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rotenone</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: rotenone"> <meta name="keywords" content="rotenone"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="badge badge-info">6</span> Thymoquinone Prevented the Development of Symptoms in Animal Model of Parkinson鈥檚 Disease</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kambiz%20Hassanzadeh">Kambiz Hassanzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyedeh%20Shohreh%20Ebrahimi"> Seyedeh Shohreh Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahrbanoo%20Oryan"> Shahrbanoo Oryan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arman%20Rahimmi"> Arman Rahimmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmael%20Izadpanah"> Esmael Izadpanah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Parkinson鈥檚 disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases which occurs in elderly. There are convincing evidences that oxidative stress has an important role in both the initiation and progression of Parkinson鈥檚 disease. Thymoquinone (TQ) is shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in invitro and invivo studies. It is well documented that TQ acts as a free radical scavenger and prevents the cell damage. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the effect of TQ on motor and non-motor symptoms in animal model of Parkinson鈥檚 disease. Male Wistar rats (10-12 months) received rotenone (1mg/kg/day, sc) to induce Parkinson鈥檚 disease model. Pretreatment with TQ (7.5 and 15 mg/kg/day, po) was administered one hour before the rotenone injection. Three motor tests (rotarod, rearing and bar tests) and two non-motor tests (forced swimming and elevated plus maze) were performed for behavioral assessment. Our results indicated that TQ significantly ameliorated the rotenone-induced motor dysfunction in rotarod and rearing tests also it could prevent the non-motor dysfunctions in forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests. In conclusion we found that TQ delayed the Parkinson's disease induction by rotenone and this effect might be related to its proved antioxidant effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parkinson%27s%20disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thymoquinone" title=" thymoquinone"> thymoquinone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motor%20and%20non-motor%20symptoms" title=" motor and non-motor symptoms"> motor and non-motor symptoms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurodegenerative%20disease" title=" neurodegenerative disease"> neurodegenerative disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18856/thymoquinone-prevented-the-development-of-symptoms-in-animal-model-of-parkinsons-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">548</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Investigation of Ameliorative Effect of a Polyphenolic Compound of Green Tea Extract against Rotenone Induced Neurotoxicity: A Mechanistic Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Goyal">Sandeep Goyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Saluja"> Sandeep Saluja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural antioxidants have major role in maintenance of health. Green tea extract principally contains epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), as its abundant antioxidant constituent. Green tea is consumed daily worldwide as antioxidant to combat CNS diseases and has traditional importance also. EGCG has neuroprotective potential in various animal models of Parkinson disease, Alzheimer鈥檚 disease etc. but its exact mechanism has not been ruled out. The present study has been designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and mitochondrial modulating mechanism of neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against rodent model of rotenone induced Parkinson鈥檚 disease (PD). The behavioural alterations were assessed by using open field test apparatus, Chatilon鈥檚 grip strength test apparatus and elevated plus maze for determining the locomotor activity, grip strength and cognition respectively. Biochemically, various parameters to assess oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurochemical estimations were performed on rat brain homogenates. A histological examination of rat brain striatum was done to check the neurodegeneration. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) at 10 & 20 mg/kg, were investigated for their neuroprotective potential along with levodopa as a standard agent. Minocycline, a microglial activation inhibitor, was administered alone and in combination with EGCG. EGCG and minocycline produced ameliorative effect against rotenone induced PD like symptoms by significantly reduced behavioral, biochemical and histological alterations. Results of our study reveal the neuroprotective effect of EGCG and minocycline against rotenone induced PD. Results of our study indicate that EGCG exerted neuroprotective effect against rotenone induced PD via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial modulating mechanisms and substantiate its previously reported and traditional claims for its use in CNS diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidants" title="antioxidants">antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurotoxicity" title=" neurotoxicity"> neurotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotenone" title=" rotenone"> rotenone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EGCG" title=" EGCG"> EGCG</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64973/investigation-of-ameliorative-effect-of-a-polyphenolic-compound-of-green-tea-extract-against-rotenone-induced-neurotoxicity-a-mechanistic-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64973.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Pistachio Supplementation Ameliorates the Motor and Cognitive Deficits in Rotenone-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson鈥檚 Disease </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saida%20Haider">Saida Haider</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syeda%20Madiha"> Syeda Madiha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Parkinson鈥檚 disease (PD) is a common neurological disorder characterized by motor deficits and loss of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress is said to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of the disease. In the present study, PD was induced by injection of rotenone (1.5 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for eight days. Pistachio (800 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was given for two weeks. At the end of treatment brains were dissected out and striatum was isolated for biochemical and neurochemical analysis. Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition (NOR) task was used to test the memory function while motor behavior was determined by open field test (OFT), Kondziela inverted screen test (KIST), pole test (PT), beam walking test (BWT), inclined plane test (IPT) and footprint (FP) test. Several dietary components have been evaluated as potential therapeutic compounds in many neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that nuts have protective effects against various diseases by improving the oxidative status and reducing lipid peroxidation. Pistachio is the only nut that contains anthocyanin, a potent antioxidant having neuroprotective properties. Results showed that pistachio supplementation significantly restored the rotenone-induced motor deficits and improved the memory performance. Moreover, rats treated with pistachio also exhibited enhanced oxidative status and increased dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration in striatum. In conclusion, to our best knowledge, we have for the first time shown that pistachio nut possesses neuroprotective effects against rotenone-induced motor and cognitive deficits. These beneficial effects of pistachio may be attributed to its high content of natural antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Hence, consumption of pistachio regularly as part of a daily diet can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of PD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotenone" title="rotenone">rotenone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pistachio" title=" pistachio"> pistachio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parkinson%E2%80%99s%20disease" title=" Parkinson鈥檚 disease"> Parkinson鈥檚 disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113544/pistachio-supplementation-ameliorates-the-motor-and-cognitive-deficits-in-rotenone-induced-rat-model-of-parkinsons-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Relative Importance of Different Mitochondrial Components in Maintaining the Barrier Integrity of Retinal Endothelial Cells: Implications for Vascular-associated Retinal Diseases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaimaa%20Eltanani">Shaimaa Eltanani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thangal%20Yumnamcha"> Thangal Yumnamcha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20S.%20Ibrahim"> Ahmed S. Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Mitochondria dysfunction is central to breaking the barrier integrity of retinal endothelial cells (RECs) in various blinding eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. Therefore, we aimed to dissect the role of different mitochondrial components, speci铿乧ally, those of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), in maintaining the barrier function of RECs. Methods: Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology was used to assess in real-time the role of different mitochondrial components in the total impedance (Z) of human RECs (HRECs) and its components; the capacitance (C) and the total resistance (R). HRECs were treated with specific mitochondrial inhibitors that target different steps in OxPhos: Rotenone for complex I; Oligomycin for ATP synthase; and FCCP for uncoupling OxPhos. Furthermore, data were modeled to investigate the effects of these inhibitors on the three parameters that govern the total resistance of cells: cell-cell interactions (Rb), cell-matrix interactions (伪), and cell membrane permeability (Cm). Results: Rotenone (1 碌M) produced the greatest reduction in the Z, followed by FCCP (1 碌M), whereas no reduction in the Z was observed after the treatment with Oligomycin (1 碌M). Following this further, we deconvoluted the effect of these inhibitors on Rb, 伪, and Cm. Firstly, rotenone (1 碌M) completely abolished the resistance contribution of Rb, as the Rb became zero immediately after the treatment. Secondly, FCCP (1 碌M) eliminated the resistance contribution of Rb only after 2.5 hours and increased Cm without considerable effect on 伪. Lastly, Oligomycin had the lowest impact among these inhibitors on Rb, which became similar to the control group at the end of the experiment without noticeable effects on Cm or 伪. Conclusion: These results demonstrate differential roles for complex I, complex V, and coupling of OxPhos in maintaining the barrier functionality of HRECs, in which complex I being the most important component in regulating the barrier functionality and the spreading behavior of HRECs. Such differences can be used in investigating gene expression as well as for screening selective agents that improve the functionality of complex I to be used in the therapeutic approach for treating REC-related retinal diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20retinal%20endothelial%20cells%20%28hrecs%29" title="human retinal endothelial cells (hrecs)">human retinal endothelial cells (hrecs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotenone" title=" rotenone"> rotenone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oligomycin" title=" oligomycin"> oligomycin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fccp" title=" fccp"> fccp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20phosphorylation" title=" oxidative phosphorylation"> oxidative phosphorylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxphos" title=" oxphos"> oxphos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitance" title=" capacitance"> capacitance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance" title=" impedance"> impedance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecis%20modeling" title=" ecis modeling"> ecis modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rb%20resistance" title=" rb resistance"> rb resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B1%20resistance" title=" 伪 resistance"> 伪 resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20barrier%20integrity" title=" and barrier integrity"> and barrier integrity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158792/relative-importance-of-different-mitochondrial-components-in-maintaining-the-barrier-integrity-of-retinal-endothelial-cells-implications-for-vascular-associated-retinal-diseases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Adverse Effects of Natural Pesticides on Human and Animals: An Experimental Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdel-Tawab%20H.%20Mossa">Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Synthetic pesticides are widely used in large-scale worldwide for control pests in agriculture and public health sectors in both developed and developing countries. Although the positive role of pesticides, they have many adverse toxic effects on humans, animals, and the ecosystem. Therefore, in the last few years, scientists have been searching for new active compounds from natural resources as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Currently, many commercial natural pesticides are available commercially worldwide. These products are recommended for uses in organic farmers and considered as safe pesticides. This paper focuses on the adverse effects of natural pesticides on mammals. Available commercial pesticides in the market contain essential oils (e.g. pepper, cinnamon, and garlic), plant extracts, microorganism (e.g. bacteria, fungi or their toxin), mineral oils and some active compounds from natural recourses e.g. spinosad, neem, pyrethrum, rotenone, abamectin and other active compounds from essential oils (EOs). Some EOs components, e.g., thujone, pulegone, and thymol have high acute toxicity (LD50) is 87.5, 150 and 980 mg/kg. B.wt on mice, respectively. Natural pesticides such as spinosad, pyrethrum, neem, abamectin, and others have toxicological effects to mammals and ecosystem. These compounds were found to cause hematotoxicity, hepato-renal toxicity, biochemical alteration, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity. It caused adverse effects on the ecosystem. Therefore, natural pesticides in general not safe and have high acute toxicity and can induce adverse effects at long-term exposure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20pesticides" title="natural pesticides">natural pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity" title=" toxicity"> toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genotoxicity" title=" genotoxicity"> genotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecosystem" title=" ecosystem"> ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical" title=" biochemical"> biochemical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101852/adverse-effects-of-natural-pesticides-on-human-and-animals-an-experimental-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Defective Autophagy Disturbs Neural Migration and Network Activity in hiPSC-Derived Cockayne Syndrome B Disease Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julia%20Kapr">Julia Kapr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Rossi"> Andrea Rossi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haribaskar%20Ramachandran"> Haribaskar Ramachandran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marius%20Pollet"> Marius Pollet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilka%20Egger"> Ilka Egger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selina%20Dangeleit"> Selina Dangeleit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katharina%20Koch"> Katharina Koch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20Krutmann"> Jean Krutmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ellen%20Fritsche"> Ellen Fritsche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is widely acknowledged that animal models do not always represent human disease. Especially human brain development is difficult to model in animals due to a variety of structural and functional species-specificities. This causes significant discrepancies between predicted and apparent drug efficacies in clinical trials and their subsequent failure. Emerging alternatives based on 3D in vitro approaches, such as human brain spheres or organoids, may in the future reduce and ultimately replace animal models. Here, we present a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based 3D neural in a vitro disease model for the Cockayne Syndrome B (CSB). CSB is a rare hereditary disease and is accompanied by severe neurologic defects, such as microcephaly, ataxia and intellectual disability, with currently no treatment options. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the molecular and cellular defects found in neural hiPSC-derived CSB models. Understanding the underlying pathology of CSB enables the development of treatment options. The two CSB models used in this study comprise a patient-derived hiPSC line and its isogenic control as well as a CSB-deficient cell line based on a healthy hiPSC line (IMR90-4) background thereby excluding genetic background-related effects. Neurally induced and differentiated brain sphere cultures were characterized via RNA Sequencing, western blot (WB), immunocytochemistry (ICC) and multielectrode arrays (MEAs). CSB-deficiency leads to an altered gene expression of markers for autophagy, focal adhesion and neural network formation. Cell migration was significantly reduced and electrical activity was significantly increased in the disease cell lines. These data hint that the cellular pathologies is possibly underlying CSB. By induction of autophagy, the migration phenotype could be partially rescued, suggesting a crucial role of disturbed autophagy in defective neural migration of the disease lines. Altered autophagy may also lead to inefficient mitophagy. Accordingly, disease cell lines were shown to have a lower mitochondrial base activity and a higher susceptibility to mitochondrial stress induced by rotenone. Since mitochondria play an important role in neurotransmitter cycling, we suggest that defective mitochondria may lead to altered electrical activity in the disease cell lines. Failure to clear the defective mitochondria by mitophagy and thus missing initiation cues for new mitochondrial production could potentiate this problem. With our data, we aim at establishing a disease adverse outcome pathway (AOP), thereby adding to the in-depth understanding of this multi-faced disorder and subsequently contributing to alternative drug development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autophagy" title="autophagy">autophagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disease%20modeling" title=" disease modeling"> disease modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vitro" title=" in vitro"> in vitro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pluripotent%20stem%20cells" title=" pluripotent stem cells"> pluripotent stem cells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148194/defective-autophagy-disturbs-neural-migration-and-network-activity-in-hipsc-derived-cockayne-syndrome-b-disease-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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