CINXE.COM

A Critical Textual Analysis of Immigration Echoes in Moroccan Football Ultras Discourse | International Journal of Language and Literary Studies

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> A Critical Textual Analysis of Immigration Echoes in Moroccan Football Ultras Discourse | International Journal of Language and Literary Studies </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://ijlls.org/public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.8"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Mohammed EL Hadifi"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-10-10"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-02"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="This study seeks to critically analyze the discursive construction of immigration issue within Moroccan football ultras discourse. Through a critical textual analysis as adopted by Norman Fairclough in his three-dimensional approach, the study analyses the seven chosen chants of Moroccan ultras by analyzing the two meta-functions which are posited by Halliday in his SFL which are integrated by Fairclough in the first stage of his model. This study adopts a qualitative approach, concentrating on the experiential, relational, and expressive values of the lexico-grammatical features present in ultras discourse related to immigration. The findings proved that Moroccan football ultras employ a diverse and ideologically charged lexicon. They employ linguistic techniques such as rewording, over-wording, synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy to articulate immigration complexities. The use of euphemism, dysphemism, and varying formalities enhances emotional engagement. Their deliberate grammatical choices, following Halliday’s transitivity system, convey agency and immigration experiences while avoiding nominalization and negative sentences. Instead, they use direct constructs and positive framing to highlight immigration drivers. Also, the ultras’ discourse reflects multifaceted relational values and asserts their agency within power relations, aligning with Fairclough’s notion of expressive values to engage emotionally and advocate for change in Morocco. The significance of this study resides in its potential to inform policymakers about the critical need to understand the concerns and preoccupations of Moroccan youth, particularly regarding immigration. Thus, policymakers can work more effectively to address and mitigate the underlying causes of this complex phenomenon."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="1896"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="46-59"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1896"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1896"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammed EL Hadifi"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="International Journal of Language and Literary Studies"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2704-7156"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Issue" content="4"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="6"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Moroccan Football Ultras, Discourse, Critical, Textual, Immigration, CDA, Fairclough"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="A Critical Textual Analysis of Immigration Echoes in Moroccan Football Ultras Discourse"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Articles"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Language and Literary Studies"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="IJLLS"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2704-7156"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mohammed EL Hadifi"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="FLLA, Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="A Critical Textual Analysis of Immigration Echoes in Moroccan Football Ultras Discourse"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/02"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="46"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="59"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1896"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1896"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Moroccan Football Ultras, Discourse, Critical, Textual, Immigration, CDA, Fairclough"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/download/1896/737"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/styles/fontawesome/fontawesome.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/basic/styles/stylesheet.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/orcidProfile/css/orcidProfile.css?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/css" /> </head> <body class="pkp_page_article pkp_op_view has_site_logo" dir="ltr"> <div class="pkp_structure_page"> <header class="pkp_structure_head" id="headerNavigationContainer" role="banner"> <nav class="cmp_skip_to_content" aria-label="Jump to content links"> <a href="#pkp_content_main">Skip to main content</a> <a href="#siteNav">Skip to main navigation menu</a> <a href="#pkp_content_footer">Skip to site footer</a> </nav> <div class="pkp_head_wrapper"> <div class="pkp_site_name_wrapper"> <button class="pkp_site_nav_toggle"> <span>Open Menu</span> </button> <div class="pkp_site_name"> <a href=" https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index " class="is_img"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/public/journals/1/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.png" width="2000" height="597" /> </a> </div> </div> <nav class="pkp_site_nav_menu" aria-label="Site Navigation"> <a id="siteNav"></a> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_row"> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_wrapper"> <ul id="navigationPrimary" class="pkp_navigation_primary pkp_nav_list"> <li class=""> <a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index"> Home </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about"> About </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about"> About the Journal </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/FocusandScope"> Focus and Scope </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/AbstractingandIndexing"> Abstracting and Indexing </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PublicationEthics"> Publication Ethics </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PublicationFrequency"> Publication Frequency </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/APC"> Article Processing Charges (APC) </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/privacy"> Privacy Statement </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/editorialTeam"> Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/current"> Current </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/archive"> Archives </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/announcement"> Announcements </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/Policies"> Policies </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/OpenAccessPolicy"> Open Access Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/CopyrightandlicensingPolicy"> Copyright and licensing Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PeerReviewProcess"> Peer Review Process </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/PlagiarismPolicy"> Plagiarism Policy </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/DigitalArchivingPolicy"> Digital Archiving Policy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions"> Submissions </a> </li> </ul> <div class="pkp_navigation_search_wrapper"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/search" class="pkp_search pkp_search_desktop"> <span class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> Search </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_navigation_user_wrapper" id="navigationUserWrapper"> <ul id="navigationUser" class="pkp_navigation_user pkp_nav_list"> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/user/register"> Register </a> </li> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/login"> Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div><!-- .pkp_head_wrapper --> </header><!-- .pkp_structure_head --> <div class="pkp_structure_content has_sidebar"> <div class="pkp_structure_main" role="main"> <a id="pkp_content_main"></a> <div class="page page_article"> <nav class="cmp_breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:"> <ol> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/index"> Home </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/archive"> Archives </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/27"> Vol. 6 No. 4 (2024): 2024 (4) In Press </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> A Critical Textual Analysis of Immigration Echoes in Moroccan Football Ultras Discourse </h1> <section class="item doi"> <span class="value"> <em class="ai ai-doi ai-2x" style="color: orange;"><!-- icon --></em><a href="https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1896"> https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1896 </a> </span> </section> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Mohammed EL Hadifi </span> <div class="email"> <a href="mailto:mohamedelhadifi1982@gmail.com" >mohamedelhadifi1982@gmail.com</a> </div> <span class="affiliation"> FLLA, Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Moroccan Football Ultras, Discourse, Critical, Textual, Immigration, CDA, Fairclough </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>This study seeks to critically analyze the discursive construction of immigration issue within Moroccan football ultras discourse. Through a critical textual analysis as adopted by Norman Fairclough in his three-dimensional approach, the study analyses the seven chosen chants of Moroccan ultras by analyzing the two meta-functions which are posited by Halliday in his SFL which are integrated by Fairclough in the first stage of his model. This study adopts a qualitative approach, concentrating on the experiential, relational, and expressive values of the lexico-grammatical features present in ultras discourse related to immigration. The findings proved that Moroccan football ultras employ a diverse and ideologically charged lexicon. They employ linguistic techniques such as rewording, over-wording, synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy to articulate immigration complexities. The use of euphemism, dysphemism, and varying formalities enhances emotional engagement. Their deliberate grammatical choices, following Halliday’s transitivity system, convey agency and immigration experiences while avoiding nominalization and negative sentences. Instead, they use direct constructs and positive framing to highlight immigration drivers. Also, the ultras’ discourse reflects multifaceted relational values and asserts their agency within power relations, aligning with Fairclough’s notion of expressive values to engage emotionally and advocate for change in Morocco. The significance of this study resides in its potential to inform policymakers about the critical need to understand the concerns and preoccupations of Moroccan youth, particularly regarding immigration. Thus, policymakers can work more effectively to address and mitigate the underlying causes of this complex phenomenon.</p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Downloads </h3> <div class="value"> <canvas class="usageStatsGraph" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="1896"></canvas> <div class="usageStatsUnavailable" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="1896"> Download data is not yet available. </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .main_entry --> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item galleys"> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/article/view/1896/737"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>2024-11-02</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">EL Hadifi, M. (2024). A Critical Textual Analysis of Immigration Echoes in Moroccan Football Ultras Discourse. <i>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies</i>, <i>6</i>(4), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1896</div> </div> </div> <div class="citation_formats"> <button class="cmp_button citation_formats_button" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true"> More Citation Formats </button> <div id="cslCitationFormats" class="citation_formats_list" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > ACM </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > ACS </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > APA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > ABNT </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > Chicago </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > Harvard </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > MLA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > Turabian </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805&amp;return=json" > Vancouver </a> </li> </ul> <div class="label"> Download Citation </div> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/download/ris?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/citationstylelanguage/download/bibtex?submissionId=1896&amp;publicationId=1805"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> BibTeX </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item issue"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Issue </h2> <div class="value"> <a class="title" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/issue/view/27"> Vol. 6 No. 4 (2024): 2024 (4) In Press </a> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Section </h2> <div class="value"> Articles </div> </section> </div> <div class="item copyright"> <div class="label"> Copyright & Licensing </div> <div class="value"> <p>Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammed EL Hadifi</p> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry_details --> </div><!-- .row --> </article> <div id="articlesBySameAuthorList"> </div> </div><!-- .page --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_main --> <div class="pkp_structure_sidebar left" role="complementary" aria-label="Sidebar"> <div class="pkp_block block_make_submission"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Make a Submission </h2> <div class="content"> <a class="block_make_submission_link" href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions"> Make a Submission </a> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-pointofinterest"> <h2 class="title pkp_screen_reader">pointofinterest</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="content"> <ul> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <div><span class="title">POINTS OF INTEREST</span></div> <div class="content"> <ul> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about">About Journal</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/AbstractingandIndexing">Abstracting and Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="http://ijlls.org/template.docs">Article Template</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_information"> <h2 class="title">Information</h2> <div class="content"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/readers"> For Readers </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/authors"> For Authors </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/information/librarians"> For Librarians </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_web_feed"> <h2 class="title">Current Issue</h2> <div class="content"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/atom"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/atom.svg" alt="Atom logo"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss2"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/rss20_logo.svg" alt="RSS2 logo"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss"> <img src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/templates/images/rss10_logo.svg" alt="RSS1 logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_browse"> <h2 class="title"> Browse </h2> <nav class="content" role="navigation" aria-label="Browse"> <ul> </ul> </nav> </div><!-- .block_browse --> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-visitors"> <h2 class="title pkp_screen_reader">visitors</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="content bg-white text-center"> <p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/3fub"><img src="https://s11.flagcounter.com/count2/3fub/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_250/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_0/percent_0/" alt="Flag Counter" border="0"></a></p> <p>Visitor Statistics since 1 December 2020</p> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- pkp_sidebar.left --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_content --> <div class="pkp_structure_footer_wrapper" role="contentinfo"> <a id="pkp_content_footer"></a> <div class="pkp_structure_footer"> <div class="pkp_footer_content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Contact</h4> <p>International Journal of Language and Literary Studies <br />Rome, Italy.<br />editor@ijlls.org<br />http://ijlls.org</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Other Links</h4> <p><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/editorialTeam">Editorial Board</a><br /><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/EditorialPolicies">Editorial Policies</a><br /><a href="http://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/submissions">Author Guidelines</a><br /><a href="https://www.ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/privacy">Privacy statement</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Follow us</h4> <div class="text-center center-block"><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/IJLLS" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-fb" class="fa fa-facebook-square fa-3x social"></em>   </a> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/ijllsJ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <em id="social-tw" class="fa fa-twitter-square fa-3x social"></em>   </a> <em id="social-gp" class="fa fa-youtube-square fa-3x social"></em><a href="mailto:editor@ijlls.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">  <em id="social-em" class="fa fa-envelope-square fa-3x social"></em> </a></div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-4 text-center"> <h4>Publisher</h4> <p>© 2019-2021 Tawasul.</p> Tawasul International Centre for Publishing, Research and Dialogue. Rome, Italy.</div> </div> <hr /> <div class="row"> <div class=" text-left"> <p><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img style="border-width: 0;" src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" width="88" height="31" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_brand_footer" role="complementary"> <a href="https://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls/about/aboutThisPublishingSystem"> <img alt="More information about the publishing system, Platform and Workflow by OJS/PKP." src="https://ijlls.org/templates/images/ojs_brand.png"> </a> </div> </div> </div><!-- pkp_structure_footer_wrapper --> </div><!-- pkp_structure_page --> <script src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/popper/popper.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/util.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/dropdown.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/themes/default/js/main.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/citationStyleLanguage/js/articleCitation.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var pkpUsageStats = pkpUsageStats || {};pkpUsageStats.data = pkpUsageStats.data || {};pkpUsageStats.data.Submission = pkpUsageStats.data.Submission || {};pkpUsageStats.data.Submission[1896] = [];</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Chart.js/2.0.1/Chart.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">var pkpUsageStats = pkpUsageStats || {};pkpUsageStats.locale = pkpUsageStats.locale || {};pkpUsageStats.locale.months = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"];pkpUsageStats.config = pkpUsageStats.config || {};pkpUsageStats.config.chartType = "bar";</script><script src="https://ijlls.org/plugins/generic/usageStats/js/UsageStatsFrontendHandler.js?v=3.3.0.8" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10