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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of <span class="fn org label">the Philippines</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Historically documented states/polities</b> <p><i>(north to south)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Events</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> <p><b>Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Contemporary period</a> (1986–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">2000 campaign against the MILF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2nd People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">EDSA III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Ancient religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a> first proposed his wave migration theory, numerous scholars have approached the question of how, when and why humans first came to the Philippines. The current <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> favors the "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Taiwan">Out of Taiwan</a>" model, which broadly match linguistic, genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_theories">Modern theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/300px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/450px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Chronological map of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern theories of the peopling of the Philippines islands are interpreted against the wider backdrop of the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. They comprise two major schools of thought, the "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Sundaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Sundaland">Out of Sundaland</a>" models and the "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Taiwan">Out of Taiwan</a>" model. Of the two, however, the most widely accepted hypothesis is the Out-of-Taiwan model, which largely corresponds to linguistic, genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been strengthened by genetic and archaeological studies that broadly agree with the timeline of the Austronesian expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spriggs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spriggs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANU_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANU-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Out_of_Sundaland">Out of Sundaland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Out of Sundaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Sundaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Sundaland">Out of Sundaland</a>" hypotheses, posited by a minority of modern authors and differing slightly in the details, is similar to <a href="/wiki/F._Landa_Jocano" title="F. Landa Jocano">F. Landa Jocano</a>'s <a href="/wiki/F._Landa_Jocano#Core_Population_Theory" title="F. Landa Jocano">"Core Population" hypothesis</a>. However, instead of the Philippines, they assume the origin of the Austronesian peoples as being the now sunken <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> landmass (modern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>). These models have been criticized as relying only on <a href="/wiki/Human_mtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mtDNA">mtDNA</a> genetic data without accounting for <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">admixture</a> events, thus having results that mistakenly combine the much older <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> populations with the newer <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simanjuntak2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blench2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network">Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable model among the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis is <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solheim_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Solheim II">Wilhelm Solheim II</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network</a>" (NMTCN). It posited an alternative model based on maritime movement of people over different directions and routes. It suggests that people with distant origins from 50,000 years ago in the area of present-day coastal eastern Vietnam and Southern China had moved to the area of the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismarck Islands">Bismarck Islands</a> south and east of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and developed into the Austronesian cultures. They supposedly later spread among seafarers from the area to the rest of Island Southeast Asia and areas along the South China Sea. In support of this idea Solheim notes there is little or no indication that Pre- or Proto Malayo-Polynesian was present in Taiwan. According to Solheim, "The one thing I feel confident in saying is that all native Southeast Asians are closely related culturally, genetically and to a lesser degree linguistically."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rochmyaningsih_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochmyaningsih-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipson2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipson2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solheim's concept of the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network, while not strictly a theory regarding the biological ancestors of modern Southeast Asians, does suggest that the patterns of cultural diffusion throughout the Asia-Pacific region are not what would be expected if such cultures were to be explained by simple migration. Where Bellwood based his analysis primarily on linguistic analysis, Solheim's approach was based on artifact findings. On the basis of a careful analysis of artifacts, he suggests the existence of a trade and communication network that first spread in the Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age (c.8,000 to 500 BC). According to Solheim's NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solheim came up with four geographical divisions delineating the spread of the NMTCN over time, calling these geographical divisions "lobes." Specifically, these were the central, northern, eastern and western lobes. </p><p>The central lobe was further divided into two smaller lobes reflecting phases of cultural spread: the Early Central Lobe and the Late Central Lobe. Instead of Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan, Solheim placed the origins of the early NMTCN peoples in the "Early Central Lobe," which was in eastern coastal Vietnam, at around 9000 BC. </p><p>He then suggests the spread of peoples around 5000 BC towards the "Late central lobe", including the Philippines, via island Southeast Asia, rather than from the north as the Taiwan theory suggests. Thus, from the Point of view of the Philippine peoples, the NMTCN is also referred to as the Island Origin Theory. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/394px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG" decoding="async" width="394" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/591px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/788px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anito#Taotao_figures" title="Anito">hogang</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">guardian spirits</a> carved from <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree fern</a> trunks, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This "late central lobe" included southern China and Taiwan, which became "the area where Austronesian became the original language family and Malayo-Polynesian developed." In about 4000 to 3000 BC, these peoples continued spreading east through Northern Luzon to Micronesia to form the Early Eastern Lobe, carrying the Malayo-Polynesian languages with them. These languages would become part of the culture spread by the NMTCN in its expansions Malaysia and western towards Malaysia before 2000 BC, continuing along <a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">coastal India</a> and Sri Lanka up to the western coast of Africa and Madagascar; and over time, further eastward towards its easternmost borders at Easter Island. Thus, as in the case of Bellwood's theory, the Austronesian languages spread eastward and westward from the area around the Philippines. Aside from the matter of the origination of peoples, the difference between the two theories is that Bellwood's theory suggests a linear expansion, while Solheim's suggests something more akin to concentric circles, all overlapping in the geographical area of the late central lobe which includes the Philippines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Out_of_Taiwan">Out of Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Out of Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely accepted hypothesis today is the "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Taiwan">Out of Taiwan</a>" model, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Peter Bellwood</a>. Although originally largely based on <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">linguistic evidence</a>, it has corresponded to archaeological, cultural, and genetic findings later on;<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a> data, rather than the mtDNA sequencing relied upon by "Out of Sundaland" proponents.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipson2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this hypothesis, the first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, settling the <a href="/wiki/Batanes_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Batanes Islands">Batanes Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">northern Luzon</a>. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, as well as voyaging further east to reach the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> by around 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mijares2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mijares2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They assimilated the earlier <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> groups which arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, resulting in the modern <a href="/wiki/Filipino_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino ethnic groups">Filipino ethnic groups</a> which all display various ratios of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">genetic admixture</a> between Austronesian and Negrito groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipson2014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_waves">Multiple waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multiple waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2021 genetic study, which examined representatives of 115 indigenous communities, found evidence of at least five independent waves of early human migration. Negrito groups, divided between those in Luzon and those in Mindanao, may come from a single wave and diverged subsequently, or through two separate waves. This likely occurred sometime after 46,000 years ago. Another Negrito migration entered Mindanao sometime after 25,000 years ago. Two early East Asian waves (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> and possible <a href="/wiki/Austric" class="mw-redirect" title="Austric">Austric</a>) were detected, one most strongly evidenced among the <a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a> people who live in inland Mindanao, and the other in the <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a> and related people of the Sulu archipelago, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in the Sama people indicates a relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Lua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri people</a> of mainland Southeast Asia, and reflects a similar genetic signal found in western Indonesia. These happened sometime after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively, around the time the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> was coming to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-Larena_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larena-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austronesians, either from Southern China or Taiwan, were found to have come in at least two distinct waves. The first, occurring perhaps between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, brought the ancestors of indigenous groups that today live around the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Luzon)" title="Cordillera Central (Luzon)">Cordillera Central</a> mountain range. Later migrations brought other Austronesian groups, along with agriculture, and the languages of these recent Austronesian migrants effectively replaced those existing populations. Papuan ancestry was also detected among the ethnic Blaan and Sangir people of Mindanao, suggesting that there was westward expansion of peoples from Papua New Guinea into the Philippines. In all cases, new immigrants appear to have mixed to some degree with existing populations. The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Larena_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larena-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these initial migratory waves that occurred in the precolonial era, there were also modest scales of immigration from Europe and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mawson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among Filipinos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Older_theories">Older theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Older theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyer's_Wave_Migration_Theory"><span id="Beyer.27s_Wave_Migration_Theory"></span>Beyer's Wave Migration Theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beyer's Wave Migration Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely known theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is that of <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a>, founder of the Anthropology Department of the University of the Philippines. Heading that department for 40 years, Professor Beyer became the unquestioned expert on Philippine prehistory, exerting early leadership in the field and influencing the first generation of Filipino historians and anthropologists, archaeologists, paleontologists, geologists, and students the world over.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos came in different "waves of migration", as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ol><li>"Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was similar to <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>, and other Asian <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> of 250,000 years ago.</li> <li>The aboriginal pygmy group, the <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a>, who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago via <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a>.</li> <li>The seafaring tool-using <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> group who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea.</li> <li>The seafaring, more civilized Malays who brought the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> culture and were the real colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.</li></ol></dd></dl> <p>There is no definite evidence, archaeological or historical, to support this migration theory, and the passage of time has made that more unlikely. Key issues with this theory include Beyer's reliance on 19th-century theories of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive evolution">progressive evolution</a> and migratory diffusion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that have been shown in other contexts to be overly simplistic and unreliable and his reliance on incomplete archaeological findings and conjecture.<sup id="cite_ref-sexyzaide_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexyzaide-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His claims that the Malays were the original settlers of the lowland regions and the dominant cultural transmitter now seem untenable, no subsequent evidence has emerged to support his "Dawn Man",<sup id="cite_ref-sexyzaide_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexyzaide-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improved <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetric</a> soundings have established that there was almost certainly not a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although most of the islands were connected and could be accessed across the <a href="/wiki/Mindoro_Strait" title="Mindoro Strait">Mindoro Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibutu_Passage" title="Sibutu Passage">Sibutu Passage</a>. Writing in 1994, Philippine historian <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">William Scott</a> concluded that "it is probably safe to say that no anthropologist accepts the Beyer Wave Migration Theory today."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A German scientist who has studied the Philippines, Fritjof Voss, has even argued that the present soundings are probably a generous overestimate of the earlier situation, as the Philippines have steadily risen over known geologic history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objections_to_the_land_bridges_theory">Objections to the land bridges theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Objections to the land bridges theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1976, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritjof_Voss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritjof Voss (page does not exist)">Fritjof Voss</a>, a German scientist who studied the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Philippines">geology of the Philippines</a>, questioned the validity of the theory of land bridges. He maintained that the Philippines was never part of mainland <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. He claimed that it arose from the bottom of the sea and, as the thin Pacific crust moved below it, continued to rise. It continues to rise today. The country lies along great Earth faults that extend to deep <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">submarine trenches</a>. The resulting violent <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> caused what is now the land masses forming the Philippines to rise to the surface of the sea. Dr. Voss also pointed out that when scientific studies were done on the Earth's crust from 1964 to 1967, it was discovered that the 35-kilometer- thick crust underneath China does not reach the Philippines. Thus, the latter could not have been a land bridge to the Asian mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter of who the first settlers were has not been really resolved. This is being disputed by anthropologists, as well as Professor H. Otley Beyer, who claims that the first inhabitants of the Philippines came from the Malay Peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Malays</a> now constitute the largest portion of the populace and what Filipinos now have is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> culture. </p><p>Philippine historian <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">William Henry Scott</a> has pointed out that Palawan and the Calamianes Islands are separated from Borneo by water nowhere deeper than 100 meters, that south of a line drawn between Saigon and Brunei does the depth of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> nowhere exceeds 100 meters, and that the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> reaches 50 meters only at one point.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott also asserts that the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a> is not the peak of a submerged mountain range connecting Mindanao and Borneo, but the exposed edge of three small ridges produced by <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic tilting</a> of the sea bottom in recent geologic times. According to Scott, it is clear that Palawan and the Calamianes do not stand on a submerged land bridge, but were once a hornlike protuberance on the shoulder of a continent whose southern shoreline used to be the present islands of Java and Borneo. Mindoro and the Calamianes are separated by a channel more than 500 meters deep. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_Population_Theory">Core Population Theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Core Population Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png/450px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png/675px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png/900px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul Shelf</a> and the Sunda Shelf today. The area in between is called "<a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration theory is the Core Population Theory first proposed by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Landa_Jocano" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Landa Jocano">Felipe Landa Jocano</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antonio_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonio-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory holds that there weren't clear discrete waves of migration. Instead it suggests early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group with similar culture, but through a gradual process over time driven by environmental factors, differentiated themselves from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Halili_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halili-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lonelyplanet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonelyplanet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jocano contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men show is that they not only migrated to the Philippines, but also to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. He says that there is no way of determining if they were <a href="/wiki/Negritos" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritos">Negritos</a> at all. However, what is sure is that there is evidence the Philippines was inhabited tens of thousands of years ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be those of <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">a human being</a>, were found in <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabon Cave">Tabon Cave</a> in Palawan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sagmit_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagmit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nearby <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> from cooking fires have been dated to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 22,000</span> <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">years ago</a>. While Palawan was connected directly to <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a> (and separated from the rest of the Philippines by the <a href="/wiki/Mindoro_Strait" title="Mindoro Strait">Mindoro Strait</a>), <a href="/wiki/Callao_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Callao Man">Callao Man</a>'s still-older remains <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 67,000</span> <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">B.P.</a>)</span> were discovered in northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. Some have argued that this may show settlement of the Philippines earlier than that of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sagmit_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagmit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jocano further believes that the present Filipinos are products of the long process of cultural evolution and movement of people. This not only holds true for Filipinos, but for the Indonesians and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group among the three is culturally or genetically dominant. Hence, Jocano says that it is not correct to attribute the Filipino culture as being Malayan in orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-antonio_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonio-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jocano's findings, the people of the prehistoric islands of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> were of the same population as the combination of human evolution that occurred in the islands of Southeast Asia about 1.9 million years ago. The claimed evidence for this is fossil material found in different parts of the region and the movements of other people from the Asian mainland during historic times. He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under any of the historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and Filipinos) of today.<sup id="cite_ref-antonio_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonio-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other prominent anthropologists like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_Fox" title="Robert Bradford Fox">Robert Bradford Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_E._Evangelista" title="Alfredo E. Evangelista">Alfredo E. Evangelista</a>, Jesus Peralta, <a href="/wiki/Zeus_A._Salazar" title="Zeus A. Salazar">Zeus A. Salazar</a>, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agreed with Jocano.<sup id="cite_ref-tan_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mendoza_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendoza-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some still preferred Beyer's theory as the more acceptable model, including anthropologist <a href="/wiki/E._Arsenio_Manuel" title="E. Arsenio Manuel">E. Arsenio Manuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tan_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chambers2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChambers2013" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians". <i>eLS</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0020808.pub2">10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470016176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470016176"><bdi>978-0470016176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+the+Origins+of+the+Polynesians&rft.btitle=eLS&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0020808.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0470016176&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlessen2006" class="citation conference cs1">Flessen, Catherine T. (November 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itslearning.com/data/ntnu/44801/bellwood-solheim.pdf"><i>Bellwood and Solheim: Models of Neolithic movements of people in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Paper)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Bellwood+and+Solheim%3A+Models+of+Neolithic+movements+of+people+in+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Pacific+%28Paper%29&rft.place=Trondheim%2C+S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag%2C+Norway&rft.pub=Norwegian+University+of+Science+and+Technology+%28NTNU%29&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft.aulast=Flessen&rft.aufirst=Catherine+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itslearning.com%2Fdata%2Fntnu%2F44801%2Fbellwood-solheim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> citing <a href="#CITEREFBellwood1997">Bellwood 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonCliffordMartinsonBatzer1998" class="citation journal cs1">Melton, Terry; Clifford, Stephanie; Martinson, Jeremy; Batzer, Mark; Stoneking, Mark (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377653">"Genetic Evidence for the Proto-Austronesian Homeland in Asia: mtDNA and Nuclear DNA Variation in Taiwanese Aboriginal Tribes"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>63</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1807–</span>1823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F302131">10.1086/302131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377653">1377653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9837834">9837834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+Evidence+for+the+Proto-Austronesian+Homeland+in+Asia%3A+mtDNA+and+Nuclear+DNA+Variation+in+Taiwanese+Aboriginal+Tribes&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1807-%3C%2Fspan%3E1823&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1377653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9837834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F302131&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Martinson%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Batzer%2C+Mark&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1377653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spriggs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spriggs_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpriggs2011" class="citation journal cs1">Spriggs, Matthew (May 2011). "Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (328): <span class="nowrap">510–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067910">10.1017/S0003598X00067910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162491927">162491927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Austronesian+expansion%3A+where+are+we+now%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=328&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162491927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spriggs&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANU-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANU_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_BellwoodJames_J._FoxDarrell_Tryon2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bellwood; James J. 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ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920942854" title="Special:BookSources/9781920942854"><bdi>9781920942854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781920942854&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp69411%2Fmobile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simanjuntak2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak,_TrumanPojoh,_Ingrid_H.E.Hisyam,_Mohammad2006" class="citation book cs1">Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad, eds. 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Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789792624366" title="Special:BookSources/9789792624366"><bdi>9789792624366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Diaspora+and+the+Ethnogeneses+of+People+in+Indonesian+Archipelago%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Indonesian+Institute+of+Sciences&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789792624366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzvr5hUtD5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blench2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench,_Roger2016" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Bali%202016/Blench%20Bali%20PMP%20offprint.pdf">"Splitting up Proto-Malayopolynesian: New Models of Dispersal from Taiwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Filipinos+and+Their+Languages&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Solheim&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+G.+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.kssp.upd.edu.ph%2Flinguistics%2Fplc2006%2Fpapers%2FFullPapers%2FI-2_Solheim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochmyaningsih-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rochmyaningsih_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochmyaningsih2014" class="citation news cs1">Rochmyaningsih, Dyna (October 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/news/sundaland-assumption-disproved/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Out of Sundaland' Assumption Disproved"</a>. <i>Jakarta Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Out+of+Sundaland%27+Assumption+Disproved&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Rochmyaningsih&rft.aufirst=Dyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Fnews%2Fsundaland-assumption-disproved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipson2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipson2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsonLohPattersonMoorjani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (August 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143916">"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 4689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.4689L">2014NatCo...5.4689L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms5689">10.1038/ncomms5689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143916">4143916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25137359">25137359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Austronesian+population+history+in+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4689&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4143916%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25137359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms5689&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.4689L&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Loh%2C+Po-Ru&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Ko%2C+Ying-Chin&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.au=Berger%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4143916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipson2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipson2014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipson2014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipson2014_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsonLohPattersonMoorjani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf">"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 4689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.4689L">2014NatCo...5.4689L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms5689">10.1038/ncomms5689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143916">4143916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25137359">25137359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Austronesian+population+history+in+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4689&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4143916%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25137359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms5689&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.4689L&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Loh%2C+Po-Ru&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Ko%2C+Ying-Chin&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft.au=Berger%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fbiorxiv%2Fearly%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2F005603.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolheim2006">Solheim 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2014). <i>The Global Prehistory of Human Migration</i>. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Prehistory+of+Human+Migration&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mijares2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mijares2006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijares2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9">"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association</i> (26): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9">the original</a> on July 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=The+Early+Austronesian+Migration+To+Luzon%3A+Perspectives+From+The+Pe%C3%B1ablanca+Cave+Sites&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mijares&rft.aufirst=Armand+Salvador+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.anu.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fbippa%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F10%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larena-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larena_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larena_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (March 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>118</b> (13): e2026132118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11826132L">2021PNAS..11826132L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118">10.1073/pnas.2026132118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">8020671</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33753512">33753512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multiple+migrations+to+the+Philippines+during+the+last+50%2C000+years&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=e2026132118&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33753512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2026132118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11826132L&rft.aulast=Larena&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Sanchez-Quinto%2C+Federico&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6din%2C+Per&rft.au=McKenna%2C+James&rft.au=Ebeo%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Casel%2C+Ophelia&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jin-Yuan&rft.au=Hagada%2C+Kim+Pullupul&rft.au=Guilay%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Jennelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8020671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYambazi_Banda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yambazi Banda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574246">"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>200</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1285–</span>1295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.115.178616">10.1534/genetics.115.178616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574246">4574246</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26092716">26092716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Characterizing+Race%2FEthnicity+and+Genetic+Ancestry+for+100%2C000+Subjects+in+the+Genetic+Epidemiology+Research+on+Adult+Health+and+Aging+%28GERA%29+Cohort&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1285-%3C%2Fspan%3E1295&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4574246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26092716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.115.178616&rft.au=Yambazi+Banda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4574246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> Subsection: (Discussion) "For the non-Hispanic white individuals, we see a broad spectrum of genetic ancestry ranging from northern Europe to southern Europe and the Middle East. Within that large group, with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews, we see little evidence of distinct clusters. This is consistent with considerable exogamy within this group. By comparison, we do see structure in the East Asian population, correlated with nationality, reflecting continuing endogamy for these nationalities and also recent immigration. On the other hand, we did observe a substantial number of individuals who are admixed between East Asian and European ancestry, reflecting ~10% of all those reporting East Asian race/ethnicity. The majority of these reflected individuals with one East Asian and one European parent or one East Asian and three European grandparents. In addition, we noted that for self-reported Filipinos, a substantial proportion have modest levels of European genetic ancestry reflecting older admixture. A modest subgroup (3.4%) had evidence of European/West Asian genetic ancestry (majority are self-reported Filipinos), while small proportions had evidence of African or Native American genetic ancestry (0.1 and 0.5%, respectively)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mawson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mawson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mawson, Stephanie J. (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419">"Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i>. <b>232</b>. Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw008">10.1093/pastj/gtw008</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Convicts+or+Conquistadores%3F+Spanish+Soldiers+in+the+Seventeenth-Century+Pacific&rft.volume=232&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw008&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Farticle%2F232%2F1%2F87%2F1752419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ">Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines. 1898-1964 By Paula C. Park</a> (Chapter 3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, p. 32, citing Beyer Memorial Issue on the Prehistory of the Philippines in <i>Philippine Studies</i>, Vol. 15:No. 1 (January 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sexyzaide-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sexyzaide_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sexyzaide_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1984">Scott 1984</a>, pp. 1 and Map 2 in Frontispiece</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, William H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA11"><i>Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society</i>, p. 11</a>. Manila University Press (Manila), 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4">971-550-135-4</a>. Accessed May 14, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautista2002" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Veltisezar B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E61yAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Filipino Americans (1763–Present): Their History, Culture and Traditions</i></a>. Bookhaus Pub. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931613-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931613-17-3"><bdi>978-0-931613-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Americans+%281763%E2%80%93Present%29%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture+and+Traditions&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bookhaus+Pub.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-931613-17-3&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Veltisezar+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE61yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1984">Scott 1984</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1984">Scott 1984</a>, pp. 1 and Map 2 in Frontispiece.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antonio-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antonio_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antonio_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antonio_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio2007" class="citation book cs1">Antonio; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&q=Jocano+theory&pg=RA2-PA3-IA5"><i>Turning Points I</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4538-8"><bdi>978-971-23-4538-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+I&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4538-8&rft.au=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLb8a7P_2InIC%26q%3DJocano%2Btheory%26pg%3DRA2-PA3-IA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halili-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halili_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalili,_Maria_Christine_N.2004" class="citation book cs1">Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA34"><i>Philippine History</i></a>. Rex Bookstore. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9"><bdi>978-971-23-3934-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3934-9&rft.au=Halili%2C+Maria+Christine+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lonelyplanet-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lonelyplanet_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowthorn,_Chris,_Monique_Choy,_Michael_Grosberg,_Steven_Martin,_and_Sonia_Orchard.2003" class="citation book cs1">Rowthorn, Chris, Monique Choy, Michael Grosberg, Steven Martin, and Sonia Orchard. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XUy3bUTNQsC"><i>Philippines</i></a> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XUy3bUTNQsC&pg=PA12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-210-9"><bdi>978-1-74059-210-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-210-9&rft.au=Rowthorn%2C+Chris%2C+Monique+Choy%2C+Michael+Grosberg%2C+Steven+Martin%2C+and+Sonia+Orchard.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XUy3bUTNQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tan-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tan_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tan_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tan_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_K._Tan2008" class="citation book cs1">Samuel K. Tan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&q=Jocano+theory&pg=PA30"><i>A History of the Philippines</i></a>. UP Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-568-1"><bdi>978-971-542-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=UP+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-542-568-1&rft.au=Samuel+K.+Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpw5FWmdNmj8C%26q%3DJocano%2Btheory%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJocano2001">Jocano 2001</a>, pp. 34–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sagmit-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sagmit_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sagmit_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosario_S._SagmitNora_N._Soriano1998" class="citation book cs1">Rosario S. Sagmit & Nora N. Soriano (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFCfgkZBYDIC&pg=PA68"><i>Geography in the Changing World</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2451-2"><bdi>978-971-23-2451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+in+the+Changing+World&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-23-2451-2&rft.au=Rosario+S.+Sagmit&rft.au=Nora+N.+Soriano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFCfgkZBYDIC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mendoza-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mendoza_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Lily_Mendoza2001" class="citation book cs1">S. Lily Mendoza (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piu_i00-SIsC&q=Jocano+theory&pg=PA230">"Nuancing Anti-Essentialism: A Critical Genealogy of Philippine Experiments in National Identity Formation"</a>. In Lisa C. Bower; David Theo Goldberg (eds.). <i>Between law and culture: relocating legal studies</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3380-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-3380-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuancing+Anti-Essentialism%3A+A+Critical+Genealogy+of+Philippine+Experiments+in+National+Identity+Formation&rft.btitle=Between+law+and+culture%3A+relocating+legal+studies&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3380-7&rft.au=S.+Lily+Mendoza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpiu_i00-SIsC%26q%3DJocano%2Btheory%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1997" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (1997). <i>Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Indo-Malaysian+archipelago&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bR2XAQAACAAJ"><i>Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History</i></a>, New Day Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0226-8"><bdi>978-971-10-0226-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehispanic+Source+Materials+for+the+Study+of+Philippine+History&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-971-10-0226-8&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbR2XAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1999" class="citation cs2">Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), <i>The Philippines: A Unique Nation</i> (Second ed.), All-Nations Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5"><bdi>978-971-642-071-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=All-Nations+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-642-071-5&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocano2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F._Landa_Jocano" title="F. Landa Jocano">Jocano, F. Landa</a> (2001), <i>Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage</i>, Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-622-006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-622-006-3"><bdi>978-971-622-006-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Prehistory%3A+Rediscovering+Precolonial+Heritage&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Punlad+Research+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-622-006-3&rft.aulast=Jocano&rft.aufirst=F.+Landa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter S</a>., James J. Fox, and <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Darrell T. Tryon</a>. (Eds.). (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/pdf_instructions.html"><i>The Austronesians – Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Department of Anthropology as part of the Comparative Austronesian Project, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7315-1578-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7315-1578-1">0-7315-1578-1</a>. Retrieved 2011-03-04.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocano1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F._Landa_Jocano" title="F. Landa Jocano">Jocano, F. Landa</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwriGAAACAAJ"><i>Philippine Prehistory: An Anthropological Overview of the Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture</i></a>, Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Prehistory%3A+An+Anthropological+Overview+of+the+Beginnings+of+Filipino+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=Philippine+Center+for+Advanced+Studies%2C+University+of+the+Philippines+System&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Jocano&rft.aufirst=F.+Landa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwriGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Stephen</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edenineastdrowne00oppe"><i>Eden in the East – The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia</i></a>, Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0679-1"><bdi>978-0-7538-0679-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eden+in+the+East+%E2%80%93+The+Drowned+Continent+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-0679-1&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedenineastdrowne00oppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegaladoFranco1973" class="citation cs2">Regalado, Felix B; Franco, Quintin B. (1973), Grimo, Eliza B. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhVbAAAAIAAJ"><i>History of Panay</i></a>, Central Philippine University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Panay&rft.pub=Central+Philippine+University&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Regalado&rft.aufirst=Felix+B&rft.au=Franco%2C+Quintin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhVbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1992), <i>Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino</i>, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0524-5"><bdi>978-971-10-0524-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+for+the+Prehispanic+Filipino&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-971-10-0524-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModels+of+migration+to+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411005558/http://www.philippines-timeline.com/">The Timeline of the History of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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