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As climate change worsens, here's how to pay for natural disasters - Los Angeles Times
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Aid agencies are increasingly worried about the widespread damage. A growing question as these disasters worsen in a warming world is how to pay for recoveries, particularly in poorer countries that have contributed the least to climate change. I am a climate scientist who researches disasters, and I work with disaster managers on solutions to deal with the growing risk of extreme events. The usual sources of aid funding haven’t come close to meeting the need in hard-hit countries in recent years. Groups are developing more effective approaches, in some cases delivering aid before the damage occurs. Countries typically rely on a few ways to send money and aid to other countries that need help when disasters hit. They can send direct government-to-government aid, contribute to aid coordinated by the United Nations, or support response efforts by groups such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. However, these efforts are almost never enough. In 2023, the amount of humanitarian funding through the U.N. was about $22 billion. The U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated that countries hit hard by disasters actually needed about $57 billion in U.N. humanitarian aid to cover resources such as emergency food aid and safe drinking water. This does not include the costs borne directly by residents and their governments as they rebuild. At the U.N. climate conference in 2022, participating countries agreed to create a new method — a fund for loss and damage, generally defined as consequences of climate change that go beyond what people are able to adapt to. The goal of the fund is for countries that historically have done the most to cause climate change to provide funding to other countries that did little to cause it, yet are experiencing acute climate-related disasters. So far, however, the loss and damage fund is tiny compared to the cost of climate-related disasters. As of late September 2024, the total pledges were about $700 million. According to one estimate, the annual costs directly attributable to climate change, including loss of life, are about 150 times that at more than $100 billion. One goal of the 2024 U.N. climate conference, underway now through Nov. 22 in Azerbaijan, is to increase those contributions. There are still many areas of debate around the loss and damage fund, including whether investing in a country’s resilience to future disasters counts toward it, whether existing financial systems should be used to channel money to countries in need, and what damages are truly beyond the limits to adaptation. The fund is only part of a mosaic of initiatives. The disaster management community is getting creative about helping countries finance disaster risk reduction and response. Traditionally, humanitarian funding arrives after a disaster happens, when photos and videos of the horrible event encourage governments to contribute financial support and needs assessments are completed. However, with today’s technology, it’s possible to forecast many climate-related disasters before they happen, and there is no reason for the humanitarian system to wait to respond until after the disaster happens. A global network of aid groups and researchers I work with has been developing anticipatory action systems designed to make funding available to countries when an extreme event is forecast but before the disaster hits. This can allow countries to, for example, provide cash for people to use for evacuation when a flood is forecast, open extra medical services when a heat wave is expected or distribute drought-tolerant seeds ahead of a predicted drought. Groups are also developing novel forms of insurance that can provide predictable financing for these changing catastrophes. Without insurance, disaster-affected people usually bear the costs. Experts recommend insurance as a critical part of an overall climate change adaptation strategy. Traditional insurance, however, can be expensive and slow to assess individual claims. One solution is “index insurance” that pays out based on drought information without needing to wait to assess the actual losses. African nations created an anticipatory drought insurance product that can pay out when the drought starts happening, without waiting for the end of the season to come and crops to fail. This could, in theory, allow farmers to replant with a drought-resilient crop in time to avoid a failed harvest. Another promising area of innovation is the design of social services that can scale up when needed for extreme weather events. These are called climate-smart social protection systems. For example, existing programs that provide food for low-income families can be scaled up during and after a drought to ensure that people still have sufficient and nutritious food. This requires government coordination among the variety of social services offered and is a promising way to support vulnerable communities in the face of the rising number of extreme weather events. These novel mechanisms to finance disaster risk are exciting, but they should be coupled with investments in adaptation and resilience so that extreme weather events cause less damage. Communities will need to take steps such as planting different crops, building flood drainage systems and living in adaptive buildings. Managing climate risk requires a variety of innovative solutions before, during and after disaster events. Erin Coughlan de Perez is an associate professor at Tufts University who researches climate change and disasters. This article was produced in partnership with the Conversation.","articleSection":"Opinion","url":"https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-11-13/climate-change-storms-united-nations-funds","dateModified":"2024-11-13T11:01:00.084Z","datePublished":"2024-11-13T11:00:05.588Z","description":"The United Nations' loss and damage fund is just one channel for humanitarian support. 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Here’s how to pay for them</h1> <div class="page-wrapper"> <main class="page-main"> <article class="story"> <div class="page-lead-media"><figure class="figure"> <picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2336ae3/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/58b1e2f/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3eee683/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/221edb4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/1024x683!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 1024w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/64dae8d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/1200x800!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 1200w" sizes="100vw" /> <img class="image" alt="A man stands atop a pile of flooded cars on dirt road" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2f2f5a5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/47adcfe/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8cd9fbc/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/606e791/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/1024x683!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 1024w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3fbd5fe/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/1200x800!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0 1200w" sizes="100vw" width="1200" height="800" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3fbd5fe/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8101x5401+0+0/resize/1200x800!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F99%2Fc8%2F54ad0377b2ee0a05d187c681da2e%2F1e66571f71d248929b7a2c78182f5aa0" decoding="async" > </picture> <div class="figure-content"> <div class="figure-caption" >A man stands among flooded cars piled up in Valencia, Spain, in October, following weather conditions made worse by climate change. </div> <div class="figure-credit">(Manu Fernandez / Associated Press)</div> </div> </figure> </div> <div class="byline"> <div class="authors"> <div class="author-name"> <span class="byline-prefix">By</span> <span class="link">Erin Coughlan de Perez</span> </div> </div> <time datetime="2024-11-13T11:00:05.588Z" class="published-date"><span class="published-date-day">Nov. 13, 2024 </span><span class="published-time">3 AM PT </span></time></div> <div class="page-actions"> <ps-actionbar class="action-bar"> <ul class="action-bar-menu"> <li> <a class="action-link" data-modal-trigger href="#"><svg class="icon share-arrow-icon"><use xlink:href="#share-more-arrow"></use></svg><span>Share</span></a> </li> </ul> <div class="action-bar-content ct-hidden"> <div class="action-bar-overlay" data-modal-close></div> <div class="action-bar-modal"> <div class="action-bar-modal-header"> <span>Share via</span> <button 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data-social-service="print" data-social-trigger="actionBar"><svg class="icon print-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-print"></use></svg><span>Print</span></span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </ps-actionbar> </div> <div data-element="story-body" class="ct-rich-text-children font-body font-normal text-lg leading-7.75 text-primary-text-color clearfix mb-10 md:max-w-170 md:mx-auto" data-subscriber-content> <p>These days it’s hard to escape news stories discussing how climate change is <a class="link" href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/" target="_blank" ><u>contributing to extreme weather disasters</u></a>, including the recent U.S. hurricanes. Aid agencies are <a class="link" href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/the-climate-crisis-is-a-humanitarian-crisis" target="_blank" ><u>increasingly worried</u></a> about the <a class="link" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/" target="_blank" ><u>widespread damage</u></a>.</p><p>A growing question as these <a class="link" href="https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/effects/" target="_blank" ><u>disasters worsen</u></a> in a <a class="link" href="https://theconversation.com/extreme-heat-is-breaking-global-records-why-this-isnt-just-summer-and-what-climate-change-has-to-do-with-it-234249" target="_blank" ><u>warming world</u></a> is how to pay for recoveries, particularly in poorer countries that have contributed the least to climate change.</p><p>I am a <a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nlmcHBwAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank" ><u>climate scientist</u></a> who researches disasters, and I work with disaster managers on solutions to deal with the growing risk of extreme events. The usual sources of aid funding haven’t come close to meeting the need in hard-hit countries in recent years. Groups are developing more effective approaches, in some cases delivering aid before the damage occurs.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" > <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-1" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/opinion/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[5, 1]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-module-targeting="{"instart": "false"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>Countries typically rely on a few ways to send money and aid to other countries that need help when disasters hit. They can send direct government-to-government aid, contribute to aid coordinated by the United Nations, or support response efforts by groups such as the <a class="link" href="https://www.ifrc.org/who-we-are/international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement" target="_blank" ><u>International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</u></a>.</p><p>However, these efforts are almost never enough. In 2023, the amount of humanitarian funding through the U.N. was about $22 billion. The <a class="link" href="https://www.unocha.org/" target="_blank" ><u>U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</u></a> estimated that countries hit hard by disasters actually <a class="link" href="https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2023-december-update-snapshot-31-december-2023" target="_blank" ><u>needed about $57 billion in U.N. humanitarian aid</u></a> to cover resources such as emergency food aid and safe drinking water. This does not include the costs borne directly by residents and their governments as they rebuild.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center > <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-small" data-module-id="00000193-21aa-d274-a7df-21abca7b0016" data-promotable-id="00000193-216d-d4f8-a7ff-6f6f68530000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-click="promoSmall" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media" data-click="media" ><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-11-12/earths-biggest-polluters-arent-sending-leaders-to-u-n-climate-talks-in-year-of-weather-extremes" aria-label="Earth’s biggest polluters aren’t sending leaders to U.N. climate talks in year of weather extremes" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c33028e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c1545fa/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/dfc1c34/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9e3a3fa/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f515470/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2394184/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="Barbados Prime Minister Mia Mottley, United Kingdom Prime Minister Keir Starmer, Simon Stiell, United Nations climate chief, Antonio Guterres, United Nations secretary-general, Ilham Aliyev, Azerbaijan president and Turkey President Recep Tayyip front center, pose with others for a group photo at the COP29 U.N. Climate Summit, Tuesday, Nov. 12, 2024, in Baku, Azerbaijan. (AP Photo/Peter Dejong)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9cf7682/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/110x73!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/86d6d61/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/180x120!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7124031/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/54a3927/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/fa8c53e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f8a0726/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470 840w" sizes="180px" width="840" height="560" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f8a0726/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6567x4378+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2Fc1%2F5a5e9aaaca6934d41eb338c8c023%2F406bbb1e749d45a3acfd4800ad603470" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div><div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <p class="promo-category" data-click="category" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation">World & Nation</a> </p> <h3 class="promo-title" data-click="title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-11-12/earths-biggest-polluters-arent-sending-leaders-to-u-n-climate-talks-in-year-of-weather-extremes">Earth’s biggest polluters aren’t sending leaders to U.N. climate talks in year of weather extremes</a> </h3> </div> <p class="promo-description">The meeting just getting underway in Azerbaijan won’t have the top leaders of the 13 largest carbon dioxide-polluting countries.</p> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-11-12T18:06:49.447Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 12, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </div><p>At the U.N. climate conference in 2022, participating countries agreed to create a new method — a fund for <a class="link" href="https://unfccc.int/loss-and-damage-fund-joint-interim-secretariat" target="_blank" ><u>loss and damage, </u></a><a class="link" href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/adelle-thomas-loss-and-damage" target="_blank" ><u>generally defined</u></a> as consequences of climate change that go beyond what people are able to adapt to.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" > <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-2" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/opinion/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[2, 2], [320, 50], [300, 250], [320, 100]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [300, 250], [2, 2]], [[0, 0], [320, 50], [2, 2], [320, 100], [300, 250]]]" data-module-targeting="{"position":"2"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>The goal of the fund is for countries that <a class="link" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/" target="_blank" ><u>historically have done the most to cause climate change</u></a> to provide funding to other countries that did little to cause it, yet are experiencing acute climate-related disasters.</p><p>So far, however, the loss and damage fund is tiny compared to the cost of climate-related disasters. As of late September 2024, the total pledges were about <a class="link" href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/bodies/funds-and-financial-entities/pledges-to-the-fund-for-responding-to-loss-and-damage" target="_blank" ><u>$700 million</u></a>. According to one estimate, the annual costs directly attributable to climate change, including loss of life, are about 150 times that at more than <a class="link" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41888-1" target="_blank" ><u>$100 billion</u></a>.</p><p>One goal of the <a class="link" href="https://cop29.az/en" target="_blank" ><u>2024 U.N. climate conference</u></a>, underway now through Nov. 22 in Azerbaijan, is to increase those contributions. There are still many <a class="link" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3389" target="_blank" ><u>areas of debate</u></a> around the loss and damage fund, including whether investing in a country’s resilience to future disasters counts toward it, whether existing financial systems should be used to channel money to countries in need, and what damages are truly beyond the limits to adaptation.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-render-conditions="{"requiresSubscriber":false,"requiresNonSubscriber":true}"> <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-3" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/opinion/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[5, 1]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-hide-mobile="true" data-module-targeting="{"instart": "false"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>The fund is only part of a <a class="link" href="https://www.disasterprotection.org/publications-centre/addressing-loss-and-damage-insights-on-the-fund-and-the-global-shield" target="_blank" ><u>mosaic of initiatives</u></a>. The disaster management community is getting creative about <a class="link" href="https://fic.tufts.edu/wp-content/uploads/Brief-DisasterRiskFinancingLesotho2022-9-15.pdf" target="_blank" ><u>helping countries finance disaster risk reduction and response</u></a>.</p><p>Traditionally, humanitarian funding arrives after a disaster happens, when photos and videos of the horrible event encourage governments to contribute financial support and needs assessments are completed. However, with today’s technology, it’s possible to forecast many climate-related disasters before they happen, and there is no reason for the humanitarian system to wait to respond until after the disaster happens.</p><p>A global network of aid groups and researchers I work with has been <a class="link" href="https://www.anticipation-hub.org/" target="_blank" ><u>developing anticipatory action systems</u></a> designed to make funding available to countries when an extreme event is forecast but before the disaster hits. This can allow countries to, for example, <a class="link" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101275" target="_blank" ><u>provide cash</u></a> for people to use for evacuation when a flood is forecast, open extra medical services when a <a class="link" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100171" target="_blank" ><u>heat wave is expected</u></a> or distribute drought-tolerant seeds ahead of a predicted <a class="link" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142009" target="_blank" ><u>drought. </u></a></p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center > <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-small" data-module-id="00000193-21ab-d177-a7fb-6dafcd5a0016" data-promotable-id="00000192-b510-da32-a3db-ff34351c0000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-click="promoSmall" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media" data-click="media" ><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-10-23/hurricanes-oscar-helene-climate-change-weather" aria-label="Opinion: Hurricane misinformation is coming at a dangerous time" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f42810d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d4aad35/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c7ebfca/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ce84710/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e3ea989/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ad7b7d8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="FILE - A house sits toppled off its stilts after the passage of Hurricane Milton, alongside an empty lot where a home was swept away by Hurricane Helene, in Bradenton Beach on Anna Maria Island, Fla., Oct. 10, 2024. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell, File)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6790179/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/110x73!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e73b79c/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/180x120!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9bc4b87/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7730519/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2741c92/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9caaa55/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" width="840" height="560" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9caaa55/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6e%2Fe8%2Ffa783d25450988f37e9b91bea818%2Fhurricane-milton-climate-39442.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div><div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <p class="promo-category" data-click="category" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion">Opinion</a> </p> <h3 class="promo-title" data-click="title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-10-23/hurricanes-oscar-helene-climate-change-weather">Opinion: Hurricane misinformation is coming at a dangerous time</a> </h3> </div> <p class="promo-description">Helene, Milton and other storms this year offer proof that humans are making hurricanes worse, but not through the means spread by conspiracy theories. </p> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-10-23T10:00:22.650Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Oct. 23, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </div><p>Groups are also developing novel forms of insurance that can provide predictable financing for these changing catastrophes. Without insurance, disaster-affected people usually bear the costs. Experts recommend insurance as a critical part of an overall climate change adaptation strategy.</p><p>Traditional insurance, however, can be expensive and slow to assess individual claims. One solution is “<a class="link" href="https://www.indexinsuranceforum.org/faq/what-index-insurance" target="_blank" ><u>index insurance</u></a>” that pays out based on drought information without needing to wait to assess the actual losses. African nations created an <a class="link" href="https://fic.tufts.edu/wp-content/uploads/Poole_Anticipatory_Insurance.pdf" target="_blank" ><u>anticipatory drought insurance product</u></a> that can pay out when the drought starts happening, without waiting for the end of the season to come and crops to fail. This could, in theory, allow farmers to replant with a drought-resilient crop in time to avoid a failed harvest.</p><p>Another promising area of innovation is the design of social services that can scale up when needed for extreme weather events. These are called <a class="link" href="https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-social-protection-report-2024-26-universal-social-protection-climate" target="_blank" ><u>climate-smart social protection systems</u></a>. For example, existing programs that provide food for low-income families can be scaled up during and after a drought to ensure that people still have sufficient and nutritious food. This requires <a class="link" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61542ee0a87a394f7bc17b3a/t/658176531cf8b73ce7e59033/1702983258685/Adaptive+social+protection+in+Burkina+Faso.pdf" target="_blank" ><u>government coordination</u></a> among the variety of social services offered and is a promising way to support vulnerable communities in the face of the rising number of extreme weather events.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-render-conditions="{"requiresEnabledFeature":"focusMode"}"> <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-4" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/opinion/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-hide-mobile="true" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]]" data-module-targeting="{"position":"4"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>These novel mechanisms to finance disaster risk are exciting, but they should be coupled with investments in adaptation and resilience so that extreme weather events cause less damage. Communities will need to take steps such as planting different crops, building flood drainage systems and living in adaptive buildings. Managing climate risk requires a variety of innovative solutions before, during and after disaster events.</p><p><i>Erin Coughlan de Perez is an associate professor at Tufts University who researches climate change and disasters. 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Americans know how a ‘real man’ should act" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d1bc814/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F77%2Fd5%2F5b4342094545a9c4aa2f874b62f6%2Fhttps-delivery-gettyimages.com%2Fdownloads%2F2178435098 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/caab238/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F77%2Fd5%2F5b4342094545a9c4aa2f874b62f6%2Fhttps-delivery-gettyimages.com%2Fdownloads%2F2178435098 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/b910259/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F77%2Fd5%2F5b4342094545a9c4aa2f874b62f6%2Fhttps-delivery-gettyimages.com%2Fdownloads%2F2178435098 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/465bd61/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F77%2Fd5%2F5b4342094545a9c4aa2f874b62f6%2Fhttps-delivery-gettyimages.com%2Fdownloads%2F2178435098 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4678e7e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F77%2Fd5%2F5b4342094545a9c4aa2f874b62f6%2Fhttps-delivery-gettyimages.com%2Fdownloads%2F2178435098 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d76ca3a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F77%2Fd5%2F5b4342094545a9c4aa2f874b62f6%2Fhttps-delivery-gettyimages.com%2Fdownloads%2F2178435098 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN - OCTOBER 18: Democratic presidential nominee Vice President Kamala Harris walks out on stage before speaking at a campaign event on October 18, 2024 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. 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