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class="article-header__heading"><div class="label-with-line"><div class="label-with-line__label"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--large">You're reading</h2></div><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div></div><div class="article-header__content"><div class="article-header__hero"><div class="article-title-card article-title-card--small-tablet"><div class="article-title-card__container"><div class="article-title-card__labels article-title-card__labels--small" data-cy="article-header"><div class="hero-card-labels"><a class="hero-card-labels__link" target="" rel="" id=""><div class="hero-card-labels__header"><h2 data-cy="article-hero-title" class="hero-header__header">The 'psychedelics coach' with drug-fuelled career advice</h2></div></a><div class="hero-card-labels__description"><div class="hero-card-labels__dot-label"><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200107104031/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/productivity"><div 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productivity, some are turning to these substances for career clarity.</h2></div><div class="article-intro__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div></div></aside><div class="article__sidebar"><header><aside class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--center"><div class="author-unit__container"><a class="author-unit__image" target="" rel="" id=""><div class="circle-image circle-image--small circle-image__image--dark-blue" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="Author image" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg 144w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg 208w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg 624w" sizes="20vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg" alt="Author image"/></div></a><div class="author-unit__info"><a class="author-unit__text" target="" rel="" id=""><h3 class="author-name">By Colleen Hagerty</h3></a><span class="author-unit__date"> 6th January 2020 </span></div></div></div></aside></header><div class="adslot__mpu"><div class=" sticky"><div id="bbccom_mpu_1_2_3_4" class="bbccom_slot bbccom_standard_slot adslot--mpu" aria-hidden="true"><div id="mpu" class="bbccom_mpu bbccom_advert"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__container"><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__drop-capped body-text-card__drop-capped--flushed"><div class="drop-capped drop-capped--worklife"><p class="drop-capped__letter">P</p></div></div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Paul Austin and Matt Gillespie are trying to retrace their steps along a path shrouded by redwood trees.</p> <p>All things considered, the conditions for being lost in the forest are pretty ideal: there’s still about an hour of daylight left, and the weather is unusually pleasant for December in Oakland, California.</p> <p>Plus, the two 29-year-olds are in noticeably good spirits. Austin, a psychedelics coach, feels confident his guidance helped his client, Gillespie, make some real progress today. And Gillespie, brushing his palm across a tree as he takes another muddy step forward, seems all but concerned about the unplanned detour.</p> <p>“How often do you let yourself get lost?” he asks. It’s tough to tell if Gillespie is really that enchanted by the redwoods around him – or if he’s still feeling the dose of psychedelic drugs he took a few hours back.</p> <p><strong>‘That really helped me understand my potential’</strong></p> <p>Psychedelics have seen a surge in popularity within the last decade. These mind-altering substances, which include psilocybin (or ‘magic mushrooms’) and LSD, are best known for their hallucinogenic effects. Most notably, they’re associated with 1960s counterculture.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-native-ad article-body__body-text"><div class=""><div id="bbccom_native_pwa_1_2_3_4" class="bbccom_slot bbccom_standard_slot adslot--native_pwa" aria-hidden="true"><div id="native_pwa" class="bbccom_native_pwa bbccom_advert"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw72.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">‘Microdosing’ is a growing trend in which users ingest tiny amount of psychedelics to boost their creativity and work performance (Credit: Colleen Hagerty)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>But today, they’re fixtures in Silicon Valley’s tech-heavy and success-obsessed culture. The excitement over these psychedelics is less about recreation and more about optimisation – specifically, their alleged ability to help users level up in their careers.</p> <p>Gillespie subscribes to this idea – and has for years. He credits much of his professional success to his first dose of LSD, taken with his best friend when they were teenagers in the US state of Ohio.</p> <p>“In that altered state, it became much more real that I didn’t know anything about the world,” says Gillespie. “We realised how ignorant we were and how much growth we had left in our lives. It was, in a strange way, very humbling but also very liberating. That really helped me understand my potential.”</p> <p>Before his experience with LSD, he thought his future was already written: he would attend a local university and find a job in his hometown of Cincinnati. But after experimenting with the drug, Gillespie decided to pursue a degree in industrial design. He ended up working abroad in Germany and Switzerland before returning to the US to work at a solar energy start-up.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><div class="inline-quote"><div class="inline-quote__open-quote"><div class="open-quote gelicon--quote open-quote--large"></div></div><blockquote class="inline-quote__blockquote"><div class="inline-quote__text inline-quote__text--desktop"><h2 class="simple-header simple-header--condensed-bold simple-header--large">The reason clients come to me is often times to go into these deeper questions of, ‘Why are we doing what we’re doing?’ – Paul Austin</h2></div></blockquote><div class="inline-quote__social inline-quote__social--desktop"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Now, approaching 30 and in the throes of a new entrepreneurial effort, Gillespie has found himself turning to psychedelics for guidance once again. After abstaining from the substances through much of his early career, he became intrigued by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190718-microdosing">microdosing</a>, or the practice of taking a low dose of the drugs in an attempt to improve creativity, productivity and general well-being.</p> <p>Even though there is little data to back up these claims, the concept of using psychedelics to enhance personal and professional performance has been rising throughout the past few years.</p> <p>This is particularly the case within Silicon Valley, which has long embraced these ideas. In his book on psychedelics, How to Change Your Mind, Michael Pollan traces this history <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.vox.com/2018/5/16/17358484/michael-pollan-how-to-change-your-mind-book-drugs-engelbart-kara-swisher-podcast">back to the 1950s</a>, when engineers used LSD’s hallucinogenic effects to visualise new concepts, such as computer chips. Tech titans including <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://money.cnn.com/2015/01/25/technology/kottke-lsd-steve-jobs/">Steve Jobs</a> are also known to have dabbled in psychedelics. Jobs reportedly even once disparaged fellow founder Bill Gates as “unimaginative”, noting he would be “broader” if he took LSD (Gates has, actually, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-lsd-psychedelics-2017-2">alluded to his own LSD use</a>).</p> <p><strong>A guided trip</strong></p> <p>For Gillespie, finding an effective way to use psychedelics was difficult – he describes his early attempts at microdosing as “flailing”, saying he had a tough time determining how much of the drugs to take and how to best take advantage of his altered state.</p> <p>“Finding that right balance and that right place in my life took a little help,” he elaborates. “And that’s where Paul [Austin] comes in.”</p> <p>Like Gillespie, Austin’s first psychedelic experience happened in his late teens – a psilocybin trip. Later that year, he took LSD “maybe 20 times”. Psychedelics have been a fixture in his personal life ever since, and he sees educating others about them as his professional mission.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7y/k3/p07yk3bn.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">Psilocybin, or ‘magic mushrooms’, has been granted a ‘breathrough’ designation, allowing it to be clinically researched for medical uses (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Austin started The Third Wave, an online community for psychedelics education, and offers coaching sessions to help people integrate them into their lives in a safe, meaningful way. Since moving to Oakland last year, he’s developed a roster of regular clients – “almost exclusively founders or entrepreneurs” – guiding their drug trips by setting goals and intentions, often focusing on their professional paths.</p> <p>“I feel like the reason clients come to me is often times to go into these deeper questions of, ‘Why are we doing what we’re doing? Why does the work that we’re doing matter to us’?” says Austin. “I think psychedelics are really helping people with that process more than anything.”</p> <p><strong>‘Hike-rodosing’</strong></p> <p>When Gillespie arrives to today’s session, he’s already taken a microdose of psilocybin. Since psychedelics are illegal in the US, Austin does not provide them to his patients, but he notes that they have become much easier to come by since being <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/05/oakland-decriminalizes-magic-mushrooms-other-natural-psychedelics/">decriminalised</a> in Oakland earlier this year.</p> <p>After a short drive away from the skyscrapers of San Francisco and into the towering redwoods of Joaquin Miller Park,the two pick a random path, and the ‘hike-rodosing’ session begins. Austin slips into coaching mode, asking Gillespie to state his goals for the day.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><div class="inline-quote"><div class="inline-quote__open-quote"><div class="open-quote gelicon--quote open-quote--large"></div></div><blockquote class="inline-quote__blockquote"><div class="inline-quote__text inline-quote__text--desktop"><h2 class="simple-header simple-header--condensed-bold simple-header--large">'Ego-dissolution' is a feeling of renewed connection within a person, and with their surroundings</h2></div></blockquote><div class="inline-quote__social inline-quote__social--desktop"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>On the surface, much of the conversation seems quite similar to what one would expect from a typical career counselling session. But Austin believes the psychedelics make this process more effective by helping clients achieve a sort of objectivity about themselves.</p> <p>“It makes it easier to come to awareness about certain things,” he says. “Psychedelics just help us be a bit more malleable. They help us be more honest and open.”</p> <p>It’s not just Austin’s hunch: in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2016/04/05/1518377113.full.pdf">a recent study</a> from the Imperial College of London, researchers scanned the brains of patients on LSD and found the drug does induce a change in how users relate to the world around them. Lead researcher Dr Robin Carhart-Harris describes it as a more “unified” brain, meaning networks that typically function separately start working in a more integrated way. He says this relates to the phenomenon of “ego-dissolution” in the users, which is a feeling of renewed connection within themselves and with their surroundings.</p> <p>Studies like Carhart-Harris’ are beginning to shed new light on the potential medical uses of psychedelics, which were made illegal and classed decades ago in the US <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-44575139">as Schedule 1 drugs</a> with no medicinal value.</p> <p>Today, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted two psychedelics, psilocybin and MDMA, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.fda.gov/patients/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review/breakthrough-therapy">‘breakthrough’ designations</a> allowing them to be clinically researched after showing promising potential in treating patients with mental health conditions. Other early research has looked at the positive impacts of psychedelics in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154616302340">treating addiction</a> and even <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801660?dopt=Abstract">easing headaches</a>.</p> <p>Caroline Dorsen, a substance use researcher and assistant professor at New York University’s Meyers College of Nursing, has focused her work on how people are using psychedelics to heal childhood trauma and improve their physical and mental health. Something important she observed in having a productive psychedelic session is having some sort of figure – whether that’s a doctor, a coach or a spiritual leader – to help the user through this experience.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107104031im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7y/jw/p07yjw5v.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">Some microdosing entrepreneurs may be following in the footsteps of icons like Steve Jobs, who was known to have experimented with hallucinogenic drugs (Credit: Colleen Hagerty)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>“Having a trained and well-prepared guide is an essential part of ensuring physical and emotional safety during therapeutic psychedelic experiences which can range from blissful to sad; unsettling or scary,” says Dorsen. “After psychedelic ceremonies, guides serve the essential role of helping participants make sense of the experience and integrate what they learned into their everyday lives.”</p> <p>Anecdotally, Dorsen says she has heard many stories of people experiencing “epiphanies” during psychedelic sessions that lead to a change in careers. But, she cautions, users can’t force these sorts of realisations out of the drugs. “In my research participants often explained that they have minimal control over the experience they are going to have while taking psychedelics,” she says. “The plants are going to give you the experience you need.”</p> <p><strong>Revealing the best path forward</strong></p> <p>Since he started working with Austin, Gillespie says he has set fairer prices for his consulting work, and made significant steps forward in launching his business.</p> <p>“A lot of what Paul helps me with is getting over a lot of these limiting beliefs around my own value and my own competency,” says Gillespie.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><div class="inline-quote"><div class="inline-quote__open-quote"><div class="open-quote gelicon--quote open-quote--large"></div></div><blockquote class="inline-quote__blockquote"><div class="inline-quote__text inline-quote__text--desktop"><h2 class="simple-header simple-header--condensed-bold simple-header--large">Working with a professional psychedelics guide can cost upwards of $1,000 a month</h2></div></blockquote><div class="inline-quote__social inline-quote__social--desktop"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--worklife body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>He previously tried working with ‘accountability groups’, in which members share goals and report back on progress, but felt the experience wasn’t as beneficial. With Austin it’s “deeper”, he believes, as the coach pushes him to get more introspective and honest about his “why”, or what really drives him in his work and personal life.</p> <p>Working with Austin isn’t cheap: he requires a minimum three-month commitment for coaching with a $1,000 to $2,000 per month price tag (£765 to £1530). But Gillespie is confident that continuing to work with Austin – and psychedelics – will reveal his best path forward.</p> <p>Confident enough that, in a few days, he plans to participate in an ayahuasca ceremony for the first time, where he’ll try the potent psychedelic tea known to induce intense visions, and, often, physical sickness. He’s excited about this opportunity, and spends much of the latter half of today’s session with Austin discussing it. Eventually, as they talk, the pair finally finds the way back to their car.</p></div></div></div></div><span class="article__load-more"><div class="read-more-button"><button class="basic-button"><span class="basic-button__text basic-button__text--bold">Read more</span></button></div></span><span class="fade-story"></span></div><section class="article__footer"><div class="article__end"><div class="article-end-component"><div class="article-end"><div class="article-end__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div><div class="article-end__share-tools"><div class="share-tools"><div class="share-tools__positional"><div class="share-tools__expandable share-tools__closed"><div class="share-tools__expandable-helper"><a 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Gillespie are trying to retrace their steps along a path shrouded by redwood trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll things considered, the conditions for being lost in the forest are pretty ideal: there’s still about an hour of daylight left, and the weather is unusually pleasant for December in Oakland, California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlus, the two 29-year-olds are in noticeably good spirits. Austin, a psychedelics coach, feels confident his guidance helped his client, Gillespie, make some real progress today. And Gillespie, brushing his palm across a tree as he takes another muddy step forward, seems all but concerned about the unplanned detour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“How often do you let yourself get lost?” he asks. It’s tough to tell if Gillespie is really that enchanted by the redwoods around him – or if he’s still feeling the dose of psychedelic drugs he took a few hours back.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘That really helped me understand my potential’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychedelics have seen a surge in popularity within the last decade. These mind-altering substances, which include psilocybin (or ‘magic mushrooms’) and LSD, are best known for their hallucinogenic effects. Most notably, they’re associated with 1960s counterculture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjw72"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut today, they’re fixtures in Silicon Valley’s tech-heavy and success-obsessed culture. The excitement over these psychedelics is less about recreation and more about optimisation – specifically, their alleged ability to help users level up in their careers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGillespie subscribes to this idea – and has for years. He credits much of his professional success to his first dose of LSD, taken with his best friend when they were teenagers in the US state of Ohio.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In that altered state, it became much more real that I didn’t know anything about the world,” says Gillespie. “We realised how ignorant we were and how much growth we had left in our lives. It was, in a strange way, very humbling but also very liberating. That really helped me understand my potential.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore his experience with LSD, he thought his future was already written: he would attend a local university and find a job in his hometown of Cincinnati. But after experimenting with the drug, Gillespie decided to pursue a degree in industrial design. He ended up working abroad in Germany and Switzerland before returning to the US to work at a solar energy start-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The reason clients come to me is often times to go into these deeper questions of, ‘Why are we doing what we’re doing?’ – Paul Austin","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow, approaching 30 and in the throes of a new entrepreneurial effort, Gillespie has found himself turning to psychedelics for guidance once again. After abstaining from the substances through much of his early career, he became intrigued by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190718-microdosing\"\u003Emicrodosing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, or the practice of taking a low dose of the drugs in an attempt to improve creativity, productivity and general well-being.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven though there is little data to back up these claims, the concept of using psychedelics to enhance personal and professional performance has been rising throughout the past few years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is particularly the case within Silicon Valley, which has long embraced these ideas. In his book on psychedelics, How to Change Your Mind, Michael Pollan traces this history \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vox.com\u002F2018\u002F5\u002F16\u002F17358484\u002Fmichael-pollan-how-to-change-your-mind-book-drugs-engelbart-kara-swisher-podcast\"\u003Eback to the 1950s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when engineers used LSD’s hallucinogenic effects to visualise new concepts, such as computer chips. Tech titans including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmoney.cnn.com\u002F2015\u002F01\u002F25\u002Ftechnology\u002Fkottke-lsd-steve-jobs\u002F\"\u003ESteve Jobs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are also known to have dabbled in psychedelics. Jobs reportedly even once disparaged fellow founder Bill Gates as “unimaginative”, noting he would be “broader” if he took LSD (Gates has, actually, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fbill-gates-lsd-psychedelics-2017-2\"\u003Ealluded to his own LSD use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA guided trip\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Gillespie, finding an effective way to use psychedelics was difficult – he describes his early attempts at microdosing as “flailing”, saying he had a tough time determining how much of the drugs to take and how to best take advantage of his altered state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Finding that right balance and that right place in my life took a little help,” he elaborates. “And that’s where Paul [Austin] comes in.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike Gillespie, Austin’s first psychedelic experience happened in his late teens – a psilocybin trip. Later that year, he took LSD “maybe 20 times”. Psychedelics have been a fixture in his personal life ever since, and he sees educating others about them as his professional mission.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yk3bn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAustin started The Third Wave, an online community for psychedelics education, and offers coaching sessions to help people integrate them into their lives in a safe, meaningful way. Since moving to Oakland last year, he’s developed a roster of regular clients – “almost exclusively founders or entrepreneurs” – guiding their drug trips by setting goals and intentions, often focusing on their professional paths.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I feel like the reason clients come to me is often times to go into these deeper questions of, ‘Why are we doing what we’re doing? Why does the work that we’re doing matter to us’?” says Austin. “I think psychedelics are really helping people with that process more than anything.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Hike-rodosing’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Gillespie arrives to today’s session, he’s already taken a microdose of psilocybin. Since psychedelics are illegal in the US, Austin does not provide them to his patients, but he notes that they have become much easier to come by since being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnation\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F05\u002Foakland-decriminalizes-magic-mushrooms-other-natural-psychedelics\u002F\"\u003Edecriminalised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Oakland earlier this year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter a short drive away from the skyscrapers of San Francisco and into the towering redwoods of Joaquin Miller Park,the two pick a random path, and the ‘hike-rodosing’ session begins. Austin slips into coaching mode, asking Gillespie to state his goals for the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"'Ego-dissolution' is a feeling of renewed connection within a person, and with their surroundings","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the surface, much of the conversation seems quite similar to what one would expect from a typical career counselling session. But Austin believes the psychedelics make this process more effective by helping clients achieve a sort of objectivity about themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It makes it easier to come to awareness about certain things,” he says. “Psychedelics just help us be a bit more malleable. They help us be more honest and open.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just Austin’s hunch: in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fpnas\u002Fearly\u002F2016\u002F04\u002F05\u002F1518377113.full.pdf\"\u003Ea recent study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Imperial College of London, researchers scanned the brains of patients on LSD and found the drug does induce a change in how users relate to the world around them. Lead researcher Dr Robin Carhart-Harris describes it as a more “unified” brain, meaning networks that typically function separately start working in a more integrated way. He says this relates to the phenomenon of “ego-dissolution” in the users, which is a feeling of renewed connection within themselves and with their surroundings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies like Carhart-Harris’ are beginning to shed new light on the potential medical uses of psychedelics, which were made illegal and classed decades ago in the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-44575139\"\u003Eas Schedule 1 drugs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with no medicinal value.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted two psychedelics, psilocybin and MDMA, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fpatients\u002Ffast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review\u002Fbreakthrough-therapy\"\u003E‘breakthrough’ designations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E allowing them to be clinically researched after showing promising potential in treating patients with mental health conditions. Other early research has looked at the positive impacts of psychedelics in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352154616302340\"\u003Etreating addiction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F16801660?dopt=Abstract\"\u003Eeasing headaches\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Dorsen, a substance use researcher and assistant professor at New York University’s Meyers College of Nursing, has focused her work on how people are using psychedelics to heal childhood trauma and improve their physical and mental health. Something important she observed in having a productive psychedelic session is having some sort of figure – whether that’s a doctor, a coach or a spiritual leader – to help the user through this experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07yjw5v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Having a trained and well-prepared guide is an essential part of ensuring physical and emotional safety during therapeutic psychedelic experiences which can range from blissful to sad; unsettling or scary,” says Dorsen. “After psychedelic ceremonies, guides serve the essential role of helping participants make sense of the experience and integrate what they learned into their everyday lives.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnecdotally, Dorsen says she has heard many stories of people experiencing “epiphanies” during psychedelic sessions that lead to a change in careers. But, she cautions, users can’t force these sorts of realisations out of the drugs. “In my research participants often explained that they have minimal control over the experience they are going to have while taking psychedelics,” she says. “The plants are going to give you the experience you need.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERevealing the best path forward\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince he started working with Austin, Gillespie says he has set fairer prices for his consulting work, and made significant steps forward in launching his business.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of what Paul helps me with is getting over a lot of these limiting beliefs around my own value and my own competency,” says Gillespie.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Working with a professional psychedelics guide can cost upwards of $1,000 a month","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe previously tried working with ‘accountability groups’, in which members share goals and report back on progress, but felt the experience wasn’t as beneficial. With Austin it’s “deeper”, he believes, as the coach pushes him to get more introspective and honest about his “why”, or what really drives him in his work and personal life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorking with Austin isn’t cheap: he requires a minimum three-month commitment for coaching with a $1,000 to $2,000 per month price tag (£765 to £1530). But Gillespie is confident that continuing to work with Austin – and psychedelics – will reveal his best path forward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConfident enough that, in a few days, he plans to participate in an ayahuasca ceremony for the first time, where he’ll try the potent psychedelic tea known to induce intense visions, and, often, physical sickness. He’s excited about this opportunity, and spends much of the latter half of today’s session with Austin discussing it. Eventually, as they talk, the pair finally finds the way back to their car.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-06T20:49:16.151Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The 'psychedelics coach' with drug-fuelled career advice","headlineShort":"Why people are doing drugs to pick jobs","image":["p07yjw6c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Following the popularity of microdosing psychedelics to improve productivity, some are turning to these substances for career clarity.","summaryShort":"Some pay $1,000 for a 'psychedelics coach' to help them make decisions","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2020-01-06T21:25:37.539116Z","entity":"article","guid":"65063e0e-b590-46e7-8a47-6b3756ae4cd7","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career","modifiedDateTime":"2020-01-06T21:25:37.539116Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200106-can-drugs-help-you-choose-a-new-career","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596718},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191219-how-to-be-more-efficient-stop-precrastinating":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191219-how-to-be-more-efficient-stop-precrastinating","_id":"5e0f0d6ba1287c946089966b","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07yfkh0"],"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage-and-ginevra-boni"],"bodyIntro":"Putting off important jobs until the last moment, procrastination, is a well-known behaviour, but ‘precrastination’ can be just as dangerous.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhether or not we care to admit it, we’re all familiar with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination\"\u003Eprocrastination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: waiting until the last minute to catch up with pressing tasks, often leading to subpar or incomplete work. The antidote – while easier said than done – is simply to start on your assignments sooner, long before the cut-off time so that your work reflects your full potential. But in your quest to beat procrastination, is it possible to go too far?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDavid Rosenbaum, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, certainly thinks so. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0963721419833652\"\u003EHis research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E focuses on the perils of “precrastination”, the tendency to rush too quickly into tasks. It can result in an expenditure of unnecessary effort that could be avoided with a bit of planning – in other words, haste makes waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs opposed to a procrastinator, who might leave an inbox full of emails untouched until the next day, a \u003Cem\u003Eprecrastinator \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewould read and respond to each of them first thing in the morning. Even if they know most of the emails are unimportant, they would choose to clear them off as soon as possible. In some cases, this can mean depleting the precious energy they might need for a more urgent task later on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo why do people precrastinate? Rosenbaum says that for most, it’s tough to resist reaching for low-hanging fruit.If something is immediately available to you, you’re instinctively wired to go for it. Think about the sweet allure of free food samples at the market. Similarly, when you complete simple short-term tasks, you have one fewer thing to think about – “I can wrap this up in five minutes. Why not take care of it now?” Personality traits such as conscientiousness, eagerness to please and high energy can predict precrastination behaviours, Rosenbaum says, but the evolutionary impulse behind them is universal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe real downside of precrastination comes when, in your rush to finish, you encounter the naturally higher chance of doing your work incompletely or inaccurately. In the case of emails, sometimes waiting to respond can show respect for careful thought over expediency, especially if the content of the message is emotional.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, precrastination is not without its benefits, but it’s critical to do so only when it makes sense. Chronic precrastinators must also realise that it’s OK to set trivial things aside, because they will not require huge mental energy later in the day, Rosenbaum says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe argues that the managers of today would be wise to acknowledge that it’s not always best to do everything as quickly as possible. “It should be agreed in our society that it’s okay to smell the flowers,” he says. “To be deliberate, mindful and to be allowed to slow down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWatch the video above to learn more from David Rosenbaum, and to experience the ugly sides of precrastination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInterview by Maddy Savage. Animation by Ginevra Boni. Additional contributions from Peter Rubinstein.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191219-how-to-be-more-efficient-stop-precrastinating-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftime-hackers"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-19T20:24:20.255Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to be more efficient: stop ‘precrastinating’","headlineShort":"The modern sin of ‘precrastination’","image":["p07yfdw3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Putting off important jobs until the last moment, procrastination, is a well-known behaviour, but ‘precrastination’ can be just as dangerous.","summaryShort":"The busywork scourge that kills productivity","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-12-19T21:55:03.388558Z","entity":"article","guid":"d40abdc9-5fe0-4047-b9bf-a45b8782e266","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191219-how-to-be-more-efficient-stop-precrastinating","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-19T22:13:57.581893Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191219-how-to-be-more-efficient-stop-precrastinating","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596718},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-the-mental-hacks-that-level-up-your-self-control":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-the-mental-hacks-that-level-up-your-self-control","_id":"5e0f0d6ba1287c946089962d","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07y7709"],"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage-and-ginevra-boni"],"bodyIntro":"Resisting momentary temptations is a tough task - especially when they’re right in front of you. How can you upgrade your self-control to get closer to your long-term goals?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBy definition, self-control is the ability to do something that benefits your long-term goals, instead of something that might satisfy your immediate desires. But for many of us, short-term satiations are irresistible – we end up sacrificing the well-being of our future selves all too easily. Why is exercising proper self-control so tricky for some, and how can you harness your own restraint for good?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAngela Duckworth, professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, says allocating resources between your present self and future self is an ongoing struggle. Even though you know the importance of preparing for your future, your present self also wants their fair share. It’s a tough negotiation, especially during the moments when the ‘easy road’ is laying right in front of you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor example, exhibiting self-control over spending time on video games and social media, two of the most common temptations of the current era, means battling against age-old mechanisms in your brain – like your desire for social interaction or penchant for hunting. “That’s really what drives us to keep checking our feeds, to see whether our friends posted anything or whether they liked our last photo,” says Duckworth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne of the most important discoveries about self-control in recent years, says Duckworth, is that people vary widely in terms of what tempts them. If you’re willing to look deeply into your tendencies and weak points, you can recognise the handful of problems that you need to work on. Once you understand the sources of your self-control woes, you can begin devoting energy toward fixing them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne place to start would be the office. To improve self-control at work, Duckworth first recommends taking a future-oriented approach to your day, such as planning breaks and the time slots for checking emails in advance. If you can refrain from resigning to your urges before the time you’ve allotted for yourself, you may achieve a greater handle on your overall self-control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOf course, after you’ve done the planning, you must actually change your behaviour. The problem of looking at your cell phone too often, say, can be solved by putting it on mute or, better yet, sticking it in your bag until lunch. Removing the temptation from sight is key to ensuring you’re faithful to your mission.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFinally, Duckworth advises laying a foundation of self-control that you can build off of in the future. We’ve all experienced unproductive workdays because of too little sleep the night before, or an insufficient meal in the morning. By practicing healthier living away from the workplace, you can gather the strength and stamina to help you control your worst urges when it matters most.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWatch the video above to hear more from Angela Duckworth, and to learn the best ways to boost your own self-control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInterview by Maddy Savage. Animation by Ginevra Boni. Additional contributions from Peter Rubinstein.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-the-mental-hacks-that-level-up-your-self-control-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftime-hackers"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-18T15:29:08Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The mental hacks that level up your self-control","headlineShort":"Three hacks to boost your self-control","image":["p07y603z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Resisting momentary temptations is a tough task - especially when they’re right in front of you. How can you upgrade your self-control to get closer to your long-term goals?","summaryShort":"The selfless, future-oriented task to help achieve your goals","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-12-17T22:39:11.032532Z","entity":"article","guid":"e70237fd-632b-4b3c-8a2a-70db2220a622","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-the-mental-hacks-that-level-up-your-self-control","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-17T22:39:11.032532Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191217-the-mental-hacks-that-level-up-your-self-control","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596719},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191216-how-flow-brings-out-your-full-potential":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191216-how-flow-brings-out-your-full-potential","_id":"5e0f0d6ba1287c946089960c","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07y4bl4"],"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Athletes and musicians aren’t the only ones able to access a deeply focused state of flow - anyone can get into the zone by conquering the right challenge.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor many busy people, leisure time is a more precious resource than money – so what should you do in those few prized hours that will mitigate your stress and provide a long-lasting sense of satisfaction?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to scientific research, you should focus on “flow activities” – those that require deep involvement, so that you forget about the passing of time, and challenge you in a way that just exceeds your current abilities. But what exactly is flow?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen you enter a state of flow, the outside world melts away and you’re able to focus on the present moment entirely. Think of a footballer dribbling towards the net, dodging defenders and planning out a shot on goal; or a pianist playing with two hands up and down the keys, using complex fingering and pressure to create dynamic music. It’s when you put your thinking aside and simply act.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd flow isn’t exclusive to artists and athletes. Anyone can experience flow when fully engaged with their work or hobbies. All it takes is a challenging but surmountable activity, an environment that supports that activity and the time to allow oneself to sink into the moment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190204-how-to-find-your-flow-state-to-be-peak-creative\"\u003EResearch has even found\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that when you enter a state of flow, your breathing deepens and your heart rate slows. In a work setting, the physical switch can translate to increased productivity and motivation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo how can you trigger your own state of flow? It isn’t as easy as it seems. Eliminating distractions from your phones and other devices can be a daunting task, especially at the office. And finding the right balance between the difficulty of an activity and your own ability is tricky. It must be challenging enough to force you into hyper-focus to complete it, but not so challenging that it causes you stress.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, the activity must also be something that you care about. Something as simple as knitting a scarf or as convoluted as filing taxes can induce a healthy state of flow if your skills match up in the right way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the video above, author and futurist James Wallman shares his tips on how you can access your own flow state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInterview by Elizabeth Hotson. Animation by Leah Dubuc.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191216-how-flow-brings-out-your-full-potential-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftime-hackers"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-17T19:42:41Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How ‘flow’ brings out your full potential","headlineShort":"The science behind being ‘in the zone’","image":["p07y3kv9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Athletes and musicians aren’t the only ones able to access a deeply focused state of flow - anyone can get into the zone by conquering the right challenge.","summaryShort":"‘Flow states’ can boost our productivity and motivation to the maximum","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-12-17T11:40:19.665286Z","entity":"article","guid":"764c6ac6-85e7-44e9-a5c4-5b192b89bcbb","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191216-how-flow-brings-out-your-full-potential","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-17T11:43:28.859641Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191216-how-flow-brings-out-your-full-potential","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596719},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work","_id":"5e0f0d6ba1287c9460899524","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fwilliam-park"],"bodyIntro":"People no longer nap in the middle of the day, but Spain still needs to fix its long lunch problem, one expert says.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA couple of hours spent lingering over lunch when the sun is out sounds idyllic to those of us who rarely get the opportunity. For many Spaniards, it’s baked in to working life. But in a country where productivity is low, one expert is calling for siesta culture to be replaced by one that celebrates flexible hours, saying it would improve productivity and family life, and help Spanish firms retain sought-after talent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENuria Chinchilla is a management professor at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iese.edu\u002Ffaculty-research\u002Ffaculty\u002Fnuria-chinchilla\u002F\"\u003EIESE Business School at the University of Navarra\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E. \u003C\u002Fspan\u003EShe says absences and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-presenteeism\"\u003Epresenteeism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E caused by Spain’s long workdays lead to poor work-life balance that managers should be addressing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In Spain, we have long working hours, sometimes from nine to nine, and we waste two to three hours for lunch. This is nonsense,” says\u003Cspan\u003E Chinchilla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, who leads the university’s International Center on Work and Family and has represented Spain at the United Nations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07xpxcv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe origins of the siesta in Spain date from the civil war in the 1930s. Workers often held two jobs because of the poor economic conditions in the country under Francisco Franco’s dictatorship. The nap was needed to recover between starting shifts. Since democracy returned in the 1970s, and the economic conditions in Spain have improved, the need for a siesta has diminished; \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20170609-its-time-to-put-the-tired-spanish-siesta-stereotype-to-bed\"\u003Eperhaps as few as 18% of Spanish workers nap in the middle of the day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the time is now largely used to take long lunches and see friends, pushing back the working day so that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2016\u002Fdec\u002F13\u002Fspain-leaves-franco-in-past-as-it-seeks-to-move-clocks-back-an-hour\"\u003Eoften ends late in the evening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Chinchilla. It is a culture that extends to other Latin countries, too, and Chinchilla has studied the effects of long working days on productivity in more than 20 nations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2018\u002F01\u002Fthe-countries-where-people-work-the-longest-hours\u002F\"\u003Eworking more hours each week than\u003C\u002Fa\u003E much of Western and Northern Europe, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fsdd\u002Fproductivity-stats\u002F5%20Session%201d%20-%20cardoso%20-%20Productivity%20OECD_vf.pdf\"\u003Eproductivity in Spain is low, and growth in productivity has been slow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, issues Chinchilla attributes to longer working days. “Presenteeism is thought to be a signal of commitment, but it is not,” says Chinchilla. “And there is a law on time that says: All work expands indefinitely to occupy all the time available for its complete realisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Working such long hours means that we can’t prioritise other things that are important, like our families and wellbeing – Nuria Chinchilla","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The time structure of the working day has not taken into account that humans are not machines or islands in an ocean, but they have family needs. Working such long hours means that we can’t prioritise other things that are important, like our families and wellbeing,” says Chinchilla.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Flexibility means less stress’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoving away from long, in-office working days and towards flexible hours would go a long way toward addressing these issues, Chinchilla says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fspains-prime-minister-mariano-rajoy-set-to-drop-siesta-to-shorten-working-day-by-two-hours-a6967101.html\"\u003EPrevious governments have made noises about shortening the working day in Spain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but Chinchilla is adamant that nothing meaningful is being done, and says it is up to business leaders and other academics like her to change the culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07xpxc7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChinchilla dedicates four days per week to consulting at companies and coaching leadership teams as part of her professorship with the IESE. One such company is Cyberclick, a digital marketing agency that was awarded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cyberclick.es\u002Fnumericalblogen\u002Fcyberclick-group-tops-the-list-of-great-place-to-work-again\"\u003EBest Place to Work in Spain for a small or medium-sized enterprise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in two consecutive years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter their first win, in 2014, Chinchilla wanted to find out what they were doing that was so effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In terms of flexible time we decided to have no schedule at the office,” says Cyberclick’s co-founder David Tomas. “You can work as much as you want. The measure was not hours but the goals we set.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECyberclick has no maximum number of paid days off either – something more common in the tech world, but very rare in Spain. Being a start-up, introducing flexible working at Cyberclick was much more possible than at many traditional firms; even in its early days, the company had had relaxed working hours. However, it was not always the case that they offered formal flexible working. “Flexible time had been implemented before but from 2012 we started to have no schedule – we made it super explicit,” says Tomas. “We were inspired by the model at Netflix, actually.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The flexibility not to be at work at a certain time takes the stress away – David Tomas","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGone is the culture of presenteeism that keeps people at their desks late into the evening to make up for long lunches. Now, teams decide between themselves how much holiday they will take each year and when to be in the office. Tomas says it was important to make flexibility formal to make sure that as the company grew everyone felt comfortable taking advantage of the system. It had the added benefit of making them an attractive employer for new, young talent, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESol González has been with the company since before the formalised flexibility policies, and says she’s unlikely to quit – things like working from home let her spend more time with her daughter without stressing about schedules all the time. “To me teleworking has multiple advantages, such as… taking care of my little daughter when she gets ill, or having lunch with her occasionally.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The flexibility not to be at work at a certain time takes the stress away,” says Tomas. “Then I don’t know why but you have more productivity. When you say you trust your team 100%, people respond with more responsibility. They say: ‘This company treats me well, so I want it to succeed’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChange from the top\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETomas says that Spanish companies have ignored employee satisfaction in the past. Job security has traditionally been the key factor in a country where unemployment is high, meaning companies could demand more of their employees and be less flexible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07xpx87"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet the companies that Chinchilla has researched and who have adopted more sociable hours by moving away from siesta culture see \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.iese.edu\u002Fnuriachinchilla\u002Ffiles\u002F2010\u002F12\u002Fthe_power_to_change_workplaces.pdf\"\u003E19% greater productivity, 30% less absenteeism and healthier workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “The results of the research are good. Where they have flexible arrangements, they can fit with the reality of their lives. This is important not just in Spain, but in the Philippines, Latin America, Africa, Europe. This is something that is universal,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe tide may be beginning to turn. Unemployment rates might still be high in Spain compared to elsewhere in Europe, but there is a lot of competition for highly qualified employees. More companies are offering flexible working so that good candidates do not go overseas. “Particularly millennials value this flexibility and autonomy,” says Tomas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChinchilla advocates educating managers in the benefits of being flexible – breaking the habit of measuring input in terms of hours spent at work will require a culture change from the top. “More and more the thing that we are training is for bosses to become coaches,” says Chinchilla. “You can change procedures, but if the leaders don’t know what is going on it is useless.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People get home and are really crushed,” she says. “We waste so much time that we should be spending at home or on ourselves. No wonder people feel burnout when they are being made to work for so long.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftime-hackers"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-14T15:12:43Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Should Spain replace the siesta with flexible work?","headlineShort":"Should Spain change siesta culture?","image":["p07xpxd8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"People no longer nap in the middle of the day, but Spain still needs to fix its long lunch problem, one expert says.","summaryShort":"Meet the professor who says flexible working beats a long lunch","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-12-13T15:20:22.567884Z","entity":"article","guid":"be97c58c-043c-4b8a-a202-0f6d70c9755c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-13T15:20:22.567884Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191213-should-spain-replace-the-siesta-with-flexible-work","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596720},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy","_id":"5e0f0d69a1287c9460898bd0","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From the humble journalist to the big-city planner, people across the globe miss deadlines. But what if we could fix the cognitive bias that causes this to happen?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I love deadlines. I love the whooshing noise they make as they go by,” the late British author Douglas Adams once famously quipped.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of us can empathise with this feeling of time rushing before our eyes as we struggle to complete a task. At least most of our delays are not the cause of national humiliation, but missed deadlines have led to red faces in politics on numerous occasions. Consider the Sydney Opera House. The Australian government first \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.records.nsw.gov.au\u002Farchives\u002Fmagazine\u002Fgalleries\u002Fsydney-opera-house-the-red-book\"\u003Ecommissioned the project in 1958\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with an expected completion date of 1963. Yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2005-11262-003\"\u003Eit didn’t open until 1973 – 10 years late – at enormous extra cost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday’s prominent examples include the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2018\u002Foct\u002F22\u002Flongest-sea-bridge-to-open-china-hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-permit\"\u003EHong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181030-what-happened-to-berlins-ghost-airport\"\u003EBerlin’s Willy Brandt Airport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Britain’s much-vaunted HS2 high-speed railway, which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.railbusinessdaily.com\u002Fhs2-set-for-seven-year-delay\u002F\"\u003Enow seven years behind target\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A cognitive quirk called the planning fallacy leads us to consistently underestimate how long it will take us to complete a project","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhy are we so bad at sticking to schedules? The explanation can’t just be laziness or procrastination, since in many of these cases the employees were working at full productivity. Instead, psychologists tend to blame a cognitive quirk called the planning fallacy, which leads us to consistently underestimate how long it will take us to complete a project. The result is that our original deadlines are flawed from the get-go.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether you are managing a complex professional project, or simply trying to renovate your house, an understanding of the planning fallacy will help to ensure that you meet every goal on time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"Sydney Opera House","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe concept of the planning fallacy was first introduced by the Nobel Prize-winning psychologist and economist Daniel Kahneman and his collaborator Amos Tversky in the 1970s, who were inspired by the habits of their colleagues. They were surprised to note that their colleagues routinely underestimated how long a project would take to complete \u003Cem\u003Eeven after they had missed many deadlines on similar projects in the past\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. They weren’t learning from their errors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESurveys confirm that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0065260110430014\"\u003Ethe planning fallacy is astonishingly common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In schools and universities, it can be seen among both staff and students. In IT, surveys suggest that fewer than one third of projects meet their initial deadline. In industrial research and design, projects take about 3.5 times as long as expected. And as Adams had noted, it is the bane of authors: informal estimates suggest that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fauthors-brought-to-book-over-missing-deadlines-1248330.html\"\u003Eup to 90% of professional writers are late delivering their manuscripts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The planning fallacy could also help us understand why \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0146167297233003\"\u003Epeople fail to file their tax returns on time, year after year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0022103110000636\"\u003Eleave Christmas shopping until it is almost too late\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In each case, previous failures did not appear to improve their chances of meeting a deadline in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In IT, surveys suggest that fewer than one third of projects meet their initial deadline","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne theory is that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0065260110430014\"\u003Eplanning fallacy arises from our broader tendency to focus on fine details of a scenario, rather than the big picture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – what Kahneman calls “taking the inside view”. As a freelance writer setting out the schedule for an assignment, for instance, I might start to tot up all the people I need to call, the papers I need to read and the places I need to visit. Since those particular factors will be different from assignment to assignment, I may not see my previous experiences as being relevant for this particular project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem is that our failures to meet deadlines often come from less predictable, more general factors – such as new distractions from other tasks, difficulties with travel or gaining the necessary supplies, or illness – that could all contribute to a delay. It’s these kinds of difficulties that probably caused us to miss deadlines in the past – and recognising that fact could help us to pre-empt some of those issues in the future. By focusing too much on the highly specific details of our current task and ignoring our past experiences, however, we fail to take those possibilities into account.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"Suppliers unloading","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis tendency may be exacerbated by “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fideas\u002Fvideos\u002Fwhy-smart-people-do-stupid-things\u002Fp07r0zdj\"\u003Emotivated reasoning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” – we often look only for the evidence that suits our goals, and it is often within our interests to feel that a project can be completed quickly and with less effort, leading us to ignore or dismiss clues that it might take longer. We could tell ourselves that all our suppliers will be more reliable this time, or the transport problems that set us back last time were a one off, because we \u003Cem\u003Ewant\u003C\u002Fem\u003E to feel confident that the project will go more smoothly this time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMotivated reasoning could be a particular problem in businesses where people could be rewarded for unrealistically short deadlines, which might explain why it is particularly rife in IT. “It could be something to do with the need to be competitive to secure contracts and thus underestimating the costs involved when tendering,” says Kevin Thomas at the University of Bournemouth in the UK. Note that this does not necessarily involve deliberate deception: thanks to motivated reasoning, people could easily be fooling themselves rather than consciously pulling the wool over their clients’ eyes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We often look only for the evidence that suits our goals, leading us to ignore or dismiss clues that it might take longer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAn understanding of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0749-5978(03)00089-X\"\u003Eplanning fallacy can explain why even our best attempts at time management can sometimes backfire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In a 2003 study, a group of Canadian undergraduates were asked to make detailed plans to execute tasks such as their Christmas shopping. Against expectation, their time estimates were even more unrealistic than people who had not put together a schedule. The problem was that they were still focusing on the more specific tasks to complete, rather than all those less-predictable distractions and challenges that might prevent them from carrying out those duties on time. Their detailed plans had simply given them a false sense of security.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClearly, these were fairly simple tasks, and if you are embarking on a complex project, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS002210310300177X\"\u003Eit will still be essential to unpack the necessary steps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Research by Katherine Milkman at the University of Pennsylvania and Leslie John at Harvard Business School, for example, shows that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmuse.jhu.edu\u002Farticle\u002F615107\u002Fsummary\"\u003Esetting “implementation intentions” can reduce procrastination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and increase the chance that people will follow through with their plans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"winter village NYC","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut if you want to make more realistic plans in the first place, you should also pay greater attention to previous experiences and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2018.00760\u002Ffull\"\u003Eresist the temptation to dismiss their relevance for the problem at hand\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (If you have not experienced this kind of project yourself, look to the average of people in a similar position.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe circumstances may not be identical – it’s unlikely that you will face exactly the same challenges this time round – but as a rough baseline, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12144-014-9236-3\"\u003Ethese previous experiences help you to set a better baseline estimate of the time to complete a project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which you can then refine with the particular details. Thomas says that he applies this strategy himself. “I try not to treat the current task as something that’s unique from what I’ve encountered before,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt sounds unnervingly simple, but the research shows that it really works. If you take the same advice, that unsettling “whooshing sound” of broken promises flying by can be a thing of the past, as you deliver each project with the deadline still firmly in sight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Stupid Things and How to Make Wiser Decisions\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ed_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-11-05T20:45:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Constantly late with work? Blame the planning fallacy","headlineShort":"The science behind missed deadlines","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Zhuhai-Macau-Hong Kong bridge","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"From the humble journalist to the big-city planner, people across the globe miss deadlines. But what if we could fix the cognitive bias that causes this to happen?","summaryShort":"The planning fallacy makes us constantly underestimate our schedule","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-11-04T21:27:24.555095Z","entity":"article","guid":"fa8b98cf-3b02-4d07-91fc-d2da2a1c05e5","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-05T14:57:47.257106Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596721},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination","_id":"5e0f0d6ba1287c9460899726","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Putting play before work may seem irresponsible, but experts argue that this counterintuitive move might actually make you more productive in the long run.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fcolumns\u002Fpower-of-an-hour\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp07118n2.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Power of an Hour\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMozart was out drinking one day when his friends became uneasy. It was 3 November, 1787 in Prague and the next day was the premiere of his latest opera, ‘Don Giovanni’. It was set to become one of the most acclaimed musical works in history, a true masterpiece that’s still doing the rounds in opera houses across the globe centuries later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was just one problem: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fmusic\u002Fartists\u002Fb972f589-fb0e-474e-b64a-803b0364fa75\"\u003EWolfgang Amadeus Mozart\u003C\u002Fa\u003E hadn’t written the introduction yet. Evidently, the master composer was also an expert procrastinator, since he had actually been working that day – just on something else.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FLife-Mozart-Including-Correspondence-Collection\u002Fdp\u002F1108007007\"\u003Eaccount published in 1845\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, eventually Mozart’s companions convinced him that he could delay no longer and at midnight he went back to his room to get to work. He slogged away all night, as his wife plied him with punch to keep him awake. In the end, he pulled it off, but it delayed the next evening’s performance because there wasn’t time for the introduction to be copied or rehearsed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAhh, procrastination. If you’re the kind of person who stays up all night researching niche phenomena – like, say, why some farmers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fio9.gizmodo.com\u002Fthousands-of-chickens-once-wore-glasses-to-stop-them-ki-1700343874\"\u003Eused to make their chickens wear spectacles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – whenever you have a deadline looming, or who, like Mozart, will work on anything but the most urgent tasks to create the illusion of productivity, then you may be in need of help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A model unschedule will never contain the words ‘write book’, ‘finish presentation’ or ‘revise for exam’","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough procrastinators often seem almost proud of the habit – there’s even a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnationaldaycalendar.com\u002Fnational-procrastination-week-first-two-weeks-in-march-or-when-its-convenient\u002F\"\u003ENational Procrastination Week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in honour of it (it’s supposed to start in early March, but it’s often delayed, of course) – there’s overwhelming evidence that it’s a bad idea. One \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fijsa.12048\"\u003E2013 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that the worst offenders tend to have lower salaries, shorter employment durations and are more likely to be jobless or under-employed. It’s not even fun: as everyone knows intuitively already, procrastinators tend to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886902003264\"\u003Emore stressed overall\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and there’s some evidence that the habit could even make you ill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the pastime can be so utterly crippling that it’s been given a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwaitbutwhy.com\u002F2013\u002F11\u002Fhow-to-beat-procrastination.html\"\u003Enew joke definition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: “Procrastination (noun). The action of ruining your life for no apparent reason.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnter ‘unscheduling’: an upside-down approach to help chronic postponers get their lives back on track. Like most time-planning methods, the technique involves creating a weekly schedule that blocks out specific time periods for particular tasks. The twist is that rather than making a plan for the work that you have to do, you do the opposite: schedule in activities that you would like to do, such as meeting a friend for dinner, as well as activities that are necessary for keeping yourself happy and in working condition, such as going for a run and getting enough sleep each night. Finally, you add in whatever you have already committed to, such as holidays and meetings. The key is not to schedule in any plans for work whatsoever. A model unschedule will never contain the words “write book”, “finish presentation” or “revise for exam”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Those of us who finished our dissertations in one to two years as opposed to three to 13 years, we were the ones who were busier in our lives - Fiore","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe unschedule was invented by the psychologist, author and skilled procrastination-avoider Neil Fiore and published in his book, The Now Habit, in 1988. It has since acquired a cult following, appearing in blogs, online videos and other self-help books, even entering the repertoire of mainstream psychotherapists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFiore first became interested in the perils of delaying tactics when he was working at the University of California at Berkeley. By then, he had already developed some techniques for working more efficiently and managed to write up his doctoral thesis in just one year – impressive considering that, on average, students tend to take about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0068839\"\u003Enine or 10 months longer than they mean to\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and in some cases, the task can drag on for decades (the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002F102-year-old-german-woman-to-finally-become-a-doctor-77-years-after-nazis-banned-her-dissertation-10306924.html\"\u003Erecord is 77 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but there were extenuating circumstances). So he began a support group for people who were struggling with their dissertations.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOver subsequent months, Fiore noticed something surprising. “Those of us who finished our dissertations in one to two years as opposed to three to 13 years, we were the ones who were busier in our lives,” he says. “We had relationships, social events and in my case I was working a 40-hour-a-week job.” The year of the write-up, he went skiing every other weekend. “There was a lot of snow that year!” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the other hand, the people who were dragging out their write-up were always suffering. “Their lives were all about work and ‘have tos’ – ‘have to finish all this work’,” he says. Those of us who were busy with other activities started earlier in our day on our task, for 30-60 minutes, sometimes 90 minutes at a time, because we had a life to live,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe unschedule works because rather than peering tentatively at your diary and baulking at a sea of dull meetings, overwhelming life admin and intimidating tasks like “write a book”, instead you see a week that you can actually look forward to. It’s about control: rather than cancelling lunches and postponing gym sessions in order to devote yourself completely to a particular project, you can slot it neatly into the life that you want to lead. And with all of your leisure and commitments laid out ahead of you, it becomes clear exactly how much time you will have for work. Then all you have to do is get started.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, that second part is a little bit more complicated. So first it helps to understand the reasons people procrastinate in the first place. Why do we choose to simmer in stress for hours, when we could get started immediately?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJane Burka, a licensed psychologist based in Oakland, California, is co-author along with psychologist Lenora Yuen of the book “Procrastination: why you do it, what to do about it now”, which advocates using the unschedule. They met while they were working at the Student Counselling Center at the University of California at Berkeley and – like Fiore – first became interested in procrastination after helping students to avoid it. They could relate to those they were helping because they had both struggled to complete their doctoral dissertations. “We were major procrastinators!” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the course of their work, the psychologists noticed that delayers tended to have a lot in common, from relating to time in a vague and unrealistic way to indulging in that arch enemy of productivity, perfectionism. But she also noticed that the habit of postponing important tasks may have deeper psychological roots. “Procrastination is widely misunderstood as a simple problem of poor time management or laziness,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInstead, Burka realised that those who procrastinated the most tended to have low self-esteem. “Your best efforts can't be judged if you’ve waited too long to put in your best efforts. It's safer to blame procrastination for a disappointing result than to feel your best wasn't good enough. And if you do manage to do well at the last minute, you can feel exhilarated that you pulled off the impossible,” she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's safer to blame procrastination for a disappointing result than to feel your best wasn't good enough - Burka","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is where part two of the unschedule comes in. Once you’ve made your weekly plan, the idea is to avoid intimidating yourself with giant, scary plans like “complete tax return”. Instead, you’re asked to begin by focusing on the task in hand for just 15 minutes, because anyone can commit to that amount of time. It’s all about making a start, rather than aiming to finish: this helps to avoid some of the anxieties that people may have about their goals. “This reinforces the idea that progress happens a little bit at a time, not in one Herculean effort,” says Burka.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFiore came up with the idea for the 15-minute rule while he was helping people who suffered from phobias. “I treated procrastination as a phobia, a phobia of your work,” he says. “Anything you define as threatening or dangerous, you tend to avoid. In overcoming it, we face it in small bits.” He calls it “fear inoculation” and points out that the classic way to overcome a fear of spiders, for example, is to start by just thinking about a spider 10 feet away from you – and not running away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the idea that procrastination is a mental health issue is becoming increasingly mainstream. Research has shown that that stallers are more likely to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsearch.proquest.com\u002Fopenview\u002F2b0a5945bd9f95970fe3a7610cd088af\u002F1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28723\"\u003Edepression and anxiety\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while a 2014 study found that students suffering from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fmpr.1440\"\u003EADHD-related inattention\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were more likely to procrastinate. It’s even been suggested that Mozart would have been diagnosed with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FDriven-Distraction-Recognizing-Attention-Childhood\u002Fdp\u002F0684801280\"\u003EADHD or its close cousin, Tourette syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, if he had been born today. His biographer wrote he was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FMozarts-Death-Corrective-Legends-Surrounding\u002Fdp\u002F033355700X\"\u003Eeasily distracted from serious concerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while his sister once said – with a ruthlessness that only a sibling could achieve – that he was “like a child”. Clearly the composer had plenty of underlying problems that could have led him to leave things to the last minute. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFinally, Fiore recommends changing the language that you use to describe your work: rather than saying “I must” or “I have to”, he suggests saying “I choose to”. This reframes your work as something positive, and dissolves the internal battle you might be having between wanting to loll around on the sofa and feeling you need to get to work. “’I am choosing to face something’ – only humans can choose surgery, or choose graduate school, or choose things that are difficult,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo the next time you find yourself mindlessly checking your social media for the hundredth time in 10 minutes or prioritising less important projects because you’re scared of a glaring task ahead, don’t think “I must schedule in more time for work” or “I will complete this now”. Ironically, it might be better to do 15 minutes – and then go out and enjoy yourself instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination-11"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-03-26T00:04:34Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The smart guide to procrastination","headlineShort":"The smart guide to procrastination","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Learning the liberating art of making a daily ‘un-schedule’ and how it may keep you on track.","summaryShort":"How prioritising fun over work helps you manage your schedule better","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-03-25T21:05:31.801724Z","entity":"article","guid":"46ee951e-0296-4b45-8283-a690742a6bd0","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-04T16:09:26.385004Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596721},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment","_id":"5e0f0d69a1287c946089898d","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Angela Merkel has it in abundance – how do you cultivate this crucial skill?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven non-German speakers may be familiar with the joys of its compound words. They express something that English just can’t quite grasp, like \u003Cem\u003Es\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Echadenfreude \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(feeling pleasure at someone else’s pain), \u003Cem\u003Ewanderlust\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (the desire to travel) or \u003Cem\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoppelgänger\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (look-alike).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo impress a boss in the workplace, however, there is a single quality that’s similarly best expressed \u003Cem\u003Eauf Deutsch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: something called \u003Cem\u003Es\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eitzfleisch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELiterally translated, sitzfleisch means 'sitting meat' or 'sitting flesh' – in other words, a term for one’s behind or bottom. But this German word has strong connotations in the working world, where it implies a great deal more than just the physical part of the body you sit on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo have \u003Cem\u003Esitzfleisch \u003C\u002Fem\u003Emeans the ability to sit still for the long periods of time required to be truly productive; it means the stamina to work through a difficult situation and see a project through to the end.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When someone says you have sitzfleisch, it’s usually a professional compliment: it means they believe you’re capable of focusing long enough to complete a tough project or finish whatever work needs to be done","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I’ve seen it translated as ‘endurance,’ but I think the best thing is to say ‘to have staying power’- i.e., that you are able to sit in one place for an extended period of time,” explains Paul Joyce, a senior lecturer in German at Portsmouth University in the UK.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe German language is famous for its sometimes comically long compound words: think \u003Cem\u003EDonaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitän\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which translates as “Danube steamship company captain,” or the now-defunct \u003Cem\u003ERindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgaben-übertragungsgesetz,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E or a “law for the delegation of monitoring beef-labelling”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis practice of mashing up words to coin new ones is so common even Mark Twain - who had a love-hate relationship with German - once complained that “some German words are so long that they have a perspective.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESitzfleisch is a great example of how these compound words can pack in additional meaning just through juxtaposition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“German condenses what would take about seven or eight words in English into one particular word,” Joyce said. “The humour comes from the density of the word and the fact that it expresses something in such condensed form that we can’t get anywhere near.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen someone says you have sitzfleisch, it’s usually a professional compliment: it means they believe you’re capable of focusing long enough to complete a tough project or finish whatever work needs to be done. If you don’t have sitzfleisch, however, that is a particularly evocative way of suggesting you might be flighty or unable to concentrate on one thing at a time. (For example, it wouldn’t be uncommon to hear older people complaining that irresponsible young people as lacking in sitzfleisch because they can’t stay in one place long enough to accomplish anything.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut this isn’t the only meaning of sitzfleisch: it can also mean, in some cases, that one simply sits still and waits for a difficult situation to resolve itself. In that scenario, it’s still about endurance but rather the endurance to sit tight than the endurance to push through with hard work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“When someone says, ‘Oh, but he has sitzfleisch,’ that means he is usually in a difficult situation,” said Martina Schäfer, a longtime teacher at the Goethe Institut in Berlin, “And that he is not very active in trying to solve the problem, but instead simply stays in this waiting position and hopes the problem solves itself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe term is just as common in everyday speech as it is in the media and formal German, Schäfer explained - its wait-and-see meaning is often used to describe Germany’s chancellor, Angela Merkel, who’s known for her political restraint. “If I were reporting about Ms. Merkel, then I could say, ‘But she once again has \u003Cem\u003Esitzfleisch,’” \u003C\u002Fem\u003ESchäfer adds  (Indeed, a search of news articles about Merkel containing the word turns up numerous examples.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESitzfleisch is also used to describe the patience needed to make it through a long event or performance. A recent \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.filmstarts.de\u002Fnachrichten\u002F18517972.html\"\u003Earticle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about the most recent Star Wars film notes that, at 152 minutes long, the movie “certainly strains the sitzfleisch of the average movie-goer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"[It] positively connotes a sense of endurance, reliability, not just flitting from one place to another ","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo, how do you go about cultivating a bit of sitzfleisch? Robert Hogan, a fellow with the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology in the US, says the first step is recognising you need to work on it in the first place - and having the desire to improve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Before employees can work on increasing their productivity, they need to realise that they are underproductive,” he said. “This can come from feedback from managers or peers, or it can come from [a] competent psychological assessment. Then the underperforming employees need to care.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd although sitzfleisch is still fairly universally considered as a positive quality - and the lack of it a sign someone is professionally lacking - the word may take on different connotations in a work world that’s more flexible and no longer 9-to-5.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe word is “broadening its range” in this environment, according to Joyce. “It’s got a positive sense, [it] positively connotes a sense of endurance, reliability, not just flitting from one place to another,” he explains, “but it is also starting to be questioned as to whether it matches the experience of the modern world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHogan, underlines however that it really doesn’t matter whether you’re sitting at an office desk or working less regular hours remotely: you can still have sitzfleisch wherever you work. “People who are focused and hardworking will be focused and hardworking where ever they are.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment-6"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-09-04T00:01:12Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Sitzfleisch: The German concept to get more work done","headlineShort":"How 'sitting meat' helps Germans work","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Angela Merkel has it in abundance – how do you cultivate this crucial skill?","summaryShort":"Having ‘sitzfleisch’ in abundance can be a good thing","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-09-03T23:59:25.077579Z","entity":"article","guid":"7052a541-83c8-4381-89f5-be0bda4aac98","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-17T16:27:28.871498Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596721},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done","_id":"5e0f0d69a1287c9460898cc4","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002F20150803-tiffanie-wen"],"bodyIntro":"A British historian famously wrote that work expands to fill available time – but what was he actually saying about inefficiency?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It is a commonplace observation that work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.” British naval historian and author Cyril Northcote Parkinson wrote that opening line for an essay in The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fnews\u002F1955\u002F11\u002F19\u002Fparkinsons-law\"\u003EEconomist\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 1955, but the concept known as ‘Parkinson’s Law’ still lives on today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI think about it every time I have a deadline. How long it takes me to write a story will by and large depend on when my deadline is and how much time I have until then. In his somewhat satirical essay Parkinson uses the example of an elderly lady writing a postcard to her niece. Since she has nothing else to do with her time, the otherwise simple task takes up her entire day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApparently, I’m not the only one for whom the notion rings true. ‘Parkinson’s Law’ took on a life of its own, forming the basis of several more essays and a book by Parkinson, leading to public lectures around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what fewer people know is that Parkinson’s original intent was not to take aim at old lady letter-writers or journalists like me, but at a different kind of inefficiency – the bureaucratisation of the British Civil Service. In his original essay he pointed out that although the number of navy ships decreased by two thirds, and personnel by a third, between 1914 and 1928, the number of bureaucrats had still ballooned by almost 6% a year. There were fewer people and less work to manage – but management was still expanding, and Parkinson argued that this was due to factors that were independent of naval operational needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t8qlb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGet more subordinates, create more work\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne scholar who has taken a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F0804.2202\"\u003Eserious look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at Parkinson’s Law is Stefan Thurner, a professor in Science of Complex Systems at the Medical University of Vienna. Thurner says he became interested in the concept when the faculty of medicine at the University of Vienna split into its own independent university in 2004. Within a couple years, he says, the Medical University of Vienna went from being run by 15 people to 100, while the number of scientists stayed about the same. “I wanted to understand what was going on there, and why my bureaucratic burden did not diminish – on the contrary it increased,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe happened to read Parkinson’s book around the same time and was inspired to turn it into a mathematical model that could be manipulated and tested, along with co-authors Peter Klimek and Rudolf Hanel. “Parkinson argued that if you have 6% growth rate of any administrative body, then sooner or later any company will die. They will have all their workforce in bureaucracy and none in production.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When you have a deadline it’s like a storm ahead of you or having a truck around the corner. It’s menacing and it’s approaching, so you focus heavily on the task – Eldar Shafir","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EParkinson pointed to two critical elements that lead to bureaucratisation – what he called the law of multiplication of subordinates, the tendency of managers to hire two or more subordinates to report to them so that neither is in direct competition with the manager themself; and the fact that bureaucrats create work for other bureaucrats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThurner says that companies typically start with a flat hierarchy, perhaps two engineers. As the company grows, they hire assistants, who then get promoted and hire their own subordinates. “A pyramid starts to grow. One might add artificial layers that serve no purpose other than introducing hierarchy, that help you to promote people to please them and keep them motivated. When the pyramid gets very large and expensive it might eat up all the company’s profits. If the bureaucratic body is not drastically reduced at this stage the company will die.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t8qcp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThurner also looked at inefficiencies in Parkinson’s original context: governments. In another \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F0804.2202\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he and his colleagues examined cabinet sizes of nearly 200 countries. They found that cabinet size was negatively correlated with government effectiveness; political stability; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdatacatalog.worldbank.org\u002Fvoice-and-accountability-percentile-rank\"\u003Evoice and accountability as measured by the World Bank\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhdr.undp.org\u002Fen\u002Fcontent\u002Fhuman-development-index-hdi\"\u003Elife expectancy, knowledge and standard of living as measured by the United Nations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo test how the size of a group affects its ability to make decisions, they created a model based on information flow networks and found that a significant change occurred when groups hit 20. “We found a realistic linking pattern of people and gave artificial committees random initial opinions on subjects,” he says. “At 20 you see a strong difference in coalition building. Smaller groups form and they block each other, which explains why it is exceedingly hard to come up with unanimous decisions when cabinets are large.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECan ‘menacing’ deadlines cure dallying?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo if the wider points Parkinson was making about bureaucracies still stand up today, what of his enduring first line? Today, while some researchers might chuckle at the mention of the ‘law’ that has come to mean so much more than its original intent, there’s also no doubt they know what it is referring to. Is there some truth to the notion that without strict time constraints, we waste time and our work takes longer to complete?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, studies in the decades since Parkinson wrote his essay have shown it has some merit. In the 1960s, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0022103167900297\"\u003Eresearchers showed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that when subjects were “accidentally” given extra time to complete a task, the task took longer to complete. In another set of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F11189704_Timeless_demonstrations_of_Parkinson's_first_law\"\u003Estudies from 1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, subjects were asked to evaluate four sets of photos. When they were told the fourth set was cancelled, they spent more time “dallying” on the third, rather than just finishing the task more quickly. Researchers also found that the extra time spent on a task – in this case counting the number of letters in a phrase – didn’t lead to increased accuracy or ability to recall word pairs on a surprise test afterwards.       \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo does this mean that as a writer, I should be setting my deadlines earlier or limiting the work I do on each story? In general, should we be imposing tougher time constraints to improve our productivity?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07t8pc1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHumans have a limited capacity for memory, attention and fatigue – or mental bandwidth, according to Eldar Shafir, a professor at Princeton and co-author of Scarcity, a book that looks at the psychology of having less than we need and how it drives our behaviours. “Because our attentional capacity is limited, we divide it sporadically any way we can as we run through everyday life,” he says. But sometimes, of necessity, we need to knuckle down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his book, he and co-author Sendhil Mullainathan talk about focusing deeply on a project at the cost of other things. “When you have a deadline it’s like a storm ahead of you or having a truck around the corner. It’s menacing and it’s approaching, so you focus heavily on the task.” And you may well pull off a great job, but the problem is that everything else gets moved to the periphery. “If you’re focusing so heavily on a big project you may at the same time forget to pick up your kid from school, your mom’s birthday, to feed the dog etc. That may be the price you pay for the success you’re achieving with your focus.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd there’s always the chance that rushing to accomplish something in too few hours can have drawbacks as well, particularly if your deadline is set by somebody else. “If your deadline is too short and you’re panicking, you will have sacrificed other things and you might work inefficiently, and things might go badly anyway,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People like to say if it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get done. But research shows people’s productivity is not linear – Elizabeth Tenney","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People like to say if it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get done. But research shows people’s productivity is not linear,” says Elizabeth Tenney, an assistant professor at the University of Utah’s Eccles School of Business who has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emerald.com\u002Finsight\u002Fcontent\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1108\u002FS1534-0856(2012)0000015015\u002Ffull\u002Fhtml\"\u003Ewritten\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about time pressure and productivity. “When people sit down to do a task, they’ll put in a lot of effort initially. At some point there’s going to be diminishing returns on extra effort. To optimise productivity, you need to maximise benefits and minimise costs and find that inflection point, which is where you should start to wrap up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat might not mean taking up the full time allotted or working all the way up to your deadline, she says. “Cut yourself off rather than keep tinkering for all time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what about Parkinson’s hypothetical little old lady writing letters? If she had given herself a tighter deadline, she would’ve probably finished more quickly. But with nothing else to do all day, she finished just in time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fowning-your-time"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-11-08T15:09:30Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ‘law’ that explains why you can't get anything done","headlineShort":"The ‘law’ explaining why time is wasted","image":["p07t8pw6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07t8qcp"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191104-constantly-late-with-work-blame-the-planning-fallacy","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180903-to-have-sitzfleisch---its-a-professional-compliment"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A British historian famously wrote that work expands to fill available time – but what was he actually saying about inefficiency?","summaryShort":"Why can't you get anything done? Blame Parkinson's Law","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-11-07T21:00:44.237671Z","entity":"article","guid":"cf842212-c3a8-43e8-a25b-9eb851a8b4e0","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-07T21:05:06.081775Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191107-the-law-that-explains-why-you-cant-get-anything-done","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596720},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek","_id":"5e0f0d6ba1287c94608995ea","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro"],"bodyIntro":"With less work to go around, will people twiddle their thumbs or find better things to do with their time?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s familiar enough to be a cliché: the loyal worker who finally retires and then is flummoxed by the prospect of filling unoccupied days. For people whose sense of purpose is wrapped up in their professional identities, life without work is only a pale version of life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAndrew Yang, currently a US Democratic presidential candidate and also the founder of job-creation nonprofit Venture for America, expresses some of the common fears about worklessness when he says: “It’s clear from the data, and common sense, and human experience, that many, many people struggle without work. We’re idle men; we volunteer less, even though we have more time. And over time, we tend to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fthe-economist-explains\u002F2017\u002F03\u002F30\u002Fthe-link-between-video-games-and-unemployment\"\u003Eplay a lot of video games\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3609661\u002F\"\u003Edrink more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Society generally fares very poorly without work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet it isn’t universally accepted that paid employment is key to an active life. The Japanese concept of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20170807-ikigai-a-japanese-concept-to-improve-work-and-life\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eikigai\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E expresses happiness in life, or the reason to get up in the morning. Among Japanese women and men surveyed in 2010, fewer than one-third equated work with their \u003Cem\u003Eikigai\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Hobbies, relationships and unpaid work – all of these can add up to a richly meaningful life, one where \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180710-whats-it-like-working-past-your-100th-birthday\"\u003E“retirement” might be a foreign concept\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as in Okinawa, whose residents are famously long-lived.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the other hand, for many people in precarious employment, on low wages or with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190123-the-unrealistic-expectations-of-retirement-behaviour\"\u003Elimited retirement savings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, worrying about purpose outside work may be an unaffordable luxury. Many people simply can’t afford to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20181101-fire-the-movement-to-live-frugally-and-retire-decades-early\"\u003Eretire early\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or shorten their work weeks. For those who are forced to work less without corresponding public assistance, “leisure time” is likely to be an illusion as they frantically search for ways to supplement their main income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the automation of work, awareness of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190802-how-shorter-workweeks-could-save-earth\"\u003Eenvironmental impact of work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the growing movement for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fnewsbeat-48690614\u002Fwork-life-balance-is-a-four-day-week-the-answer?ocid=fbcap\"\u003Eshorter work weeks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E mean that many of us are likely to be working less in the future. Given work helps provide meaning and structure to a week, the free time of the future could be bewildering and unhealthy. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsmag.com\u002Fthe-future-of-work-automation-s-effect-on-jobs-this-time-is-different-581a5d8810c1#.rk0ghcae5\"\u003EIt could be funnelled into antisocial activities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including crime and drug abuse. Or it could become prosocial, being channelled into creativity, sociability and community\u002Fpolitical participation. And there may be ways to nudge people towards the latter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07klyjh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELeisure time isn’t always leisurely\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may be that with less work to go around, boredom will increase, at least initially. But this will have its upsides. Challenging as it can be, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp06ld805\u002Fwhy-it-s-good-to-let-boredom-into-your-life\"\u003Eallowing yourself to be bored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E occasionally has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20170719-how-moments-of-boredom-help-us-achieve-more\"\u003Ebenefits for creativity and wellbeing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More recreational time baked into a week might keep us from feeling like we need to frantically fill every precious moment of “free” time.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the moment women, especially, tend to be chronically overworked, but much of that “work” isn’t valued the way paid employment is. Looking after the kids, tending to ageing parents, and handling domestic, social and community responsibilities all take up \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fin-focus\u002Fcsw61\u002Fredistribute-unpaid-work\"\u003Emany hours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Reducing the burden of paid work might free up time or energy for the unpaid care that’s already taking place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut this isn’t a get-out-of-jail-free card for the exploitation of “free” time. For instance, companies and governments shouldn’t underinvest in certain services because they rely on people to work for free. Encouraging a life with less work, but more purpose, can’t be just about squeezing free labour out of people who don’t find it meaningful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe scattered shorter-week trials that have been conducted suggest that workers with longer weekends – but whose pay stayed the same – used their extra time for a mix of activities. For a New Zealand financial services firm that last year gave employees the option of a four-day working week, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fmoney\u002F2019\u002Ffeb\u002F19\u002Ffour-day-week-trial-study-finds-lower-stress-but-no-cut-in-output\"\u003Ethis included\u003C\u002Fa\u003E more employee time spent golfing, watching Netflix, studying and spending time with family. For a UK PR firm that also instituted a four-day week, one young employee \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fnewsbeat-48690614\u002Fwork-life-balance-is-a-four-day-week-the-answer?ocid=fbcap\"\u003Estarted spending her extra time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E volunteering with elderly people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07klx8y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe finances of longer weekends\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get closer to this utopian-sounding vision? Well, it will be essential to think carefully about finances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlexandra Hartnall, a marketing and communications consultant in London, found that going freelance left her comfortably off. So she decided to work no more than four days a week for pay. She now spends an extra half-day pursuing her interest in environmental issues by doing pro bono communications work for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgalapagosconservation.org.uk\u002F\"\u003EGalapagos Conservation Trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Part of this came down to her personality; as someone who can’t even sit through a film, she likes to remain active.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Hartnall also acknowledges: “I’m very privileged…I just feel like I wouldn’t want to waste that.” Working for the Galapagos Conservation Trust allows her to restore a part of her self-image that she admits has been affected by working in the property sector. Financial security is the linchpin that makes her volunteering possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPhilipp Reick, a labour historian at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, warns that the four-day work week might be an aspect of flexible working that benefits well-off professional employees like Hartnall at the expense of low-earners who are seeking \u003Cem\u003Emore\u003C\u002Fem\u003E work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt might be possible to ward this off, Reick suggests, “if we as societies agreed that, say, 28 hours rather than 40 hours constituted a standard work week and should therefore suffice to receive a decent income. But given how widespread part-time labour, mini jobs or zero-hour contracts still are, I doubt that such a consensus will be reached any time soon.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo it’s crucial to pay attention to inequality. Discussion of shorter work weeks needs to include ways to ensure a reasonable standard of living for everyone, such as through a universal basic income, a higher minimum wage or no pay cuts when moving to fewer work hours. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it also needs to envision other ways of finding purpose. Elite American men work for the sake of it, for instance, because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fideas\u002Farchive\u002F2019\u002F02\u002Freligion-workism-making-americans-miserable\u002F583441\u002F\"\u003Eworkism has become a kind of gospel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07klwc4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETime for the greater good?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne challenge is that simply freeing up time away from work won’t automatically result in more community engagement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMelanie Oppenheimer, visiting chair in Australian studies at the University of Tokyo, says that in Australia “it’s actually people in the 35 to 44 age group, people with dependent children” – in other words, some of the busiest people – who volunteer the most.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is partly because “volunteering” is much broader than many people assume. Refereeing a kids’ football game, pitching in at a school fete, helping new migrants settle in, contributing to a citizen science project, planning a religious festival and participating in a professional organisation all count toward voluntary activity, even if it’s informal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Oppenheimer’s view, time isn’t the main obstacle to this kind of activity. It’s more important to support potential volunteers and connect them with opportunities that are meaningful for them. “It’s not just about insisting that people carve out more time, it’s about making sure that they have the confidence rather than the time that’s key,” Oppenheimer says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYang, the US entrepreneur and presidential candidate, believes in nudging people towards productive use of this free time by embracing time banking, a cashless system where people trade activities or build up credits by logging volunteer time. For instance, you might exchange maths tutoring for tickets to a local event. Yang’s vision of activities that build up community connections and make good use of non-employed time includes: “Caregiving, nurturing, volunteering. Arts and creativity. Environmental sustainability. Many, many things that the market either undervalues, or values at zero.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis might sound Pollyanna-ish, and there’s not yet enough evidence from long-term studies of how people would actually continue to occupy their free time, after the initial excitement of cutting down from the five-day-a-week standard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet people have long been urging shorter working weeks on the grounds they would provide more leisure, health, productivity, family time and political participation. In 1954, a German politician \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F0023656X.2019.1537025\"\u003Eexpressed excitement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the transition from a six-day work week to a five-day one: “Once we have the free Saturday…we will have time to exercise; we will visit the cinema, theatre or circus; we will breed rabbits, take our motorbikes and scooters to the countryside, and tend to our allotment gardens.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReick comments: “One striking difference is that the idea of a four-day work week enjoys considerable support among employers today. Throughout the history of shorter hour struggles, trade unions had to fight hard to achieve it.” Reick suspects that this isn’t because employers are necessary more altruistic than they were a century ago, but because they’re alert to the possible productivity gains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs for labour movements advocating for a shorter work week, he worries that they’re too narrowly focused on individual leisure benefits, rather than mobilising for social change. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERedefining identities and values\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the long run, could working less transform how we define ourselves and even interact with others?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I feel like your identity is linked to work,” communications consultant Hartnall says. And she wouldn’t want to spend so little time in paid work that she felt it was no longer part of that identity. But she’s also open to thinking of herself in different ways: as a parent, perhaps, a keen gardener or a language learner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the future, then, that often-dreaded question “What do you do?” could elicit a variety of answers, beyond just the current job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt a larger level as well, the transformation of work is a good opportunity to be more imaginative. The world needs broader metrics of success and wellbeing beyond what work produces and what work allows people to consume, argues Sarath Davala, a sociologist in Hyderabad, India and the vice-chair of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbasicincome.org\u002F\"\u003EBetter Income Earth Network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For instance, Bhutan’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fthe-search-for-an-alternative-to-gdp-to-measure-a-nations-progress-the-new-zealand-experience-118169\"\u003EGross National Happiness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and New Zealand’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fthe-search-for-an-alternative-to-gdp-to-measure-a-nations-progress-the-new-zealand-experience-118169\"\u003Ewellbeing budget\u003C\u002Fa\u003E offer some possible alternatives to GDP.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDavala’s work trialling basic income in an Indian tribal village suggests a “solidarity effect” of relieving some of the pressure to work nonstop. For instance, neighbours began to lend money to each other rather than relying on loan sharks charging sky-high interest. They also began pooling resources for special occasions like weddings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This is culturally put in your head and my head: that you derive your meaning of your life only through your work,” says Davala. He believes that even the way society organises time could change with a movement to less work, for instance through a less strict and artificial distinction between work and leisure, or between paid work and community work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The future is going to be predictably uncertain,” Davala points out. It’s a good time to think about whether that future involves more time spent in offices or more time, say, breeding rabbits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-16T00:08:17Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The double-edged sword of the shorter workweek","headlineShort":"The downsides of working less","image":["p07klw71"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"woman work from home","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"summaryLong":"With less work to go around, will people twiddle their thumbs or find better things to do with their time?","summaryShort":"Free time will increase in the future, at least for the privileged","tag":["tag\u002Fworklife","tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-15T20:07:14.581627Z","entity":"article","guid":"749bf7ab-a7a4-4aa0-ab10-e0227eb2aa95","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek","modifiedDateTime":"2019-08-16T11:15:49.866223Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190815-the-double-edged-sword-of-the-shorter-workweek","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596721},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-the-workspace-that-takes-away-your-phone":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-the-workspace-that-takes-away-your-phone","_id":"5e0f0d6aa1287c94608990d5","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07jbqky"],"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-pazos"],"bodyIntro":"If you can't concentrate on all of your responsibilities, you can pay a small fee to get some \"deep work\" done, distraction free.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPhone buzzing, dog barking, sirens screaming – there is a lot that can prevent you from digging into your work. Maybe you need to visit ‘the Cave’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral times a week in New York City, a company called Caveday hosts $25 (£20) sessions for anyone to gather and get work done, distraction free. You will, of course, need to give up your phone to these “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-procrastination-nannies\"\u003Eprocrastination nannies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” right as you enter the doorway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECave sessions last three and a half hours, and are led by Caveday’s millennial founders. Expect stretches of deep concentration and short breaks (including yoga and group dancing) – and, of course, that all-elusive “deep work”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Technology is conspiring to get your attention,” says co-founder Jeremy Redleaf. “There is a war for your attention. We teach people that they have to fight back.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-the-workspace-that-takes-away-your-phone-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-05T15:20:57Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The workspace that takes away your phone","headlineShort":"The office where phones are banned","image":["p07jtjwn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fmillennial-bosses"],"summaryLong":"If you can't concentrate on all of your responsibilities, you can pay a small fee to get some \"deep work\" done, distraction free.","summaryShort":"Distracted? Get work done in the 'Cave'","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-05T13:18:33.04056Z","entity":"article","guid":"f9fe46f2-78f9-494f-9742-921934971d37","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-the-workspace-that-takes-away-your-phone","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T19:53:25.768646Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190731-the-workspace-that-takes-away-your-phone","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596722},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work","_id":"5e0f0d69a1287c9460898ba5","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["wwfuture\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"Should ‘deep focus’ become a central pillar of workplace culture?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe constant ping of messages that keep us plugged into work chatter might be doing more harm than good. We feel we must respond – it is about work, after all. But always being switched on means we never have the chance to think deeply. And that is a problem for companies that want to get the most out of their employees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe next great revolution in the office will need to correct this, according to one man who wants to reset the way we work. He believes that the value someone can bring to a company will be judged not by their skill, but by their ability to focus. But how do we find the time to shut off distractions and do our best work?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190405-the-secret-about-delays-airlines-dont-want-you-to-know\"\u003EWhy airlines lengthen trips on purpose\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190610-how-to-tell-if-youve-got-pre-burnout\"\u003EHow to tell if you're close to burnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190701-the-gig-economy-is-a-double-edged-sword-for-migrant-workers\"\u003EA double-edged sword for migrants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOur workplaces are set up for convenience, not to get the best out of our brains, says \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.calnewport.com\u002F\"\u003ECal Newport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, bestselling author of books including Deep Work and Digital Minimalism, and a Georgetown University professor. In knowledge sector jobs, where products are created using human intelligence rather than machines, we must be switched on at all times and prepared to multitask. These are two things that are not compatible with deep, creative, insightful thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In knowledge work, the main resource is the human brain and its ability to produce new information with value,” says Newport. “But we are not good at getting a good return.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome people swear by multitasking even when we intuitively know that our brains struggle to concentrate on more than one thing at a time. Psychologists thought that busy multitaskers possessed abnormal control over their attention. But evidence suggests that multitaskers do not have a particular gift for being able to juggle multiple projects. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.stanford.edu\u002Fnews\u002F2009\u002Faugust24\u002Fmultitask-research-study-082409.html\"\u003Ein many cognitive tasks, heavy multitaskers underperform\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Our brains have a limited capacity for what they can work on at any given moment. And using tricks \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180629-how-multitasking-sabotages-you\"\u003Eto cram as much into our working day as possible might be doing more harm than good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeing switched on at all times and expected to pick things up immediately makes us miserable, says Newport. “It mismatches with the social circuits in our brain. It makes us feel bad that someone is waiting for us to reply to them. It makes us anxious.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBecause it is so easy to dash off a quick reply on email, Slack or other messaging apps, we feel guilty for not doing so, and there is an expectation that we will do it. This, says Newport, has greatly increased the number of things on people’s plates. “The average knowledge worker is responsible for more things than they were before email. This makes us frenetic. We should be thinking about how to remove the things on their plate, not giving people more to do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07gxftw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFighting for concentration\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat might being wired for work at all times lead to? Inevitably, burnout. Newport describes this way of working as a “hyperactive hivemind”. Unstructured conversations on messaging apps and meetings dropped into diaries on the fly congest our day. His objective, to give people the space to do their best work without distraction, is the subject of his next book: The World Without Email.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENewport’s idea is to allow workers to do less work, but better. Cutting out unnecessary chatter is important but only if the organisation's culture allows for slower communication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Managers spend 85% of the day in meetings, on the phone or talking to people about work, not doing it,” says Newport. “It’s flexible and adaptive, but conflicts with the way that the human brain operates. Those context shifts are devastating and burn you out. People then try to cope with ‘hacks’ like no-email Fridays. But this doesn’t work because there is no workflow in place for not emailing each other.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Managers spend 85% of the day in meetings, on the phone or talking to people about work, not doing it. It’s flexible and adaptive, but conflicts with the way that the human brain operates - Newport","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGoing cold turkey on email or Slack will only work if there is an alternative in place. Newport suggests, as many others now do, that physical communication is more effective. But the important thing is to encourage a culture where clear communication is the norm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENewport is advocating for a more linear approach to workflows. People need to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0749597809000399\"\u003Ecompletely stop one task in order to fully transition their thought processes to the next one\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. However, this is hard when we are constantly seeing emails or being reminded about previous tasks. Some of our thoughts are still on the previous work – an effect called attention residue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnnoyingly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0018720813504216\"\u003Ethe busier we are, the more we switch tasks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. So feeling busy is not conducive to deep concentration. Estimates of how long it takes us to refocus after a distraction vary. But at the top end, one study found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.gallup.com\u002Fbusinessjournal\u002F23146\u002Ftoo-many-interruptions-work.aspx\"\u003Eon average it takes us 23 minutes and 15 seconds to regain deep focus after an interruption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe flipside is that it is very convenient to have everyone in an ongoing conversation, Newport says. But convenience is never the goal in business, it is value. The assembly line revolutionised car production but it is not a convenient system – it is the system that produces the most cars quickly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07gxftm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOur workplaces should learn from production lines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Newport, the knowledge sectors that operate in the most focus-oriented way are areas like software engineering, where the goal is to produce a product. “Agile, scrum and sprint-based executions have been used in these sectors for a while,” says Newport. “They work on only one thing for three days and during that time the product is their whole focus. Software engineers never let things unfold in an ad hoc manner. This is more amenable to the way the brain operates.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They work on only one thing for three days and during that time the product is their whole focus. Software engineers never let things unfold in an ad hoc manner - Newport","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe analogy with industry is useful because of the length of time it took to find the best solution for manufacturing products efficiently. Historically, products were manufactured from start to finish by skilled workers. This is convenient, but not quick. It took until the 20th Century to arrive at the production line. By focusing on one thing that the worker is a specialist in for a short and intense amount of time before passing it onto the next worker, they can concentrate on what they are good at. There is no reason to think that we currently have the best working practices for knowledge workers after only a few decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome sectors are better suited to production line models, like software engineering, as Newport says. But anything that you want to produce, like a pitch for a client or ideas for a new product, can be run in a sprint. Assembling only the most essential people together to work on a project from start until finish without distraction and with clear goals will keep the process efficient.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We’re in the landed gentry phase of the knowledge sector,” says Newport. “We haven’t reached our industrial revolution yet. In the knowledge sector the primary capital investment is the human brain, not factory equipment, but otherwise we should be thinking along the same lines.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWho does it well? Newport says he has found no major companies who operate according to his vision – yet. But that will change quickly. In the meantime, the companies that encourage their workers to remain wired into multiple tasks at once will find themselves falling behind those that value slower, deeper, quality thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fowning-your-time"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-07-15T04:58:45.602Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to escape the ‘hyperactive hivemind’ of modern work","headlineShort":"How to work better using ‘deep focus’","image":["p07gxfw6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"One man wants to make ‘deep focus’ a central pillar of workplace culture. But getting there means disrupting how we use our devices.","summaryShort":"Changing work culture means disrupting our relationships to our devices","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-07-15T09:57:30.115326Z","entity":"article","guid":"1726f078-02f0-4252-b153-e16fd37592b5","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-15T09:57:30.115326Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190715-how-to-escape-the-hyperactive-hivemind-of-modern-work","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596722},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people","_id":"5e0f0d6ca1287c946089a053","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-woolston"],"bodyIntro":"Annual assessments can be \"wildly inaccurate\" - not to mention \"soul-crushing.\" Here’s why the dreaded ritual falls short, and what might work better.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhether a business model is built on gigabytes, interest rates or the latest innovations in aluminium siding, every company ultimately depends on its people — some more than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBusinesses of any size have stars that drive productivity and get results, but look beyond those high achievers — the break room might be one place to check — and you’ll find others who drag the company down with shoddy performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe ultimate success or failure of a company often comes down to the quality of employees. As Jack Welch, former chairman of General Electric, once said, “the team with the best players wins.” But as CEOs and managers try to set up winning companies, they face a surprisingly difficult task: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fsociety\u002F2019\u002Fdo-performance-reviews-work\"\u003Esorting the good employees from the bad ones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190322-why-prioritising-fun-over-work-will-stop-procrastination\"\u003EThe smart guide to procrastination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190103-the-norwegian-art-of-the-packed-lunch\"\u003ENorway's disappointing packed lunch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20161028-native-english-speakers-are-the-worlds-worst-communicators\"\u003EWhy native English speakers are the world's worst communicators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBaseball pitchers have earned run averages and quarterbacks have touchdowns, but the value of a given coder or salesperson can be much harder to define. Companies spend millions of dollars and burn countless hours conducting performance reviews and devising checklists to assess their employees, and business scholars have studied the issue with great urgency and intensity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They end up being extremely costly and have no impact on productivity - Pulakos ","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe results so far? By all available evidence, formal attempts to rate employees don’t seem to meaningfully improve employee performance or give companies any sort of competitive advantage, says Elaine Pulakos, a management expert and CEO of PDRI, a management consulting company based in Arlington, Virginia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“They end up being extremely costly and have no impact on productivity,” she says. Pulakos \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-orgpsych-012218-015009\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ediscussed the science of employee evaluation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a 2018 issue of the \u003Cem\u003EAnnual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p078021f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite many efforts, no one has been able to come up with a rating system that can reliably discern which companies are blessed with a deep bench of high performers and which brim with mediocrity. You certainly can’t tell simply by looking at the bottom line.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPulakos cites a 2012 report that gathered more than 23,000 employee ratings from 40 companies and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fblueroom.neuroleadership.com\u002Fassets\u002Fdocuments\u002FCEB%20-%20Driving%20Breakthrough%20Performance%20in%20the%20New%20Work%20Environment%20-%20Short%20Version.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Efound no sign that ratings had any effect on profits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or losses. “Performance ratings have no relation to organizational performance whatsoever,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOut of all of the methods used to rate and grade employees, the dreaded annual or semi-annual performance reviews are especially unhelpful and potentially harmful, Pulakos says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They’re really toxic and people hate them. You’re creating artificial steps just to check a box.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“They’re really toxic and people hate them,” she says. “You’re creating artificial steps just to check a box.” Pulakos points to brain imaging research positing that even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrock.net\u002Fportfolio-items\u002Fscarf-a-brain-based-model-for-collaborating-with-and-influencing-others-vol-1\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehigh-performing employees automatically go into a defence mode\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during performance reviews, turning a supposedly productive meeting into a fight-or-flight scenario.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFormal annual performance reviews can be extremely damaging to a company’s culture, says Herman Aguinis, the Avram Tucker Distinguished Scholar and professor of management at George Washington University in Washington, DC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a soul-crushing enterprise,” he says. “The employee doesn’t know what they’re supposed to do, and the manager doesn’t see any value in it. They’re only doing it because human resources told them to.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll too often, Aguinis says, formal performance reviews become a self-serving exercise in politics, not a realistic examination of an employee’s strengths and weaknesses. “Some managers will give biased ratings on purpose,” he says. “I have personally seen a supervisor giving a bad employee a good rating just so that employee could get promoted out of his unit.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s a soul-crushing enterprise. The employee doesn’t know what they’re supposed to do, and the manager doesn’t see any value in it. They’re only doing it because human resources told them to.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStill, some HR experts continue to see some value in annual performance reviews. In a February post on her popular Evil HR Lady blog, Suzanne Lucas says “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.evilhrlady.org\u002F2019\u002F02\u002Fhow-hr-can-use-performance-reviews-to-help-the-whole-company.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eannual performance reviews aren’t all bad\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Formal ratings provide a macro-view of performance and engagement levels across the company. If the results of any group (department, experience level, etc.) stick out — it can indicate a bright spot or potential problem worth looking into.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0782ttr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-orgpsych-012218-015009\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe growing body of research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E questioning the value of performance reviews has encouraged many companies to rethink their approach. Dell, Microsoft, IBM and other big business names such as the Gap, Accenture and General Electric \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-performance-management-revolution\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehave ditched the process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a move at times fanfared in press releases and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fon-leadership\u002Fwp\u002F2015\u002F07\u002F21\u002Fin-big-move-accenture-will-get-rid-of-annual-performance-reviews-and-rankings\u002F?tid=pm_pop_b\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eheadlines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But a 2018 survey by the research firm World at Work found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.shrm.org\u002Fresourcesandtools\u002Flegal-and-compliance\u002Femployment-law\u002Fpages\u002Fmore-employers-ditch-performance-appraisals.aspx\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E80% of companies still used formal performance reviews\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Behaviour change in organisations is really hard,” Pulakos says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBusinesses that abandon formal performance reviews still have to keep tabs on employees, Aguinis says: “Companies that say they are getting rid of ratings are still using ratings. They just have different labels.” For one thing, managers must have some rationale for assigning promotions and raises. If there’s no data on performance, the process of handing out promotions and raises can turn chaotic. In some cases, companies could be vulnerable to lawsuits if they don’t have a way to justify decisions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo really understand the value of their employees, Aguinis says, managers should double down on the practice of everyday management. That means checking in on employees every day and giving them real-time feedback on things they’re doing well and areas where they can improve. “When performance is a conversation, when it’s not something that happens just once a year, the measurement becomes very easy and straightforward with no surprises,” he says. He adds that it’s important to gather input from many different people within the system - peers as well as supervisors. “The best source of data is often not the manager,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen rating employees, it’s best to keep things simple, says Seymour Adler, a talent and rewards partner at Aon, a management and HR consulting firm headquartered in London. He ruefully remembers a mistake early in his career, when he was part of a team that came up with a 40-point scale to rate employees. “That’s an over-engineered solution in my view,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0782w4v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERating employees solely on objective measures such as sales numbers, absentee days, or customer calls may seem like a winning strategy, but those data points can be wildly misleading, Adler says. A salesperson with the most sales may have a better territory or better luck than others, not more talent or drive. “Objective measures may seem straightforward, but you have to think about all the factors that are beyond an employee’s control,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDaily evaluation and feedback may sound like an onerous task, but Adler says there’s an important loophole: Most employees do just fine without constant scrutiny.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When I work with companies, I encourage them to get away from ratings and start managing by exception","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When I work with companies, I encourage them to get away from ratings and start managing by exception,” he says, meaning that the exceptional employees need the most attention. Out of 100 employees, there might be three or four who are struggling so mightily that they need an intervention or a career change. At the other end, there might be five or so excellent employees who should get special treatment because they drive the company’s success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA 2012 study by Aguinis and co-author Ernest O’Boyle Jr. found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hermanaguinis.com\u002FPPsych2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe top 1% of workers account for 10% of a company’s productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The hardworking, competent but unexceptional workers in between the extremes — Adler calls them “the Mighty Middle” — are going to make about the same contribution to a company’s bottom line regardless of how much time they spend in performance reviews.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p077zxqz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome companies have taken appreciation of superstar employees to extremes. In his 2015 book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FWork-Rules-Insights-Inside-Transform\u002Fdp\u002F1455554790\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWork Rules!\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, former Google executive Laszlo Bock reveals that the company routinely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fgoogle-policy-to-pay-unfairly-2015-4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Epays high-performing employees five or six times as much\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as other employees at the same level, maybe even more. He also cites such instances as one worker’s receiving a $1 million stock bonus while another received just $10,000.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, Google is an industry outlier in many ways. Pulakos notes that the company lives on data, and it has methods for rating and ranking employees that just wouldn’t work anywhere else. That’s one of the big lessons of modern business scholarship: Every company has to figure out its own approach to getting the most out of its employees. “You have to evaluate your own strategic goals,” she says. “What works for Google is not going to work the same way for anyone that is not Google.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the world of business, there aren’t many universal truths. Just one, really: Annual performance reviews are the worst.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fsociety\u002F2019\u002Fdo-performance-reviews-work\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E in Knowable Magazine, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-05-03T00:02:50Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why appraisals are pointless for most people","headlineShort":"Why annual appraisals don't work","image":["p07802cr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0aa1287c94608ee1f3"}],"partner":["wwfuture\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine"],"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0784j86"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Performance reviews can be \"wildly inaccurate\" not to mention \"soul-crushing.\" What might work better?","summaryShort":"Performance reviews can prove \"wildly inaccurate.\" So, what might work better?","tag":["tag\u002Fsuccess","tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2019-05-02T17:10:54.343744Z","entity":"article","guid":"6c60d0a8-f475-4428-8758-2f875a112e74","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people","modifiedDateTime":"2019-05-02T17:10:54.343744Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190501-why-appraisals-are-pointless-for-most-people","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596722}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fproductivity":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fproductivity","_id":"5e0f0ec4a1287c946090cc25","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Productivity","creationDateTime":"2019-01-30T17:30:08.088621Z","entity":"tag","guid":"ceea42f7-82c5-4042-848e-f1ae690c7e73","id":"tag\u002Fproductivity","modifiedDateTime":"2019-01-30T17:30:08.088621Z","project":"","slug":"productivity","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596722},"tag\u002Fworklife":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fworklife","_id":"5e0f0ec4a1287c946090cc66","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Worklife","creationDateTime":"2019-07-22T15:34:12.338009Z","entity":"tag","guid":"b9c31af0-7db2-4f1e-86d4-ca0eaf223704","id":"tag\u002Fworklife","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-22T15:34:12.338009Z","project":"","slug":"worklife","cacheLastUpdated":1578393596722},"tag\u002Fmillennial-bosses":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fmillennial-bosses","_id":"5e0f0ec3a1287c946090c94b","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Millennial 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