Publications – Google Research

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href="https://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Perception <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Translation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Natural Language Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Speech Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Computing Systems & Quantum AI"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Computing Systems & Quantum AI</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" > Hardware & Architecture </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" > Mobile Systems </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/networking/" > Networking </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" > Quantum Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" > Robotics </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" > Security, Privacy, & Abuse Prevention </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" > Software Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" > Software Systems </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Computing Systems & Quantum AI <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Computing Systems & Quantum AI <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Hardware & Architecture <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Mobile Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/networking/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Networking 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data-gt-secondary="Science, AI & Society"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Science, AI & Society</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" > Climate & Sustainability </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" > Economics & Electronic Commerce </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" > Education Innovation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" > General Science </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" > Health & Bioscience </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="https://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Science, AI & Society <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Science, AI & Society <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Climate & Sustainability <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Economics & Electronic Commerce <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Education Innovation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > General Science <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Health & Bioscience <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Our work" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Our work <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Our work <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary=""> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Projects"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Projects </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We regularly open-source projects with the broader research community and apply our developments to Google products.</p> <a href="https://research.google/resources/our-projects/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Projects</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="https://research.google/resources/our-projects/" > Projects </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Publications"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Publications </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Publishing our work allows us to share ideas and work collaboratively to advance the field of computer science.</p> <a href="https://research.google/pubs/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Publications</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="https://research.google/pubs/" > Publications </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Resources"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Resources </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We make products, tools, and datasets available to everyone with the goal of building a more collaborative ecosystem.</p> <a href="https://research.google/resources/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Resources</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> 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class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2023"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2023</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">781</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2022" name="filter-year-2022" value="2022" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2022"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2022</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">875</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2021" name="filter-year-2021" value="2021" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2021"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2021</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">1024</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2020" name="filter-year-2020" value="2020" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2020"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2020</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">1060</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2019" name="filter-year-2019" value="2019" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2019"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2019</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">965</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2018" name="filter-year-2018" value="2018" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2018"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2018</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">790</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2017" name="filter-year-2017" value="2017" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2017"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2017</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">597</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2016" name="filter-year-2016" value="2016" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2016"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2016</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">507</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2015" name="filter-year-2015" value="2015" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2015"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2015</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">386</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2014" name="filter-year-2014" value="2014" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2014"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2014</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">342</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2013" name="filter-year-2013" value="2013" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2013"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2013</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">363</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2012" name="filter-year-2012" value="2012" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2012"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2012</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">386</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2011" name="filter-year-2011" value="2011" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2011"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2011</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">334</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2010" name="filter-year-2010" value="2010" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2010"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2010</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">308</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2009" name="filter-year-2009" value="2009" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2009"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2009</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">326</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2008" name="filter-year-2008" value="2008" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2008"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2008</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">267</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2007" name="filter-year-2007" value="2007" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2007"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2007</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">216</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2006" name="filter-year-2006" value="2006" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2006"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2006</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">131</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2005" name="filter-year-2005" value="2005" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2005"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2005</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">56</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2004" name="filter-year-2004" value="2004" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2004"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2004</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">18</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2003" name="filter-year-2003" value="2003" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2003"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2003</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">14</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2002" name="filter-year-2002" value="2002" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2002"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2002</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">5</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2001" name="filter-year-2001" value="2001" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2001"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2001</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">5</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-2000" name="filter-year-2000" value="2000" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-2000"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">2000</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">2</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-1999" name="filter-year-1999" value="1999" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-1999"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">1999</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">2</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-year-1998" name="filter-year-1998" value="1998" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-year-1998"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">1998</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">3</span></label> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-expansion-panel ">  <h3 class="glue-expansion-panel__toggle"> <span class="glue-expansion-panel__button" id="filter-toggle-team" data-glue-expansion-panel-toggle-for="filter-panel-team"> <span class="glue-expansion-panel__header-text" id="filter-team-label">Team</span> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-expansion-panel__header-arrow"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#arrow-drop-down"></use> </svg> </span> </h3>  <div class="glue-expansion-panel__content" id="filter-panel-team"> <div> <ul class="glue-filter__category glue-no-bullet" data-glue-filter-category="team" role="list" aria-controls="filter-results" aria-labelledby="filter-team-label"> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-algorithms-and-optimization" name="filter-team-algorithms-and-optimization" value="algorithms-and-optimization" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-algorithms-and-optimization"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Algorithms and Optimization</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">323</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-applied-science" name="filter-team-applied-science" value="applied-science" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-applied-science"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Applied science</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">186</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-athena" name="filter-team-athena" value="athena" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-athena"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Athena</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">549</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-team-climate-and-sustainability" name="filter-team-team-climate-and-sustainability" value="team-climate-and-sustainability" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-team-climate-and-sustainability"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Climate and Sustainability</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">10</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-cloud-ai" name="filter-team-cloud-ai" value="cloud-ai" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-cloud-ai"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Cloud AI</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">46</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-euphonia" name="filter-team-euphonia" value="euphonia" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-euphonia"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Euphonia</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">12</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-i-drim" name="filter-team-i-drim" value="i-drim" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-i-drim"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">I-DRIM</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">133</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-language" name="filter-team-language" value="language" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-language"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Language</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">235</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-team-perception" name="filter-team-perception" value="perception" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-team-perception"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Perception</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">291</span></label> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-expansion-panel ">  <h3 class="glue-expansion-panel__toggle"> <span class="glue-expansion-panel__button" id="filter-toggle-research_area" data-glue-expansion-panel-toggle-for="filter-panel-research_area"> <span class="glue-expansion-panel__header-text" id="filter-research_area-label">Research Area</span> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-expansion-panel__header-arrow"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#arrow-drop-down"></use> </svg> </span> </h3>  <div class="glue-expansion-panel__content" id="filter-panel-research_area"> <div> <ul class="glue-filter__category glue-no-bullet" data-glue-filter-category="research_area" role="list" aria-controls="filter-results" aria-labelledby="filter-research_area-label"> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-algorithms-and-theory" name="filter-research_area-algorithms-and-theory" value="algorithms-and-theory" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-algorithms-and-theory"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Algorithms and Theory</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">1379</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-climate-and-sustainability" name="filter-research_area-climate-and-sustainability" value="climate-and-sustainability" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-climate-and-sustainability"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Climate and Sustainability</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">19</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-data-management" name="filter-research_area-data-management" value="data-management" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-data-management"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Data Management</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">174</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-data-mining-and-modeling" name="filter-research_area-data-mining-and-modeling" value="data-mining-and-modeling" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-data-mining-and-modeling"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Data Mining and Modeling</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">359</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing" name="filter-research_area-distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing" value="distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Distributed Systems and Parallel Computing</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">362</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-economics-and-electronic-commerce" name="filter-research_area-economics-and-electronic-commerce" value="economics-and-electronic-commerce" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-economics-and-electronic-commerce"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Economics and Electronic Commerce</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">360</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-education-innovation" name="filter-research_area-education-innovation" value="education-innovation" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-education-innovation"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Education Innovation</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">71</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-general-science" name="filter-research_area-general-science" value="general-science" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-general-science"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">General Science</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">342</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-hardware-and-architecture" name="filter-research_area-hardware-and-architecture" value="hardware-and-architecture" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-hardware-and-architecture"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Hardware and 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class="filter-option-label-count">844</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-information-retrieval-and-the-web" name="filter-research_area-information-retrieval-and-the-web" value="information-retrieval-and-the-web" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-information-retrieval-and-the-web"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Information Retrieval and the Web</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">428</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-machine-intelligence" name="filter-research_area-machine-intelligence" value="machine-intelligence" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-machine-intelligence"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Machine Intelligence</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">3957</span></label> </div> </div> </li> 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class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-machine-translation" name="filter-research_area-machine-translation" value="machine-translation" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-machine-translation"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Machine Translation</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">148</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-mobile-systems" name="filter-research_area-mobile-systems" value="mobile-systems" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-mobile-systems"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Mobile Systems</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">115</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" id="filter-research_area-natural-language-processing" name="filter-research_area-natural-language-processing" value="natural-language-processing" > <div class="mdc-checkbox__background"> <svg class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path class="mdc-checkbox__checkmark-path" fill="none" d="M1.73,12.91 8.1,19.28 22.79,4.59"></path> </svg> <div class="mdc-checkbox__mixedmark"></div> </div> <div class="mdc-checkbox__ripple"></div> </div> <label class="filter-option-label" for="filter-research_area-natural-language-processing"> <span class="js-filter-option-label-text">Natural Language Processing</span> <span class="filter-option-label-count">1112</span></label> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-filter__category-item js-filter-item js-gt-filter-item"> <div class="mdc-touch-target-wrapper"> <div class="mdc-form-field"> <div class="mdc-checkbox mdc-checkbox--touch glue-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="mdc-checkbox__native-control" 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class="filter-option-label-count">553</span></label> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="glue-filter__results mock-results" data-glue-filter-categories="year team research_area" id="filter-results" > <ul class="glue-cards glue-grid"> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-3 glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-filter__result glue-is-hidden" data-glue-filter-=""> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-3 glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-filter__result glue-is-hidden" data-glue-filter-=""> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-3 glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-filter__result glue-is-hidden" data-glue-filter-=""> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-3 glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-filter__result glue-is-hidden" data-glue-filter-=""> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-3 glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-filter__result glue-is-hidden" data-glue-filter-=""> </li> <li 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<div class="list-wrapper"> <div class="chips-wrapper spacer-03-bottom"> <div class="chipset" id="publications-index-chipset"> <div aria-hidden="true" class="chip-template"> <div class="chip" data-chip-value="template" data-chip-name=""> <div class="chip__label caption">chip template</div> <button class="chip__close" aria-label="Remove chip template"> <div class="glue-visually-hidden">Remove </div> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul class="chipset-list" title="Applied filters"></ul> </div> </div> <div class="publications-list --theme- row-card-list" data-hot-swap="pub-list" data-gt-id="publications_list" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/linear-elastic-caching-via-ski-rental/ > Linear Elastic Caching via Ski Rental </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/tamassarlos/"> Tamas Sarlos </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Todd Lipcon </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ravikumar/"> Ravi Kumar </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/manishpurohit/"> Manish Purohit </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> The biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentin-this-work-we-study-the-linear-e tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentin-this-work-we-study-the-linear-e" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">In this work we study the Linear Elastic Caching problem, where the goal is to minimize the total cost of a cache inclusive of not just its misses, but also its memory footprint integrated over time. We demonstrate a theoretical connection to the classic ski rental problem and propose a practical algorithm that combines online caching algorithms with ski rental policies. We also introduce a lightweight machine learning-based algorithm for ski rental that is optimized for production workloads and is easy to integrate within existing database systems. Evaluations on both production workloads in Google Spanner and publicly available traces show that the proposed elastic caching approach can significantly reduce the total cache cost compared to traditional fixed-size cache policies.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/linear-elastic-caching-via-ski-rental/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/ai-as-a-catalyst-for-educational-equity-addressing-global-teacher-shortages-and-learning-disparities/ > AI as a Catalyst for Educational Equity: Addressing Global Teacher Shortages and Learning Disparities </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/nupurjain/"> Nupur Jain </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCERT) (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentthe-global-education-system-is-gra tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentthe-global-education-system-is-gra" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">The global education system is grappling with a critical shortage of teachers, threatening the achievement of universal quality education. This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can revolutionize educational access and equity by addressing these systemic challenges. Through a comprehensive article analysis of AI-enabled solutions, including personalized learning mechanisms, virtual tutoring systems, and intelligent content distribution platforms, the article explores the transformative potential of these technologies in democratizing education. The article investigates the implementation of AI across established educational platforms, examining their effectiveness in providing adaptive learning experiences, breaking down language barriers, and ensuring cultural relevance. The article demonstrates that strategic AI integration can significantly impact learning outcomes while helping to bridge the global teacher shortage gap. The article also addresses critical implementation challenges, providing policy recommendations and resource allocation frameworks for successful AI adoption in education systems worldwide. This article analysis contributes to the growing body of knowledge on educational technology by offering practical insights into how AI can be leveraged to create more inclusive, effective, and accessible learning environments, ultimately advancing the goal of quality education for all.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/ai-as-a-catalyst-for-educational-equity-addressing-global-teacher-shortages-and-learning-disparities/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/differentiable-approximations-for-distance-queries/ > Differentiable Approximations for Distance Queries </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/257171/"> Ahmed Abdelkader </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> David M. Mount </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Proceedings of the 2025 Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentthe-widespread-use-of-gradient-bas tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentthe-widespread-use-of-gradient-bas" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">The widespread use of gradient-based optimization has motivated the adaptation of various classical algorithms into differentiable solvers compatible with learning pipelines. In this paper, we investigate the enhancement of traditional geometric query problems such that the result consists of both the geometric function as well as its gradient. Specifically, we study the fundamental problem of distance queries against a set of points P in R^d, which also underlies various similarity measures for learning algorithms. The main result of this paper is a multiplicative (1+epsilon)-approximation of the Euclidean distance to P which is differentiable at all points in R^d \ P with asymptotically optimal bounds on the norms of its gradient and Hessian, from a data structure with storage and query time matching state-of-the-art results for approximate nearest-neighbor searching. The approximation is realized as a regularized distance through a partition-of-unity framework, which efficiently blends multiple local approximations, over a suitably defined covering of space, into a smooth global approximation. In order to obtain the local distance approximations in a manner that facilitates blending, we develop a new approximate Voronoi diagram based on a simple point-location data structure, simplifying away both the lifting transformation and ray shooting.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/differentiable-approximations-for-distance-queries/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/governance-risk-and-compliance-grc-engineering-data-ai-automation-and-the-future-of-compliance-to-audits/ > Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) Engineering: Data, AI, Automation, and the Future of Compliance to Audits </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Eric Zhang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ruchi Khurana </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Vikram Khare </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> 2025 </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentin-todays-rapidly-evolving-busine tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentin-todays-rapidly-evolving-busine" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) leaders in large, complex organizations face unprecedented challenges. The cloud has revolutionized how businesses operate, offering unprecedented scalability, flexibility, cost-efficiency, additional security and resilience. However, this transformation also presents new challenges for GRC professionals. In a cloud-native world, where applications are built and deployed in dynamic, distributed environments, traditional GRC on-prem approaches, manual processes and spreadsheets struggle to keep pace. The key to success lies in embracing a data-driven GRC strategy that leverages the power of the cloud to enhance agility, visibility, and resilience.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/governance-risk-and-compliance-grc-engineering-data-ai-automation-and-the-future-of-compliance-to-audits/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/context-is-key-for-agent-security/ > Context is Key for Agent Security </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Lillian Tsai </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Eugene Bagdasaryan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> arXiv (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentjudging-the-safety-of-an-action-w tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentjudging-the-safety-of-an-action-w" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Judging the safety of an action, whether taken by a human or a system, must take into account the context in which the action takes place. For example, deleting an email from a user's mailbox may or may not be appropriate depending on the email's content, the user's goals, or even available space. Systems today that make these judgements---providing security against harmful or inappropriate actions---rely on manually-crafted policies or user confirmation for each relevant context. With the upcoming deployment of systems like generalist agents, we argue that we must rethink security designs to adapt to the scale of contexts and capabilities of these systems. As a first step, this paper explores contextual security in the domain of agents and proposes contextual security for agents (Conseca), a framework to generate just-in-time, contextual, and human-verifiable security policies.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/context-is-key-for-agent-security/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/oculomics-current-concepts-and-evidence/ > Oculomics: Current Concepts and Evidence </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Zhuoting Zhu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Yueye Wang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ziyi Qi </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Wenyi Hu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Xiayin Zhang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Siegfried Wagner </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Yujie Wang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> An Ran Ran </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Joshua Ong </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ethan Waisberg </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Mouayad Masalkhi </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Alex Suh </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Yih Chung Tham </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Carol Y. Cheung </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Xiaohong Yang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Honghua Yu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Zongyuan Ge </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Wei Wang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Bin Sheng </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/105698/"> Yun Liu </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Andrew G. Lee </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Alastair Denniston </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Peter van Wijngaarden </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Pearse Keane </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ching-Yu Cheng </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Mingguang He </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Tien Yin Wong </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentthe-eye-provides-novel-insights-in tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentthe-eye-provides-novel-insights-in" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">The eye provides novel insights into general health, as well as pathogenesis and development of systemic diseases. In the past decade, growing evidence has demonstrated that the eye's structure and function mirror multiple systemic health conditions, especially in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and kidney impairments. This has given rise to the field of oculomics- the application of ophthalmic biomarkers to understand mechanisms, detect and predict disease. The development of this field has been accelerated by three major advances: 1) the availability and widespread clinical adoption of high-resolution and non-invasive ophthalmic imaging (“hardware”); 2) the availability of large studies to interrogate associations (“big data”); 3) the development of novel analytical methods, including artificial intelligence (AI) (“software”). Oculomics offers an opportunity to enhance our understanding of the interplay between the eye and the body, while supporting development of innovative diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. These advances have been further accelerated by developments in AI, coupled with large-scale linkage datasets linking ocular imaging data with systemic health data. Oculomics also enables the detection, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of many systemic health conditions. Furthermore, oculomics with AI allows prediction of the risk of systemic diseases, enabling risk stratification, opening up new avenues for prevention or individualized risk prediction and prevention, facilitating personalized medicine. In this review, we summarise current concepts and evidence in the field of oculomics, highlighting the progress that has been made, remaining challenges, and the opportunities for future research.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/oculomics-current-concepts-and-evidence/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/online-eye-multimodal-implicit-eye-tracking-calibration-for-xr/ > Online-EYE: multimodal implicit eye tracking calibration for XR </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Baosheng James Hou </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Lucy Abramyan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Prasanthi Gurumurthy </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Khushman Patel </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/105919/"> Ivana Tosic </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ericgonzalez/"> Eric Gonzalez </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Haley Adams </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Andrea Colaco </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ken Pfeuffer </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Hans Gellersen </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Karan Ahuja </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108218/"> Mar Gonzalez Franco </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> 2025 </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentunlike-other-inputs-for-vr-that-wo tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentunlike-other-inputs-for-vr-that-wo" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Unlike other inputs for VR that work out of the box, eye tracking typically requires custom calibration per user or session. We present a multimodal inputs approach for implicit calibration of eye tracker in VR, leveraging UI interaction for continuous, background calibration. Our method analyzes gaze data alongside controller interaction with UI elements, and employing ML techniques it continuously refines the calibration matrix without interrupting users from their current tasks. Potentially eliminating the need for explicit calibration. We demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of this implicit approach across various tasks and real time applications achieving comparable eye tracking accuracy to native, explicit calibration.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/online-eye-multimodal-implicit-eye-tracking-calibration-for-xr/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/validation-of-a-deep-learning-model-for-diabetic-retinopathy-on-patients-with-young-onset-diabetes/ > Validation of a Deep Learning Model for Diabetic Retinopathy on Patients with Young-Onset Diabetes </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Tony Tan-Torres </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Pradeep Praveen </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Divleen Jeji </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Arthur Brant </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Xiang Yin </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Lu Yang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108365/"> Preeti Singh </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Tayyeba Ali </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ilana Traynis </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Dushyantsinh Jadeja </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Rajroshan Sawhney </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/dalewebster/"> Dale Webster </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/naamahammel/"> Naama Hammel </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/105698/"> Yun Liu </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/105771/"> Kasumi Widner </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Sunny Virmani </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Pradeep Venkatesh </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/jonathankrause/"> Jonathan Krause </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Nikhil Tandon </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ophthalmology and Therapy (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentintroduction-while-many-deep-learn tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentintroduction-while-many-deep-learn" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Introduction While many deep learning systems (DLSs) for diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been developed and validated on cohorts with an average age of 50s or older, fewer studies have examined younger individuals. This study aimed to understand DLS performance for younger individuals, who tend to display anatomic differences, such as prominent retinal sheen. This sheen can be mistaken for exudates or cotton wool spots, and potentially confound DLSs. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional cohort study in a “Diabetes of young” clinic in India, enrolling 321 individuals between ages 18 and 45 (98.8% with type 1 diabetes). Participants had fundus photographs taken and the photos were adjudicated by experienced graders to obtain reference DR grades. We defined a younger cohort (age 18–25) and an older cohort (age 26–45) and examined differences in DLS performance between the two cohorts. The main outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity for DR. Results Eye-level sensitivity for moderate-or-worse DR was 97.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 91.2, 98.2] for the younger cohort and 94.0% [88.8, 98.1] for the older cohort (p = 0.418 for difference). The specificity for moderate-or-worse DR significantly differed between the younger and older cohorts, 97.9% [95.9, 99.3] and 92.1% [87.6, 96.0], respectively (p = 0.008). Similar trends were observed for diabetic macular edema (DME); sensitivity was 79.0% [57.9, 93.6] for the younger cohort and 77.5% [60.8, 90.6] for the older cohort (p = 0.893), whereas specificity was 97.0% [94.5, 99.0] and 92.0% [88.2, 95.5] (p = 0.018). Retinal sheen presence (94% of images) was associated with DME presence (p < 0.0001). Image review suggested that sheen presence confounded reference DME status, increasing noise in the labels and depressing measured sensitivity. The gradability rate for both DR and DME was near-perfect (99% for both). Conclusion DLS-based DR screening performed well in younger individuals aged 18–25, with comparable sensitivity and higher specificity compared to individuals aged 26–45. Sheen presence in this cohort made identification of DME difficult for graders and depressed measured DLS sensitivity; additional studies incorporating optical coherence tomography may improve accuracy of measuring DLS DME sensitivity.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/validation-of-a-deep-learning-model-for-diabetic-retinopathy-on-patients-with-young-onset-diabetes/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/mufu-multilingual-fused-learning-for-low-resource-translation-with-llm/ > Mufu: Multilingual Fused Learning for Low- Resource Translation with LLM </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Zheng Lim </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108319/"> Nitish Gupta </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Honglin Yu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Trevor Cohn </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) 2025 </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentmultilingual-large-language-models tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentmultilingual-large-language-models" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Multilingual large language models (LLMs) are great translators, but this is largely limited to high-resource languages. For many LLMs, translating in and out of low-resource languages remains a challenging task. To maximize data efficiency in this low-resource setting, we introduce Mufu, which includes a selection of automatically generated multilingual candidates and an instruction to correct inaccurate translations in the prompt. Mufu prompts turn a translation task into a postediting one, and seek to harness the LLM's reasoning capability with auxiliary translation candidates, from which the model is required to assess the input quality, align the semantics cross-lingually, copy from relevant inputs and override instances that are incorrect. Our experiments on En-XX translations over the Flores-200 dataset show LLMs finetuned against Mufu-style prompts are robust to poor quality auxiliary translation candidates, achieving performance superior to NLLB 1.3B distilled model in 64% of low- and very-low-resource language pairs. We then distill these models to reduce inference cost, while maintaining on average 3.1 chrF improvement over finetune-only baseline in low-resource translations.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/mufu-multilingual-fused-learning-for-low-resource-translation-with-llm/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/databases-in-the-era-of-memory-centric-computing/ > Databases in the Era of Memory-Centric Computing </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/yannischronis/"> Yannis Chronis </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Anastasia Ailamaki </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Lawrence Benson </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Helena Caminal </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jana Gičeva </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/105290/"> Dave Patterson </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Eric Seldar </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Lisa Wu Wills </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> 2025 </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentthe-increasing-disparity-between-p tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentthe-increasing-disparity-between-p" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">The increasing disparity between processor core counts and memory bandwidth, coupled with the rising cost and underutilization of memory, introduces a performance and cost Memory Wall and presents a significant challenge to the scalability of database systems. We argue that current processor-centric designs are unsustainable, and we advocate for a shift towards memory-centric computing, where disaggregated memory pools enable cost-effective scaling and robust performance. Database systems are uniquely positioned to leverage memory-centric systems because of their intrinsic data-centric nature. We demonstrate how memory-centric database operations can be realized with current hardware, paving the way for more efficient and scalable data management in the cloud.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/databases-in-the-era-of-memory-centric-computing/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/a-scalable-framework-for-evaluating-health-language-models/ > A Scalable Framework for Evaluating Health Language Models </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Neil Mallinar </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ali/"> Ali Heydari </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108533/"> Xin Liu </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Tony Faranesh </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Brent Winslow </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Nova Hammerquist </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ben Graef </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Cathy Speed </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Mark Malhotra </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Shwetak Patel </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Xavi Prieto </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Daniel McDuff </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ahmed Metwally </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentlarge-language-models-llms-have tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentlarge-language-models-llms-have" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing complex datasets. Recent studies demonstrate their potential to generate useful, personalized responses when provided with patient-specific health information that encompasses lifestyle, biomarkers, and context. As LLM-driven health applications are increasingly adopted, rigorous and efficient one-sided evaluation methodologies are crucial to ensure response quality across multiple dimensions, including accuracy, personalization and safety. Current evaluation practices for open-ended text responses heavily rely on human experts. This approach introduces human factors and is often cost-prohibitive, labor-intensive, and hinders scalability, especially in complex domains like healthcare where response assessment necessitates domain expertise and considers multifaceted patient data. In this work, we introduce Adaptive Precise Boolean rubrics: an evaluation framework that streamlines human and automated evaluation of open-ended questions by identifying gaps in model responses using a minimal set of targeted rubrics questions. Our approach is based on recent work in more general evaluation settings that contrasts a smaller set of complex evaluation targets with a larger set of more precise, granular targets answerable with simple boolean responses. We validate this approach in metabolic health, a domain encompassing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Our results demonstrate that Adaptive Precise Boolean rubrics yield higher inter-rater agreement among expert and non-expert human evaluators, and in automated assessments, compared to traditional Likert scales, while requiring approximately half the evaluation time of Likert-based methods. This enhanced efficiency, particularly in automated evaluation and non-expert contributions, paves the way for more extensive and cost-effective evaluation of LLMs in health.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/a-scalable-framework-for-evaluating-health-language-models/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/zero-shot-image-moderation-in-google-ads-with-llm-assisted-textual-descriptions-and-cross-modal-co-embeddings/ > Zero-Shot Image Moderation in Google Ads with LLM-Assisted Textual Descriptions and Cross-modal Co-embeddings </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jimin Li </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Eric Xiao </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/weiqiao/"> Wei Qiao </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Katie Warren </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Enming Luo </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Krishna Viswanathan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Ariel Fuxman </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/yuanwang/"> Yuan Wang </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Bill Li </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Yintao Liu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> (2025) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentwe-present-a-scalable-and-agile-ap tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentwe-present-a-scalable-and-agile-ap" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">We present a scalable and agile approach for ads image content moderation at Google, addressing the challenges of moderating massive volumes of ads with diverse content and evolving policies. The proposed method utilizes human-curated textual descriptions and cross-modal text-image co-embeddings to enable zero-shot classification of policy violating ads images, bypassing the need for extensive supervised training data and human labeling. By leveraging large language models (LLMs) and user expertise, the system generates and refines a comprehensive set of textual descriptions representing policy guidelines. During inference, co-embedding similarity between incoming images and the textual descriptions serves as a reliable signal for policy violation detection, enabling efficient and adaptable ads content moderation. Evaluation results demonstrate the efficacy of this framework in significantly boosting the detection of policy violating content.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/zero-shot-image-moderation-in-google-ads-with-llm-assisted-textual-descriptions-and-cross-modal-co-embeddings/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/snap-it-tap-it-splat-it-tactile-informed-3d-gaussian-splatting-for-reconstructing-challenging-surfaces/ > Snap-it, Tap-it, Splat-it: Tactile-Informed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Reconstructing Challenging Surfaces </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Mauro Comi </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/106839/"> Alessio Tonioni </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Max Yang </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jonathan Tremblay </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Valts Blukis </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Yijiong Lin </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Nathan Lepora </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Laurence Aitchison </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> 2025 </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contenttouch-and-vision-go-hand-in-hand tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contenttouch-and-vision-go-hand-in-hand" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Touch and vision go hand in hand, mutually enhancing our ability to understand the world. From a research perspective, the problem of mixing touch and vision is underexplored and presents interesting challenges. To this end, we propose Tactile-Informed 3DGS, a novel approach that incorporates touch data (local depth maps) with multi-view vision data to achieve surface reconstruction and novel view synthesis. Our method optimises 3D Gaussian primitives to accurately model the object's geometry at points of contact. By creating a framework that decreases the transmittance at touch locations, we achieve a refined surface reconstruction, ensuring a uniformly smooth depth map. Touch is particularly useful when considering non-Lambertian objects (e.g. shiny or reflective surfaces) since contemporary methods tend to fail to reconstruct with fidelity specular highlights. By combining vision and tactile sensing, we achieve more accurate geometry reconstructions with fewer images than prior methods. We conduct evaluation on objects with glossy and reflective surfaces and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, offering significant improvements in reconstruction quality.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/snap-it-tap-it-splat-it-tactile-informed-3d-gaussian-splatting-for-reconstructing-challenging-surfaces/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/keep-guessing-when-considering-inference-scaling-mind-the-baselines/ > Keep Guessing? When Considering Inference Scaling, Mind the Baselines </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/galyona/"> Gal Yona </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Or Honovich </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Omer Levy </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/roeeaharoni/"> Roee Aharoni </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> 2025 </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentrecent-work-suggested-utilizing-in tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentrecent-work-suggested-utilizing-in" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Recent work suggested utilizing inference compute, showing that scaling of number of samples consistently improves the fractions of problems solved by any attempt, namely the coverage. In this work, we suggest that inference scaling gains should be compared with proper baselines, as some datasets become degenerate when allowing a large number of attempts. We focus on two domains - mathematical reasoning and factual knowledge, showing that for the MATH and Entity Questions datasets, informed answer enumeration obtains similar or even better results than repeated model sampling, with a much lower sample budget. While we believe that inference scaling is a promising approach for unlocking the potential of language models, we recommend carefully selecting models and datasets when applying this method. Otherwise, the results of inference scaling should be interpreted with caution.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/keep-guessing-when-considering-inference-scaling-mind-the-baselines/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=https://research.google/pubs/smack-efficient-instruction-cache-attacks-via-self-modifying-code-conflicts/ > SMaCk: Efficient Instruction Cache Attacks via Self-Modifying Code Conflicts </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Seonghun Son </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108392/"> Daniel Moghimi </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Berk Gulmezoglu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) (2025) (to appear) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentself-modifying-code-smc-allows-p tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentself-modifying-code-smc-allows-p" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Self-modifying code (SMC) allows programs to alter their own instructions, optimizing performance and functionality on x86 processors. Despite its benefits, SMC introduces unique microarchitectural behaviors that can be exploited for malicious purposes. In this paper, we explore the security implications of SMC by examining how specific x86 instructions affecting instruction cache lines lead to measurable timing discrepancies between cache hits and misses. These discrepancies facilitate refined cache attacks, making them less noisy and more effective. We introduce novel attack techniques that leverage these timing variations to enhance existing methods such as Prime+Probe and Flush+Reload. Our advanced techniques allow adversaries to more precisely attack cryptographic keys and create covert channels akin to Spectre across various x86 platforms. Finally, we propose a dynamic detection methodology utilizing hardware performance counters to mitigate these enhanced threats.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="https://research.google/pubs/smack-efficient-instruction-cache-attacks-via-self-modifying-code-conflicts/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="filtered-list-base__pagination" data-hot-swap="pagination"> <nav class="pagination" aria-label="pagination" data-gt-id="Publications_pagination" data-gt-component-name="TODO: add BE var"> <a href="javascript(0):void" rel="nofollow" title="Go to page 1" aria-label="Go to page 1, first page" data-page="1" class="pagination__first-button js-pagination-button pagination__first-button--disabled" aria-disabled="true" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" fill="#000000"> <path d="M18.41 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