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type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" 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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Russies" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Russies" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Russies" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Russies" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geografiese_verspreiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografiese_verspreiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geografiese verspreiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografiese_verspreiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vroeë geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerkslawies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerkslawies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kerkslawies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerkslawies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volkstaal_en_taalhervormings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volkstaal_en_taalhervormings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Volkstaal en taalhervormings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volkstaal_en_taalhervormings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lomonosof,_Karamzin,_Poesjkin_en_die_Goue_Tydperk_van_Russiese_literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lomonosof,_Karamzin,_Poesjkin_en_die_Goue_Tydperk_van_Russiese_literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lomonosof, Karamzin, Poesjkin en die Goue Tydperk van Russiese literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lomonosof,_Karamzin,_Poesjkin_en_die_Goue_Tydperk_van_Russiese_literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sowjet-Russiese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sowjet-Russiese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sowjet-Russiese tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sowjet-Russiese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontwikkelinge_in_moderne_Russies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontwikkelinge_in_moderne_Russies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ontwikkelinge in moderne Russies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontwikkelinge_in_moderne_Russies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invloede_en_ontlenings_uit_ander_tale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invloede_en_ontlenings_uit_ander_tale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invloede_en_ontlenings_uit_ander_tale-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invloede_en_ontlenings_uit_ander_tale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terme_wat_uit_Engels_ontleen_is" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terme_wat_uit_Engels_ontleen_is"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Terme wat uit Engels ontleen is</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terme_wat_uit_Engels_ontleen_is-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nederlands_en_Duits_in_die_Russiese_taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nederlands_en_Duits_in_die_Russiese_taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nederlands en Duits in die Russiese taal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nederlands_en_Duits_in_die_Russiese_taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenmerke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenmerke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kenmerke</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kenmerke-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kenmerke subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kenmerke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alfabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alfabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonetiek_en_fonologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonetiek_en_fonologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fonetiek en fonologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonetiek_en_fonologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harde_en_sagte_medeklinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harde_en_sagte_medeklinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Harde en sagte medeklinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harde_en_sagte_medeklinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vokaalreduksie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokaalreduksie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Vokaalreduksie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokaalreduksie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stemhebbende_en_stemlose_medeklinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stemhebbende_en_stemlose_medeklinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Stemhebbende en stemlose medeklinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stemhebbende_en_stemlose_medeklinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vorm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vorm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vorm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vorm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialekte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialekte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dialekte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialekte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammatika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Grammatika subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saakwoorde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saakwoorde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Saakwoorde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saakwoorde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geslagte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geslagte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Geslagte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geslagte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naamvalle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naamvalle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Naamvalle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naamvalle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Werkwoorde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Werkwoorde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Werkwoorde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Werkwoorde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Bronnelys subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Engels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Engels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In Engels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Engels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Russies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Russies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In Russies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Russies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 252 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">252 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аурыс бызшәа – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аурыс бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Урысыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урысыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sprache" title="Russische Sprache – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Орус тил – Suid-Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Орус тил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Suid-Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="መስኮብኛ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስኮብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiya_a_Sowal" title="Rosiya a Sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Rosiya a Sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ruso" title="Idioma ruso – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma ruso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Russisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Russisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الروسية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܣܝܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="روسية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روسية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="روسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰুছ ভাষা – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰুছ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rusu" title="Idioma rusu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma rusu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ГӀурус мацӀ – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀурус мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiava" title="Rossiava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rossiava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi_aru" title="Rusi aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rusi aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_dili" title="Rus dili – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rus dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="روس دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روس دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Урыҫ теле – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урыҫ теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rusia" title="Basa Rusia – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sproch" title="Russische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Russische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosu_kalba" title="Rosu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruso" title="Ruso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ruso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Руская мова – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Расейская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rus" title="Basa Rus – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Rus" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toktok_Rusia" title="Toktok Rusia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Toktok Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="রুশ ভাষা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་རུ་སུའི་སྐད། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་རུ་སུའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusianeg" title="Rusianeg – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rusianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Rusia" title="Saro Rusia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Rusia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Орос хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Орос хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus" title="Rus – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Оьрсийн мотт – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оьрсийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinuso" title="Rinuso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rinuso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hk%C8%AFhehetanetse" title="Náhkȯhehetanetse – Cheyennees" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Náhkȯhehetanetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyennees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زمانی ڕووسی – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ڕووسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rus tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1tina" title="Ruština – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Rusczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rusczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Роусьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Роусьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Вырăс чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вырăс чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwseg" title="Rwseg – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk_(sprog)" title="Russisk (sprog) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sprache" title="Russische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski" title="Ruski – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ruski" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusojska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Rusojska rěc – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusojska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Rusia" title="Boros Rusia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%A9" title="ރޫސީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރޫސީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ρωσική γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3ss" title="Róss – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Róss" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Russian language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_lingvo" title="Rusa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ruso" title="Idioma ruso – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene_keel" title="Vene keel – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiera" title="Errusiera – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_russa" title="Lengua russa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua russa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان روسی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان روسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisinkoore" title="Riisinkoore – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Riisinkoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_kieli" title="Venäjän kieli – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinne_kiil" title="Vinne kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinne kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Russiskt mál – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Russiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo" title="Russo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Russo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCsk_spriak" title="Rüsk spriak – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rüsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_russe" title="Lenghe russe – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe russe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russysk" title="Russysk – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Russysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%BAisis" title="An Rúisis – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rúisis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_dili" title="Rus dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Rus dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" title="俄語 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="俄語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruisis" title="Ruisis – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ruisis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rusa" title="Lingua rusa – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua rusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="رۊسي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊسي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrusia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Rrusiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrusiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooshish" title="Rooshish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rooshish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashanci" title="Rashanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rashanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-ng%C3%AE" title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂-ngî – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_L%C5%ABkini" title="ʻŌlelo Lūkini – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Lūkini" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רוסית – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi_bhasa" title="Russi bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Russi bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Rušćina – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rušćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_ris" title="Lang ris – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang ris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz_nyelv" title="Orosz nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռուսերեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ռուսերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russe" title="Lingua russe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua russe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Rusia" title="Jaku Rusia – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Rusia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruusitun_uqautchiq" title="Uruusitun uqautchiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uruusitun uqautchiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Ruso" title="Pagsasao a Ruso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Ruso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Эрсий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрсий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_linguo" title="Rusa linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusa linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssneska" title="Rússneska – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ロシア語 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan_languij" title="Roshan languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Roshan languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukybau" title="rukybau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ruslan" title="Basa Ruslan – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუსული ენა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rus tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tarusit" title="Tutlayt tarusit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tarusit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Урысыбзэ – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusii_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Ruusii kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ruusii kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshiya_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Roshiya (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Roshiya (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusia" title="Kirusia – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kirusia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Орыс тілі – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орыс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសារុស្ស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសារុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="러시아어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Роч кыв – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Роч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Орус тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Орус тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روٗسی زَبان – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روٗسی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_r%C3%BBs%C3%AE" title="Zimanê rûsî – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê rûsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Роч кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Роч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russek" title="Russek – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Russek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Орус тили – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орус тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Russica" title="Lingua Russica – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Russica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russesch" title="Russesch – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Russesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Оьрус маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оьрус маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Урус чӀал – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урус чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusce_(lingua)" title="Rusce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rusce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ruscia" title="Lengua ruscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_rus" title="Lingaz rus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz rus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_russa" title="Lengua russa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua russa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ພາສາລັດເຊຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາລັດເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C5%B3_kalba" title="Rusų kalba – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABvu_vol%C5%ABda" title="Krīvu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krīvu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievu_valoda" title="Krievu valoda – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рузонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рузонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_rosiana" title="Fiteny rosiana – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny rosiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Руш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Руш йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C5%ABhia" title="Reo Rūhia – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rūhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Rusia" title="Bahaso Rusia – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Rusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски јазик – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="റഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Орос хэл – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орос хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रशियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Руш йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Руш йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Russa" title="Lingwa Russa – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Russa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရုရှားဘာသာစကား – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рузонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рузонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روسی – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_russa" title="Lengua russa – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua russa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Spraak" title="Russische Spraak – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Russische Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रुसी भाषा – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusum" title="Rusum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rusum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serussian" title="Serussian – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Serussian" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_bizaad" title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí bizaad – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus" title="Rus – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%27an_kieli" title="Ven'an kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ven'an kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уырыссаг æвзаг – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уырыссаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰੂਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_R%C3%BAso" title="Salitan Rúso – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Rúso" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiano" title="Rusiano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rusiano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushan" title="Rushan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Rushan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_rosyjski" title="Język rosyjski – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język rosyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_russa" title="Lenga russa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga russa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="روسي ژبه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روسي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_russa" title="Língua russa – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua russa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusu_simi" title="Rusu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rusu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusikani_chhib" title="Rusikani chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rusikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83" title="Limba rusă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba rusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_russe" title="Lènga russe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga russe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Русский язык – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Російскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Російскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusiya" title="Kirusiya – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kirusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रूसीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нуучча тыла – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нуучча тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_russa" title="Limba russa – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba russa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie_leid" title="Roushie leid – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="روسي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روسي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1agiella" title="Ruoššagiella – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruoššagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tarusit" title="Tutlayt Tarusit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tarusit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1tina" title="Ruština – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ruščina – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Rusia" title="Faʻa Rusia – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C3%A2kiel%C3%A2" title="Ruošâkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruošâkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirhashiya" title="Chirhashiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirhashiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Ruush" title="Af-Ruush – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Ruush" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_ruse" title="Gjuha ruse – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha ruse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски језик – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusitongo" title="Rusitongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Rusitongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rusia" title="Basa Rusia – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusi" title="Kirusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kirusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Ruskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ruskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உருசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="రష్యన్ భాష – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రష్యన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-rusu" title="Lia-rusu – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-rusu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забони русӣ – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони русӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษารัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษารัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_dili" title="Rus dili – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rus dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Ruso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusi_zyvon" title="Urusi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urusi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Rasia" title="Tok Rasia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Rasia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A7a" title="Rusça – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Рус теле – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рус теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C5%ABtia" title="Reo Rūtia – Tahities" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Rūtia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahities" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Орус дыл – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Орус дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%9E%D1%83%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ӟуч кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ӟуч кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="رۇس تىلى – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Російська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روسی زبان – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روسی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rus tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_rusa" title="Łéngua rusa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua rusa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4n_kel%27" title="Venän kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venän kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nga" title="Tiếng Nga – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Rusänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rusänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsse_(lingaedje)" title="Rûsse (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rûsse (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinuso" title="Rinuso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rinuso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Орс келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Орс келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუსული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9" title="רוסיש – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_R%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Rọ́síà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Rọ́síà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" title="俄語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="俄語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a-g%C3%AD" title="Lō͘-se-a-gí – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%96%87" title="俄文 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiRashiya" title="IsiRashiya – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7737#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Russies" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&oldid=2702863" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Russies&id=2702863&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRussies"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRussies"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Russies"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Russies&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1005" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7737" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Hierdie artikel handel oor die taal. Vir die etniese groep, sien <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a>.</i></dd></dl> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em; margin-top:0.75em; background:#f4f4f4; text-align:left; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size:120%; color: black; background-color: #ACE1AF;">Russies <br />русский язык<br /><i>roesski jazik</i>  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Uitspraak: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span title="Uitspraak volgens die IFA" class="IPA">[ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Gepraat in: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Armenië"><img alt="Vlag van Armenië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Azerbeidjan"><img alt="Vlag van Azerbeidjan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Estland"><img alt="Vlag van Estland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Finland"><img alt="Vlag van Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Georgië"><img alt="Vlag van Georgië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kasakstan"><img alt="Vlag van Kasakstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kirgisië"><img alt="Vlag van Kirgisië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kirgisië">Kirgisië</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Letland"><img alt="Vlag van Letland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Moldowa"><img alt="Vlag van Moldowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/22px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/33px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/44px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Oekraïne"><img alt="Vlag van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Tadjikistan"><img alt="Vlag van Tadjikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan">Tadjikistan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Belarus"><img alt="Vlag van Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Israel"><img alt="Vlag van Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="top; padding-left: 0.5em;">Gebied: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Oos-Europa" title="Oos-Europa">Oos-Europa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Noord-Asi%C3%AB" title="Noord-Asië">Noord-Asië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Totale sprekers: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">165 miljoen (moedertaal)<br />110 miljoen (tweede taal)  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Rang: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">Taalfamilie</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europees</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Slawiese_tale" title="Slawiese tale">Slawies</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">  </span><a href="/wiki/Oos-Slawiese_tale" title="Oos-Slawiese tale">Oos-Slawies</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">   </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suidoos-Slawiese_tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suidoos-Slawiese tale (bladsy bestaan nie)">Suidoos-Slawies</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">    </span><b>Russies</b>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Skrifstelsel: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrilliese_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrilliese alfabet">Cyrilliese alfabet</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #ACE1AF;">Amptelike status </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Amptelike taal in: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the United Nations"><img alt="Flag of the United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">GOS</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Belarus"><img alt="Vlag van Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kasakstan"><img alt="Vlag van Kasakstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kirgisië"><img alt="Vlag van Kirgisië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kirgisië">Kirgisië</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Tadjikistan"><img alt="Vlag van Tadjikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan">Tadjikistan</a><br /><i><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Abchasië"><img alt="Vlag van Abchasië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a></i><br /><i><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Suid-Ossetië"><img alt="Vlag van Suid-Ossetië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a></i><br /><i><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Transnistria_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Transnistrië"><img alt="Vlag van Transnistrië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Transnistri%C3%AB" title="Transnistrië">Transnistrië</a></i><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Gagauzia.svg"><img alt="Flag of Gagauzia.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gagausi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagausië">Gagausië</a><br /><i><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek Donetsk"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek Donetsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Donetsk" title="Volksrepubliek Donetsk">Volksrepubliek Donetsk</a></i><br /><i><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek Loehansk"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek Loehansk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Loehansk" title="Volksrepubliek Loehansk">Volksrepubliek Loehansk</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Gereguleer deur: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Russiese Akademie vir Wetenskap </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #ACE1AF;">Taalkodes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>ru</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>rus</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=rus">rus</a></code>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Idioma_ruso.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Verspreiding van Russies"><img alt="Verspreiding van Russies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/250px-Idioma_ruso.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/375px-Idioma_ruso.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/500px-Idioma_ruso.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="boilerplate metadata" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.5em;"><small><b>Nota</b>: Hierdie bladsy kan IFA fonetiese simbole in Unicode bevat. </small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Russies</b> (ру́сский язы́к, <i>roesski jazik</i>, [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg" title="Lêer:Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>) is een van die grootste tale ter wêreld. Dit behoort tot die <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europese taalfamilie</a> en binne dié <a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">taalfamilie</a> tot die <a href="/wiki/Slawiese_tale" title="Slawiese tale">Slawiese tale</a>. Russies, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a> en <a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a> vorm die <a href="/wiki/Oos-Slawiese_tale" title="Oos-Slawiese tale">Oos-Slawiese taalgroep</a>. </p><p>Russies is by verre die grootste en belangrikste Slawiese taal met meer as 160 miljoen moedertaalsprekers en meer as 110 miljoen wat Russies as tweede taal magtig is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al het Russies sy bloeitydperk as literêre taal reeds in die 19de eeu beleef en val die periode van sy grootste uitbreiding as belangrikste <a href="/wiki/Ampstaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampstaal">amps-</a>, vreemde en verkeerstaal in die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Oosblok" title="Oosblok">Oosbloklande</a>, insluitende <a href="/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba">Kuba</a>, in die 20ste eeu, speel die taal steeds 'n belangrike rol as die medium met die tweede grootste inhoud op die <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> na <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a> en as die tweede of derde mees gesproke taal in lande soos <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> waar groot getalle Russiessprekendes hulle gevestig het. As huistaal vir 881 723 Amerikaners (van wie 'n derde in die deelstaat <a href="/wiki/New_York_(deelstaat)" title="New York (deelstaat)">New York</a> woonagtig was) was Russies in 2009 volgens die Amerikaanse Sensusburo daarnaas een van die tien mees gebesigde tale in die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die moderne Russiese skryftaal baseer op die Moskouse dialek van Russies, terwyl sy <a href="/wiki/Cyrilliese_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrilliese alfabet">Cyrilliese alfabet</a> met 33 letters uit die seremoniële Griekse skrif ontwikkel is en godsdienstig-kulturele bande met die Middeleeuse Grieks-Bisantynse wêreld weerspieël. Die beginpunt van moderne Russies word deur wetenskaplikes nie verder terug gedateer as die middel van die 17de eeu nie; in vroeëre taalperiodes oorweeg die invloed van Kerkslawies. Ondanks hervormings is die spelling van moderne Russies nie heeltemal aangepas aan die uitspraak nie en het dit sodoende 'n historiese karakter. Dit beteken dat bepaalde besonderhede nie deur die skryftaal aangedui word nie en derhalwe deur vreemde sprekers aangeleer moet word – net soos die vrye woordaksent van Russies en die harde en sagte (gepalatiseerde) weergawes van Russiese medeklinkers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografiese_verspreiding">Geografiese verspreiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografiese verspreiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geografiese verspreiding"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russies is die <a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">amptelike taal</a> van <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>. Dit word ook in onder meer <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> (saam met <a href="/wiki/Estnies" class="mw-redirect" title="Estnies">Estnies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a> (saam met <a href="/wiki/Georgies" title="Georgies">Georgies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abchasies" title="Abchasies">Abchasies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osseties" title="Osseties">Osseties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armeens" title="Armeens">Armeens</a> en <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> (saam met <a href="/wiki/Lets" title="Lets">Lets</a>), <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> (saam met <a href="/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus">Litaus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a>), <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> (saam met <a href="/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens">Roemeens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaars" title="Bulgaars">Bulgaars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gagaoesies" title="Gagaoesies">Gagaoesies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> (saam met Oekraïens, <a href="/wiki/Krim-Tataars" title="Krim-Tataars">Krim-Tataars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagaoesies" title="Gagaoesies">Gagaoesies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens">Roemeens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongaars" title="Hongaars">Hongaars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaars" title="Bulgaars">Bulgaars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks">Slowaaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (saam met <a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a>, Oekraïens en <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a>) gepraat en is een van die ses amptelike tale van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a>. </p><p>In Rusland word naas Russies ook nog tale soos <a href="/wiki/Tsjetsjnies" title="Tsjetsjnies">Tsjetsjnies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartaars" title="Tartaars">Tartaars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirgisies" title="Kirgisies">Kirgisies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basjkiries" class="mw-redirect" title="Basjkiries">Basjkiries</a> en byna honderd ander tale gepraat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_geskiedenis"><span id="Vroe.C3.AB_geskiedenis"></span>Vroeë geskiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Vroeë geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg/220px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg/330px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg/440px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Wêreldwye verspreiding van Russies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg/220px-Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg/330px-Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg/440px-Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Streke waar Russies gepraat word. Die donkerblou dele is waar Russies 'n amptelike taal is</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Protoslawiese <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialek</a> het waarskynlik in die tweede millennium v.C. binne die Indo-Europese taalfamilie ontstaan. In die eerste millennium n.C. het <a href="/wiki/Protoslawies" title="Protoslawies">Protoslawies</a> getransformeer in <a href="/wiki/Oudslawies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudslawies">Oudslawies</a>. In die sesde tot sewende eeu het drie groepe dialekte ontstaan: Oos-, <a href="/wiki/Wes-Slawiese_tale" title="Wes-Slawiese tale">Wes</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Suid-Slawiese_tale" title="Suid-Slawiese tale">Suid-Slawies</a>. Uit die Oos-Slawiese dialekte het Russies, Oekraïens en <a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a> in die veertiende tot vyftiende eeu ontstaan. Oekraïens toon groter afwykings van Russies as Belarussies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerkslawies">Kerkslawies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Kerkslawies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kerkslawies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Belangrike gebeurtenis in die Russiese taalgeskiedenis was die aanvaarding van die Grieks-Ortodokse Christelike geloof deur Wladimir, grootvors van <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf</a> in die laat 10de eeu. Vervolgens het die Christendom ook ingang gevind tot die gebied van die huidige Rusland. Die Slawiese taalvorm, wat deur geestelikes saamgebring is, was Oud-Bulgaars, 'n Suid-Slawiese dialek wat deur die sogenaamde Slawe-apostels Cyrillus en Methodios gebruik is om die Evangelies in die Slawiese volkstaal te vertaal. Tot vandag het hierdie <a href="/wiki/Kerkslawies" title="Kerkslawies">Kerkslawies</a> sy status as kerktaal in Rusland bewaar – veral danksy die feit dat Slawiese tale, in teenstelling met byvoorbeeld die Germaanse taalfamilie, nie so sterk uitmekaar beweeg het nie en onderling verstaanbaar gebly het. </p><p>Die gebruik van 'n geskrewe taalvorm as kommunikasiemiddel was aanvanklik byna uitsluitlik die domein van die kerk en die klerus sodat Kerkslawies as vroegste Russiese skryftaal beskou word. Die oudste literêre monument van Russies, die Ostromir-evangelie wat tussen 1056 en 1057 ontstaan het, is oorwegend in Kerkslawies geskryf, met slegs enkele besonderhede wat uit die gesproke Russiese volkstaal oorgeneem is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volkstaal_en_taalhervormings">Volkstaal en taalhervormings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Volkstaal en taalhervormings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Volkstaal en taalhervormings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg/220px-Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg/330px-Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg/440px-Lomonossow_Russische_Grammatik_Deutsche_StPetersburg_1764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Michail Lomonosof se gesaghebbende Russiese Grammatika is reeds nege jaar ná sy publikasie in Duits vertaal. Die foto wys die Sint Petersburgse uitgawe van 1764, die <i>Rußische Grammatick</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Die laasgenoemde het weens die gebrek aan 'n geskrewe standaardvariant 'n meer dinamiese karakter getoon as die kerktaal wat in die loop van tyd in toenemende mate as argaïes waargeneem is. Buite die Russies-Ortodokse Kerk het elemente uit die volkstaal steeds meer ingang gevind tot geskrewe kommunikasie soos oorkondes en verdrae. Die 17de eeuse Moskouse kanselarytaal, geskrewe kommunikasie in die sakewêreld en die wêreldlike literatuur toon sterk invloede van gesproke Russies (<i>prostorečie</i>) – 'n taal waarin die outobiografie van die priester Awwakoem uit die tweede helfte van die sewentiende eeu geskryf is wat as die eerste werk van die moderne Russiese letterkunde beskou word. Die hervorming van die Russiese alfabet deur tsaar <a href="/wiki/Pieter_die_Grote" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter die Grote">Pieter die Grote</a> tussen 1708 en 1710 was die eerste belangrike maatreël om 'n selfstandige Russiese skryftaal vir nie-godsdienstige publikasies te help vestig – onafhanklik van Kerkslawies en sy historiese alfabet, die Kirillitsa – en ook die begin van 'n skeiding tussen kerk en staat op kulturele gebied. </p><p>Vir Pieter se nuwe wêreldlike alfabet (гражданскій шрифтъ <i>graždanskij šrift</i>) is enkele Griekse letters soos ξ (ksi), ψ (psi) en ώ (omega), wat saam met Grieks-Christelike leenwoorde ingang gevind het tot Russies, saam met klemtoontekens (sogenaamde силы) en afkortingstekens geskrap en twee nuwe letters, з en я, ingevoer. Ook is konsekwent oorgegaan tot die gebruik van groot- en kleinletters en Arabiese syfers (in plaas van letters). Die Kirilliese alfabet is aangepas by die klassisistiese Antiqua-lettertipes van tale met Latynse skryfstelsels. </p><p>'n Omvattende hervorming van Russies, wat as grondslag van die moderne taal beskryf mag word, word egter eers verbind met die naam van die geleerde en "Vader van die Russiese letterkunde", <a href="/wiki/Michail_Lomonosof" title="Michail Lomonosof">Michail Lomonosof</a> (1711−1765). In sy retoriese en grammatikale werke (in 1755 het sy befaamde <i>Russiese Grammatika (Rossijskaja grammatika)</i> verskyn; in 1783 het die Russiese Akademie die eerste verklarende woordeboek van Russies saamgestel) ontwikkel hy sy teorie van drie taalstyle in Russies (Kerkslawies, Russiese skryf- en Russiese omgangstaal) en trek hy 'n lyn tussen die oorgelewerde Kerkslawies en Russies. Aan die eersgenoemde sou volgens hom die status van 'n seremoniële taal en hoë stylvorm toegeken word, terwyl die gewone skryftaal van Russies as 'n middelpad ontwikkel sou word – met 'n eg Russiese karakter. Nie-Russiese Slawiese elemente sou met groot versigtigheid bygemeng word. </p><p>Daarnaas het Lomonosof ook groot aandag aan Russiese poësie geskenk. Hier is tot Lomonosof se hervormings, afgesien van enkele onsuksesvolle pogings, vasgehou aan die sillabiese versmaat wat uit Pools ontleen is – en in elk geval onversoenbaar was met die vrye woordaksent van Russies. Vir sy swierige odes het Lomonosof vir die eerste keer die toniese beginsel toegepas wat as enigste geskik is vir Russies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lomonosof,_Karamzin,_Poesjkin_en_die_Goue_Tydperk_van_Russiese_literatuur"><span id="Lomonosof.2C_Karamzin.2C_Poesjkin_en_die_Goue_Tydperk_van_Russiese_literatuur"></span>Lomonosof, Karamzin, Poesjkin en die Goue Tydperk van Russiese literatuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Lomonosof, Karamzin, Poesjkin en die Goue Tydperk van Russiese literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Lomonosof, Karamzin, Poesjkin en die Goue Tydperk van Russiese literatuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lomonosof se hervormingswerk is deur sy opvolgers voortgesit, onder wie die geskiedkundige Nikolai Karamzin (1766−1826) wat, vol bewondering vir die elegansie van Franse meesterwerke, die oorgelewerde styl van Russies as "barbaars" waargeneem en dit volgens die voorbeeld van Frans begin omvorm het. Vir 18de en 19de eeuse Russiese elites was Frans, net soos vir die adels- en hoërklas van ander Europese lande in hierdie tydperk, die voorkeur- of tweede taal wat vir 'n verskeidenheid doelwitte gebruik is.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karamzin se ideaal van Russies – die Nuwe Styl of <i>novyj slog</i> wat op Lomonosof se "middelpad" gesteun het – is deur hom gesuiwer van oorbodige ontlenings uit vreemde tale en slawismes waarvoor hy Russiese terme ingevoer het. Waar hy dit nodig geag het, is die Russiese sintaks en woordeskat volgens die voorbeeld van ander Europese tale, hoofsaaklik Frans, aangepas. Sodoende het Karamzin die letterkundige norm daargestel waarop <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Poesjkin" title="Aleksander Poesjkin">Aleksander Poesjkin</a> en ander literêre persoonlikhede soos die digter <a href="/wiki/Michail_Lermontof" title="Michail Lermontof">Michail Lermontof</a> (1814−1841) en die prosaskrywers <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> (1809−1852), <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Toergenef" title="Iwan Toergenef">Iwan Toergenef</a> (1818−1883), <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojefski" title="Fjodor Dostojefski">Fjodor Dostojefski</a> (1821−1881) en <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoi" title="Leo Tolstoi">Leo Tolstoi</a> (1828−1910) kon voortbou. </p><p>Die stabilisering en standaardisering van Russies as literêre en skryftaal het gou vrugte afgewerp. Die laat 18de en 19de eeu sou later as die "Goue Tydperk" van Russiese literatuur beskryf word waartydens werke van wêreldfaam in 'n volmaakte Russies ontstaan het. Poesjkin se rykdom van stylmiddels, klank- en ritmiese vorme was so gesofistikeerd dat sy werke as onvertaalbaar beskou word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sowjet-Russiese_tydperk">Sowjet-Russiese tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Sowjet-Russiese tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sowjet-Russiese tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG/220px-Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG/330px-Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG/440px-Fox_Typewriter_24_with_Russian_layout.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Die voor-rewolusionêre Russiese alfabet en sleutelborduitleg op 'n <a href="/wiki/Tikmasjien" title="Tikmasjien">tikmasjien</a> van 1912, vervaardig deur die Amerikaanse <i>Fox Typewriter Company</i>, Grand Rapids, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In die Sowjetunie was Russies die "taal van interetniese kommunikasie" en sodoende die de facto-ampstaal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontwikkelinge_in_moderne_Russies">Ontwikkelinge in moderne Russies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Ontwikkelinge in moderne Russies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ontwikkelinge in moderne Russies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die ingrypende maatskaplike veranderinge, wat die Sowjetunie vanaf die 1980's begin deurloop het en ook in die huidige Russiese Federasie steeds plaasvind, het gepaard gegaan met strukturele veranderinge en die toevoeging van nuwe betekenisse van die Russiese woordeskat. Terwyl die politieke stabiliteit (of stilstand) van die Sowjettydperk in 'n hoogs beperkte variabiliteit van die woordeskat weerspieël is, het die dinamiek van sosiale omwentelinge daartoe gelei dat Russiessprekendes 'n stortvloed ontlenings uit die Amerikaanse variant van Engels bereidwillig begin aanvaar het – dikwels regstreekse ontlenings van leefstyl-, rekenaar-, internet- en ekonomiese vakterme soos <i>fast food</i>, <i>business</i>, <i>business lunch</i>, <i>dress code</i>, <i>online</i> of <i>broker</i>. </p><p>In moderne Russies vind daarnaas toenemend terme, wat tradisioneel by Substandaard-Russies of – as <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> – by bepaalde groepstale gereken is, of as dialektismes of vulgarismes bestempel is, ingang tot Standaardrussies – insluitende die literêre taal. Hierdie proses word deur taalkundiges dikwels as 'n liberalisering of demokratisering van Russies beskryf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invloede_en_ontlenings_uit_ander_tale">Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met die kerstening van Rusland het met die oorname van nuwe godsdienstige konsepte en instellings vir die eerste keer vreemde leenwoorde uit Grieks in groter omvang ingang tot die Russiese woordeskat gevind. Ook die eeue lange Tataarse bewind tussen die 13de en 16de eeu het merkbare spore gelaat. So is terme in die geld- en vervoerwese, vir behuising en huisgereedskap, asook klerasie en wapens dikwels uit Tataars ontleen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terme_wat_uit_Engels_ontleen_is">Terme wat uit Engels ontleen is</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Terme wat uit Engels ontleen is" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Terme wat uit Engels ontleen is"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interessant genoeg is die Russiese woord vir treinstasie, Вокзал (<i>wokzal</i>), niks meer as die Russiese weergawe van Vauxhall-stasie in Londen nie. Toe tsaar <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_I_van_Rusland" title="Nikolaas I van Rusland">Nikolaas I</a> teen die middel van die 19de eeu besluit het om 'n spoorwegnetwerk in sy uitgestrekte ryk te bou, het hy 'n afvaardiging van deskundiges na die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> gestuur om die Britse spoorwegstelsel te bestudeer. Die Russiese besoekers het op die <i>South Western Railway</i> gery en was verbaas dat elke trein op Vauxhall-stasie gestop het. Sodoende het hulle onder die indruk verkeer dat Vauxhall die belangrikste spoorspilpunt moes wees. In waarheid was Vauxhall die stasie waar passasiers hul treinkaartjies kon wys om dan verder te ry tot die oop Waterloo-stasie waar hulle sonder kontroles uit die trein kon klim.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nederlands_en_Duits_in_die_Russiese_taal">Nederlands en Duits in die Russiese taal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Nederlands en Duits in die Russiese taal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Nederlands en Duits in die Russiese taal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanweë die belangstelling van <a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_I_van_Rusland" title="Pieter I van Rusland">Pieter die Grote</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederlandse</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeepvaart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeepvaart (bladsy bestaan nie)">skeepvaart</a> en ook vanweë buitelanders wat in Rusland gewoon het, is talle woorde in Russies opgeneem wat ook in Afrikaans heel bekend lyk, soos: </p>   <table class="" style="background-color: transparent; width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <p>актёр (aktjor) – <a href="/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur">akteur</a><br /> аптека (aptjeka) – <a href="/wiki/Apteker" title="Apteker">apteek</a><br /> балкон (balkon) – balkon<br /> батат (batat) – <a href="/wiki/Patat" class="mw-redirect" title="Patat">patat</a><br /> библиотека (bibliotjeka) – <a href="/wiki/Biblioteek" title="Biblioteek">biblioteek</a><br /> боцман (botsman) – bootsman<br /> брюки (brjoeki – net mv.) – <a href="/wiki/Broek" title="Broek">broek</a><br /> бутерброд (boeterbrod) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toebroodjie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toebroodjie (bladsy bestaan nie)">toebroodjie</a><br /> ватерпас (waterpas) – <a href="/wiki/Waterpas" title="Waterpas">waterpas</a><br /> галстук (galstoek = halsdoek) – <a href="/wiki/Das" title="Das">das</a><br /> герцог (gertsog) – <a href="/wiki/Hertog" title="Hertog">hertog</a><br /> кабельтов (kabeltof) – kabeltou<br /> каюта (kajoeta) – kajuit<br /> контора (kantora) – kantoor<br /> кафе (kafe) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafee (bladsy bestaan nie)">kafee</a><br /> кофе (kofe) – <a href="/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie">koffie</a><br /> Картофель (kartofel) – aartappels<br />   </p> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <p>мебель (mjebel) – meubels<br /> мода (moda) – mode<br /> музыкант (moezikant) – musikant<br /> номер (nomer) – nommer<br /> пассажир (passazjir) – passasier<br /> результат (rezoeltat) – resultaat<br /> роман (roman) – roman<br /> спортзал (sportzal) – sportsaal<br /> стадион (stadion) – stadion<br /> стул (stoel) – stoel<br /> табак (tabak) – tabak<br /> театр (teatr) – teater<br /> трап (trap) – leer<br /> университет (oeniwersitjet) – universiteit<br /> фабрика (fabrika) – fabriek<br /> фейерверк (fejerwerk) – vuurwerk<br />   </p> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <p>флаг (flag) – vlag<br /> флагшток (flagsjtok) – vlagpaal<br /> шкипер (sjkiper) – skipper<br /> школа (sjkola) – skool<br /> штраф (sjtraf) – boete<br /> норд (nord – skeepvaart) – noord<br /> ост (ost – skeepvaart) – oos<br /> зюйд (zjoed – skeepvaart) – suid<br /> вест (west – skeepvaart) – wes<br /> парикмахер (parikmacher = pruikmaker) – haarkapper<br /> портрет (portret) – portret<br /> студент (stoedent) – student<br /> банкрот (bankrot) – bankrot<br /> реклама (reklama) – reklame<br /> рюкзак (rjoekzak) – rugsak<br /> прейскурант (preiskoerant) – pryslys<br />   </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Net so is 'n hele paar Russiese woorde ook in Afrikaans opgeneem, soos baboesjka, glasnost, perestroika, oekase, tolk, intelligentsia, tsaar, borsjt, balalaika, bistro, steppe, taiga, troika, wodka, koelak, sowjet, ens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kenmerke">Kenmerke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Kenmerke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kenmerke"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alfabet">Alfabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Alfabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Alfabet"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die huidige Russiese weergawe van die <a href="/wiki/Cyrilliese_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrilliese alfabet">Cyrilliese alfabet</a> bestaan sedert 1918, toe die nuwe kommunistiese bewind se Raad van Volkskommissarisse die Russiese Akademie van Wetenskappe se voorstelle vir 'n spellingshervorming, wat deur 'n kommissie tussen 1904 en 1912 saamgestel is, op 10 Oktober 1918 per dekreet verwesenlik het en sekere letters uitgelaat is. Die huidige alfabet het 33 letters: </p> <table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>А а</b></td> <td><b>Б б</b></td> <td><b>В в</b></td> <td><b>Г г</b></td> <td><b>Д д</b></td> <td><b>Е е</b></td> <td><b>Ё ё</b></td> <td><b>Ж ж</b></td> <td><b>З з</b></td> <td><b>И и</b></td> <td><b>Й й</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>К к</b></td> <td><b>Л л</b></td> <td><b>М м</b></td> <td><b>Н н</b></td> <td><b>О о</b></td> <td><b>П п</b></td> <td><b>Р р</b></td> <td><b>С с</b></td> <td><b>Т т</b></td> <td><b>У у</b></td> <td><b>Ф ф</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Х х</b></td> <td><b>Ц ц</b></td> <td><b>Ч ч</b></td> <td><b>Ш ш</b></td> <td><b>Щ щ</b></td> <td><b>ъ</b></td> <td><b>ы</b></td> <td><b>ь</b></td> <td><b>Э э</b></td> <td><b>Ю ю</b></td> <td><b>Я я</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonetiek_en_fonologie">Fonetiek en fonologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Fonetiek en fonologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Fonetiek en fonologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Russiese klankstelsel het 5 klinkers (wat elk op twee verskillende maniere geskryf kan word na gelang van of die voorafgaande medeklinker gepalatiseer is of nie) en 36 medeklinkers. Veral twee kenmerke kan onderskei word: vokaalreduksie en 'n fonologiese verskil tussen "harde" en "sagte" medeklinkers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harde_en_sagte_medeklinkers">Harde en sagte medeklinkers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Harde en sagte medeklinkers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Harde en sagte medeklinkers"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die meeste medeklinkers het 'n "harde" en "sagte" (gepalatiseerde) weergawe. Die verskil tussen die twee soorte kan 'n woord se betekenis verander en word weerspieël in die spelling. By die uitspraak van 'n sagte medeklinker druk die tong byna teen die harde verhemelte, waardeur 'n ligte <i>j</i>-klank gehoor kan word. So klink 'n sagte "n" soos "nj" in mañana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vokaalreduksie">Vokaalreduksie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Vokaalreduksie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Vokaalreduksie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Beklemtoonde lettergreep word halflank uitgespreek en die onbeklemtoonde lettergrepe kort. Feitlik alle woorde het net een beklemtoonde lettergreep en dit het 'n groot invloed op die uitspraak van die woord; die verskynsel word vokaalreduksie genoem. Daardeur smelt 'n groep klinkers buite die lettergreep met die aksent saam en hulle word dan "dowwer" uitgespreek. Ná harde medeklinkers word die "o" en die "a" albei uitgespreek as [a] of [ə]); ná sagte medeklinkers word "je", "ja" en die sagte "i" as 'n kort i uitgespreek. By die "oe" en die harde "e" en "i" en sagte "joe" vind geen reduksie plaas nie. Die letter "jo" is altyd beklemtoon. </p><p>Hoe verder 'n klinker van die beklemtoonde lettergreep af staan, hoe groter die mate van reduksie. So word 'n onbeklemtoonde "o" uitgespreek as [a] as dit reg voor die beklemtoonde lettergreep staan; as dit verder weg staan, klink dit soos [ə]. Die woord молокó (moloko, "melk") word dus uitgespreek as [məla'ko], вóдка ("wodka") as ['votkə]. Klinkers aan die begin van 'n woord word egter nie heeltemal gereduseer nie: автомáт klink soos [aftamat]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stemhebbende_en_stemlose_medeklinkers">Stemhebbende en stemlose medeklinkers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Stemhebbende en stemlose medeklinkers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Stemhebbende en stemlose medeklinkers"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die volgende stemhebbende en stemlose pare word in Russies aangetref: b en p, w en f, g en k, d en t, zj en sj, z en s. Nes in Afrikaans word <a href="/wiki/Stemhebbend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stemhebbend">stemhebbende</a> medeklinkers aan die einde van 'n woord stemloos; 'n woord soos хлеб (<i>chleb</i>, "brood") klink dus soos <i>chlep</i> (vergelyk die Afrikaanse woord "brood" wat "broot" uitgespreek word) en юг (<i>joeg</i>, "suid") word <i>joek</i>. </p><p>Wanneer 'n stemhebbende en 'n stemlose medeklinker langs mekaar staan, tree regressiewe <a href="/wiki/Assimilasie_(taalkunde)" title="Assimilasie (taalkunde)">assimilasie</a> in (dus van agter na voor). Albei letters word dan óf stemhebbend óf stemloos uitgespreek (dit word bepaal deur die laaste letter). So word die letters "dk" as "tk" uitgspreek en die letters "tb" as "db". <i>Wodka</i> word "wotka" uitgespreek en <i>foetbol</i> word "voedbol". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorm">Vorm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Vorm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Vorm"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russies het 'n baie vry woordvolgorde. 'n Woord kan byvoorbeeld op 'n sekere plek in die sin geplaas word om daaraan 'n belangriker of minder belangrike betekenis te gee. </p><p>Min vaste reëls bestaan vir die voorkoms van aksente op woorde. Aksente is dikwels onvoorspelbaar; dit kan binne 'n verbuiging of vervoeging rondspring. 'n Voorbeeld is die verbuigings van die woord woda (water): wodá, wodí, wodjé, wódoe, wodói, wodjé, wódi, wod, wódam, wódi, wódami, wódach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialekte">Dialekte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Dialekte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Dialekte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die Europese deel van Rusland word drie dialekgroepe onderskei: die Noord-, Sentraal- en Suid-Russiese dialekte. Die Sentraal-Russiese dialek word as die oorgangsdialek beskou aangesien dit elemente van albei ander groepe bevat. Tog verskil die dialekte nie soveel van die standaardtaal (Moskouse norm) dat dialeksprekers vir iemand uit Moskou onverstaanbaar is nie. Vanweë verstedeliking en unifikasie in die onderwys gedurende die Sowjet-tydperk word die dialekte nou minder gepraat. Veral jonger Russe praat eerder Standaardrussies met dialek-elemente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatika">Grammatika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Grammatika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Grammatika"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saakwoorde">Saakwoorde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Saakwoorde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Saakwoorde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geslagte">Geslagte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Geslagte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Geslagte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russiese <a href="/wiki/Selfstandige_naamwoord" title="Selfstandige naamwoord">selfstandige naamwoorde</a> het drie geslagte: <u>manlik</u>, <u>vroulik</u> en <u>onsydig</u>. </p><p>Oor die algemeen kan geslag bepaal word deur na die die laaste letter in die <a href="/wiki/Enkelvoud" title="Enkelvoud">enkelvoudige</a> <a href="/wiki/Nominatief" title="Nominatief">nominatiewe</a> vorm te kyk: </p> <ul><li>'n <u>Manlike</u> s.nw. eindig op "<b>й</b>" of 'n <b><a href="/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant">konsonant</a></b>.</li> <li>'n <u>Froulike</u> s.nw. eindig op "<b>а</b>" of "<b>я</b>".</li> <li>'n <u>Onsydige</u> s.nw. eindig op "<b>о</b>" of "<b>е</b>".</li></ul> <ul><li>Woorde wat op die sagte teken (<b>ь</b>) eindig kan of beide <u>manlik</u> of <u>froulik</u> wees (daar is reëls wat dit regeer).</li></ul> <p>Die uisonderings is taamlik logies (en skaars): <i>папа</i> (pappa) is by voorbeeld manlik al eidig dit op "а". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naamvalle">Naamvalle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Naamvalle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Naamvalle"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moderne Russies maak gebruik van ses naamvalle: <a href="/wiki/Nominatief" title="Nominatief">nominatief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitief" title="Genitief">genitief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datief" title="Datief">datief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkusatief" title="Akkusatief">akkusatief</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumentaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumentaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">instrumentaal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Preposisionale_naamval" title="Preposisionale naamval">preposisionaal</a> (lokatief het saam preposisionaal gesmelt). </p><p>Die Russiese taal kom sy gebrek aan <a href="/wiki/Lidwoord" title="Lidwoord">lidwoorde</a> oor met die gebruik van naamvalle (naamvalle dien ook ander doele), wie se vorm funskie bepaal. Naamval verbuigings word bepaal deur geslag, of dit 'n enkel- of meervoud is, asook of dit lewend is of nie. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Naamvalle eindes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Enkelvoud </th> <th colspan="3">Meervoud </th></tr> <tr> <th>Manlik </th> <th>Onsydig </th> <th>Froulik </th> <th>Manlik </th> <th>Onsydig </th> <th>Froulik </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>Nominatief</b> </td> <td>konsonant </td> <td>- o </td> <td>- а </td> <td>- ы </td> <td>- а </td> <td>- ы </td></tr> <tr> <td>- ь / й </td> <td>- е / ё </td> <td>- ь / я </td> <td>- и </td> <td>- я </td> <td>- и </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>Genitief</b> </td> <td colspan="2">- а </td> <td>- ы </td> <td>- oв / ев </td> <td colspan="2">geen einde </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">- я </td> <td>- и </td> <td>- ей </td> <td colspan="2">- ь / ей </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>Datief</b> </td> <td colspan="2">- у </td> <td rowspan="2">- е </td> <td colspan="3">- ам </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">- ю </td> <td colspan="3">- ям </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><b>Akkusatief</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>lewend</b> </td> <td>- а </td> <td>- o </td> <td>- у </td> <td>- oв / ев </td> <td colspan="2">geen einde </td></tr> <tr> <td>- я </td> <td>- е / </td> <td>- ю </td> <td>- ей </td> <td colspan="2">- ь / е </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>nie lewend</b> </td> <td>konsonant </td> <td>- o </td> <td>- у </td> <td>- ы </td> <td>- а </td> <td>- ы </td></tr> <tr> <td>ь </td> <td>- е / ё </td> <td>- ю </td> <td>- и </td> <td>- я </td> <td>- и </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>Instrumentaal</b> </td> <td colspan="2">- oм </td> <td>- oй </td> <td colspan="3">- ами </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">- ем / ём </td> <td>- ей / ей </td> <td colspan="3">- ями </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>Prepositionaal</b> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">-e </td> <td colspan="3">- ах </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">- ях </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Werkwoorde">Werkwoorde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Werkwoorde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Werkwoorde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russiese werk woorde het drie tye: die teenswoordige, verlede en toekomstige tyd. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Werkwoordstyd_in_Afrikaans" title="Werkwoordstyd in Afrikaans">teenwoordige tyd</a> se einde word verander volgens persoon (1e, 2e, 3e), of dit enkel- of meervoud is, en werkwoord tiepe (van twee). Die teenwoordige se perktum word baie selde gebruik. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Werkwoordstyd_in_Afrikaans" title="Werkwoordstyd in Afrikaans">verlede tyd</a> se einde einde verander tussen <u>manlik</u> (eindig altyd op "<b>л</b>"), <u>vroulik</u> (eindig altyd op "<b>ла</b>"), <u>onsydig</u> (eindig altyd op "<b>лo</b>") en meervoud (eindig altyd op "<b>ли</b>"). Verder word daar verder onderskei tussen die perfektum en die imperfektum. Feitlik alle werkwoorde het twee verskillende vorme vir die imperfektum en die perfektum. Die perfektum daai aan dat 'n aksie afgehandel is (dus nie moontlik in die teenwoordige tyd), terwyl die imperfektum aandui dat dit nog nie afgehandel is nie. </p><p>Voorbeeld: Die werkwoord oopmaak se twee vorms is <i>otkriwat</i> (imperfektum) en <i>otkrit</i> (perfektum). In die sin "Ja dolgo <b>otkriwal</b> dwer', no ne <b>otkril</b> jejo" ("Ek was lank besig om die deur oop te maak, maar het dit nie oopgemaak nie") word vir die handeling van "die deur oopmaak" die imperfektum gebruik en vir die resultaat (of gebrek daaraan) die perfektum. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Werkwoordstyd_in_Afrikaans" title="Werkwoordstyd in Afrikaans">toekomstige tyd</a> word vervoeg volgens persoon (1e, 2e, 3e), enkel- en meervoud; in die verlede tyd word onderskeid getref tussen manlik, vroulik, onsydig en meervoud. Daar word ook onderskei tussen die imp </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transkripsie" title="Transkripsie">Transkripsie</a> van Russiese woorde en name in Afrikaans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonki-jargon" title="Padonki-jargon">Padonki-jargon</a> (Russiese internettaal met baie elemente uit die vulgêre Russiese straattaal <a href="/wiki/Russiese_mat_(taal)" title="Russiese mat (taal)">mat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitiese_alfabet" title="Glagolitiese alfabet">Glagolitiese alfabet</a> (voorloper van die Cyrilliese alfabet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_gedrukte_Afrikaans-vreemdtalige_woordeboeke" title="Lys van gedrukte Afrikaans-vreemdtalige woordeboeke">Lys van gedrukte Afrikaans-vreemdtalige woordeboeke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy J. Colton: <i>Russia. What Everyone Needs to Know</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2016, bl. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oksana Laleko: <i>Assessing Heritage Language Vitality: Russian in the United States</i>. In: <i>Heritage Language Journal</i>, 10 (3), Winter 2013, bl. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Vasmer, Erich Berneker: <i>Russische Grammatik</i>. Sesde onveranderde uitgawe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1947, bl. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Offord, Vladislav Rjéoutski, and Gesine Argent: <i>The French Language in Russia. A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2018, bl. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/from-vauxhall-to-vokzal-1240445.html">"<i>The Independent, 21 September 1997: From Vauxhall to Vokzal. Besoek op 4 April 2020</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025123248/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/from-vauxhall-to-vokzal-1240445.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Oktober 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Independent%2C+21+September+1997%3A+From+Vauxhall+to+Vokzal.+Besoek+op+4+April+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ffrom-vauxhall-to-vokzal-1240445.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Engels">In Engels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: In Engels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: In Engels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>M.A. O'Brien, New English–Russian and Russian–English Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFComrieStonePolinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard S.; Stone, Gerald; Polinsky, Maria (1996). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianlanguagei00comr"><i>The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span> (2nd uitg.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-824066-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-824066-2"><bdi>978-0-19-824066-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Language+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-824066-2&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianlanguagei00comr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCarleton1991" class="citation book cs1">Carleton, T. R. (1991). <i>Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages</i>. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Phonological+History+of+the+Slavic+Languages&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Slavica+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCubberley2002" class="citation book cs1">Cubberley, P. (2002). <i>Russian: A Linguistic Introduction</i> (1st uitg.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-79641-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-79641-5"><bdi>978-0-521-79641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79641-5&rft.aulast=Cubberley&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33192973/THE_RUSSIAN_GENITIVE_OF_NEGATION_AND_ITS_JAPANESE_COUNTERPART">Iliev, Iv. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. International Journal of Russian Stidies. 1, 2018 (In Print)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSussexCubberley2006" class="citation book cs1">Sussex, Roland; Cubberley, Paul (2006). <i>The Slavic languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-22315-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-22315-7"><bdi>978-0-521-22315-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22315-7&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake2004" class="citation book cs1">Timberlake, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB"><i>A Reference Grammar of Russian</i></a>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-77292-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-77292-1"><bdi>978-0-521-77292-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907175751/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Augustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Russian&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77292-1&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Flanguages-linguistics%2Feuropean-language-and-linguistics%2Freference-grammar-russian%3Fformat%3DHB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake1993" class="citation book cs1">Timberlake, Alan (1993). "Russian". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (reds.). <i>The Slavonic languages</i>. London, England; New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 827–886. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-04755-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-04755-5"><bdi>978-0-415-04755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+languages&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=827-886&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04755-5&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrofimovJones1923" class="citation book cs1">Trofimov, Michael V.; Jones, Daniel (1923). <i>The Pronunciation of Russian</i>. Cambridge primers of pronunciation. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+Russian&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+primers+of+pronunciation&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Trofimov&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWade2000" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Terence (2000). Holman, Michael (red.). <i>A Comprehensive Russian Grammar</i> (2nd uitg.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-20757-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-20757-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Russian+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20757-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARussies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Russies">In Russies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: In Russies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: In Russies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Востриков О.В., Финно-угорский субстрат в русском языке: Учебное пособие по спецкурсу.- Свердловск, 1990. – 99c. – В надзаг.: Уральский гос. ун-т им. А. М. Горького.</li> <li>Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987.</li> <li>Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990.</li> <li>Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. М., 1978.?</li> <li>Новиков Л.А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы.- Москва: Лань, 2003.</li> <li>Филин Ф. П., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm">О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130042407/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm">Geargiveer</a> 30 Januarie 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Вопросы языкознания. - М., 1982, № 5. - С. 18–28</li> <li>Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970.</li> <li>Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961.</li> <li>Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russies&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;">Sien gerus <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> se uitgawe in <i><b><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ru:">Russies</a></b></i> </div> </div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russian language">Russies</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Russies" class="extiw" title="wikt:Russies">Russies</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Inligting vir taalaanleerders</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/education/2016/04/13/how-russian-is-taught-as-a-foreign-language_584299"><i>Russia Beyond: How Russian is taught as a foreign language</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Aanlyn-woordeboeke</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russian.dmll.cornell.edu/rdt/index.cfm"><i>The Russian Dictionary Tree – a learner's grammatical dictionary created at Cornell University</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521232353/http://russian.dmll.cornell.edu/rdt/index.cfm">Geargiveer</a> 21 Mei 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Russiese alfabet</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/index_eng.htm"><i>Raskraska-projek – die Russiese alfabet met prente vir kinders</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917031411/http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/index_eng.htm">Geargiveer</a> 17 September 2009 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Aanlyn-kursusse</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russky.info/en"><i>russky.info – A multilingual website to learn Russian</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Name</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/education/332112-russian-surnames-end-ff"><i>Russia Beyond, 4 Mei 2020: Why do some Russian surnames end with “-off”?</i></a></li></ul> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <table style="margin: 1em auto; clear:both; text-align:center;" align="center" class="toccolours" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#7cdc87;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europese tale</a>: <a href="/wiki/Satem-tale" title="Satem-tale">Satem-tale</a>: <i><b><a href="/wiki/Slawiese_tale" title="Slawiese tale">Slawiese tale</a></b></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#CCFFCC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Wes-Slawiese_tale" title="Wes-Slawiese tale">Wes-Slawiese tale</a>:</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Kasjoebies" title="Kasjoebies">Kasjoebies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polabies" title="Polabies">Polabies</a> (†) | <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks">Slowaaks</a> | <a href="/wiki/Silesies" title="Silesies">Silesies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sorbies" title="Sorbies">Sorbies</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Neder-Sorbies" title="Neder-Sorbies">Neder-Sorbies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opper-Sorbies" title="Opper-Sorbies">Opper-Sorbies</a></small>) | <a href="/wiki/Rusyn#Pannonië-Rusyn_(Rusnak)" title="Rusyn">Rusyn (Rusnak)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggies" title="Tsjeggies">Tsjeggies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#CCFFCC;"><a href="/wiki/Oos-Slawiese_tale" title="Oos-Slawiese tale">Oos-Slawiese tale</a>: </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oud-Oos-Slawies" title="Oud-Oos-Slawies">Oud-Oos-Slawies</a> (†) | <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Rusyn#Karpate-Rusyn_(Roeteens)" title="Rusyn">Rusyn (Roeteens)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#CCFFCC;"><a href="/wiki/Suid-Slawiese_tale" title="Suid-Slawiese tale">Suid-Slawiese tale</a>: </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaars" title="Bulgaars">Bulgaars</a> | <a href="/wiki/Masedonies" title="Masedonies">Masedonies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sloweens" title="Sloweens">Sloweens</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serwo-Kroaties" title="Serwo-Kroaties">Serwo-Kroaties</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Bosnies" title="Bosnies">Bosnies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kroaties" title="Kroaties">Kroaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegryns" title="Montenegryns">Montenegryns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serwies" title="Serwies">Serwies</a></small>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#CCFFCC;"><a href="/wiki/Kunsmatige_taal" title="Kunsmatige taal">Kunsmatige tale</a>: </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Protoslawies" title="Protoslawies">Protoslawies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kerkslawies" title="Kerkslawies">Kerkslawies</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Ou_Kerkslawies" title="Ou Kerkslawies">Ou Kerkslawies</a> †</small>) | <a href="/wiki/Interslawies" title="Interslawies">Interslawies</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Rusland&#124;link=Rusland_Amptelike_tale_van_Rusland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Rusland" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Rusland"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Rusland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Rusland (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Rusland&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Rusland&#124;link=Rusland_Amptelike_tale_van_Rusland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tale_van_Rusland" title="Tale van Rusland">Amptelike tale</a> van <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federale taal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike tale<br />van deelgebiede</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazyns" title="Abazyns">Abazyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adigies" title="Adigies">Adigies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agoelies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agoelies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Agoelies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFes" title="Altaïes">Altaïes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awaars" title="Awaars">Awaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjans" title="Azerbeidjans">Azerbeidjans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basjkiers" title="Basjkiers">Basjkiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerjaties" title="Boerjaties">Boerjaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakassies" title="Chakassies">Chakassies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darginies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darginies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Darginies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzja" title="Erzja">Erzja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingoesjeties" title="Ingoesjeties">Ingoesjeties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakoeties" title="Jakoeties">Jakoeties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardies" title="Kabardies">Kabardies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmikies" title="Kalmikies">Kalmikies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatsjai-Balkaries" title="Karatsjai-Balkaries">Karatsjai-Balkaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi" title="Komi">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krim-Tataars" title="Krim-Tataars">Krim-Tataars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koemikies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koemikies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koemikies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lakies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesgies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesgies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lesgies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari" title="Mari">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksja" title="Moksja">Moksja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai" title="Nogai">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedmoerts" title="Oedmoerts">Oedmoerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseties" title="Osseties">Osseties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roetoelies" title="Roetoelies">Roetoelies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabasaraans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabasaraans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tabasaraans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taties (bladsy bestaan nie)">Taties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartaars" title="Tartaars">Tartaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwaans" title="Tiwaans">Tiwaans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsachoeries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsachoeries (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsachoeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjetsjnies" title="Tsjetsjnies">Tsjetsjnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjoewasjies" title="Tsjoewasjies">Tsjoewasjies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tale met<br />amptelike status</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostjaaks" title="Ostjaaks">Chanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolganies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolganies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dolganies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eweens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eweens (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eweens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewenkies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewenkies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ewenkies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fins" title="Fins">Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joekagiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joekagiers (bladsy bestaan nie)">Joekagiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelies" title="Karelies">Karelies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaks" title="Kasaks">Kasaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi" title="Komi">Komi-Permjaaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi" title="Mansi">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nenets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nenets (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selkoeps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selkoeps (bladsy bestaan nie)">Selkoeps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjoektsjies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjoektsjies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsjoektsjies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepsies" title="Wepsies">Wepsies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alfabette</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrilliese_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrilliese alfabet">Cyrilliese alfabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russiese_braille" title="Russiese braille">Russiese braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Estland&#124;link=Estland_Tale_van_Estland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Estland" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Estland"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Estland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Estland (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Estland&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Estland&#124;link=Estland_Tale_van_Estland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Vlag van Estland"><img alt="Vlag van Estland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_van_Estland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale van Estland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tale</a> van <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike tale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esties" title="Esties">Esties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streekstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suid-Esties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suid-Esties (bladsy bestaan nie)">Suid-Esties</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seto (bladsy bestaan nie)">Seto</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro">Võro</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minderheidstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeds" title="Sweeds">Sweeds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gebaretale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiese_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estiese gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Estiese gebaretaal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russiese_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russiese gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Russiese gebaretaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Letland&#124;link=Letland_Tale_van_Letland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Letland" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Letland"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Letland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Letland (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Letland&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Letland&#124;link=Letland_Tale_van_Letland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Vlag van Letland"><img alt="Vlag van Letland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_van_Letland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale van Letland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tale</a> van <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike taal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lets" title="Lets">Lets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streekstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letgallies" title="Letgallies">Letgallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfs" title="Lyfs">Lyfs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minderheidstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esties" title="Esties">Esties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddisj" title="Jiddisj">Jiddisj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus">Litaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani" title="Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gebaretale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letse_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letse gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Letse gebaretaal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russiese_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russiese gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Russiese gebaretaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Sien ook:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taalbeleid_van_Letland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taalbeleid van Letland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Taalbeleid van Letland</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Litaue&#124;link=Litaue_Tale_van_Litaue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Litaue" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Litaue"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Litaue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Litaue (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Litaue&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Litaue&#124;link=Litaue_Tale_van_Litaue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_van_Litaue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale van Litaue (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tale</a> van <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike tale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus">Litaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minderheidstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karaimies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karaimies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karaimies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gebaretale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litause_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litause gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Litause gebaretaal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russiese_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russiese gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Russiese gebaretaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Pole&#124;link=Pole_Tale_van_Pole" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Pole" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Pole"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Pole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Pole (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Pole&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Pole&#124;link=Pole_Tale_van_Pole" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_van_Pole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale van Pole (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tale</a> van <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike tale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minderheidstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erken</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeens" title="Armeens">Armeens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebreeus" title="Hebreeus">Hebreeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddisj" title="Jiddisj">Jiddisj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karaim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karaim (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasjoebies" title="Kasjoebies">Kasjoebies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus">Litaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani" title="Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn" title="Rusyn">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks">Slowaaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjeggies" title="Tsjeggies">Tsjeggies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Onerken</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesies" title="Silesies">Silesies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmesouries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmesouries (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wilmesouries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gebaretale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poolse_Gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poolse Gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Poolse Gebaretaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Roemenië&#124;link=Roemenië_Tale_van_Roemenië" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Roemenië"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Roemeni%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Roemenië (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Roemeni%C3%AB&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Roemenië&#124;link=Roemenië_Tale_van_Roemenië" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Roemenië"><img alt="Vlag van Roemenië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_van_Roemeni%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale van Roemenië (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tale</a> van <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike taal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens">Roemeens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streeks-/<br />minderheidstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanees" title="Albanees">Albanees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeens" title="Armeens">Armeens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaars" title="Bulgaars">Bulgaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroaties" title="Kroaties">Kroaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjeggies" title="Tsjeggies">Tsjeggies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaars" title="Hongaars">Hongaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans">Italiaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonies">Macedonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani" title="Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn" title="Rusyn">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serwies" title="Serwies">Serwies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks">Slowaaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krim-Tataars" title="Krim-Tataars">Krim-Tataars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddisj" title="Jiddisj">Jiddisj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gebaretale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roemeense_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roemeense gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Roemeense gebaretaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Belarus&#124;link=Belarus_Tale_van_Belarus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Tale_van_Belarus" title="Sjabloon:Tale van Belarus"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Tale_van_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Tale van Belarus (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Tale_van_Belarus&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Belarus&#124;link=Belarus_Tale_van_Belarus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Vlag van Belarus"><img alt="Vlag van Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Tale van <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amptelike tale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarussies" title="Belarussies">Belarussies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minderheidstale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus">Litaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasjanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trasjanka (bladsy bestaan nie)">Trasjanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wes-Polesies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wes-Polesies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wes-Polesies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gebaretale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russiese_gebaretaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russiese gebaretaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Russiese gebaretaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7737&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7737&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7737" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527767">XX527767</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932810g">cb11932810g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932810g">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051038-4">4051038-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85115971">sh85115971</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569746">00569746</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125351&CON_LNG=ENG">ph125351</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russies&oldid=2702863">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russies&oldid=2702863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Russies" title="Kategorie:Russies">Russies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Armeni%C3%AB" title="Kategorie:Tale van Armenië">Tale van Armenië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Azerbeidjan" title="Kategorie:Tale van Azerbeidjan">Tale van Azerbeidjan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Belarus" title="Kategorie:Tale van Belarus">Tale van Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Duitsland" title="Kategorie:Tale van Duitsland">Tale van Duitsland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Estland" title="Kategorie:Tale van Estland">Tale van Estland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Finland" title="Kategorie:Tale van Finland">Tale van Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Kategorie:Tale van Georgië">Tale van Georgië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Israel" title="Kategorie:Tale van Israel">Tale van Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Kasakstan" title="Kategorie:Tale van Kasakstan">Tale van Kasakstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kategorie:Tale van Kirgisië">Tale van Kirgisië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Letland" title="Kategorie:Tale van Letland">Tale van Letland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Litaue" title="Kategorie:Tale van Litaue">Tale van Litaue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Moldowa" title="Kategorie:Tale van Moldowa">Tale van Moldowa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Kategorie:Tale van Oekraïne">Tale van Oekraïne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Tale_van_Tadjikistan" title="Kategorie:Tale van Tadjikistan">Tale van Tadjikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Volksrepubliek_Donetsk" title="Kategorie:Volksrepubliek Donetsk">Volksrepubliek Donetsk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Volksrepubliek_Loehansk" title="Kategorie:Volksrepubliek Loehansk">Volksrepubliek Loehansk</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNE-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_GND-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met GND-identifiseerders">Artikels met GND-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a 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