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title="Seznam posledních změn na této wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Poslední změny</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Port%C3%A1l_Wikipedie" title="O projektu, jak můžete pomoci, kde hledat"><span>Komunitní portál</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pod_l%C3%ADpou" title="Hlavní diskusní fórum"><span>Pod lípou</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cs.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Wikipedie: Otevřená encyklopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cs.svg" width="118" height="13" 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class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Hledat na Wikipedii" aria-label="Hledat na Wikipedii" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciální:Hledání"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hledat</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobní nástroje"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Změnit vzhled velikosti písma, šířky stránky a barvy" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vzhled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vzhled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs" class=""><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Nivch%C5%A1tina" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Nivch%C5%A1tina" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Přihlášení</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Další možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobní nástroje" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobní nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uživatelské menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs"><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Nivch%C5%A1tina" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Nivch%C5%A1tina" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Příklady" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Příklady"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Příklady</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Příklady-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Příklady</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Příklady-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Číslovky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Číslovky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Číslovky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Číslovky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nivchština</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 46 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Анивх бызшәа – abcházština" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Анивх бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abcházština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nivej%C3%AD" title="Idioma nivejí – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma nivejí" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Нивх (език) – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нивх (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivc%27heg" title="Nivc'heg – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nivc'heg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh" title="Nivkh – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нивх чĕлхи – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нивх чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwchische_Sprache" title="Niwchische Sprache – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niwchische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%87" title="Γλώσσες Νιβχ – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες Νιβχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nivkh languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niv%C4%A5a_lingvo" title="Nivĥa lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nivĥa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nivej%C3%AD" title="Idioma nivejí – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma nivejí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhi_keel" title="Nivhi keel – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nivhi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE" title="زبان‌های نیوخ – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های نیوخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhin_kieli" title="Nivhin kieli – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nivhin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhe_(langue)" title="Nivkhe (langue) – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nivkhe (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nivkh" title="Lingua nivkh – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua nivkh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ניבחית – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניבחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nivkh" title="Bahasa Nivkh – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjiljak" title="Gjiljak – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gjiljak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nivkh" title="Lingua nivkh – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua nivkh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B4%E3%83%95%E8%AA%9E" title="ニヴフ語 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニヴフ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nivkh" title="Bahasa Nivkh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%B8%8C%ED%9D%90%EC%96%B4" title="니브흐어 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니브흐어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Нивх кыв – komijština" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Нивх кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Нивх тили – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нивх тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нивх чӀал – lezginština" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нивх чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhi_(lingua)" title="Nivhi (lingua) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nivhi (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivchi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Nivchių kalba – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nivchių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivch_(taal)" title="Nivch (taal) – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nivch (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhisk" title="Nivkhisk – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nivkhisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giljakisk" title="Giljakisk – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giljakisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh" title="Nivkh – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niwchijski" title="Język niwchijski – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niwchijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_gilyak" title="Lenga gilyak – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga gilyak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_nivkhe" title="Língua nivkhe – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua nivkhe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нивхский язык – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нивхский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Nivkh" title="Gjuha Nivkh – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivchiska" title="Nivchiska – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nivchiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigilyak" title="Kigilyak – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigilyak" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivih%C3%A7e" title="Nivihçe – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nivihçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нивх теле – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нивх теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Нивх кыл – udmurtština" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нивх кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нівхська мова – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нівхська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhan_kel%27" title="Nivhan kel' – vepština" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nivhan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nivkh" title="Tiếng Nivkh – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="尼夫赫語 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼夫赫語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div 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lang="cs" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width:26em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #DEFFAD;">Nivchština <i>(Нивхгу диф / mer nivx tif)</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left">Rozšíření</th><td style="padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Sachalin" title="Sachalin">Sachalin</a>, nížiny řeky <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> (dálněvýchodní <a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left">Počet mluvčích</th><td style="padding: 3px;">198 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left">Klasifikace</th><td style="padding: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euroasijsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Euroasijské jazyky">Euroasijské jazyky</a> (sporné)</li></ul> (řazen mezi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoasijsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoasijské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">paleoasijské jazyky</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left">Písmo</th><td style="padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrilice" title="Cyrilice">Cyrilice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latinka" title="Latinka">Latinka</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #DEFFAD;">Postavení</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left">Regulátor</th><td style="padding: 3px;"><i>není stanoven</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left">Úřední jazyk</th><td style="padding: 3px;"><i>není úředním</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #DEFFAD;">Kódy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td style="padding: 3px;"><i>není</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td style="padding: 3px;"><i>není</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td style="padding: 3px;">niv</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 3px;;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></th><td style="padding: 3px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/niv">niv</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #DEFFAD;">Wikipedie</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding: 3px;"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/niv/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/niv/Main Page">testovací verze</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:smaller;">Některá data mohou pocházet z <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36464" class="extiw" title="d:Q36464">datové položky</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nivchština</b> nebo též <b>giljačtina</b> (nivchsky: Нивхгу диф / mer nivx tif; japonsky: ニヴフ語/ギリヤーク語, nivufu-go/girijaku-go) je osamocený jazyk, jímž mluví zhruba 1000 lidí na ostrově <a href="/wiki/Sachalin" title="Sachalin">Sachalin</a> a v nížinách řeky <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a>. Do roku 1953 byl psán latinkou, poté cyrilicí. Ze zhruba 4 500 <a href="/wiki/Nivchov%C3%A9" title="Nivchové">Nivchů</a> mluví tímto jazykem přibližně 20 %, ostatní přejali jako mateřský jazyk <a href="/wiki/Ru%C5%A1tina" title="Ruština">ruštinu</a>. </p><p>Tradičně bývá řazen mezi tzv. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoasijsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoasijské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">paleoasijské jazyky</a>, což je skupina původních jazyků východní <a href="/wiki/Sibi%C5%99" title="Sibiř">Sibiře</a> bez prokázané genetické příbuznosti. Společný původ s dalšími jazyky nebyl přesvědčivě doložen a nivchštinu je tedy nutno považovat za izolovaný jazyk, ačkoliv příbuznost byla hledána například u <a href="/wiki/Ain%C5%A1tina" title="Ainština">ainštiny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japon%C5%A1tina" title="Japonština">japonštiny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altajsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Altajské jazyky">altajských jazyků</a> či ostatních <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoasijsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoasijské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">paleoasijských jazyků</a>. Lingvista <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> řadil nivchštinu mezi tzv. <a href="/wiki/Euroasijsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Euroasijské jazyky">euroasijské jazyky</a>, což je široce pojatá rodina zahrnující evropské a asijské jazyky od <a href="/wiki/Indoevropsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indoevropské jazyky">indoevropských</a> po <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cukotsko-kam%C4%8Datsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Čukotsko-kamčatské jazyky">čukotsko-kamčatské</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fortescue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Fortescue (stránka neexistuje)">Michael Fortescue</a> pokládal nivchštinu za blízce příbunou <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cukotsko-kam%C4%8Datsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Čukotsko-kamčatské jazyky">čukotsko-kamčatským jazykům</a>, především <a href="/wiki/Itelmenov%C3%A9" title="Itelmenové">itelmenštině</a>. Lev Šternberg na počátku dvacátého století nebo později Sergej Nikolajev zase zdůrazňovali podobnosti ve slovní zásobě a částečně i gramatice nivchštiny a <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indiánské jazyky">wakašských jazyků</a> ze severozápadního pobřeží Ameriky. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Příklady"><span id="P.C5.99.C3.ADklady"></span>Příklady</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Příklady" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Příklady"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Číslovky"><span id=".C4.8C.C3.ADslovky"></span>Číslovky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Číslovky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Číslovky"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="7"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Nivchsky</b></td> <td><b>Česky</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ненӈ</td> <td>jeden </td></tr> <tr> <td>менӈ</td> <td>dva </td></tr> <tr> <td>тяӄр</td> <td>tři </td></tr> <tr> <td>нырӈ</td> <td>čtyři </td></tr> <tr> <td>тʼорӈ</td> <td>pět </td></tr> <tr> <td>ӈах</td> <td>šest </td></tr> <tr> <td>ӈамк</td> <td>sedm </td></tr> <tr> <td>минр</td> <td>osm </td></tr> <tr> <td>няндорӈ</td> <td>devět </td></tr> <tr> <td>мӽоӈ нивӈ</td> <td>deset </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://linksharing.samsungcloud.com/aJIwJyI2y5Eu">https://linksharing.samsungcloud.com/aJIwJyI2y5Eu</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="plainlinks metadata noprint pahyl" cellpadding="2" style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pahýl"><img alt="Pahýl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption>Pahýl</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i>Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pah%C3%BDl" title="Wikipedie:Pahýl">postrádá důležité informace</a>.<br />Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně <a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivch%C5%A1tina&action=edit">rozšíříte</a>. 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role="navigation" class="navbox2" aria-labelledby="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36464#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36464#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" scope="row" class="navbox2-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritn%C3%AD_kontrola" title="Autoritní kontrola">Autoritní data</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36464#identifiers" title="Editovat na Wikidatech"><img alt="Editovat na Wikidatech" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529272305171">987007529272305171</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16915398">.mw-parser-output div/**/#portallinks a{font-weight:bold}</style><div id="portallinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Obsah" title="Portál:Obsah">Portály</a>: <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Jazyk" title="Portál:Jazyk">Jazyk</a> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivchština&oldid=23785109">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivchština&oldid=23785109</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Nivchsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Kategorie:Nivchské jazyky">Nivchské jazyky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Nivchov%C3%A9" title="Kategorie:Nivchové">Nivchové</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C5%BDiv%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Kategorie:Živé jazyky">Živé jazyky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Jazyky_Ruska" title="Kategorie:Jazyky Ruska">Jazyky Ruska</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C3%9Adr%C5%BEba:Wikidata_maj%C3%AD_jin%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADtek" title="Kategorie:Údržba:Wikidata mají jiný štítek">Údržba:Wikidata mají jiný štítek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Pah%C3%BDly" title="Kategorie:Pahýly">Pahýly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_NKC" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NKC">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_LCCN" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_NDL" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NDL">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_NLI" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NLI">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NLI</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Stránka byla naposledy editována 1. 4. 2024 v 14:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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