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Perumal Vijayaraman</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Kiruthiga Perumal Vijayaraman"> <meta name="keywords" content="Kiruthiga Perumal Vijayaraman"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Kiruthiga Perumal Vijayaraman"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Kiruthiga Perumal Vijayaraman</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Doani Sidr Honey and Madecassoside against Propionibacterium Acnes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hana%20Al-Baghaoi">Hana Al-Baghaoi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumar%20Shiva%20Gubbiyappa"> Kumar Shiva Gubbiyappa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayuren%20Candasamy"> Mayuren Candasamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiruthiga%20Perumal%20Vijayaraman"> Kiruthiga Perumal Vijayaraman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea, comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and possibly scarring. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acne. Their colonization and proliferation trigger the host’s inflammatory response leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The usage of honey and natural compounds to treat skin ailments has strong support in the current trend of drug discovery. The present study was carried out evaluate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of Doani Sidr honey and its fractions against P. acnes and to screen madecassoside alone and in combination with fractions of honey. The broth dilution method was used to assess the antibacterial activity. Also, ultra structural changes in cell morphology were studied before and after exposure to Sidr honey using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The three non-toxic concentrations of the samples were investigated for suppression of cytokines IL 8 and TNF α by testing the cell supernatants in the co-culture of the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) heat killed P. acnes using enzyme immunoassay kits (ELISA). Results obtained was evaluated by statistical analysis using Graph Pad Prism 5 software. The Doani Sidr honey and polysaccharide fractions were able to inhibit the growth of P. acnes with a noteworthy minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 18% (w/v) and 29% (w/v), respectively. The proximity of MIC and MBC values indicates that Doani Sidr honey had bactericidal effect against P. acnes which is confirmed by TEM analysis. TEM images of P. acnes after treatment with Doani Sidr honey showed completely physical membrane damage and lysis of cells; whereas non honey treated cells (control) did not show any damage. In addition, Doani Sidr honey and its fractions significantly inhibited (> 90%) of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF α and IL 8 by hPBMCs pretreated with heat-killed P. acnes. However, no significant inhibition was detected for madecassoside at its highest concentration tested. Our results suggested that Doani Sidr honey possesses both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects against P. acnes and can possibly be used as therapeutic agents for acne. Furthermore, polysaccharide fraction derived from Doani Sidr honey showed potent inhibitory effect toward P. acnes. Hence, we hypothesize that fraction prepared from Sidr honey might be contributing to the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, this polysaccharide fraction of Doani Sidr honey needs to be further explored and characterized for various phytochemicals which are contributing to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doani%20sidr%20honey" title="Doani sidr honey">Doani sidr honey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Propionibacterium%20acnes" title=" Propionibacterium acnes"> Propionibacterium acnes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IL-8" title=" IL-8"> IL-8</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TNF%20alpha" title=" TNF alpha"> TNF alpha</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52365/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-and-anti-inflammatory-activity-of-doani-sidr-honey-and-madecassoside-against-propionibacterium-acnes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Response Surface Methodology for Optimum Hardness of TiN on Steel Substrate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Joseph%20Raviselvan">R. Joseph Raviselvan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ramanathan"> K. Ramanathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Perumal"> P. Perumal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Thansekhar"> M. R. Thansekhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hard coatings are widely used in cutting and forming tool industries. Titanium Nitride (TiN) possesses good hardness, strength and corrosion resistant. The coating properties are influenced by many process parameters. The coatings were deposited on steel substrate by changing the process parameters such as substrate temperature, nitrogen flow rate and target power in a D.C planer magnetron sputtering. The structure of coatings were analysed using XRD. The hardness of coatings was found using Micro hardness tester. From the experimental data, a regression model was developed and the optimum response was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title="hardness">hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RSM" title=" RSM"> RSM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sputtering" title=" sputtering"> sputtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiN%20XRD" title=" TiN XRD"> TiN XRD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42534/response-surface-methodology-for-optimum-hardness-of-tin-on-steel-substrate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42534.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Applications of Visual Ethnography in Public Anthropology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subramaniam%20Panneerselvam">Subramaniam Panneerselvam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunanithi%20Perumal"> Gunanithi Perumal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KP%20Subin"> KP Subin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Visual Ethnography is used to document the culture of a community through a visual means. It could be either photography or audio-visual documentation. The visual ethnographic techniques are widely used in visual anthropology. The visual anthropologists use the camera to capture the cultural image of the studied community. There is a scope for subjectivity while the culture is documented by an external person. But the upcoming of the public anthropology provides an opportunity for the participants to document their own culture. There is a need to equip the participants with the skill of doing visual ethnography. The mobile phone technology provides visual documentation facility to everyone to capture the moments instantly. The visual ethnography facilitates the multiple-interpretation for the audiences. This study explores the effectiveness of visual ethnography among the tribal youth through public anthropology perspective. The case study was conducted to equip the tribal youth of Nilgiris in visual ethnography and the outcome of the experiment shared in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20ethnography" title="visual ethnography">visual ethnography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20anthropology" title=" visual anthropology"> visual anthropology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20anthropology" title=" public anthropology"> public anthropology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple-interpretation" title=" multiple-interpretation"> multiple-interpretation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title=" case study"> case study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127577/applications-of-visual-ethnography-in-public-anthropology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Post-Harvest Preservation of Mango Fruit Using Freeze and Tray Drying Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20A.%20Adeyeye">O. A. Adeyeye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20R.%20Sadiku"> E. R. Sadiku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Periyar%20Selvam%20Sellamuthu"> Periyar Selvam Sellamuthu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anand%20Babu%20Perumal"> Anand Babu Perumal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reshma%20B.%20Nambiar"> Reshma B. Nambiar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mango is a tropical fruit which is often labelled as ‘super-fruit’ because of its unquantifiable benefits to human beings. However, despite its great importance, mango is a seasonal fruit and only very few off-seasonal cultivars are available in the market for consumption. Therefore, to overcome the seasonal variation and to increase the shelf-life of mango fruits, different drying methods are considered. In this study, freeze drying and tray drying methods were used to preserve two different cultivars of mango from South Africa. Moisture content, total soluble solid, ascorbic acid, total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH) and organoleptic tests were carried out on the samples before and after drying. The effects of different edible preservatives and selected packaging materials used were analyzed on each sample. The result showed that freeze drying method is the best method of preserving the selected cultivar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postharvest" title="postharvest">postharvest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mangos" title=" Mangos"> Mangos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultivar" title=" cultivar"> cultivar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20soluble%20solid" title=" total soluble solid"> total soluble solid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenol%20content" title=" total phenol content"> total phenol content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49789/post-harvest-preservation-of-mango-fruit-using-freeze-and-tray-drying-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49789.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Post Harvest Preservation of Mango Fruit Using Freeze Drying and Tray Drying Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20A.%20Adeyeye">O. A. Adeyeye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20R.%20Sadiku"> E. R. Sadiku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selvam%20Sellamuthu%20Periyar"> Selvam Sellamuthu Periyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babu%20Perumal%20Anand"> Babu Perumal Anand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Nambiar%20Reshma"> B. Nambiar Reshma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mango is a tropical fruit which is often labelled as ‘super-fruit’ because of its unquantifiable benefits to human beings. However, despite its great importance, mango is a seasonal fruit, and only very few off-seasonal species are available in the market for consumption. Therefore, in order to overcome the seasonal variation and to increase the shelf-life of mango fruits, different drying methods are considered In this study, freeze drying and tray drying methods were used to preserve two different cultivars of mango from South Africa. Moisture content, total soluble solid, ascorbic acid, total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH) and organoleptic tests were carried out on the samples before and after drying. The effects of different edible preservatives and selected packaging materials used were analyzed on each sample. The result showed that freeze drying method is the best method of preserving the selected cultivar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postharvest" title="postharvest">postharvest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mangos" title=" mangos"> mangos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultivar" title=" cultivar"> cultivar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20soluble%20solid" title=" total soluble solid"> total soluble solid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenol%20content" title=" total phenol content"> total phenol content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67933/post-harvest-preservation-of-mango-fruit-using-freeze-drying-and-tray-drying-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Effects of Dietary Copper Supplementation on the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muralisankar%20Thirunavukkarasu">Muralisankar Thirunavukkarasu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saravana%20Bhavan%20Periyakali"> Saravana Bhavan Periyakali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santhanam%20Perumal"> Santhanam Perumal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was performed to assess the effects of dietary copper (Cu) on growth, biochemical constituents, digestive enzyme activities, enzymatic antioxidant and metabolic enzymes of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL). The Cu was supplemented at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg kg-1 with the basal diets. Cu supplemented diets were fed to M. rosenbergii PL for a period of 90 days. At the end of the feeding experiment, 40 mg kg-1 Cu supplemented feeds fed PL showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in survival, growth, digestive enzyme activities and concentrations of biochemical constituents. However, PL fed with 60 to 80 mg Cu kg-1 showed negative performance. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants, metabolic enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the muscle and hepatopancreas showed insignificant alterations (P > 0.05) up to 40 mg kg-1 Cu supplemented feeds fed PL. Whereas, 60 and 80 mg of Cu kg-1 supplemented feeds fed PL showed significant alterations on these antioxidants and metabolic enzymes levels. It indicates that beyond 40 mg Cu kg-1 diets were produced some toxic to M. rosenbergii PL. Therefore, the present study suggests that 40 mg Cu kg-1 can be supplemented in the diets of M. rosenbergii PL for regulating better survival and growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidants" title="antioxidants">antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20constituents" title=" biochemical constituents"> biochemical constituents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title=" growth"> growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Macrobrachium%20rosenbergii" title=" Macrobrachium rosenbergii"> Macrobrachium rosenbergii</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59761/effects-of-dietary-copper-supplementation-on-the-freshwater-prawn-macrobrachium-rosenbergii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59761.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Design and Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Glutamate Racemase (MurI) Inhibitors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prasanthi%20Malapati">Prasanthi Malapati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Reshma"> R. Reshma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Soni"> Vijay Soni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perumal%20Yogeeswari"> Perumal Yogeeswari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dharmarajan%20Sriram"> Dharmarajan Sriram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, we attempted to develop Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inhibitors by exploring the pharmaceutically underexploited enzyme targets which are majorly involved in cell wall biosynthesis of mycobacteria. For this purpose, glutamate racemase (coded by MurI gene) was selected. This enzyme racemize L-glutamate to D-glutamate required for the construction of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall synthesis process. Furthermore this enzyme is neither expressed nor its product, D-glutamate is normally found in mammals, and hence designing inhibitors against this enzyme will not affect the host system as well act as potential antitubercular drugs. A library of BITS in house compounds were screened against Mtb MurI enzyme. Based on docking score, interactions and synthetic feasibility one hit lead was identified. Further optimization of lead was attempted and its derivatives were synthesized. Forty eight derivatives of 2-phenylbenzo[d]oxazole and 2-phenylbenzo[d]thiazole were synthesized and evaluated for Mtb MurI inhibition study, in vitro activities against Mtb, cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cell line. Chemical derivatization of the lead resulted in compounds NR-1213 AND NR-1124 as the potent M. tuberculosis glutamate racemase inhibitors with IC50 of 4-5µM which are remarkable and were found to be non-cytotoxic. Molecular dynamics, dormant models and cardiotoxicity studies of the most active molecules are in process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20wall%20biosynthesis" title="cell wall biosynthesis">cell wall biosynthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dormancy" title=" dormancy"> dormancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glutamate%20racemase" title=" glutamate racemase"> glutamate racemase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuberculosis" title=" tuberculosis"> tuberculosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62175/design-and-identification-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-glutamate-racemase-muri-inhibitors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Identifying Knowledge Gaps in Incorporating Toxicity of Particulate Matter Constituents for Developing Regulatory Limits on Particulate Matter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ananya%20Das">Ananya Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Kumar"> Arun Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gazala%20Habib"> Gazala Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivekanandan%20Perumal"> Vivekanandan Perumal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Regulatory bodies has proposed limits on Particulate Matter (PM) concentration in air; however, it does not explicitly indicate the incorporation of effects of toxicities of constituents of PM in developing regulatory limits. This study aimed to provide a structured approach to incorporate toxic effects of components in developing regulatory limits on PM. A four-step human health risk assessment framework consists of - (1) hazard identification (parameters: PM and its constituents and their associated toxic effects on health), (2) exposure assessment (parameters: concentrations of PM and constituents, information on size and shape of PM; fate and transport of PM and constituents in respiratory system), (3) dose-response assessment (parameters: reference dose or target toxicity dose of PM and its constituents), and (4) risk estimation (metric: hazard quotient and/or lifetime incremental risk of cancer as applicable). Then parameters required at every step were obtained from literature. Using this information, an attempt has been made to determine limits on PM using component-specific information. An example calculation was conducted for exposures of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its metal constituents from Indian ambient environment to determine limit on PM values. Identified data gaps were: (1) concentrations of PM and its constituents and their relationship with sampling regions, (2) relationship of toxicity of PM with its components. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air" title="air">air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=component-specific%20toxicity" title=" component-specific toxicity"> component-specific toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20health%20risks" title=" human health risks"> human health risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particulate%20matter" title=" particulate matter"> particulate matter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51442/identifying-knowledge-gaps-in-incorporating-toxicity-of-particulate-matter-constituents-for-developing-regulatory-limits-on-particulate-matter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Zebrafish Larvae Model: A High Throughput Screening Tool to Study Autism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shubham%20Dwivedi">Shubham Dwivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raghavender%20Medishetti"> Raghavender Medishetti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rita%20Rani"> Rita Rani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aarti%20Sevilimedu"> Aarti Sevilimedu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pushkar%20Kulkarni"> Pushkar Kulkarni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogeeswari%20Perumal"> Yogeeswari Perumal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder of early onset, characterized by impaired sociability, cognitive function and stereotypies. There is a significant urge to develop and establish new animal models with ASD-like characteristics for better understanding of underlying mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to develop a cost and time effective zebrafish model with quantifiable parameters to facilitate mechanistic studies as well as high-throughput screening of new molecules for autism. Zebrafish embryos were treated with valproic acid and a battery of behavioral tests (anxiety, inattentive behavior, irritability and social impairment) was performed on larvae at 7th day post fertilization, followed by study of molecular markers of autism. This model shows a significant behavioural impairment in valproic acid treated larvae in comparison to control which was again supported by alteration in few marker genes and proteins of autism. The model also shows a rescue of behavioural despair with positive control drugs. The model shows robust parameters to study behavior, molecular mechanism and drug screening approach in a single frame. Thus we postulate that our 7 days zebrafish larval model for autism can help in high throughput screening of new molecules on autism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title="autism">autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zebrafish" title=" zebrafish"> zebrafish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valproic%20acid" title=" valproic acid"> valproic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurodevelopment" title=" neurodevelopment"> neurodevelopment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20assay" title=" behavioral assay"> behavioral assay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98203/zebrafish-larvae-model-a-high-throughput-screening-tool-to-study-autism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenolic Content of Aqueous Acetone and Ethanol Extract of Edible Parts of Moringa oleifera and Sesbania grandiflora</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perumal%20Siddhuraju">Perumal Siddhuraju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arumugam%20Abirami"> Arumugam Abirami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunasekaran%20Nagarani"> Gunasekaran Nagarani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marimuthu%20Sangeethapriya"> Marimuthu Sangeethapriya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aqueous ethanol and aqueous acetone extracts of Moringa oleifera (outer pericarp of immature fruit and flower) and Sesbania grandiflora white variety (flower and leaf) were examined for radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. Ethanol extract of S. grandiflora (flower and leaf) and acetone extract of M. oleifera (outer pericarp of immature fruit and flower) contained relatively higher levels of total dietary phenolics than the other extracts. The antioxidant potential of the extracts were assessed by employing different in vitro assays such as reducing power assay, DPPH˙, ABTS˙+ and ˙OH radical scavenging capacities, antihemolytic assay by hydrogen peroxide induced method and metal chelating ability. Though all the extracts exhibited dose dependent reducing power activity, acetone extract of all the samples were found to have more hydrogen donating ability in DPPH˙ (2.3% - 65.03%) and hydroxyl radical scavenging systems (21.6% - 77.4%) than the ethanol extracts. The potential of multiple antioxidant activity was evident as it possessed antihemolytic activity (43.2 % to 68.0 %) and metal ion chelating potency (45.16 - 104.26 mg EDTA/g sample). The result indicate that acetone extract of M. oleifera (OPIF and flower) and S. grandiflora (flower and leaf) endowed with polyphenols, could be utilized as natural antioxidants/nutraceuticals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title="antioxidant activity">antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title=" Moringa oleifera"> Moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyphenolics" title=" polyphenolics"> polyphenolics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sesbania%20grandiflora" title=" Sesbania grandiflora"> Sesbania grandiflora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underutilized%20vegetables" title=" underutilized vegetables "> underutilized vegetables </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8734/antioxidant-capacity-and-total-phenolic-content-of-aqueous-acetone-and-ethanol-extract-of-edible-parts-of-moringa-oleifera-and-sesbania-grandiflora" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Dependence of the Photoelectric Exponent on the Source Spectrum of the CT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rezvan%20Ravanfar%20Haghighi">Rezvan Ravanfar Haghighi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20C.%20Vani"> V. C. Vani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suresh%20%20Perumal"> Suresh Perumal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabyasachi%20Chatterjee"> Sabyasachi Chatterjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratik%20Kumar"> Pratik Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> X-ray attenuation coefficient [µ(E)] of any substance, for energy (E), is a sum of the contributions from the Compton scattering [ μCom(E)] and photoelectric effect [µPh(E)]. In terms of the, electron density (ρe) and the effective atomic number (Zeff) we have µCom(E) is proportional to [(ρe)fKN(E)] while µPh(E) is proportional to [(ρeZeffx)/Ey] with fKN(E) being the Klein-Nishina formula, with x and y being the exponents for photoelectric effect. By taking the sample's HU at two different excitation voltages (V=V1, V2) of the CT machine, we can solve for X=ρe, Y=ρeZeffx from these two independent equations, as is attempted in DECT inversion. Since µCom(E) and µPh(E) are both energy dependent, the coefficients of inversion are also dependent on (a) the source spectrum S(E,V) and (b) the detector efficiency D(E) of the CT machine. In the present paper we tabulate these coefficients of inversion for different practical manifestations of S(E,V) and D(E). The HU(V) values from the CT follow: <µ(V)>=<µw(V)>[1+HU(V)/1000] where the subscript 'w' refers to water and the averaging process <….> accounts for the source spectrum S(E,V) and the detector efficiency D(E). Linearity of μ(E) with respect to X and Y implies that (a) <µ(V)> is a linear combination of X and Y and (b) for inversion, X and Y can be written as linear combinations of two independent observations <µ(V1)>, <µ(V2)> with V1≠V2. These coefficients of inversion would naturally depend upon S(E, V) and D(E). We numerically investigate this dependence for some practical cases, by taking V = 100 , 140 kVp, as are used for cardiological investigations. The S(E,V) are generated by using the Boone-Seibert source spectrum, being superposed on aluminium filters of different thickness lAl with 7mm≤lAl≤12mm and the D(E) is considered to be that of a typical Si[Li] solid state and GdOS scintilator detector. In the values of X and Y, found by using the calculated inversion coefficients, errors are below 2% for data with solutions of glycerol, sucrose and glucose. For low Zeff materials like propionic acid, Zeffx is overestimated by 20% with X being within1%. For high Zeffx materials like KOH the value of Zeffx is underestimated by 22% while the error in X is + 15%. These imply that the source may have additional filtering than the aluminium filter specified by the manufacturer. Also it is found that the difference in the values of the inversion coefficients for the two types of detectors is negligible. The type of the detector does not affect on the DECT inversion algorithm to find the unknown chemical characteristic of the scanned materials. The effect of the source should be considered as an important factor to calculate the coefficients of inversion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation%20coefficient" title="attenuation coefficient">attenuation coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title=" computed tomography"> computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoelectric%20effect" title=" photoelectric effect"> photoelectric effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20spectrum" title=" source spectrum"> source spectrum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38566/dependence-of-the-photoelectric-exponent-on-the-source-spectrum-of-the-ct" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Effect of Fast and Slow Tempo Music on Muscle Endurance Time</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rohit%20Kamal">Rohit Kamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devaki%20Perumal%20Rajaram"> Devaki Perumal Rajaram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajam%20Krishna"> Rajam Krishna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sai%20Kumar%20Pindagiri"> Sai Kumar Pindagiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silas%20Danielraj"> Silas Danielraj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: According to WHO, Global health observatory at least 2.8 million people die each year because of obesity and overweight. This is mainly because of the adverse metabolic effects of obesity and overweight on blood pressure, lipid profile especially cholesterol and insulin resistance. To achieve optimum health WHO has set the BMI in the range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2. Due to modernization of life style, physical exercise in the form of work is no longer a possibility and hence an effective way to burn out calories to achieve the optimum BMI is the need of the hour. Studies have shown that exercising for more than 60 minutes /day helps to maintain the weight and to reduce the weight exercise should be done for 90 minutes a day. Moderate exercise for about 30 min is essential for burning up of calories. People with low endurance fail to perform even the low intensity exercise for minimal time. Hence, it is necessary to find out some effective method to increase the endurance time. Methodology: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical committee of our college. After getting written informed consent, 25 apparently healthy males between the age group 18-20 years were selected. Subjects are with muscular disorder, subjects who are Hypertensive, Diabetes, Smokers, Alcoholics, taking drugs affecting the muscle strength. To determine the endurance time: Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured by asking the participants to squeeze the hand grip dynamometer as hard as possible and hold it for 3 seconds. This procedure was repeated thrice and the average of the three reading was taken as the maximum voluntary contraction. The participant was then asked to squeeze the dynamometer and hold it at 70% of the maximum voluntary contraction while hearing fast tempo music which was played for about ten minutes then the participant was asked to relax for ten minutes and was made to hold the hand grip dynamometer at 70% of the maximum voluntary contraction while hearing slow tempo music. To avoid the bias of getting habituated to the procedure the order of hearing for the fast and slow tempo music was changed. The time for which they can hold it at 70% of MVC was determined by using a stop watch and that was taken as the endurance time. Results: The mean value of the endurance time during fast and slow tempo music was compared in all the subjects. The mean MVC was 34.92 N. The mean endurance time was 21.8 (16.3) seconds with slow tempo music which was more then with fast tempo music with which the mean endurance time was 20.6 (11.7) seconds. The preference was more for slow tempo music then for fast tempo music. Conclusion: Music when played during exercise by some unknown mechanism helps to increase the endurance time by alleviating the symptoms of lactic acid accumulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endurance%20time" title="endurance time">endurance time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20tempo%20music" title=" fast tempo music"> fast tempo music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20voluntary%20contraction" title=" maximum voluntary contraction"> maximum voluntary contraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slow%20tempo%20music" title=" slow tempo music"> slow tempo music</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50730/effect-of-fast-and-slow-tempo-music-on-muscle-endurance-time" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Phycoremiadation of Heavy Metals by Marine Macroalgae Collected from Olaikuda, Rameswaram, Southeast Coast of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suparna%20Roy">Suparna Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anatharaman%20Perumal"> Anatharaman Perumal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The industrial effluent with high amount of heavy metals is known to have adverse effects on the environment. For the removal of heavy metals from aqueous environment, different conventional treatment technologies had been applied gradually which are not economically beneficial and also produce huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. So, bio-sorption of heavy metals by marine plant is an eco-friendly innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capacity of heavy metals accumulation and removal by some selected marine macroalgae (seaweeds) from marine environment. Methods: Seaweeds Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl.) Boergesen, Codium tomentosum Stackhouse, Halimeda gracilis Harvey ex. J. Agardh, Gracilaria opuntia Durairatnam.nom. inval. Valoniopsis pachynema (Martens) Boergesen, Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa (Sonder ex Kutzing) W. R. Taylor and Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) Howe were collected from Olaikuda (09°17.526'N-079°19.662'E), Rameshwaram, south east coast of India during post monsoon period (April’2016). Seaweeds were washed with sterilized and filtered in-situ seawater repeatedly to remove all the epiphytes and debris and clean seaweeds were kept for shade drying for one week. The dried seaweeds were grinded to powder, and one gm powder seaweeds were taken in a 250ml conical flask, and 8 ml of 10 % HNO3 (70 % pure) was added to each sample and kept in room temperature (28 ̊C) for 24 hours and then samples were heated in hotplate at 120 ̊C, boiled to evaporate up to dryness and 20 ml of Nitric acid: Percholoric acid in 4:1 were added to it and again heated to hotplate at 90 ̊C up to evaporate to dryness, then samples were kept in room temperature for few minutes to cool and 10ml 10 % HNO3 were added to it and kept for 24 hours in cool and dark place and filtered with Whatman (589/2) filter paper and the filtrates were collected in 250ml clean conical flask and diluted accurately to 25 ml volume with double deionised water and triplicate of each sample were analysed with Inductively-Coupled plasma analysis (ICP-OES) to analyse total eleven heavy metals (Ag, Cd, B, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Al content of the specified species and data were statistically evaluated for standard deviation. Results: Acanthophora spicifera contains highest amount of Ag (0.1± 0.2 mg/mg) followed by Cu (0.16±0.01 mg/mg), Mn (1.86±0.02 mg/mg), B (3.59±0.2 mg/mg), Halimeda gracilis showed highest accumulation of Al (384.75±0.12mg/mg), Valoniopsis pachynema accumulates maximum amount of Co (0.12±0.01 mg/mg), Zn (0.64±0.02 mg/mg), Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa contains Zn (0.63±0.01), Cr (0.26±0.01 mg/mg ), Ni (0.21±0.05), Pb (0.16±0.03 ) and Cd ( 0.02±00 ). Hydroclathrus clathratus, Codium tomentosum and Gracilaria opuntia also contain adequate amount of heavy metals. Conclusions: The mentioned species of seaweeds are contributing important role for decreasing the heavy metals pollution in marine environment by bioaccumulation. So, we can utilise this species to remove excess amount of heavy metals from polluted area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals%20pollution" title="heavy metals pollution">heavy metals pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seaweeds" title=" seaweeds"> seaweeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioaccumulation" title=" bioaccumulation"> bioaccumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-friendly" title=" eco-friendly"> eco-friendly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyco-remediation" title=" phyco-remediation"> phyco-remediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56912/phycoremiadation-of-heavy-metals-by-marine-macroalgae-collected-from-olaikuda-rameswaram-southeast-coast-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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