons provenant de 16 provinces différentes à travers tout le pays dont les génomes ont été entièrement séquencés<sup id="cite_ref-Alkan_et_al._(2014)_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alkan_et_al._(2014)-96"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>96<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La moyenne d'ascendance en provenance d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_de_l%27Est" title="Asie de l&#39;Est">Asie de l'Est</a> a été estimée à 21.7&#160;%<sup id="cite_ref-Alkan_et_al._(2014)_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alkan_et_al._(2014)-96"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>96<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haplogroupes_(ADN-Y,_ADNmt)"><span id="Haplogroupes_.28ADN-Y.2C_ADNmt.29"></span>Haplogroupes (ADN-Y, ADNmt)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier la section : Haplogroupes (ADN-Y, ADNmt)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Haplogroupes (ADN-Y, ADNmt)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une étude publiée en 2001 dans la revue <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i> a donné une estimation de la contribution centre-asiatique sur le <a href="/wiki/Ressource_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Ressource génétique">pool génétique</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nome_mitochondrial" title="Génome mitochondrial">mitochondrial</a> anatolien d'approximativement 30&#160;%<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>97<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une étude publiée en 2004 dans la revue <i>Human Genetics</i> a trouvé une grande diversité d'<a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe" title="Haplogroupe">haplogroupes</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrilin%C3%A9arit%C3%A9" title="Patrilinéarité">patrilinéaires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_Y" title="Chromosome Y">ADN-Y</a>) en Turquie<sup id="cite_ref-Cinnioglu2004_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinnioglu2004-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les différents haplogroupes identifiés sont <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_J_(Y-ADN)" title="Haplogroupe J (Y-ADN)">J2</a> (24&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_R1b" title="Haplogroupe R1b">R1b</a> (15,9&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_G" title="Haplogroupe G">G</a> (10,9&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_E" title="Haplogroupe E">E1b1b</a> (10,7&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_J_(Y-ADN)" title="Haplogroupe J (Y-ADN)">J1</a> (9&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_R1a" title="Haplogroupe R1a">R1a</a> (6,9&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_I" title="Haplogroupe I">I</a> (5.3&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_K_(Y-ADN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroupe K (Y-ADN)">K</a> (4,5&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_L_(Y-ADN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroupe L (Y-ADN)">L</a> (4,2&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_N_(Y-ADN)" title="Haplogroupe N (Y-ADN)">N</a> (3,8&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_T_(Y-ADN)" title="Haplogroupe T (Y-ADN)">T</a> (2,5&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_Q_(Y-ADN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroupe Q (Y-ADN)">Q</a> (1,9&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroupe_C" title="Haplogroupe C">C</a> (1,3&#160;%) et R2 (0,96&#160;%)<sup id="cite_ref-Cinnioglu2004_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinnioglu2004-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:24em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FishmanGarcia2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joshua_FishmanOfelia_Garcia2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joshua <span class="nom_auteur">Fishman</span> et Ofelia <span class="nom_auteur">Garcia</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2)</cite>, Oxford University Press, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-21" data-sort-value="2011-04-21">21 avril 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-983799-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-983799-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-983799-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&amp;dq=60+million+ethnic+Turks+living+in+its+territories&amp;pg=PA268&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=60%20million%20ethnic%20Turks%20living%20in%20its%20territories&amp;f=false">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts+%28Volume+2%29&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Fishman&amp;rft.aufirst=Joshua&amp;rft.au=Garcia%2C+Ofelia&amp;rft.date=2011-04-21&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-983799-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/news/germany-cdu-fears-islamist-bloc-as-millions-of-migrants-to-be-granted-voting-rights/#:~:text=The%20general%20Turkish%20diaspora%20numbers,directly%20in%20recent%20Turkish%20elections."><cite style="font-style:normal;">Germany: CDU Fears Islamist Bloc As Millions of Turkish Migrants To Be Granted Voting Rights</cite></a>&#160;», <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-23" data-sort-value="2023-12-23">23 décembre 2023</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoiredumonde.net/Turcs.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Turcs</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">histoiredumonde.net</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-04-18" data-sort-value="2006-04-18">18 avril 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04-28" data-sort-value="2017-04-28">28 avril 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38_4-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=38_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Home_Affairs_Committee2011">Home Affairs Committee 2011</a>, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs_5-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-UK_immigration_analysis_needed_on_Turkish_legal_migration,_say_MPs_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Guardian</span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-08-01" data-sort-value="2011-08-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-08-01" data-sort-value="2011-08-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août 2011</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=UK+immigration+analysis+needed+on+Turkish+legal+migration%2C+say+MPs&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.date=2011-08-01&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishfederationuk.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=26&amp;Itemid=31"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Short history of the Federation of Turkish Associations in UK</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5xuhy1DrI?url=http://www.turkishfederationuk.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=26&amp;Itemid=31">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-13" data-sort-value="2011-04-13">13 avril 2011</time></a>&#93;</small></span>, sur <span class="italique">turkishfederationuk.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-06-19" data-sort-value="2008-06-19">19 juin 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-13" data-sort-value="2011-04-13">13 avril 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&amp;PA=37325&amp;D1=0&amp;D2=0&amp;D3=0&amp;D4=0&amp;D5=a&amp;D6=l&amp;VW=T"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Foreigners in the Netherlands</cite></a>&#160;»</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisnews.nl/public/010307_2.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dutch Queen Tells Turkey 'First Steps Taken' On EU Membership Road</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113011501/http://www.nisnews.nl/public/010307_2.htm">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-13" data-sort-value="2009-01-13">13 janvier 2009</time></a>&#93;</small></span>, sur <span class="italique">nisnews.nl</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-12-16" data-sort-value="2008-12-16">16 décembre 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2007/03/dutch_turks_swindled_afm_to_in.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dutch Turks swindled, AFM to investigate</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">dutchnews.nl</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-12-16" data-sort-value="2008-12-16">16 décembre 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Türkiye_Büyük_Millet_Meclisi2008">Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 2008</a>, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Turkey's ambassador to Austria prompts immigration spat</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">BBC News</span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-10" data-sort-value="2010-11-10">10 novembre 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11725311">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-10" data-sort-value="2010-11-10">10 novembre 2010</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+ambassador+to+Austria+prompts+immigration+spat&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=2010-11-10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2010/April/Turkeys-Mulism-Influence-in-Austria/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Turkey's Islamic Ambitions Grip Austria</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">cbn.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-10-16" data-sort-value="2011-10-16">16 octobre 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIACyprus-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-CIACyprus_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.htmll"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">The World Factbook</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.htmll">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.htmll">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.htmll">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.htmll">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">cia.gov</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-06-13" data-sort-value="2015-06-13">13 juin 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20son_.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Archived copy</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927104440/http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20son_.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-09-27" data-sort-value="2013-09-27">27 septembre 2013</time></a>&#93;</small></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-02-14" data-sort-value="2014-02-14">14 février 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">statbel.fgov.be</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_Baudouin_Foundation_2008_loc=5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-King_Baudouin_Foundation_2008_loc=5_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#King_Baudouin_Foundation2008">King Baudouin Foundation 2008</a>, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : néerlandais">(nl)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/989/Binnenland/article/detail/159126/2008/02/04/Koning-Boudewijnstichting-doorprikt-clich-s-rond-Belgische-Turken.dhtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="nl">Koning Boudewijnstichting doorprikt clichés rond Belgische Turken</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">De Morgen</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-15" data-sort-value="2010-11-15">15 novembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013US-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2013US_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_B04003&amp;prodType=table"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">TOTAL ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe: Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">factfinder2.census.gov</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-10-03" data-sort-value="2012-10-03">3 octobre 2012</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaofClevelandHistory-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofClevelandHistory_19-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=TIC"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Immigration and Ethnicity: Turks</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">ech.case.edu</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-02-07" data-sort-value="2010-02-07">7 février 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonDiplomat-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonDiplomat_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6036:census-takes-aim-to-tallyhard-to-count-populations-&amp;catid=205:april-2010&amp;Itemid=239"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Census Takes Aim to Tally'Hard to Count' Populations</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">The Washington Diplomat</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-05-05" data-sort-value="2011-05-05">5 mai 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farkas_2003_loc=40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Farkas_2003_loc=40_21-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Farkas2003">Farkas 2003</a>, 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryazantsev_2009_loc=172-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ryazantsev_2009_loc=172_22-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ryazantsev2009">Ryazantsev 2009</a>, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demogr2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Demogr2013_23-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT081783"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Этнодемографический сборник Республики Казахстан 2014.</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT081783">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT081783">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT081783">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT081783">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">Stat.gov.kz</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-12" data-sort-value="2017-12-12">12 décembre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aydıngün_et_al_2006_loc=13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Aydıngün_et_al_2006_loc=13_24-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Aydıngün">Aydıngün <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 2006</a>, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park_2005_loc=37-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Park_2005_loc=37_25-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Park2005">Park 2005</a>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_2006_loc=112-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_2006_loc=112_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Phillips2006">Phillips 2006</a>, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassem2016-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bassem2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wassim_Bassem2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Wassim <span class="nom_auteur">Bassem</span>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Iraq’s Turkmens call for independent province</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Al-Monitor</span>, <time>2016</time></span></span>&#160;: <span class="citation">«&#160;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.</span>&#160;»</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akar_1993_loc=95-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Akar_1993_loc=95_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Akar1993">Akar 1993</a>, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karpat_2004_loc=12-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Karpat_2004_loc=12_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Karpat2004">Karpat 2004</a>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Phillips2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_J._Phillips2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David J. <span class="nom_auteur">Phillips</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Peoples on the Move&#160;: Introducing the Nomads of the World</cite>, William Carey Library, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-01-01" data-sort-value="2001-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2001</time>, 488&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-87808-352-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-87808-352-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-87808-352-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;pg=PA301">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;301<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peoples+on+the+Move&amp;rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&amp;rft.stitle=Introducing+the+Nomads+of+the+World&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.aufirst=David+J.&amp;rft.date=2001-01-01&amp;rft.pages=301&amp;rft.tpages=488&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87808-352-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : suédois">(sv)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sida.se/Svenska/Lander--regioner/Europa/Turkiet/Utvecklingen-i-Turkiet/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="sv">Turkiet är en viktig bro mellan Öst och Väst</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120911145333/http://www.sida.se/Svenska/Lander--regioner/Europa/Turkiet/Utvecklingen-i-Turkiet/">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-09-11" data-sort-value="2012-09-11">11 septembre 2012</time></a>&#93;</small></span>, sur <span class="italique">sida.se</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-14" data-sort-value="2011-04-14">14 avril 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedishAffairs-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-SwedishAffairs_32-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : suédois">(sv)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____24644.aspx"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="sv">Ankara Historia</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____24644.aspx">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____24644.aspx">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____24644.aspx">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____24644.aspx">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">swedenabroad.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-14" data-sort-value="2011-04-14">14 avril 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : macédonien">(mk)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/2022/POPIS_DZS_web_MK.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="mk">Попис на населението, домаќинстватa и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021</cite></a>&#160;» <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d&#39;Adobe">&#91;PDF&#93;</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">stat.gov.mk</span>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-10-20" data-sort-value="2022-10-20">20 octobre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-608-227-343-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-608-227-343-3"><span class="nowrap">978-608-227-343-3</span></a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-07-03" data-sort-value="2024-07-03">3 juillet 2024</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auslander-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Auslander_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/01/01.html">Ständige ausländische Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, am Ende des Jahres</a> Swiss Federal Statistical Office, accessed 6 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection</cite></a>&#160;»</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2005">«&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Old foes, new friends</cite>&#160;», <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-04-23" data-sort-value="2005-04-23">23 avril 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Old-foes-new-friends/2005/04/22/1114152326767.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-12-26" data-sort-value="2008-12-26">26 décembre 2008</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Old+foes%2C+new+friends&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&amp;rft.date=2005-04-23&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RofT-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-RofT_37-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tccb.gov.tr/news/397/49087/turkeyaustralia-from-canakkale-to-a-great-friendship.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Turkey-Australia: "From Çanakkale to a Great Friendship</cite></a>&#160;», <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-07-14" data-sort-value="2011-07-14">14 juillet 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD_38-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2009">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/54/43901805.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">International Questionnaire: Migrant Education Policies in Response to Longstanding Diversity: TURKEY</cite></a>&#160;», Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, <time>2009</time></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Akhbar-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Akhbar_39-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-turks-seek-political-and-social-recognition"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">english.al-akhbar.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-03-02" data-sort-value="2012-03-02">2 mars 2012</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=9D641F96F47DDD54F28B8F8B07FFF815?newsId=233911"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Tension adds to existing wounds in Lebanon</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111231644/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3D9D641F96F47DDD54F28B8F8B07FFF815?newsId=233911">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-01-11" data-sort-value="2012-01-11">11 janvier 2012</time></a>&#93;</small></span>, sur <span class="italique">Today's Zaman</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-06" data-sort-value="2011-04-06">6 avril 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2015-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2015_41-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ahmed2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yusra_Ahmed2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Yusra <span class="nom_auteur">Ahmed</span>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/11837.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Zaman Al Wasl</span>, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-10-11" data-sort-value="2016-10-11">11 octobre 2016</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/29920/Syria_Turkmen_Refugees_Face_Cruel_Reality_Lebanon"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Syrian Observer</span>, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-10-10" data-sort-value="2016-10-10">10 octobre 2016</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minelres.lv/reports/greece/greece_NGO.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Minelres.lv</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-12" data-sort-value="2017-12-12">12 décembre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demographics_of_Greece-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Demographics_of_Greece_44-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurfedling.org/Greece.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Demographics of Greece</cite></a>&#160;», <span class="italique">European Union National Languages</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-19" data-sort-value="2010-12-19">19 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/greece/greece908.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01-03" data-sort-value="2018-01-03">3 janvier 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/greece/Greec991-04.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Turks Of Western Thrace</cite></a>&#160;», <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01-03" data-sort-value="2018-01-03">3 janvier 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.konda.com.tr-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www.konda.com.tr_47-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-www.konda.com.tr_47-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konda.com.tr/en/reports.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Religion, Secularism and the Veil in Daily Life Survey</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325005232/http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ghdl&amp;t_en.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-25" data-sort-value="2009-03-25">25 mars 2009</time></a>&#93;</small></span>, Konda Arastirma, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-09" data-sort-value="2007-09">septembre 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-05-24" data-sort-value="2013-05-24">24 mai 2013</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sorular.rightsagenda.org/soru-cevap/?g=9"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="tr">IHGD - Soru Cevap - Azınlıklar</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Sorular.rightsagenda.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-03-18" data-sort-value="2015-03-18">18 mars 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/ALEVI.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">THE ALEVI OF ANATOLIA: TURKEY'S LARGEST MINORITY</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423153420/http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/ALEVI.html">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-04-23" data-sort-value="2012-04-23">23 avril 2012</time></a>&#93;</small></span>, sur <span class="italique">Angelfire.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-03-18" data-sort-value="2015-03-18">18 mars 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/shia.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Shi'a</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Web.archive.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-03-18" data-sort-value="2015-03-18">18 mars 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">Ec.europa.eu</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-12" data-sort-value="2017-12-12">12 décembre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-hurriyetdailynews.com_52-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&amp;n=christians-in-east-remain-worried-despite-church-opening-2011-07-20"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">TURKEY - Christians in eastern Turkey worried despite church opening</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Hurriyetdailynews.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-03-18" data-sort-value="2015-03-18">18 mars 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Cia.gov</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-12" data-sort-value="2017-12-12">12 décembre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tez-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-tez_54-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Balaban, Ayhan. İskit, Hun ve Göktürklerde Sosyal ve Ekonomik Hayat. T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eski Çağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2006. URL:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fef.kafkas.edu.tr/sosyb/tde/halk_bilimi/makaleler/kultur_med/kultur_med%20(20).pdf">http://fef.kafkas.edu.tr/sosyb/tde/halk_bilimi/makaleler/kultur_med/kultur_med%20(20).pdf</a>. Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2011. (Archived by WebCite at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.webcitation.org/63rPeTJL1">https://www.webcitation.org/63rPeTJL1</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Constitution de la République de Turquie <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/tr1982.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mars2011_www.cia.gov-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mars2011_www.cia.gov_56-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Mars2011_www.cia.gov_56-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">CIA World Factbook</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">www.cia.gov (<a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-03" data-sort-value="2011-03">mars 2011</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="statistique_de_Turquie"><span class="ouvrage" id="Institut_statistique_de_Turquie"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Institut_statistique_de_Turquie" title="Institut statistique de Turquie">Institut statistique de Turquie</a>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2022-49685&amp;dil=2"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2022</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">data.tuik.gov.tr</span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul">Institut des statistiques turques, recensement de 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hobbs2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joseph_J._Hobbs2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joseph J. <span class="nom_auteur">Hobbs</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Fundamentals of World Regional Geography</cite>, Cengage Learning, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-01-29" data-sort-value="2016-01-29">29 janvier 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-305-85495-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-305-85495-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-305-85495-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=0rUaCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=The+greatest+are+the+65+million+Turks+of+Turkey&amp;pg=PA223&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=The%20greatest%20are%20the%2065%20million%20Turks%20of%20Turkey&amp;f=false">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+World+Regional+Geography&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.aulast=Hobbs&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&amp;rft.date=2016-01-29&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-305-85495-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund.html;jsessionid=CDE63E8658C194AF81A302165299B49B.cae1"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="de">Publikation - Bevölkerung - Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)</cite></a>&#160;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund.html;jsessionid=CDE63E8658C194AF81A302165299B49B.cae1">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund.html;jsessionid=CDE63E8658C194AF81A302165299B49B.cae1">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund.html;jsessionid=CDE63E8658C194AF81A302165299B49B.cae1">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&amp;q=cache:https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund.html;jsessionid=CDE63E8658C194AF81A302165299B49B.cae1">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J&#39;ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&#160;?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">Destatis.de</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-12" data-sort-value="2017-12-12">12 décembre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/news/germany-cdu-fears-islamist-bloc-as-millions-of-migrants-to-be-granted-voting-rights/#:~:text=The%20general%20Turkish%20diaspora%20numbers,directly%20in%20recent%20Turkish%20elections."><cite style="font-style:normal;">Germany: CDU Fears Islamist Bloc As Millions of Turkish Migrants To Be Granted Voting Rights</cite></a>&#160;», <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-23" data-sort-value="2023-12-23">23 décembre 2023</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KulteginMC-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-KulteginMC_62-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-KulteginMC_62-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&amp;mod=1&amp;tid=1&amp;oid=15&amp;m=1">Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG</a> Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BilgeKaganMC-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_63-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_63-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&amp;mod=1&amp;tid=1&amp;oid=16&amp;m=1">Bilge Kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG</a> Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TonyukukMC-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-TonyukukMC_64-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&amp;mod=1&amp;tid=1&amp;oid=17&amp;m=1">Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG</a> Bain Tsokto Monument</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbeets2017-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Robbeets2017_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbeets2017_65-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Robbeets2017_65-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robbeets2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martine_Robbeets2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martine_Robbeets&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martine Robbeets (page inexistante)">Martine <span class="nom_auteur">Robbeets</span></a>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Brill" title="Éditions Brill">Éditions Brill</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;8, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-01" data-sort-value="2017-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">210-251</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ldc/7/2/article-p210_4.xml">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-20" data-sort-value="2020-06-20">20 juin 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Austronesian+influence+and+Transeurasian+ancestry+in+Japanese&amp;rft.jtitle=%C3%89ditions+Brill&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Robbeets&amp;rft.aufirst=Martine&amp;rft.date=2017-01-01&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.pages=210-251&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbeets2020-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Robbeets2020_66-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robbeets2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martine_Robbeets2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martine_Robbeets&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martine Robbeets (page inexistante)">Martine <span class="nom_auteur">Robbeets</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780198804628" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780198804628"><span class="nowrap">9780198804628</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-guide-to-the-transeurasian-languages-9780198804628">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, «&#160;The Transeurasian homeland: where, what and when?&#160;»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&amp;rft.atitle=The+Transeurasian+homeland%3A+where%2C+what+and+when%3F&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Robbeets&amp;rft.aufirst=Martine&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=9780198804628&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeolinguistics-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeolinguistics_67-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Evolutionary Human Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.4">10.1017/ehs.2020.4</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/evolutionary-human-sciences/article/tracing-population-movements-in-ancient-east-asia-through-the-linguistics-and-archaeology-of-textile-production/440213710888C5D9488901B27E047D03">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tracing+population+movements+in+ancient+East+Asia+through+the+linguistics+and+archaeology+of+textile+production&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millet2020-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Millet2020_68-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Archaeological Research in Asia</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;22,&#8206; <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177">10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352226719300534">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Millet+agriculture+dispersed+from+Northeast+China+to+the+Russian+Far+East%3A+Integrating+archaeology%2C+genetics%2C+and+linguistics&amp;rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2020.100177&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lhistoire.fr/do%C3%B9-viennent-les-turcs"><cite style="font-style:normal;">D'où viennent les Turcs</cite></a>&#160;» <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-05-15" data-sort-value="2024-05-15">15 mai 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature2018-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature2018_70-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;557,&#8206; <time>2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">369-374</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.volume=557&amp;rft.pages=369-374&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Turkish-literature"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Turkish literature</cite></a>&#160;»</span> "The Orhon inscriptions represent some of the earliest extant writing in Turkish. These inscriptions appear on two monuments built in the early <abbr class="abbr" title="Eighth" lang="en">8th</abbr> century CE in northern Mongolia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le droit de vote des femmes est ainsi instauré en Turquie bien avant la France, une exception dans le monde musulman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johanson2011-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Johanson2011_73-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Johanson2011_73-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Johanson2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lars_Johanson2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lars Johanson, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Languages and Linguistics of Europe&#160;: A Comprehensive Guide</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>, <time>2011</time><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, «&#160;Multilingual states and empires in the history of Europe: the Ottoman Empire&#160;»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Europe&amp;rft.atitle=Multilingual+states+and+empires+in+the+history+of+Europe%3A+the+Ottoman+Empire&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter&amp;rft.stitle=A+Comprehensive+Guide&amp;rft.aulast=Johanson&amp;rft.aufirst=Lars&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldTurkish-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-OldTurkish_74-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Old-Anatolian-Turkish-language"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Old Anatolian Turkish language</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">britannica.com</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ergin, Muharrem, Osmanlıca Dersleri, BOĞAZİÇİ YAYINLARI, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/975-451-053-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/975-451-053-9"><span class="nowrap">975-451-053-9</span></a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Bertold Spuler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&amp;pg=PA68"><i>Persian Historiography &amp; Geography</i></a> Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9971774887" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9971774887"><span class="nowrap">9971774887</span></a>)</small> <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RéformesTurc-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-RéformesTurc_77-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Turkish-language"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Turkish language</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">britannica.com</span></span>, The reform of the language was initiated and supported by the Turkish republican government. In spite of disputes and resistance, the movement contributed greatly to purifying the Turkish vocabulary of foreign elements. An essentially new literary language emerged, and the older one soon became obsolete..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Lewis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiGy8n8dKlUC&amp;pg=PA59#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false"><i>The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;59</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Erik Jan Zürcher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/2504/1/350_001.pdf"><i>La théorie du «langage-soleil» et sa place dans la réforme de la langue turque</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crecleco.seriot.ch/cours/a13-14/MA/A13/7MARR-ATA/Marr-Ata.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La Théorie de la langue-soleil</cite></a>&#160;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821191447/http://crecleco.seriot.ch/cours/a13-14/MA/A13/7MARR-ATA/Marr-Ata.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-08-21" data-sort-value="2021-08-21">21 août 2021</time></a>&#93;</small></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d&#39;Adobe">&#91;PDF&#93;</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">crecleco.seriot.ch, site du Centre de recherches en épistémologie comparée de la linguistique d'Europe centrale et orientale (CRECLECO)</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-08-21" data-sort-value="2021-08-21">21 août 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ece Göztepe, art. «&#160;La guerre du foulard&#160;» in&#160;: <i>Outre-Terre</i> 2005/1 (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;10), pages 187 à 194, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-outre-terre1-2005-1-page-187.htm">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Akkaş"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simge_Akkaş"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> Simge <span class="nom_auteur">Akkaş</span>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/zaman-tuneli/turkiye-de-basortusu-yasak-ve-duzenlemelerinin-gecmisi"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="tr">Türkiye'de Başörtüsü Yasak ve Düzenlemelerinin Geçmişi | Doğruluk Payı</cite></a>&#160;» <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-05-17" data-sort-value="2024-05-17">17 mai 2024</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shankland-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Shankland_83-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Shankland2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Shankland2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David <span class="nom_auteur">Shankland</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Alevis in Turkey&#160;: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition</cite>, <time>2003</time>, 240&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7007-1606-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7007-1606-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7007-1606-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFFRzTqLp6AC&amp;pg=PP1&amp;dq=Religion+in+Turkey">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Alevis+in+Turkey&amp;rft.stitle=The+Emergence+of+a+Secular+Islamic+Tradition&amp;rft.aulast=Shankland&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=240&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1606-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KONDA-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_84-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_84-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KONDA2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> KONDA, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Religion, Secularism and the Veil in Daily Life Survey</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">MİLLİYET</span></i>,&#8206; <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325005232/http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ghdl%26t_en.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Secularism+and+the+Veil+in+Daily+Life+Survey&amp;rft.jtitle=M%C4%B0LL%C4%B0YET&amp;rft.au=KONDA&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roux1984"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Paul_Roux1984"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux_(historien)" title="Jean-Paul Roux (historien)">Jean-Paul Roux</a>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Les religions dans les sociétés turco-mongoles</cite>&#160;», <i>Revue de l'histoire des religions</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;201, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&#160;201-4,&#8206; <time>1984</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">393-420</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1984.4242">10.3406/rhr.1984.4242</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1984_num_201_4_4242">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Les+religions+dans+les+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+turco-mongoles&amp;rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27histoire+des+religions&amp;rft.aulast=Roux&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.volume=201&amp;rft.pages=393-420&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frhr.1984.4242&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Julius Assfalg et Paul Krüger, <i>Petit dictionnaire de l'Orient chrétien</i>, Brepols, <a href="/wiki/Turnhout" title="Turnhout">Turnhout</a>, 1991 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2503500625" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2503500625"><span class="nowrap">2503500625</span></a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Kostas G. Tsapogas, «&#160;Exilés non loin d'Istanbul&#160;: princes et princesses, sans oublier Trotski&#160;» in&#160;: <i><a href="/wiki/Eleftherotyp%C3%ADa" title="Eleftherotypía">Eleftherotypía</a></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Courrier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Courrier International">Courrier International</a></i>, 11 mai 2005 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2005/05/12/princes-et-princesses-sans-oublier-trotski">[3]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Nur İlkin &amp; Sheilah Kaufman, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>The Turkish Cookbook: Regional Recipes and Stories</i>, Interlink Books, Northampton, Mass., 2010, 346 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-566-56793-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-566-56793-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-566-56793-0</span></a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Michael Barry, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>Figurative Art in Medieval Islam</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DedeKorkut-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DedeKorkut_90-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-DedeKorkut_90-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Turkish-literature"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Turkish literature</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">britannica.com</span></span> "The oldest genre of Turkish literature is the heroic epic, of which the prime example is the Kitab-i Dede Korkut (“The Book of My Grandfather Korkut”; Eng. trans. The Book of Dede Korkut), which has survived in two <abbr class="abbr" title="Sixteenth" lang="en">16th</abbr>-century manuscripts. The actual date of the work is unknown. At least one of the tales was already circulating in written form in the early <abbr class="abbr" title="Fourteenth" lang="en">14th</abbr> century, and Central Asian sources suggest that the shaman-bard Korkut and his tales date from the <abbr class="abbr" title="Ninth" lang="en">9th</abbr> and <abbr class="abbr" title="Tenth" lang="en">10th</abbr> centuries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Turkish-literature"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Turkish literature</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">britannica.com</span></span> "The original poem (if not the <abbr class="abbr" title="Sixteenth" lang="en">16th</abbr>-century manuscripts) was evidently created by an oral bard, or ozan, the heir to a partly shamanic tradition, although the circumstances of the epic’s transformation to written literature are unknown, and the work as such had no influence on the subsequent development of Turkish literature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Orhan Pamuk wins Nobel prize</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Guardian</span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-10-12" data-sort-value="2006-10-12">12 octobre 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/oct/12/nobelprize.awardsandprizes">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Orhan+Pamuk+wins+Nobel+prize&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.date=2006-10-12&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DunfordRichardson2013-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DunfordRichardson2013_93-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-DunfordRichardson2013_93-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="DunfordRichardson2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_DunfordTerry_Richardson2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Martin Dunford et Terry Richardson, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Rough Guide to Turkey</cite>, Rough Guides, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-06-03" data-sort-value="2013-06-03">3 juin 2013</time>, 647– <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4093-4005-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4093-4005-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4093-4005-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPAPeby7JTgC&amp;pg=PA647">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Turkey&amp;rft.pub=Rough+Guides&amp;rft.aulast=Dunford&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.au=Terry+Richardson&amp;rft.date=2013-06-03&amp;rft.tpages=647%E2%80%93&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4093-4005-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canavarlar.com/amavarlar/sorudetay.asp?name=2436&amp;title=T%C3%BCrk%C2%A0Pop%C2%A0M%C3%BCzik%C2%A0Tarihi&amp;k=moda#.X2VAJPkzY1I"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Türk Pop Müzik Tarihi ("Histoire de la musique pop turque")</cite></a>&#160;»</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-6">g</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Hodoğlugil&amp;Mahley2012_95-7">h</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HodoğlugilMahley2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Uğur_HodoğlugilRobert_W._Mahley2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Uğur <span class="nom_auteur">Hodoğlugil</span> et Robert W. <span class="nom_auteur">Mahley</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Turkish Population Structure and Genetic Ancestry Reveal Relatedness among Eurasian Populations</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annals of Human Genetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;76 (2),&#8206; <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">128-141</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00701.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00701.x</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4904778/">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Turkish+Population+Structure+and+Genetic+Ancestry+Reveal+Relatedness+among+Eurasian+Populations&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&amp;rft.aulast=Hodo%C4%9Flugil&amp;rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur&amp;rft.au=Mahley%2C+Robert+W.&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=76+%282%29&amp;rft.pages=128-141&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2011.00701.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alkan_et_al._(2014)-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alkan_et_al._(2014)_96-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Alkan_et_al._(2014)_96-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AlkanKavakSomelGokcumen2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Can_AlkanPinar_KavakMehmet_SomelOmer_Gokcumen2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Can <span class="nom_auteur">Alkan</span>, Pinar <span class="nom_auteur">Kavak</span>, Mehmet <span class="nom_auteur">Somel</span>, Omer <span class="nom_auteur">Gokcumen</span>, Serkan <span class="nom_auteur">Ugurlu</span>, Ceren <span class="nom_auteur">Saygi</span>, Elif <span class="nom_auteur">Dal</span>, Kuyas <span class="nom_auteur">Bugra</span>, Tunga <span class="nom_auteur">Güngör</span>, S. Cenk <span class="nom_auteur">Sahinalp</span>, Nesrin <span class="nom_auteur">Özören</span> et Cemalettin <span class="nom_auteur">Bekpen</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Turkish Population Structure and Genetic Ancestry Reveal Relatedness among Eurasian Populations</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">BMC Genomics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;15,&#8206; <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;963 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-963">10.1186/1471-2164-15-963</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4236450/">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Turkish+Population+Structure+and+Genetic+Ancestry+Reveal+Relatedness+among+Eurasian+Populations&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.aulast=Alkan&amp;rft.aufirst=Can&amp;rft.au=Kavak%2C+Pinar&amp;rft.au=Somel%2C+Mehmet&amp;rft.au=Gokcumen%2C+Omer&amp;rft.au=Ugurlu%2C+Serkan&amp;rft.au=Saygi%2C+Ceren&amp;rft.au=Dal%2C+Elif&amp;rft.au=Bugra%2C+Kuyas&amp;rft.au=G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r%2C+Tunga&amp;rft.au=Sahinalp%2C+S.+Cenk&amp;rft.au=%C3%96z%C3%B6ren%2C+Nesrin&amp;rft.au=Bekpen%2C+Cemalettin&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=963&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2164-15-963&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Di_BenedettoErgüvenStenicoCastrofi2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Giulietta_Di_BenedettoAyşe_ErgüvenMichele_StenicoLoredana_Castrofi2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Giulietta Di Benedetto, Ayşe Ergüven, Michele Stenico, Loredana Castrofi, Giorgio Bertorelle, Inci Togan et Guido Barbuiani, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">DNA diversity and population admixture in Anatolia</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;115,&#8206; <time>2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">144-156</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1064">10.1002/ajpa.1064</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1064">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+diversity+and+population+admixture+in+Anatolia&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&amp;rft.au=Giulietta+Di+Benedetto&amp;rft.au=Ay%C5%9Fe+Erg%C3%BCven&amp;rft.au=Michele+Stenico&amp;rft.au=Loredana+Castrofi&amp;rft.au=Giorgio+Bertorelle&amp;rft.au=Inci+Togan&amp;rft.au=Guido+Barbuiani&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.pages=144-156&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1064&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cinnioglu2004-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cinnioglu2004_98-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Cinnioglu2004_98-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CinnioğluKingKivisildKalfoğlu2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cengiz_CinnioğluRoy_KingToomas_KivisildErsi_Kalfoğlu2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cengiz <span class="nom_auteur">Cinnioğlu</span>, Roy <span class="nom_auteur">King</span>, Toomas <span class="nom_auteur">Kivisild</span>, Ersi <span class="nom_auteur">Kalfoğlu</span>, Sevil <span class="nom_auteur">Atasöy</span>, Gianpiero L. <span class="nom_auteur">Cavalleri</span>, Anita S. <span class="nom_auteur">Lillie</span>, Charles C. <span class="nom_auteur">Roseman</span>, Alice A. <span class="nom_auteur">Lin</span>, Kristina <span class="nom_auteur">Prince</span>, Peter J. <span class="nom_auteur">Oefner</span>, Peidong <span class="nom_auteur">Shen</span>, Ornella <span class="nom_auteur">Semino</span>, L. Luca <span class="nom_auteur">Cavalli-Sforza</span> et Peter A. <span class="nom_auteur">Underhill</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Human Genetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;114, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">127–48</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586639">14586639</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4">10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Excavating+Y-chromosome+haplotype+strata+in+Anatolia&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Cinnio%C4%9Flu&amp;rft.aufirst=Cengiz&amp;rft.au=King%2C+Roy&amp;rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&amp;rft.au=Kalfo%C4%9Flu%2C+Ersi&amp;rft.au=Atas%C3%B6y%2C+Sevil&amp;rft.au=Cavalleri%2C+Gianpiero+L.&amp;rft.au=Lillie%2C+Anita+S.&amp;rft.au=Roseman%2C+Charles+C.&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C+Alice+A.&amp;rft.au=Prince%2C+Kristina&amp;rft.au=Oefner%2C+Peter+J.&amp;rft.au=Shen%2C+Peidong&amp;rft.au=Semino%2C+Ornella&amp;rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+L.+Luca&amp;rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=114&amp;rft.pages=127%E2%80%9348&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-003-1031-4&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14586639&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Abrahams1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fred_Abrahams1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Fred Abrahams, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Threat to "Stability"&#160;: Human Rights Violations in Macedonia</cite>, Human Rights Watch, <time>1996</time>, 114&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-56432-170-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-56432-170-1"><span class="nowrap">978-1-56432-170-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_mfZfytdiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Threat+to+%22Stability%22&amp;rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&amp;rft.stitle=Human+Rights+Violations+in+Macedonia&amp;rft.aulast=Abrahams&amp;rft.aufirst=Fred&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.tpages=114&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56432-170-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Sosyal2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Levent_Sosyal2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Levent Sosyal, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">«&#160;Turks&#160;»</cite>, dans Jeffrey Cole, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</cite>, ABC-CLIO, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1598843028" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1598843028"><span class="nowrap">1598843028</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.atitle=Turks&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.aulast=Sosyal&amp;rft.aufirst=Levent&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=1598843028&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BokovaBoscoboinik2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Irena_BokovaAndrea_Boscoboinik2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Irena Bokova et Andrea Boscoboinik, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">«&#160;Reconstructions of Identities: Regional vs. National or Dynamics of Cultrual Relations&#160;»</cite>, dans François Ruegg, <cite class="italique" lang="en">From Palermo to Penang: A Journey Into Political Anthropology</cite>, LIT Verlag Münster, <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/3643800622" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/3643800622"><span class="nowrap">3643800622</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=From+Palermo+to+Penang%3A+A+Journey+Into+Political+Anthropology&amp;rft.atitle=Reconstructions+of+Identities%3A+Regional+vs.+National+or+Dynamics+of+Cultrual+Relations&amp;rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&amp;rft.aulast=Bokova&amp;rft.aufirst=Irena&amp;rft.au=Andrea+Boscoboinik&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=3643800622&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Roux2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Paul_Roux2000"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux_(historien)" title="Jean-Paul Roux (historien)">Jean-Paul Roux</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des Turcs&#160;: Deux mille ans du Pacifique à la méditerranée</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>2000</time>, 494&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-213-64065-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-213-64065-3"><span class="nowrap">2-213-64065-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLpvAi8lfRsC&amp;printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Turcs&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.stitle=Deux+mille+ans+du+Pacifique+%C3%A0+la+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&amp;rft.aulast=Roux&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.tpages=494&amp;rft.isbn=2-213-64065-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Farkas2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Evelyn_Farkas2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Farkas" title="Evelyn Farkas">Evelyn Farkas</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Fractured States and U.S. Foreign Policy&#160;: Iraq, Ethiopia, and Bosnia in the 1990s</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, <time>2003</time>, 177&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4039-6373-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4039-6373-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4039-6373-4</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fractured+States+and+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.stitle=Iraq%2C+Ethiopia%2C+and+Bosnia+in+the+1990s&amp;rft.aulast=Farkas&amp;rft.aufirst=Evelyn&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=177&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6373-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Knowlton2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="MaryLee_Knowlton2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> MaryLee Knowlton, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Macedonia</cite>, Marshall Cavendish, <time>2005</time>, 144&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7614-1854-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7614-1854-2"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7614-1854-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761418542">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Macedonia&amp;rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&amp;rft.aulast=Knowlton&amp;rft.aufirst=MaryLee&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=144&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1854-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Park2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bill_Park2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bill Park, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Turkey's policy towards northern Iraq&#160;: problems and perspectives</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor &amp; Francis">Taylor &amp; Francis</a>, <time>2005</time>, 77&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-415-38297-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-415-38297-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-415-38297-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRXKqF34FBoC&amp;printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+policy+towards+northern+Iraq&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.stitle=problems+and+perspectives&amp;rft.aulast=Park&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=77&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-38297-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Akar1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Metin_Akar1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> Metin Akar, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="tr">Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-tr" lang="tr">Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;7,&#8206; <time>1993</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fas+Arap%C3%A7as%C4%B1nda+Osmanl%C4%B1+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7esinden+Al%C4%B1nm%C4%B1%C5%9F+Kelimeler&amp;rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkl%C3%BCk+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&amp;rft.aulast=Akar&amp;rft.aufirst=Metin&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.tpages=91%E2%80%93110&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Karpat2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kemal_H._Karpat2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kemal H. Karpat, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Studies on Turkish Politics and Society&#160;: Selected Articles and Essays</cite>, BRILL, <time>2004</time>, 747&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-13322-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-13322-8"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-13322-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Studies+on+Turkish+Politics+and+Society&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.stitle=Selected+Articles+and+Essays&amp;rft.aulast=Karpat&amp;rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.tpages=747&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-13322-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Phillips2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_L._Phillips2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David L. Phillips, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Losing Iraq&#160;: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-465-05681-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-465-05681-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-465-05681-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Losing+Iraq+%3A+Inside+the+Postwar+Reconstruction+Fiasco&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.aufirst=David+L.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-465-05681-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Aydıngün"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ayşegül Aydıngün, Çiğdem Balım Harding, Matthew Hoover et Igor Kuznetsov, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Meskhetian Turks&#160;: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences</cite>, Center for Applied Linguistics, <time>2006</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meskhetian+Turks+%3A+An+Introduction+to+their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Resettelment+Experiences&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+Applied+Linguistics&amp;rft.au=Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl+Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%BCn&amp;rft.au=%C3%87i%C4%9Fdem+Bal%C4%B1m+Harding&amp;rft.au=Matthew+Hoover&amp;rft.au=Igor+Kuznetsov&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Ryazantsev2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sergey_V._Ryazantsev2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sergey V. Ryazantsev, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Turkish Communities in the Russian Federation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">International Journal on Multicultural Societies</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;11, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">155–173</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001886/188648e.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Turkish+Communities+in+the+Russian+Federation&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Multicultural+Societies&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Ryazantsev&amp;rft.aufirst=Sergey+V.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=155%E2%80%93173&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Affairs_Committee2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Home_Affairs_Committee2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Home Affairs Committee, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union</cite>, The Stationery Office, <time>2011</time>, 114&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, pdf <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-215-56114-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-215-56114-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-215-56114-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/aug/eu-hasc-turkey-jha-report.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Implications+for+the+Justice+and+Home+Affairs+area+of+the+accession+of+Turkey+to+the+European+Union&amp;rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&amp;rft.au=Home+Affairs+Committee&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.tpages=114&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-215-56114-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="of_Macedonia_State_Statistical_Office2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Republic_of_Macedonia_State_Statistical_Office2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002</cite>, Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office, <time>2005</time>, pdf <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+the+Republic+of+Macedonia%2C+2002&amp;rft.pub=Republic+of+Macedonia+%E2%80%93+State+Statistical+Office&amp;rft.au=Republic+of+Macedonia+State+Statistical+Office&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Baudouin_Foundation2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="King_Baudouin_Foundation2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> King Baudouin Foundation, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">«&#160;Diaspora philanthropy – a growing trend&#160;»</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">Turkish communities and the EU</cite>, King Baudouin Foundation, <time>2008</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Turkish+communities+and+the+EU&amp;rft.atitle=Diaspora+philanthropy+%E2%80%93+a+growing+trend&amp;rft.pub=King+Baudouin+Foundation&amp;rft.au=King+Baudouin+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATurcs+%28peuple%29"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(mythologie)" title="Ergenekon (mythologie)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquisation" title="Turquisation">Turquisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84072?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur 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href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/turcs/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l&#39;information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84072?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138915">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576636">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007556021405171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph118152">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Peuples_d%27Europe" title="Modèle:Palette Peuples d&#39;Europe"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Peuples_d%27Europe&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Peuples d’Europe, selon «&#160;National Minorities In Europe&#160;»</div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:70px;">&gt; 50 millions</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russes" title="Russes">Russes</a> (Europe et Asie, 122 millions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allemands" title="Allemands">Allemands</a> (de <a href="/wiki/Allemand" title="Allemand">langue allemande</a>, <span style="white-space:normal;">notamment les <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autrichiens" title="Autrichiens">Autrichiens</a>, mais aussi les <a href="/wiki/Alsaciens" title="Alsaciens">Alsaciens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrains" title="Lorrains">Lorrains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_autonome_de_Bolzano" title="Province autonome de Bolzano">Tyroliens du Sud</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_germanophone_de_Belgique" title="Communauté germanophone de Belgique">Communauté germanophone de Belgique</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Jutland_du_Sud" title="Jutland du Sud">Schleswig du Nord</a>,&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>&#160;; 89,3&#160;millions)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turcs</a> (Asie et Europe, 56,5 millions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiens" title="Italiens">Italiens</a> (56,4 millions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_(peuple)" title="Français (peuple)">Français</a> (<span style="white-space:normal;">de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">langue française</a>, les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_de_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Belgique" title="Région de langue française de Belgique">francophones de Belgique</a>&#160;; 55,0&#160;millions</span>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:70px;">&gt; 20 millions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglais_(peuple)" title="Anglais (peuple)">Anglais</a> (46,0 millions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainiens" title="Ukrainiens">Ukrainiens</a> (43,2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonais_(peuple)" title="Polonais (peuple)">Polonais</a> (38,4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espagnols" title="Espagnols">Espagnols</a> (<span style="white-space:normal;">en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Mirandais" title="Mirandais">Mirandais</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barranquenho&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barranquenho (page inexistante)">Barranquenhos</a>, 31,1</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roumains" title="Roumains">Roumains</a> (<span style="white-space:normal;">en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Moldaves" title="Moldaves">Moldaves</a>, 23,5</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais_(peuple)" title="Néerlandais (peuple)">Néerlandais</a> (<span style="white-space:normal;">en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Flamands" title="Flamands">Flamands</a>, 20,7</span>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:70px;">&gt; 5 millions</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magyars" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> (11,7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugais_(peuple)" title="Portugais (peuple)">Portugais</a> (en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Galice" title="Galice">Galiciens</a>, 11,6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grecs" title="Grecs">Grecs</a> (11,6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A9lorusses" title="Biélorusses">Biélorusses</a> (10,2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roms" title="Roms">Roms</a> (10,0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A8ques" title="Tchèques">Tchèques</a> (y compris les <a href="/wiki/Moraves" title="Moraves">Moraves</a>, 9,80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9dois_(peuple)" title="Suédois (peuple)">Suédois</a> (8,00)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbes" title="Serbes">Serbes</a> (7,70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisses" title="Suisses">Suisses</a> (7,00)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgares" title="Bulgares">Bulgares</a> (en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>, 6,70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a> (en incluant les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valenciens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Valenciens (page inexistante)">Valenciens</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencians" class="extiw" title="en:Valencians"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Valencians&#160;»">(en)</span></a>, 6,40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandais_(peuple)" title="Irlandais (peuple)">Irlandais</a> (6,10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitans" title="Occitans">Occitans</a> (en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Aranais" title="Aranais">Aranais</a>, 5,95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (en incluant les <a href="/wiki/Tatars_de_Crim%C3%A9e" title="Tatars de Crimée">Tatars de Crimée</a>, 5,70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cossais_(peuple)" title="Écossais (peuple)">Écossais</a> (5,50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnois_(peuple)" title="Finnois (peuple)">Finnois</a> (5,34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanais_(peuple)" title="Albanais (peuple)">Albanais</a> (5,30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danois_(nation)" title="Danois (nation)">Danois</a> (5,10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaques" title="Slovaques">Slovaques</a> (5,00)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siciliens" title="Siciliens">Siciliens</a> (5,05)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:70px;">&lt; 5 millions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croates" title="Croates">Croates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norv%C3%A9giens" title="Norvégiens">Norvégiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lituaniens" title="Lituaniens">Lituaniens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A8nes" title="Slovènes">Slovènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchouvaches" title="Tchouvaches">Tchouvaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doniens_(peuple)" title="Macédoniens (peuple)">Macédoniens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaques" title="Bosniaques">Bosniaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettons" title="Lettons">Lettons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachkirs" title="Bachkirs">Bachkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juifs" title="Juifs">Juifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardes_(peuple)" title="Sardes (peuple)">Sardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordves" title="Mordves">Mordves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoniens" title="Estoniens">Estoniens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8nes" title="Tchétchènes">Tchétchènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudmourtes" title="Oudmourtes">Oudmourtes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A9liens" title="Caréliens">Caréliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maris_(peuple)" title="Maris (peuple)">Maris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_rh%C3%A9to-romanes" title="Langues rhéto-romanes">Rhéto-Romans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frioulans" title="Frioulans">Frioulans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladins" title="Ladins">Ladins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanches" title="Romanches">Romanches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grins" title="Monténégrins">Monténégrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucase)" title="Avars (Caucase)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallois_(peuple)" title="Gallois (peuple)">Gallois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachoubes" title="Cachoubes">Cachoubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sil%C3%A9siens" title="Silésiens">Silésiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisons" title="Frisons">Frisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oss%C3%A8tes" title="Ossètes">Ossètes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardes" title="Kabardes">Kabardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltais_(peuple)" title="Maltais (peuple)">Maltais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darguines" title="Darguines">Darguines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroumains" title="Aroumains">Aroumains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komis" title="Komis">Komi Zyriènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgeois_(peuple)" title="Luxembourgeois (peuple)">Luxembourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koumyks" title="Koumyks">Koumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezghiens" title="Lezghiens">Lezghiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandais_(peuple)" title="Islandais (peuple)">Islandais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingouches" title="Ingouches">Ingouches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaouzes" title="Gagaouzes">Gagaouzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassie" title="Circassie">Circassiens</a> (Adyguéens)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmouks" title="Kalmouks">Kalmouks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatcha%C3%AFs" title="Karatchaïs">Karatchaïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komis" title="Komis">Komi Permiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks" title="Laks">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabassarans" title="Tabassarans">Tabassarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samis" title="Samis">Samis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noga%C3%AFs" title="Nogaïs">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabes" title="Sorabes">Sorabes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorans" title="Gorans">Gorans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuits" title="Inuits">Inuits</a> du <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9ro%C3%AFens" title="Féroïens">Féroïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routouls" title="Routouls">Routouls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tats" title="Tats">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepses" title="Vepses">Vepses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhours" title="Tsakhours">Tsakhours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C3%AFmes_(peuple)" title="Karaïmes (peuple)">Karaïmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingriens" title="Ingriens">Ijoriens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingriens" title="Ingriens">Ingriens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniques" title="Corniques">Corniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannois_(peuple)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannois (peuple) (page inexistante)">Mannois</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_people" class="extiw" title="en:Manx people"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Manx people&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lives_(peuple)" title="Lives (peuple)">Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corses" title="Corses">Corses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tains" title="Valdôtains">Valdôtains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Roumains" title="Istro-Roumains">Istro-Roumains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayaches" title="Bayaches">Bayaches</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil, Michael Geistlinger, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">National Minorities In Europe</span></i>, Purdue University Press, 2004 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3700314431" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3700314431"><span class="nowrap">978-3700314431</span></a>)</small>&#160;: «&#160;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Peoples of Europe by Demographic Size</span></i>&#160;», table 1, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;11f.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Anthropologie" title="Portail de l’anthropologie"><img alt="icône décorative" 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