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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Persian and Hellenistic periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader-Ayyubid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader-Ayyubid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Crusader-Ayyubid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader-Ayyubid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>After World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Sidon_of_regional_underdevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Sidon_of_regional_underdevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact on Sidon of regional underdevelopment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_Sidon_of_regional_underdevelopment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact on Sidon of regional underdevelopment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Sidon_of_regional_underdevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_former_Makab_(waste_dump)_and_the_treatment_plant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_former_Makab_(waste_dump)_and_the_treatment_plant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The former <i>Makab</i> (waste dump) and the treatment plant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_former_Makab_(waste_dump)_and_the_treatment_plant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_city_and_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_city_and_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bronze Age city and kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_city_and_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_of_Sidon_(Sidon_IV_site)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_of_Sidon_(Sidon_IV_site)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>City of Sidon (Sidon IV site)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_of_Sidon_(Sidon_IV_site)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tell_el-Burak_MBA_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell_el-Burak_MBA_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Tell el-Burak MBA settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell_el-Burak_MBA_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MBA_kingdom_of_Sidon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MBA_kingdom_of_Sidon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>MBA kingdom of Sidon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MBA_kingdom_of_Sidon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Excavation history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In the Bible</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Bible-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the Bible subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible/Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible/Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible/Old Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible/Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ancient_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ancient_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In ancient mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ancient_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_antiquity_and_the_pre-modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_antiquity_and_the_pre-modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>In antiquity and the pre-modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_antiquity_and_the_pre-modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>In the modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sidon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="صيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%A2" title="ܨܝܕܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܝܕܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Սայտա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սայտա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayda_(%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r)" title="Sayda (şəhər) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sayda (şəhər)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="সৈদা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৈদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сайда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сайда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сайда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сайда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%B3" title="Sidó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sidó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Sidon (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sidon (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%B3n" title="Sidón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sidón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eayd%C4%81" title="Şaydā – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Şaydā" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Σιδώνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιδώνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%B3n" title="Sidón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sidón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidono" title="Cidono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cidono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="صیدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صیدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siod%C3%B3n" title="Siodón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siodón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%B3n" title="Sidón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sidón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%8F%88" title="시돈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시돈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Սայդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սայդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%C3%A6_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Сайдæ (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сайдæ (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADdon" title="Sídon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sídon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidone" title="Sidone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sidone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="צידון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צידון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სიდონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიდონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%B3n" title="Sydón – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sydón" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidoni" title="Sidoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sidoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saida_(pils%C4%93ta)" title="Saida (pilsēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saida (pilsēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidonas" title="Sidonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidun" title="Sidun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sidun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szid%C3%B3n" title="Szidón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szidón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%B4na" title="Sidôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sidôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სიდონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიდონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="صيدا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صيدا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="صیدا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صیدا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сайда – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сайда" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80" title="サイダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayda_(Libanon)" title="Sayda (Libanon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sayda (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saydo" title="Saydo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saydo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydon" title="Sydon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sydon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADdon" title="Sídon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sídon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Сайда (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сайда (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%97%D0%B4%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Сїдѡнъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сїдѡнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayda" title="Sayda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sayda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сидон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сидон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayda" title="Sayda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sayda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சிதோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிதோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2ayda" title="Ṣayda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṣayda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ไซดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Сайдо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сайдо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayda" title="Sayda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sayda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Сайда (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сайда (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="صیدا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صیدا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سەيدا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سەيدا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sidon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E8%BE%BE%EF%BC%88%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%EF%BC%89" title="赛达（黎巴嫩） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赛达（黎巴嫩）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="צידון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צידון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E8%BE%BE_(%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9)" title="赛达 (黎巴嫩) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赛达 (黎巴嫩)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163490#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sidon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sidon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sidon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163490" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sidon&params=33_33_38_N_35_22_33_E_region:LB-JA_type:city(80,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°33′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°22′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.56056°N 35.37583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.56056; 35.37583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of South Governorate, Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sidon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sidon (disambiguation)">Sidon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sidon" title="Special:EditPage/Sidon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sidon%22">"Sidon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sidon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sidon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sidon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sidon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sidon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in South Governorate, Lebanon</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sidon</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">صيدا</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Sayda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Saida</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle,_Sidon,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saida's Sea Castle"><img alt="Saida's Sea Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/275px-View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/413px-View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/550px-View_from_Sidon%27s_Sea_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Saida's Sea Castle</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon is located in Lebanon"><img alt="Sidon is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/275px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/413px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/550px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.783%;left:27.42%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sidon"><img alt="Sidon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Sidon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Lebanon</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lebanon</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Sidon is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/275px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/413px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/550px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.385%;left:28.818%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sidon"><img alt="Sidon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Sidon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Sidon (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sidon&params=33_33_38_N_35_22_33_E_region:LB-JA_type:city(80,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°33′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°22′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.56056°N 35.37583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.56056; 35.37583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Governorate,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Governorate, Lebanon">South Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saida_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida District">Saida District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.02 sq mi (7.82 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 sq mi (25 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">~80,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">~266,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">07</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sidon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-dən</i></a>) or better known as <b>Saida</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-də, <span style="font-size:90%">SAH</span>-id-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صيدا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣaydā</i></span>) is the third-largest city in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast in the <a href="/wiki/South_Governorate,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Governorate, Lebanon">South Governorate</a>, of which it is the capital. <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, to the south, and the Lebanese capital of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, to the north, are both about 40 kilometres (25 miles) away. Sidon has a population of about 80,000 within the <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">city limits</a>, while its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> has more than a quarter-million inhabitants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I10.png?9f0b0" height="29" title="I10" alt="I10" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="10" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V1.png?25c3d" height="20" title="V1" alt="V1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="35" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">ḏjdwnꜣ<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier113_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier113-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1064_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1064-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I10.png?9f0b0" height="30" title="I10" alt="I10" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="9" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V1.png?25c3d" height="20" title="V1" alt="V1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="35" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em">ḏddwnꜣ<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier138_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier138-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1065_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1065-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language"> Phoenician</a> name <span class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="rfd-t" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size: xx-small; color: #000000;text-align: left;">‹<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_March_13#Template:Transl" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 March 13">See RfD</a>›</span> <span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">Ṣīdūn</i></span> (<span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤑𐤃𐤍</span></span>, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ṢDN</span></span>) probably meant "fishery" or "fishing town".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_I" title="Papyrus Anastasi I">Papyrus Anastasi I</a> as <i>ḏjdwnꜣ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier113_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier113-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1064_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1064-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier138_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier138-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1065_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1065-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> as <span class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="rfd-t" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size: xx-small; color: #000000;text-align: left;">‹<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_March_13#Template:Transl" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 March 13">See RfD</a>›</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣīḏōn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צִידוֹן</span>) and in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Syriac</a> as <span class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="rfd-t" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size: xx-small; color: #000000;text-align: left;">‹<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_March_13#Template:Transl" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 March 13">See RfD</a>›</span> <span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Ṣidon</i></span> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܨܝܕܘܢ</span></span>). This was <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenised</a> as <span class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="rfd-t" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size: xx-small; color: #000000;text-align: left;">‹<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_March_13#Template:Transl" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 March 13">See RfD</a>›</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sidṓn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σιδών</span>), which was <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names"> Latinised</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sidon</i></span> and entered English in this form. The name appears in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> as <span class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="rfd-t" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size: xx-small; color: #000000;text-align: left;">‹<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_March_13#Template:Transl" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 March 13">See RfD</a>›</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣaydūn</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَيْدونْ</span></span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Arabic</a> as <span class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="rfd-t" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size: xx-small; color: #000000;text-align: left;">‹<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_March_13#Template:Transl" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 March 13">See RfD</a>›</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣaydā</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صَيْدَا</span></span>). </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a>, it was notionally refounded and given the formal name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia Aurelia Pia Sidon</i></span> to honour <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">its imperial sponsor</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a>, Sidon was known in Latin as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sagittus</i></span> and in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> as <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Saete</i></span>, <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Sayette</i></span> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Sagette</i></span>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, Sidon was the first-born son of <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan (biblical figure)">Canaan</a>, who was a son of <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>, thereby making Sidon a great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sidon" title="History of Sidon">History of Sidon</a></div> <p>In antiquity, Sidon held prominence as a significant <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> city. Nestled on a mainland promontory and boasting two harbors.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout ancient history, Sidon had many conquerors: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. Under Persian rule, it eclipsed <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> to become the paramount city in Phoenicia.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the New Testament era, <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> visited Sidon. Both <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Saint Paul</a> are said to have visited it, too (see <i><a href="#Biblical_Sidon">Biblical Sidon</a></i> below). The city was eventually conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Arabs</a> and then by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidon has been inhabited since very early in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. The archaeological site of Sidon II shows a <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">lithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblage (archaeology)">assemblage</a> dating to the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, whilst finds at Sidon III include a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a> assemblage suggested to date just prior to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1350 BC, Sidon was part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a> and ruled by <a href="/wiki/Zimredda_of_Sidon" title="Zimredda of Sidon">Zimredda of Sidon</a>. During the Amarna Period, Egypt went into decline, leading to uprising and turmoil in the Levant. There was rivalry between Lebanese coastal city-states fighting for dominance, with <a href="/wiki/Abimilki" title="Abimilki">Abimilku of Tyre</a> in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda of Byblos</a> in the north. Byblos became significantly weakened as the dominant city on the Lebanese coast. Further north, the Akkar Plain rebelled and became the <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">kingdom of Amurru</a> with Hittite support. The Mitanni Empire, an ally of the Egyptians, had dominated Syria but now fell apart due to the military campaigns of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I of Hatti</a>. Tutankhamun and his general Horemheb scrambled to keep Egyptian control over southern Levant, as the Hittites became overlords in the north. </p><p>The oldest testimony documenting words in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a> of Sidon, is also from this period. The Book of Deuteronomy (3, 9) reads: "the Sidonians call Hermon Sirion". In other words: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> was called "Sirion", in (the Phoenician language of) Sidon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sidon" title="King of Sidon">King of Sidon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg/250px-Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg/330px-Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg/500px-Protome_from_Eshmun_Sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Persian style bull <a href="/wiki/Protome" title="Protome">protome</a> found in Sidon gives testimony of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> rule and influence. Marble, 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Sidon was one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> cities, and it may have been the oldest. From there and other ports, a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes, and its women's skill at the art of embroidery. It was also from here that a colonising party went to found the city of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Tyre also grew into a great city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis ('Mother City') of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>. </p><p>During the Phoenician era, Sidon thrived on two pivotal industries: glass manufacturing and <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple dye</a> production. The city's glass production operated on an extensive scale, while the manufacturing of purple dye held nearly equal importance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnitude of Sidon's purple dye production was evident through a considerable mound of discarded <i><a href="/wiki/Murex_trunculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Murex trunculus">Murex trunculus</a></i> shells discovered near the southern harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These shells were broken to extract the precious pigment, so rare that it became synonymous with royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 1855, the sarcophagus of King <a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_II" title="Eshmunazar II">Eshmun’azar</a> II was discovered. From a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a "king of the Sidonians," probably in the 5th century BC, and that his mother was a priestess of <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">‘Ashtart</a>, "the goddess of the Sidonians."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this inscription the gods <a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Ba‘al</a> Sidon 'Lord of Sidon' (who may or may not be the same) are mentioned as chief gods of the Sidonians. ‘Ashtart is entitled <i>‘Ashtart-Shem-Ba‘al,</i> '‘Ashtart the name of the Lord', a title also found in an <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> subjugated the city to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019876_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019876-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidon's navy played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a> in 480 BC, aligning with the Persian fleet against the Greeks. From the mid-fifth century BC onward, warships became a prominent feature on the city's coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> era, in 351 BC, Phoenicia was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_and_Hellenistic_periods">Persian and Hellenistic periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persian and Hellenistic periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg/220px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg/330px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg/440px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Istanbul_2013-03-18y.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="4627" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of the Mourning Women, Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> of Sidon, now in the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul Archaeology Museums</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors, first by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the 6th century BC, ending with its occupation by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 333 BC, and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> of Sidon's history.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian influence seems to have been profound, as is observed in the change of the architectural style of the city. In exchange for supporting his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Egypt</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> of Persia awarded Sidon with the territories of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharon Plain">Plain of Sharon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002490_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002490-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> or successors of Alexander, it enjoyed relative autonomy and organised games and competitions in which the greatest athletes of the region participated. In the Hellenistic period <a href="/wiki/Royal_necropolis_of_Ayaa" title="Royal necropolis of Ayaa">necropolis of Sidon</a>, important finds such as the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sarcophagus" title="Alexander Sarcophagus">Alexander Sarcophagus</a> (likely the tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Abdalonymus" title="Abdalonymus">Abdalonymus</a> rather than Alexander<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a> tomb and the Sarcophagus of the Crying Women were discovered, which are now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museum">Archaeological Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was embellished by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Judaea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:03_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who built there a theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, Sidon sheltered enough <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> that local pagans hesitated to attack them during the broader massacre of Jews in Greco-Syrian towns in 66 CE, as documented by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_era_Phonesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Roman_era_Phonesia.png/220px-Roman_era_Phonesia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Roman_era_Phonesia.png/330px-Roman_era_Phonesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Roman_era_Phonesia.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Peutinger Table</a> showing the location of Tyre and Sidon within the Roman Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans built a theater and other major monuments in the city, and <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Mithraeum" title="Sidon Mithraeum">an underground Mithraeum</a> was discovered. In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> was established there. During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake" title="551 Beirut earthquake">great earthquake of AD 551</a> destroyed most of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Berytus" title="Law school of Berytus">law school of Berytus</a> took refuge in Sidon. The town continued quietly for the next century, until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in 636.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader-Ayyubid_period">Crusader-Ayyubid period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crusader-Ayyubid period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SidonSeaCastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SidonSeaCastle.jpg/220px-SidonSeaCastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SidonSeaCastle.jpg/330px-SidonSeaCastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SidonSeaCastle.jpg/440px-SidonSeaCastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusaders</a> in AD 1228</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 December 1110, Sidon was captured after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidon" title="Siege of Sidon">siege of Sidon</a>, a decade after the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, by King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I of Jerusalem</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I of Norway">Sigurd I of Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Sidon" title="Lordship of Sidon">Lordship of Sidon</a>, an important vassal-state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> captured it from the Crusaders in 1187, but German Crusaders restored it to Christian control in the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">Crusade of 1197</a>. It remained an important Crusader stronghold until it was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> in 1249. In 1260, it was again destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987308_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987308-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of the original walls are still visible.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> noted the presence of approximately twenty Jews, possibly families, in Sidon, which he described as a "large city."<sup id="cite_ref-:03_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Sidon came under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turkish</a> rule in the early 16th century, it became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a> (province) and regained a great deal of its earlier commercial importance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1521, <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Mordecai_Bassola" title="Moses ben Mordecai Bassola">Moses Basola</a> encountered twenty families of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Musta'rabi Jews</a> during his visit to Sidon.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th century, the city was dominated by the Hammud family of notables, who monopolized the production and exporting of cotton in the region and built numerous palaces and public works in the city. The Hammuds also served as government customs agents and tax collectors for various Ottoman religious foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a>, Sidon, like much of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, was occupied by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>. His ambitions were opposed by the British Empire, which backed the Ottomans. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)">Charles Napier</a>, commanding a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on 26 September 1840, and landed with a column. Sidon capitulated in two days, and the British went on to <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. This action was recalled in two Royal Navy vessels being named <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sidon" title="HMS Sidon">HMS <i>Sidon</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century brought significant changes to the Jewish community of Sidon. By 1830, the community, comprising around twenty-five families of primarily Arabic-speaking merchants, had customs akin to those of <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Judean Jews</a>. Starting in 1850, the community witnessed growth as <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a>, initially settled in the <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf Mountains</a> above Beirut, migrated to Sidon and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> amidst escalating <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> tensions and the ensuing 1860 war. With roots in mountain traditions, they introduced citrus cultivation on the outskirts of Sidon, leading to the construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in 1860 to meet the needs of the expanding community.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1887 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_necropolis_of_Ayaa" title="Royal necropolis of Ayaa">Royal necropolis of Sidon</a> was extensively excavated by the Ottomans, and its treasures transferred to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander sarcophagus">Alexander sarcophagus</a>). Sidon was a small fishing town of 10,000 inhabitants in 1900. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_I">After World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon-coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sidon-coast.jpg/250px-Sidon-coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sidon-coast.jpg/330px-Sidon-coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sidon-coast.jpg/500px-Sidon-coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Sidon with a view of the Mediterranean coast</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> it became part of the French <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandate</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the city, together with the rest of Lebanon, was <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">captured by British forces</a> fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a>, and following the war it became a major city of independent <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> refugees arrived in Sidon, as in other Lebanese cities, and were settled at the large refugee camps of <a href="/wiki/Ein_el-Hilweh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein el-Hilweh">Ein el-Hilweh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mieh_Mieh_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieh Mieh (camp)">Mieh Mieh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first these consisted of enormous rows of tents, but gradually houses were constructed. The refugee camps constituted de facto neighborhoods of Sidon, but had a separate legal and political status which made them into a kind of enclaves. At the same time, the remaining Jews of the city fled, and the Jewish cemetery fell into disrepair, threatened by coastal erosion. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday#Eastern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a>, 19 April 1981, at least sixteen people were killed in Sidon after the (<a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a>) SLA's long-range artillery indiscriminately shelled the city centre. It was reported that it was in response to a request from <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Gemayel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashir Gemayel">Bashir Gemayel</a> in connection with ongoing Syrian attacks on <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Phalangist</a> positions around <a href="/wiki/Zahle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahle">Zahle</a>. Israel denied involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1982 Israeli <a href="/wiki/Operation_Peace_in_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Peace in Galilee">invasion</a> of Lebanon Sidon was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Defence Force">Israeli army</a> for almost two and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 August 1997, following a roadside bomb near <a href="/wiki/Jezzine" title="Jezzine">Jezzine</a> which killed two teenage members of a <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">SLA</a> leader's family, SLA artillery shelled Sidon killing seven civilians and wounding thirty-five. <a href="/wiki/Hizbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbollah">Hizbollah</a> responded the following day by firing 60–80 rockets into the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_southern_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon">security zone</a> and northern Israel. According to <a href="/wiki/UNIFIL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIFIL">UNIFIL</a> observers the missiles appeared to be targeted at uninhabited areas. The attack on Sidon is credited with leading to a truce between Hizbollah and <a href="/wiki/Amal_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amal Militia">Amal</a> and increased cooperation between the two groups and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Army">Lebanese Army</a>. This was evident in the <a href="/wiki/Ansariya_ambush" title="Ansariya ambush">Ansariya ambush</a> the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 June 1999 two gunmen entered the Palais de Justice, Sidon's main courthouse, and shot dead three magistrates and a chief prosecutor. The attackers escaped. No group claimed responsibility but suspicion focused on <a href="/wiki/Osbat_al-Ansar" title="Osbat al-Ansar">Osbat al-Ansar</a> whose leader had been sentenced to death <i>in absentia</i> for the murder of the head of the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> movement and the attempted assassination of the <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>. He was believed to be in hiding in the <a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Hilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain al-Hilwa">Ain al-Hilwa</a> refugee camp.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies in 2000 showed a population of 65,000 in the city, and around 200,000 in the metropolitan area. The little level land around the city is used for cultivation of wheat, vegetables, and fruits, especially citrus and bananas. The fishing in the city remains active with a newly opened fishery that sells fresh fish by bidding every morning. The ancient basin was transformed into a fishing port, while a small quay was constructed to receive small commercial vessels (see "Old City" and the "Architecture and landscape" sections below). </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:910px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Sidon as seen from the top of the Sea Castle, 2009"><img alt="Panorama of Sidon as seen from the top of the Sea Castle, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg/900px-Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg/1350px-Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg/1800px-Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8965" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Sidon_from_the_castle.jpg" title="File:Panorama of Sidon from the castle.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panorama of Sidon as seen from the top of the Sea Castle, 2009</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saida_Municipal_Stadium" title="Saida Municipal Stadium">Saida Municipal Stadium</a> was inaugurated in 2000 for the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Cup_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Cup 2000">Asian Football Confederation's Cup 2000</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sidon" title="Special:EditPage/Sidon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZiddonPt1982b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ZiddonPt1982b.jpg/220px-ZiddonPt1982b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ZiddonPt1982b.jpg/330px-ZiddonPt1982b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ZiddonPt1982b.jpg/440px-ZiddonPt1982b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Israeli soldiers in the port of Sidon, June 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>This sectarian and demographic division rose to the surface during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, when armed clashes erupted between Sunni Muslims and Christians. The clashes ended with the surrender of the Christian front, and Christians were forced to move to east <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. After the war ended in 1990, some Christians gradually returned to their hometowns but in 2000 many fled to Israel. The local politics of Sidon in the 20th century was mainly dominated up till the 1980s by allegiances around two main families, the <a href="/wiki/El-Bizri" title="El-Bizri">El-Bizri</a> and Saad. The El-Bizri politicians were known for their business connections, close ties with eminent Lebanese and Levantine leaders, and their bent on serving the Lebanese state as government ministers, officials and mayors. The Saad politicians tended to be populist and became engaged in violent protests in the 1940s, 1950s and then during the Lebanese civil war as Nasserites (populist followers of <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> in Lebanon). </p><p>The local political conflict between these two families was always resolved through amicable means and ties of kinship. Their hold over the political aspects of the city was similar to that of Mediterranean families in Sicily or to being also influenced by the ties of Arab families, clans, and tribes in traditionalist forms. The most notable figures of the El-Bizri family in the first half of the 20th century were: Ahmad El-Bizri (born 1899), Salah El-Bizri, Eizeddine El-Bizri (commonly known as Eizzo) and Anwar El-Bizri (born 1910). These four brothers were businessmen and politicians who dominated the political life of the city up till the late 1940s, using traditional inherited forms of governance since Ottoman times. With intelligence and strength they maintained their power for over 50 years. It is from their ranks that <a href="/wiki/Maarouf_Saad" title="Maarouf Saad">Maarouf Saad</a> started his public life, and their close cousins, Nazih El-Bizri, Amin El-Bizri, and Fouad El-Bizri became the next generation of politicians and statesmen in Lebanon; holding positions as ministers and members of parliament. </p><p>The El-Bizri and the Saad political practices were bent on social justice and on local service in public affairs. The El-Bizri were since the Ottoman rule bent on serving the state, and this continued with their loyalty and support to the successive governments of Lebanon since the times of independence. They also helped eminent politicians and statesmen from Sidonian descent such as the Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Riad_Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad Solh">Riad Solh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takieddine_el-Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Takieddine el-Solh">Takieddine el-Solh</a> and Rashid Solh, they also gave their support to former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Saeb_Salam" title="Saeb Salam">Saeb Salam</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Tamam_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamam Salam">Tamam Salam</a>, Prime Minister 2014–2016. The presence of the El-Bizris was at times intimidating on the local scene, but they were also known for their goodwill and dignified public service. </p><p>The Saad family developed their links with Nasserism in the 1950s and engaged in the uprising and armed protest of 1958 against the government of the Lebanese President Chamoun. They also became involved in the civil war as part of the left wing politics of the Lebanon (Al-Haraka al-Wataniyya) with PLO connections, and they actively contributed to resisting the Israeli occupation after 1982. The Saads remained populist in their politics and focused on the grassroots, while the El-Bizri were generally appealing to the middle and upper classes. In the middle 1980s, the Hariri family began to rise to prominence and became the most influential in Sidon in political and financial terms, even though the presence of the Saad and the El-Bizri in local politics remained significant at the level of visibility and activism. The Saad family developed its original politics from within the sphere of influence of the El-Bizri family and then became a power to reckon with on its own after 1948, and most powerfully in 1958, then in the civil war and until the present today. </p><p>Maarouf Saad, the leader of his family, and a local influential politician, was assassinated at the eve of the Lebanese civil war in 1975. The Saads retained their populism and grassroots appeal, and attracted a core of loyal adherents since the middle of the 20th century. While the El-Bizri were Levantine in their Arabism (namely focused mainly on Bilad al-Shaam in regional politics), and the Solh being also similar to them in this, the Saad were leaning more towards a broader pan-Arabism (Nasserite, Libyan, and then Syrian). The Hariri family started to rise to political and economic prominence in the 1980s and became perhaps the most influential family in Lebanon by the mid-1990s, following modern forms of political practice through a large party (Future Movement) that cuts across various economic classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Sidon_of_regional_underdevelopment">Impact on Sidon of regional underdevelopment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact on Sidon of regional underdevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2013 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP) report "data also point to an increase in urban poverty especially in Lebanon's largest cities suburbs such as Beirut, Tripoli and Saida, as illustrated by poverty-driven symptoms (child labour, over-crowding and deteriorated environment conditions)."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another UNDP report, the author discusses the development predominance of Beirut over the rest of the regions of Lebanon (North, South and Beqaa) is a well-known imbalance that can be dated to the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the expansion of Beirut in the 1870s, urban growth in the future capital outpaced Tripoli and Saida. Transportation routes, missionary schools, universities and hospitals as well as the Beirut port development and the commerce of silk participated to the fortification of Beirut as a major trade center for Mediterranean exchange (ARNAUD 1993; LABAKI 1999: 23). However, the establishment of Great Lebanon in 1920, under the French mandate, added the poorer areas of the North (Akkar), Beqaa (Baalbak-Hermel) and the South (Jabal Aamel) to the relatively affluent cities of Mount Lebanon. This addition made of Lebanon a country composed of unequally developed regions. This legacy remains a heavy load to bear socially, culturally, economically and politically. Even though the public policies elaborated by the young Lebanese State were attempting to have regional perspectives, the early urban planning schemes reveal a development approach exclusively axed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sidon#Dubious" title="Talk:Sidon">discuss</a></i>]</sup> on Beirut and its suburbs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The post war development policy of the State, promoted by Hariri government (1992–1998), was centered around balanced development and is widely inspired by the 1943 Pact and the 1989 Taef agreement (LABAKI1993: 104). However the application of this policy aims mainly at the rehabilitation and construction of roads and infrastructures (electricity, telephone, sewage). Another of its components is the rehabilitation of government buildings (airport, port, schools, universities and hospitals). Transportation projects (mainly concentrated on the coastal line) constitute 25% of the budget of 10-year economic plan developed by the CDR (BAALBAKI 1994: 90). However, all these projects are predominantly concentrated around Beirut, ignoring the regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_former_Makab_(waste_dump)_and_the_treatment_plant"><span id="The_former_Makab_.28waste_dump.29_and_the_treatment_plant"></span>The former <i>Makab</i> (waste dump) and the treatment plant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The former Makab (waste dump) and the treatment plant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the southern entrance to the city used to be a 'rubbish mountain' called at the time by the locals the <i>Makab</i>; namely, a 600,000 cubic metre heap that reached the height of a four-story building. It was originally created to dispose of the remains of buildings destroyed in Israeli air strikes during the 1982 invasion, but it then became the main dump for the city. Growing out of the sea, it became an environmental hazard, with <a href="/wiki/Medical_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical waste">medical waste</a> and plastic bags polluting nearby fishing grounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sidon politicians, including the Hariri family, failed for decades to resolve the <i>Makab</i> crisis—which has endangered residents' health (especially during episodic burning). In 2004, Engineer Hamzi Moghrabi, a Sidon native, conceived the idea to establish a treatment plant for the city's decades-old chronic waste problem. He established the privately funded IBC Enviro and the treatment plant became operational in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Environment came up with a $50,000+ plan to clean the whole area and transform the dump into a green space, along with other heaps in the country. Qamla beach in Sidon, a coast in close proximity to the Sea Castle, witnessed a large municipal cleanup in May 2011, as it was an easy target of rubbish being washed up by the Makab. These plans aim to revive the former glory of the city's coasts and attract tourists who avoided swimming in Sidon's sea before. The project of cleaning the region where the waste dump has already started, and currently a waves-barrier is being built, and the vast bulk of the waste dump being cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Sidon is administered by the Municipality of Sidon. The municipality is constituted of a council of 21 members including the City Mayor and his Deputy. It has administrative and financial independence but remains under the control and supervision of the central government, specifically the Ministry of Interior. The municipality's jurisdiction is limited to a region of 786 hectares in area and 5 meters in elevation, while each of the city's suburbs is administered by its own independent municipal council. Sidon is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_South_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of South Lebanon">Governorate of South Lebanon</a>, and hosts the seat of the Governor of Southern Lebanon. The city is also the center of the Sidon District and the Union of Sidon and Zahrani Municipalities (founded in 1978 and contains 15 municipalities). Sidon hosts the southern regional headquarters of a series of governmental facilities like the Central Bank of Lebanon, Électricité du Liban, Central Telecommunications Station and others. It is also the home of the Justice Palace of South Lebanon in its new headquarters on East Boulevard (the old headquarters were an old <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Saray_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (building)">Saray</a> that is currently occupied by the LSF and is planned to be transformed into a cultural center by the municipality).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 2000 and 2005 parliamentary elections, the Sidon District along with the <a href="/wiki/Tyre_District" title="Tyre District">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bint_Jbeil" title="Bint Jbeil">Bint Jbeil</a> districts formed the first electoral district of South Lebanon. However, in the 2009 elections – and due to the reactivation of the 1960 electoral law – the city of Sidon was separated from its district to form a separate electoral district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Sidon (2014) <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:82.16%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">82.16%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shia Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGreen; width:10.83%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.83%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkBlue; width:6.49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:0.52%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.52%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslims</a> made up 92.99% and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a> made up 6.49% of registered voters in Sidon. 82.16% of the voters were <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> and 10.83% were <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shiite Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overwhelming majority of Sidon's population belong to the Sunni sect of Islam, with a small number of Shiites and Christians. Sidon is the seat of the Greek Melkite Catholic Archbishop of Sidon and <a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Qamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el Qamar">Deir el Qamar</a>, and has housed a significant Catholic population throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidon also hosts the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shiite</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> of South Lebanon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, when Lebanon was still under the French mandate, Sidon had the largest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Jewish</a> population in Lebanon, estimated at 3,588, compared to 3,060 in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however by the end of 1990s most of the Jewish population had emigrated leaving their cemitery and other sites in a state of abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpsaida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carpsaida.jpg/220px-Carpsaida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carpsaida.jpg/330px-Carpsaida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carpsaida.jpg/440px-Carpsaida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Alleyway inside the Old Souks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alleyways,_Old_city_of_Sidon,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alleyways%2C_Old_city_of_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/250px-Alleyways%2C_Old_city_of_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alleyways%2C_Old_city_of_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Alleyways%2C_Old_city_of_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alleyways%2C_Old_city_of_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/500px-Alleyways%2C_Old_city_of_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Alleyways of the Old City of Sidon</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a>, a fortress built by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a> in the early 13th century. It is located near the Port of Sidon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Soap_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidon Soap Museum">Sidon Soap Museum</a>. It traces the history of the soap making in the region and its different manufacturing steps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Franj" title="Khan al-Franj">Khan al-Franj</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">French</a>"), a complex built in the 16th century, though erroneously credited to Emir <a href="/wiki/Fakhreddin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhreddin II"> Fakhreddine II</a> in the 17th century. It gained its name for accommodating French merchants and goods in order to develop trade with Europe. This is a typical <a href="/wiki/Khan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan (inn)">khan</a> with a large rectangular courtyard and a central fountain surrounded by covered galleries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbane_Palace" title="Debbane Palace">Debbane Palace</a>, a historical residence built in 1721, an example of Arab-Ottoman architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This villa was earlier occupied by the Hammoud family in the 18th century and also by members of the famous Ottoman aristocrats of the <a href="/wiki/Abaza_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaza clan">Abaza clan</a> in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The vaults at the ground level being originally stables for the villa residents and then turned into shops as part of the old souks, and known until recent time by association to the Abazas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">The Castle of St. Louis</a> (<i>Qalaat Al Muizz</i>). It was built by the Crusaders in the 13th century on top of the remains of a fortress built by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al_Muizz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muizz">Al Muizz</a>. It is located to the south of the Old Souks near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murex_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murex Hill (page does not exist)">Murex Hill</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Eshmun Temple">Eshmun Temple</a>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> god of healing. Built in the 7th century BC, it is located in the north of Sidon near the <a href="/wiki/Awali_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Awali River">Awali River</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">British War Cemetery</a> in Sidon. Opened in 1943 by units of His Majesty's (<a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a>) British Forces occupying the Lebanon after the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">1941 campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> troops. It was originally used for the burial of men who died while serving with the occupation force, but subsequently the graves of a number of the casualties of the 1941 campaign were moved into the cemetery from other burial grounds or from isolated positions in the vicinity. The cemetery now contains 176 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> burials of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and nine war graves of other nationalities. It was designed by G. Vey. It is perhaps the only garden in modern Sidon that is elegantly kept and cared for. It is not a public garden, but can be visited when the wardens have its gateways opened.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidon is home to numerous educational facilities ranging from public elementary schools to private universities. According to a 2006 study, the city is home to 29 schools that serve a total of 18,731 students: 37% are in public schools, 63% are in private schools. Sidon also contains 10 universities, 5 of which are private universities. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>University </th> <th>Faculty </th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_International_University" title="Lebanese International University">Lebanese International University</a> (LIU) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_University" title="Lebanese University">Lebanese University</a> (LU) </td> <td>Faculty of Law, Political Science and Public Administration </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Saint Joseph University</a> (USJ) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>American University of Lebanon (AUL) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al-Jinan University </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanese University (LU) </td> <td>Faculty of Public Health </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanese University (LU) </td> <td>Faculty of Literature and human Science </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanese University (LU) </td> <td>Institute of Social Sciences </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="American University of Science and Technology">American University of Science and Technology</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanese American University </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanese University (LU) </td> <td>Institute of Technology </td> <td>Public </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following archaeological sites in the area indicate settlements from the earliest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East#Prehistoric_Near_East" title="History of the Middle East">prehistorical</a> times. </p><p>Sidon I, II and III are prehistoric sites, while Sidon I is the tell of ancient Sidon starting from the Early Bronze Age. </p><p><b>Sidon I</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> site located to the east of the city, south of the road to <a href="/wiki/Jezzine" title="Jezzine">Jezzine</a>. An assemblage of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> tools was found by P. E. Gigues suggested to date between 3800 and 3200 BC. The collection included narrow <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a> that were polished on one side and flaked on the other, similar to ones found at Ain Cheikh, Nahr Zahrani and Gelal en Namous.<sup id="cite_ref-CW_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection appears to have gone missing from the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_the_American_University_of_Beirut" title="Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut">Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Sidon II</b> is said to be "near the church" at approximately fifty meters <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. P. E. Gigues suggested that the industry found on the surface of this site dated to the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Sidon III</b> was found by <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Passemard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Passemard (page does not exist)">E. Passemard </a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Passemard" class="extiw" title="fr:Emmanuel Passemard">fr</a>]</span> in the 1920s, who made a collection of material that is now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Beirut" title="National Museum of Beirut">National Museum of Beirut</a> marked "Camp de l'Aviation". It includes large <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> bifacials that may be of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-CW_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Sidon IV</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> mound of ancient Sidon with Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BC</span>) deposits, now located underneath the ruined <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> and what are also thought to be the ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome"> Roman</a> theater.<sup id="cite_ref-CW_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age_city_and_kingdom">Bronze Age city and kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bronze Age city and kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_of_Sidon_(Sidon_IV_site)"><span id="City_of_Sidon_.28Sidon_IV_site.29"></span>City of Sidon (Sidon IV site)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: City of Sidon (Sidon IV site)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area of this ruined Crusader castle, recent excavations uncovered a late Early Bronze Age I (EB I) settlement on bedrock. Here, an uninterrupted sequence from EB I to EB III was found. A modest third-millennium BC settlement consisting of domestic installations and tombs was also uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the following history of Sidon was not clarified. Very little has been known about the location, extent, and significance of Middle Bronze Age (MBA) Sidon until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tell_el-Burak_MBA_settlement">Tell el-Burak MBA settlement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tell el-Burak MBA settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Tell el-Burak</a> excavations have helped significantly in this area, because it was an active settlement during MBA, and quite well preserved. Tell el-Burak is located along the coast 9 km south from Sidon. Previously, there was a big gap in the history of this whole coastal area from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> until the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, when Sidon is first mentioned in the historical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sader_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sader-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MBA_kingdom_of_Sidon">MBA kingdom of Sidon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: MBA kingdom of Sidon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologists determined that Sidon was clearly the big power centre during MBA, controlling significant territory. So there appears to have been the "Kingdom of Sidon" that controlled el-Burak, and many other surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sader_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sader-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_history">Excavation history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Excavation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area around Sidon contains a number of important necropoli (below in order of age, and noting their principal excavators):<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Dakerman (Roger Saidah, 1968–1969)</li> <li>Tambourit (Saidah, 1977)</li> <li>Magharet Abloun (<a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_P%C3%A9reti%C3%A9" title="Aimé Péretié">Aimé Péretié</a>, 1855; <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, 1864; <a href="/wiki/Georges_Contenau" title="Georges Contenau">Georges Contenau</a>, 1920)</li> <li>Ayaa (William King Eddy, 1887; <a href="/wiki/Osman_Hamdi_Bey" title="Osman Hamdi Bey">Osman Hamdi Bey</a>, 1892; Contenau, 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Hilweh" title="Ain al-Hilweh">Ain al-Hilweh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Cutler_Torrey" title="Charles Cutler Torrey">Charles Cutler Torrey</a>, 1919–1920)</li> <li>El-Merah (Contenau, 1920)</li> <li>Qrayé (Contenau, 1920)</li> <li>Almoun, (Conenau, 1924)</li> <li>El-Harah (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Makridi" title="Theodore Makridi">Theodore Makridi</a>, 1904; Contenau, 1924)</li> <li>Magharet Abloun, Greco-Roman part (Renan, 1864; Contenau, 1914–1924)</li> <li>Helalié/Baramié/Mar Elias (<a href="/wiki/William_John_Bankes" title="William John Bankes">William John Bankes</a>, 1816; Renan 1864; Contenau, 1914; M. Meurdrac & L. Albanèse, 1938–1939)</li></ul> <p>In indication of the high-profile of the old city of Sidon in archaeological expeditions, and mainly in the 19th century, in October 1860 the famous French scholar <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> was entrusted with an archaeological mission to Lebanon, which included the search for the antique parts of Sidon. The Phoenician inscriptions that he discovered, and his field data, were eventually published in his notebook the: <i>Mission de Phénicie</i> (1864–1874; <i>Phoenician Expedition</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">St. Louis castle</a> grounds were excavated in 1914–1920 by a French team.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then eastwards a new site was also excavated by another generation of French expeditions in the 1960s. This same site received renewed attention in 1998 when the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Antiquities" title="Directorate General of Antiquities">Directorate General of Antiquities</a> in Lebanon authorized the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> to begin excavations on this area of land that was specifically demarcated for archaeological research. This has resulted in published papers, with a special focus on studying ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeological fieldwork was not fully undertaken since the independence of the Lebanon. The main finds are displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Beirut" title="National Museum of Beirut">National Museum in Beirut</a>. The fieldwork was also interrupted during the long civil war period, and it is now resumed but at a timid and slow scale, and not involving major international expeditions or expertise. Perhaps this is also indicative of the general lack in cultural interests among the authorities of this city, and almost of the non-existence of notable intellectual activities in its modern life. There are signs that the locals are beginning to recognize the value of the medieval quarters, but this remains linked to minor individual initiatives and not a coordinated collective effort to rehabilitate it like it has been the case with <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, even though the old district of Sidon contains a great wealth in old and ancient architecture. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> gave enhanced protection to 34 cultural sites in Lebanon including the archaeological sites at Sidon to safeguard them from <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">damage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrinepeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shrinepeter.jpg/220px-Shrinepeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shrinepeter.jpg/330px-Shrinepeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shrinepeter.jpg/440px-Shrinepeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Shrine commemorating the last meeting place between <a href="/wiki/St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul">St. Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">St. Peter</a> inside the Old City of Sidon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible/Old_Testament"><span id="Hebrew_Bible.2FOld_Testament"></span>Hebrew Bible/Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible/Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> describes Sidon (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צִידוֹן</span>‎) in several passages: </p> <ul><li>It received its name from the "first-born" of <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan (Biblical figure)">Canaan</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun" title="Tribe of Zebulun">Tribe of Zebulun</a> has a frontier on Sidon<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was the first home of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> on the coast of Canaan, and from its extensive commercial relations became a "great" city.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was the mother city of <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>. It lay within the lot of the tribe of Asher, but was never subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Sidonians long oppressed <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From the time of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> its glory began to wane, and <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, its "virgin daughter",<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rose to its place of pre-eminence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> entered into a matrimonial alliance with the Sidonians, and thus their form of idolatrous worship found a place in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">land of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezebel (Bible)">Jezebel</a> was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_I" title="Ithobaal I">Ithobaal I</a> of Sidon.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was famous for its manufactures and arts, as well as for its commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is frequently referred to by the prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> sojourned in Sidon, performing miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jesus visited the region or "coasts" (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a> and Sidon<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the stark contrast in Matthew 11:21-23 to <a href="/wiki/Korazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Korazin">Korazin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter</a>, which takes place on the coast, in the region of Sidon and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Then he returned from the region of Tyre, and went by way of Sidon towards the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From Sidon, at which his ship put in after leaving <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> finally sailed for Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ancient_mythology">In ancient mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In ancient mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The account ascribed to the Phoenician historian <a href="/wiki/Sanchuniathon" title="Sanchuniathon">Sanchuniathon</a> makes Sidon a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a>. She is said there to have first invented musical song from the sweetness of her voice.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port of Sidon, 19th century"><img alt="Port of Sidon, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg/120px-Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg/180px-Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg/240px-Port_of_Sidon_19th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Port of Sidon, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida,_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The castle and the harbour of Saida, the ancient Sidon"><img alt="The castle and the harbour of Saida, the ancient Sidon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida%2C_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg/120px-The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida%2C_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida%2C_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg/180px-The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida%2C_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida%2C_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg/240px-The_castle_and_the_harbour_of_Saida%2C_the_ancient_Sidon-colored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The castle and the harbour of Saida, the ancient Sidon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon_Castle,_Sidon,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon Castle"><img alt="Sidon Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sidon_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Sidon_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sidon_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Sidon_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sidon_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Sidon_Castle%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon,_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon, Sarcophagus relief of a boat"><img alt="Sidon, Sarcophagus relief of a boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sidon%2C_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg/120px-Sidon%2C_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sidon%2C_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg/180px-Sidon%2C_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sidon%2C_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg/240px-Sidon%2C_Sarcophagus_relief_of_a_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon, Sarcophagus relief of a boat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon_College_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon College site"><img alt="Sidon College site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sidon_College_site.jpg/120px-Sidon_College_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sidon_College_site.jpg/180px-Sidon_College_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sidon_College_site.jpg/240px-Sidon_College_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon College site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon Stadium"><img alt="Sidon Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sidon_Stadium.jpg/120px-Sidon_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sidon_Stadium.jpg/180px-Sidon_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sidon_Stadium.jpg/240px-Sidon_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon Stadium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon,_Lebanon,_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon, Lebanon, Panorama"><img alt="Sidon, Lebanon, Panorama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sidon%2C_Lebanon%2C_Panorama.jpg/120px-Sidon%2C_Lebanon%2C_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sidon%2C_Lebanon%2C_Panorama.jpg/180px-Sidon%2C_Lebanon%2C_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sidon%2C_Lebanon%2C_Panorama.jpg/240px-Sidon%2C_Lebanon%2C_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon, Lebanon, Panorama</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque,_Sidon,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosque, Sidon"><img alt="Mosque, Sidon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mosque%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Mosque%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mosque%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Mosque%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mosque%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Mosque%2C_Sidon%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosque, Sidon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="صيدا - صورة جوية قديمة"><img alt="صيدا - صورة جوية قديمة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif/lossy-page1-120px-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif/lossy-page1-180px-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif/lossy-page1-240px-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_-_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5853" data-file-height="4335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">صيدا - صورة جوية قديمة</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidon2009b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosque"><img alt="Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sidon2009b.JPG/120px-Sidon2009b.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sidon2009b.JPG/180px-Sidon2009b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sidon2009b.JPG/240px-Sidon2009b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5,Sidon,_vue_meridionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon, vue meridionale (viewed from the south)"><img alt="Sidon, vue meridionale (viewed from the south)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/5%2CSidon%2C_vue_meridionale.jpg/120px-5%2CSidon%2C_vue_meridionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/5%2CSidon%2C_vue_meridionale.jpg/180px-5%2CSidon%2C_vue_meridionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/5%2CSidon%2C_vue_meridionale.jpg/240px-5%2CSidon%2C_vue_meridionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon, vue meridionale (viewed from the south)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saida_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidon District Map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saida_Map.jpg/85px-Saida_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saida_Map.jpg/127px-Saida_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saida_Map.jpg/170px-Saida_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidon District Map</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Lebanon" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia § Lebanon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_antiquity_and_the_pre-modern_era">In antiquity and the pre-modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In antiquity and the pre-modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronological list. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a>, character from Greek mythology. In Homer, Eumaeus tells of having been kidnapped as child from Sidon, where his father was the king.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a> (2nd century BC), poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75 BC</span>), Epicurean philosopher born in Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Sidon" title="Dorotheus of Sidon">Dorotheus of Sidon</a> (1st century BC) Greek astrologer associated with Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethus_of_Sidon_(Peripatetic)" title="Boethus of Sidon (Peripatetic)">Boethus of Sidon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10 BC</span>), <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">peripatetic</a> philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera</a>, Roman soldier who, according to his grave found in Germany in the 19th century, was born in Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenobios_and_Zenobia" title="Zenobios and Zenobia">Zenobius and his sister Zenobia</a>, early-Christian martyrs executed around AD 290 under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymios_Saifi" title="Euthymios Saifi">Euthymios Saifi</a> (1643–1723), Melkite Catholic Bishop of Sidon and Tyre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Asir" title="Yusuf al-Asir">Yusuf al-Asir</a> (born 1232 AH = 1817 AD; died 1307 AH = 1889 AD), faqih, Islamic scholar, writer, poet, linguist, and journalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_modern_era">In the modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In the modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fayza_Ahmed" title="Fayza Ahmed">Fayza Ahmed</a> (Al-Rawwass), Arab singer formerly based in Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afif_al-Bizri" title="Afif al-Bizri">Afif al-Bizri</a>, (Afif <a href="/wiki/El-Bizri" title="El-Bizri">El-Bizri</a>) former Chief of Staff of the Syrian armed forces with a high-standing military rank and political profile during the Syria-Egypt republican union of the <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> era.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Audi" title="Raymond Audi">Raymond Audi</a>, international banker, and former Minister of Refugees in the government of Lebanon (Originally Palestinian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousbah_Baalbaki" title="Mousbah Baalbaki">Mousbah Baalbaki</a>, contemporary male belly dancer</li> <li>Nazih El Bizri, longstanding politician: mayor of Sidon from 1952 till 1959, Member of Lebanese Parliament from 1953 till 1958 and from 1972 till 1992. Lebanese Minister of Health, and Minister of Social Affairs from 1955 till 1956, then from 1972 till 1973, and from 1980 till 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Bizri" title="Hisham Bizri">Hisham El-Bizri</a>, filmmaker, producer, professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, philosopher, architect</li> <li>The Four Brothers - Riad El Bizri's Sons: <ul><li>Ahmad El-Bizri, Salah-Eddine El-Bizri (Mayor of Sidon from 1937 till 1951. Member of Parliament from 1951 till 1953), Ezzedine El-Bizri, Anwar El-Bizri.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahia_Hariri" title="Bahia Hariri">Bahia Hariri</a>, former Minister of Education in the governments of Lebanon and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a>, former Prime Minister, billionaire and international businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaa_Hariri" title="Bahaa Hariri">Bahaa Hariri</a>, international businessman and billionaire, son of Rafic Hariri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a>, youngest former Prime Minister of Lebanon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hijazi" title="Ahmad Hijazi">Ahmad Hijazi</a> (born 1994), Lebanese footballer<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Osseiran" title="Adel Osseiran">Adel Osseiran</a>, co-founder of modern Lebanon, was a prominent Lebanese statesman, a former Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament, and one of the founding fathers of the Lebanese Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mohamad_Osseiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Mohamad Osseiran">Sheikh Mohamad Osseiran</a>, Jaafari Mufti of Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Osseiran" title="Ali Osseiran">Ali Osseiran</a>, Member of Parliament and Former Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarouf_Saad" title="Maarouf Saad">Maarouf Saad</a>, former deputy representing Sidon in the national parliament and founder of the Popular Nasserite Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a>, former Prime Minister of Lebanon, minister of finance, and member of parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad Solh">Riad Solh</a>, former Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Solh" title="Sami Solh">Sami Solh</a>, former Prime Minister of Lebanon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watkins_(Manson_Family)" title="Paul Watkins (Manson Family)">Paul Watkins</a> (born 1950), former <a href="/wiki/Manson_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Manson family">Manson family</a> member; lived in Sidon during his childhood (d. 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Zein" title="Hussein Zein">Hussein Zein</a> (born 1995), Lebanese footballer<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdalonymus" title="Abdalonymus">Abdalonymus</a> – 4th-century BC King of Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_144" title="Amarna letter EA 144">Amarna letter EA 144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sidon" title="King of Sidon">King of Sidon</a> – Ruler of Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_necropolis_of_Ayaa" title="Royal necropolis of Ayaa">Royal necropolis of Ayaa</a> – Phoenician necropolis in Lebanon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Eshmunazar_II" title="Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II">Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II</a> – 6th-century BC Phoenician royal coffin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a> – Administrative division of the Ottoman Empire from 1660 to 1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Mithraeum" title="Sidon Mithraeum">Sidon Mithraeum</a> – Former mithraeum discovered in Sidon, kept in the Louvre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Eshmun" title="Temple of Eshmun">Temple of Eshmun</a> – Ancient temple to the Phoenician god of healing in Lebanon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Eshmunazar_II" title="Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II">See lines 18–20 of the Eshmunazar II sarchophagus inscription.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The territories of the Phoenician cities could be discontiguous: thus, the lands and the cities of Dor and Joppa belonging to the Sidonians were separated from Sidon by the city of Tyre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi199766_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi199766-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier113-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier113_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier113_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1929" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n60">113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+Vol.+6&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budge1064-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budge1064_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budge1064_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallis_Budge1920" class="citation book cs1">Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft"><i>An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1064">1064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+dictionary%3A+with+an+index+of+English+words%2C+king+list+and+geological+list+with+indexes%2C+list+of+hieroglyphic+characters%2C+coptic+and+semitic+alphabets%2C+etc.+Vol+II&rft.pages=1064&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wallis+Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianhierogly02budguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier138-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier138_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier138_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1929" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n72">138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+Vol.+6&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budge1065-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budge1065_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budge1065_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallis_Budge1920" class="citation book cs1">Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft"><i>An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1065">1065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+dictionary%3A+with+an+index+of+English+words%2C+king+list+and+geological+list+with+indexes%2C+list+of+hieroglyphic+characters%2C+coptic+and+semitic+alphabets%2C+etc.+Vol+II&rft.pages=1065&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wallis+Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianhierogly02budguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Carl_Eiselen1907" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Carl Eiselen (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hhk5AQAAIAAJ&q=sidon+meaning"><i>Sidon: A Study in Oriental History, Volume 4</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231928007" title="Special:BookSources/9780231928007"><bdi>9780231928007</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917165001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hhk5AQAAIAAJ&q=sidon+meaning">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidon%3A+A+Study+in+Oriental+History%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9780231928007&rft.au=Frederick+Carl+Eiselen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHhk5AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsidon%2Bmeaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGates2011" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (2011). <i>Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 197, 190, 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83057-4"><bdi>978-0-203-83057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+cities%3A+the+archaeology+of+urban+life+in+the+ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=197%2C+190%2C+191&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83057-4&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwiazdaPiątkowska-MałeckaWicenciakMakowski2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gwiazda, Mariusz; Piątkowska-Małecka, Joanna; Wicenciak, Urszula; Makowski, Piotr; Barański, Tomasz (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/712931">"The Sidon's/Ṣaydā Northern Hinterland during the Early Byzantine–Early Islamic Transition"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>385</b>: <span class="nowrap">171–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F712931">10.1086/712931</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Sidon%27s%2F%E1%B9%A2ayd%C4%81+Northern+Hinterland+during+the+Early+Byzantine%E2%80%93Early+Islamic+Transition&rft.volume=385&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F712931&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft.aulast=Gwiazda&rft.aufirst=Mariusz&rft.au=Pi%C4%85tkowska-Ma%C5%82ecka%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Wicenciak%2C+Urszula&rft.au=Makowski%2C+Piotr&rft.au=Bara%C5%84ski%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F712931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreenForsytheO’ConnorWestley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, Colin; Forsythe, Wes; O’Connor, Marianne; Westley, Kieran (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honorfrostfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Lebanon-Report-University-of-Ulster-May-2014.pdf">"The Mamluk/ Ottoman-period Maritime Cultural Landscape of Lebanon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centre for Maritime Archaeology</i>: <span class="nowrap">20–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Maritime+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Mamluk%2F+Ottoman-period+Maritime+Cultural+Landscape+of+Lebanon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Forsythe%2C+Wes&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connor%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Westley%2C+Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonorfrostfoundation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FLebanon-Report-University-of-Ulster-May-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CW_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_CopelandP._Wescombe1965" class="citation book cs1">Lorraine Copeland; P. 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Imprimerie Catholique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+Stone-Age+sites+in+Lebanon%2C+p.+136&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Catholique&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Lorraine+Copeland&rft.au=P.+Wescombe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YsRRwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacoby1997" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, David (1997). 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/520f9c9be4b0210b06eba019/t/6078ad41f497d45a67b1c316/1618521411692/Transformation+of+a+goddess-astarte.pdf">"Transformation of a Goddess"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transformation+of+a+Goddess&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sugimoto&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F520f9c9be4b0210b06eba019%2Ft%2F6078ad41f497d45a67b1c316%2F1618521411692%2FTransformation%2Bof%2Ba%2Bgoddess-astarte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019876-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019876_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2019">Tucker 2019</a>, p. 876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldemar2008" class="citation book cs1">Waldemar, Heckel (2008). <i>Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Previous+Excavation&rft.pub=SidonExcavation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidonexcavation.org%2Fht_d_pre%2Fht_d_pre1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/culture/cultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon">"Cultural property under enhanced protection Lebanon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241231104017/https://www.unesco.org/en/culture/cultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cultural+property+under+enhanced+protection+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection">"Lebanon: 34 cultural properties placed under enhanced protection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241227163437/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lebanon%3A+34+cultural+properties+placed+under+enhanced+protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Flebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:15&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019&version=nrsv">19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein2018" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (Rudolph) (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/148214/jbq_462_kleincanaan.pdf">"Nations and Super-Nations of Canaan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jewish Bible Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-3910">0792-3910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nations+and+Super-Nations+of+Canaan&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84&rft.date=2018-04&rft.issn=0792-3910&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim+%28Rudolph%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10900%2F148214%2Fjbq_462_kleincanaan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span> cites <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">Radak</a> as reading that verse as saying that the city of Sidon itself was not said to be part of Zebulun's territory, while the medieval exgete <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Elazar Rokeach</a> understood that it was.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2049:13&version=nrsv">Genesis 49:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2011:8&version=nrsv">Joshua 11:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2019:28&version=nrsv">19:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%201:31&version=nrsv">Judges 1:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2010:12&version=nrsv">Judges 10:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2023:12&version=nrsv">Isaiah 23:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2011:1&version=nrsv">1 Kings 11:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2033&version=nrsv">33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2016:31&version=nrsv">1 Kings 16:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%205:6&version=nrsv">1 Kings 5:6</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2022:4&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 22:4</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2027:8&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 27:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2023:2&version=nrsv">Isaiah 23:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%204&version=nrsv">4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2012&version=nrsv">12</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2025:22&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 25:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2027:3&version=nrsv">27:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2047:4&version=nrsv">47:4</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2027:8&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 27:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2028:21&version=nrsv">28:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2022&version=nrsv">22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2032:30&version=nrsv">32:30</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joel%203:4&version=nrsv">Joel 3:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2017:9–24&version=nrsv">1 Kings 17:9–24</a>; see also in the New Testament, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:26&version=nrsv">Luke 4:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2015:21&version=nrsv">Matthew 15:21</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:24&version=nrsv">Mark 7:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:8&version=nrsv">Mark 3:8</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%206:17&version=nrsv">Luke 6:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2011:21–23&version=nrsv">Matthew 11:21–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:31&version=nrsv">Mark 7:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2027:3&version=nrsv">Acts 27:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204&version=nrsv">4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/ahmad-hijazi/333527/">"Ahmad Hijazi - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive"</a>. <i>globalsportsarchive.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424220530/https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/ahmad-hijazi/333527/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalsportsarchive.com&rft.atitle=Ahmad+Hijazi+-+Soccer+player+profile+%26+career+statistics+-+Global+Sports+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalsportsarchive.com%2Fpeople%2Fsoccer%2Fahmad-hijazi%2F333527%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/hussein-zein/89019/">"Hussein Zein - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive"</a>. <i>globalsportsarchive.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923214039/https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/hussein-zein/89019//">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalsportsarchive.com&rft.atitle=Hussein+Zein+-+Soccer+player+profile+%26+career+statistics+-+Global+Sports+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalsportsarchive.com%2Fpeople%2Fsoccer%2Fhussein-zein%2F89019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaston1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_George_Easton" title="Matthew George Easton">Easton, Matthew George</a> (1897). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)/Sidon" class="extiw" title="s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Sidon">Sidon</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidon&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Additional notes taken from <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> (1967 edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A history of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061207" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061207"><bdi>9781575061207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+history+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781575061207&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElayi1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Josette_Elayi" title="Josette Elayi">Elayi, Josette</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFII/article/download/4303/4142/7668">"Pouvoirs locaux et organisation du territoire des cités phéniciennes sous l'Empire perse achéménide"</a> [Local authorities and organization of the territory of the Phoenician cities under the Persian Achaemenid Empire]. <i>Espacio, Tiempo y Forma</i>. 2, Historia antigua (in French). <b>10</b>. Editorial <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Distance_Education" title="National University of Distance Education">UNED</a>: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758903288">758903288</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004193215/https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFII/article/download/4303/4142/7668">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espacio%2C+Tiempo+y+Forma&rft.atitle=Pouvoirs+locaux+et+organisation+du+territoire+des+cit%C3%A9s+ph%C3%A9niciennes+sous+l%27Empire+perse+ach%C3%A9m%C3%A9nide&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758903288&rft.aulast=Elayi&rft.aufirst=Josette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uned.es%2Findex.php%2FETFII%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F4303%2F4142%2F7668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Runciman, Steven (1987). <i>A History of the Crusades</i>. Vol. 3: <i>The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521347723" title="Special:BookSources/9780521347723"><bdi>9780521347723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780521347723&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2019" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). <i>Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-440-85353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-440-85353-1"><bdi>978-1-440-85353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Conflicts+from+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+21st+Century%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-440-85353-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Sidon</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sidon&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sidon">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sidon&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Eugenia_Aubet" title="María Eugenia Aubet">Aubet, Maria Eugenia</a> (2001). <i>The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade</i>. 2nd ed. Translated by Mary Turton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Markoe, Glenn (2000). "Phoenicians". Vol. 2: <i>Peoples of the Past</i>. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press.</li> <li>Moscati, Sabatino (1999). <i>The World of the Phoenicians</i>. London: Phoenix Giant.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidon&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sidon" class="extiw" title="commons:Sidon"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sidon</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.za/maps/@33.5613482,35.372812,3a,75y,29.82h,105.77t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNj-rXlUURa_nwKbbjpU5DwnNaZbTfxIjcUPbHZ!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNj-rXlUURa_nwKbbjpU5DwnNaZbTfxIjcUPbHZ%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-16.886147-ya180.02751-ro-2.475187-fo100!7i5120!8i2560?hl=en">Sidon On Google Maps Street View By Paul Saad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidonianews.net/">Sidonianews</a> (Sidon News Portal) <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tyros.leb.net/sidon">Lebanon, the Cedars' Land: Sidon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020607132453/http://www.sidonexcavation.org/ht/ht_excavation.html">Sidon excavations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Sidon.html">Ancient Phoenician Sidon (Saida) in Lebanon</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Lebanon_Sidon_District,_South_Governorate147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidon_District" title="Template:Sidon District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidon_District" title="Template talk:Sidon District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidon_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidon District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Lebanon_Sidon_District,_South_Governorate147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lebanon"><img alt="Flag of Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sidon_District" title="Sidon District">Sidon District</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Governorate" title="South Governorate">South Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidon</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png/100px-Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png/150px-Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png/200px-Lebanon_districts_Sidon.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aabra,_Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aabra, Sidon (page does not exist)">Aabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aaddoussiyah" title="Al-Aaddoussiyah">Al-Aaddoussiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aadloun" title="Aadloun">Aadloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aanqoun" title="Aanqoun">Aanqoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqtanit" title="Aaqtanit">Aaqtanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_ad-Delb" title="Ain ad-Delb">Ain ad-Delb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansariyah,_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansariyah, Sidon">Ansariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_aj-Jall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab aj-Jall (page does not exist)">Arab aj-Jall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arzay,_Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arzay, Sidon (page does not exist)">Arzay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Babliyah" title="Al-Babliyah">Al-Babliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baisariyah" title="Al-Baisariyah">Al-Baisariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banaafoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banaafoul (page does not exist)">Banaafoul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barti,_Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barti, Sidon (page does not exist)">Barti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bqosta" title="Bqosta">Bqosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bramiyah" title="Al-Bramiyah">Al-Bramiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darb_as-Sim" title="Darb as-Sim">Darb as-Sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghassaniyah,_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghassaniyah, Sidon">Al-Ghassaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghaziyah" title="Al-Ghaziyah">Al-Ghaziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hajjah">Al-Hajjah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haret_Saida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haret Saida (page does not exist)">Haret Saida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Helaliyah" title="Al-Helaliyah">Al-Helaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkay" title="Irkay">Irkay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenjlaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenjlaya (page does not exist)">Jenjlaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaouthariyat_as-Siyad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaouthariyat as-Siyad (page does not exist)">Kaouthariyat as-Siyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Beit" title="Kfar Beit">Kfar Beit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chellal" title="Kfar Chellal">Kfar Chellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Hatta" title="Kfar Hatta">Kfar Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Melki" title="Kfar Melki">Kfar Melki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfaraya" title="Kfaraya">Kfaraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharayeb" title="Al-Kharayeb">Al-Kharayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum,_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khartoum, Sidon">Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaziz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaziz (page does not exist)">Khaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Loubiyah" title="Al-Loubiyah">Al-Loubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maamriyah" title="Al-Maamriyah">Al-Maamriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghdouch%C3%A9" title="Maghdouché">Maghdouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdelyoun" title="Majdelyoun">Majdelyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marwaniyah" title="Al-Marwaniyah">Al-Marwaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miye_ou_Miye" title="Miye ou Miye">Miye ou Miye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Najjariyah" title="An-Najjariyah">An-Najjariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqaaiyet_as-Snoubar" title="Qaqaaiyet as-Snoubar">Qaqaaiyet as-Snoubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qennarit" title="Qennarit">Qennarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qraiyah" title="Al-Qraiyah">Al-Qraiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qunaitra" title="Al-Qunaitra">Al-Qunaitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Saksakiyah" title="As-Saksakiyah">As-Saksakiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salhiyah" title="As-Salhiyah">As-Salhiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sarafand" title="As-Sarafand">As-Sarafand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbourit" title="Tanbourit">Tanbourit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teffahta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teffahta (page does not exist)">Teffahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobbaya" title="Tobbaya">Tobbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghdraiya" title="Zaghdraiya">Zaghdraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaita" title="Zaita">Zaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zrariyah" title="Az-Zrariyah">Az-Zrariyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestinian refugee camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieh_Mieh_refugee_camp" title="Mieh Mieh refugee camp">Mieh Mieh refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Hilweh" title="Ain al-Hilweh">Ain al-Hilweh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbiyeh" title="Akbiyeh">Akbiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Lebanon)" title="Elaea (Lebanon)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aabeby" title="Jebel Aabeby">Jebel Aabeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Heavy_Neolithic_sites141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heavy_Neolithic_sites" title="Template:Heavy Neolithic sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heavy_Neolithic_sites" title="Template talk:Heavy Neolithic sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy_Neolithic_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy Neolithic sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Heavy_Neolithic_sites141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadloun_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aadloun II">Aadloun II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_plain_foothills" title="Akkar plain foothills">Akkar plain foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbiyeh" title="Akbiyeh">Akbiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh,_Rashaya" title="Al-Bireh, Rashaya">Al-Bireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlaq_Qatih" title="Amlaq Qatih">Amlaq Qatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Saouda" title="Ard Saouda">Ard Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidar_ech_Chamout" title="Baidar ech Chamout">Baidar ech Chamout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Mery_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Mery II">Beit Mery II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_Birke" title="Bustan Birke">Bustan Birke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekwaneh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekwaneh II">Dekwaneh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douris,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Douris, Lebanon">Douris, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douwara" title="Douwara">Douwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaoui" title="Flaoui">Flaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadous_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadous Sud">Fadous Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeth,_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadeth, Beirut">Hadeth south</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbaa" title="Jbaa">Jbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Jdeideh I">Jdeideh I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jdeideh II">Jdeideh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aabeby" title="Jebel Aabeby">Jebel Aabeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_al_lawz_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamid al lawz I">Kamid al lawz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefraya" title="Kefraya">Kefraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Tebnit" title="Kfar Tebnit">Kfar Tebnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_Michte_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khallet Michte I">Khallet Michte I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_Michte_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khallet Michte II">Khallet Michte II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_el_Hamra" title="Khallet el Hamra">Khallet el Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejdel_Anjar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mejdel Anjar I">Mejdel Anjar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukhtara" title="Moukhtara">Moukhtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtaileb_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtaileb I">Mtaileb I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Zair" title="Nabi Zair">Nabi Zair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Zgharta" title="Plain of Zgharta">Plain of Zgharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaraoun I">Qaraoun I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaraoun II">Qaraoun II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayak_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayak North">Rayak North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tiri" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tiri">Taire II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh_(Marjaayoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taybeh (Marjaayoun)">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_el_Meten" title="Tell Ain el Meten">Tell Ain el Meten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khardane" title="Tell Khardane">Tell Khardane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mureibit" title="Tell Mureibit">Tell Mureibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zenoub" title="Tell Zenoub">Tell Zenoub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Boura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Boura (page does not exist)">Wadi Boura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Koura" title="Wadi Koura">Wadi Koura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Yaroun" title="Wadi Yaroun">Wadi Yaroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Far%27a" title="Wadi al-Far'a">Wadi al-Far'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Sallah" title="Wadi Sallah">Wadi Sallah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Lebanon" title="Archaeology of Lebanon">Archaeological sites in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadloun" title="Aadloun">Aadloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaiha" title="Aaiha">Aaiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aammiq" title="Aammiq">Aammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqbe" title="Aaqbe">Aaqbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aata" title="Ain Aata">Ain Aata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Choaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Choaab">Ain Choaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Harcha" title="Ain Harcha">Ain Harcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbiyeh" title="Akbiyeh">Akbiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_plain_foothills" title="Akkar plain foothills">Akkar plain foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh,_Rashaya" title="Al-Bireh, Rashaya">Al-Bireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlaq_Qatih" title="Amlaq Qatih">Amlaq Qatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelias_cave" title="Antelias cave">Antelias cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Apheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Saouda" title="Ard Saouda">Ard Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Tlaili" title="Ard Tlaili">Ard Tlaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidar_ech_Chamout" title="Baidar ech Chamout">Baidar ech Chamout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroumine" title="Batroumine">Batroumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechamoun" title="Bechamoun">Bechamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Mery" title="Beit Mery">Beit Mery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belat_temple" title="Belat temple">Belat temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus (Roman Beirut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_Birke" title="Bustan Birke">Bustan Birke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_El_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahr El Ahmar">Dahr El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_El_Aachayer" title="Deir El Aachayer">Deir El Aachayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Al-Ahmar" title="Deir Al-Ahmar">Deir Al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Deir Mar Maroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekwaneh" title="Dekwaneh">Dekwaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douris_(Baalbek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douris (Baalbek)">Douris (Baalbek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Lebanon)" title="Elaea (Lebanon)">Elaea (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaoui" title="Flaoui">Flaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadous_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadous Sud">Fadous Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbariye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbariye">Hebbariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeth,_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadeth, Beirut">Hadeth south</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haret_ech_Cheikh" title="Haret ech Cheikh">Haret ech Cheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashbai" title="Hashbai">Hashbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Heliopolis in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermel plains">Hermel plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_es_Saa%C3%AFd%C3%A9" title="Jabal es Saaïdé">Jabal es Saaïdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbaa" title="Jbaa">Jbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh" title="Jdeideh">Jdeideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aabeby" title="Jebel Aabeby">Jebel Aabeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeita_Grotto" title="Jeita Grotto">Jeita Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joub_Jannine" title="Joub Jannine">Joub Jannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh">Jieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zabad" title="Kafr Zabad">Kafr Zabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kamid el-Loz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamouh_el_Hermel" title="Kamouh el Hermel">Kamouh el Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_Nuh" title="Karak Nuh">Karak Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaba" title="Kaukaba">Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefraya" title="Kefraya">Kefraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Tebnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Tebnit">Kafr Tebnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Qouq" title="Kfar Qouq">Kfar Qouq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfarhata" title="Kfarhata">Kfarhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_Michte" title="Khallet Michte">Khallet Michte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Sanctuary_of_Kharayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Sanctuary of Kharayeb">Kharayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_El-Knese" title="Khirbet El-Knese">Khirbet El-Knese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouachra" title="Kouachra">Kouachra megalith field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun" title="Lake Qaraoun">Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Tower">Lion Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayrouba" title="Mayrouba">Mayrouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdoukha" title="Mdoukha">Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukhtara" title="Moukhtara">Moukhtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtaileb" title="Mtaileb">Mtaileb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Zair" title="Nabi Zair">Nabi Zair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachcharini" title="Nachcharini">Nachcharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahle, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neba%27a_Faour" title="Neba'a Faour">Neba'a Faour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebi_Safa" title="Nebi Safa">Nebi Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosn_Niha" title="Hosn Niha">Hosn Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">Phoenician port of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Zgharta" title="Plain of Zgharta">Plain of Zgharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaa" title="Qaa">Qaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bustra" title="Qal'at Bustra">Qal'at Bustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_Tannour" title="Qalaat Tannour">Qalaat Tannour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun" title="Qaraoun">Qaraoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Banat,_Lebanon" title="Qasr el Banat, Lebanon">Qasr el Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Baalbek I">Ras Baalbek I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_El_Kelb" title="Ras El Kelb">Ras El Kelb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Roman Forum of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Berytus" title="Hippodrome of Berytus">Roman hippodrome of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple_of_Bziza" title="Roman temple of Bziza">Roman temple of Bziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Beirut" title="Sands of Beirut">Sands of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraain_El_Faouqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraain El Faouqa">Saraain El Faouqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shheem" title="Shheem">Shheem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_el_Fil" title="Sin el Fil">Sin el Fil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahun_ben_Aissa" title="Tahun ben Aissa">Tahun ben Aissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tiri" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tiri">Taire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh_(Marjaayoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taybeh (Marjaayoun)">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aalaq" title="Tell Aalaq">Tell Aalaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ablah" title="Tell Ablah">Tell Ablah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Addus" title="Tell Addus">Tell Addus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ahle" title="Tell Ahle">Tell Ahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Cerif" title="Tell Ain Cerif">Tell Ain Cerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_el_Meten" title="Tell Ain el Meten">Tell Ain el Meten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Ghessali" title="Tell Ain Ghessali">Tell Ain Ghessali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Nfaikh" title="Tell Ain Nfaikh">Tell Ain Nfaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Saouda" title="Tell Ain Saouda">Tell Ain Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Sofar" title="Tell Ain Sofar">Tell Ain Sofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ayoub" title="Tell Ayoub">Tell Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bar_Elias" title="Tell Bar Elias">Tell Bar Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beshara" title="Tell Beshara">Tell Beshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bir_Dakoue" title="Tell Bir Dakoue">Tell Bir Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Deir" title="Tell Deir">Tell Deir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Delhamieh" title="Tell Delhamieh">Tell Delhamieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Derzenoun" title="Tell Derzenoun">Tell Derzenoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dibbine" title="Tell Dibbine">Tell Dibbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Tell el-Burak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Ghassil" title="Tell El Ghassil">Tell El Ghassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Hadeth" title="Tell El Hadeth">Tell El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Fadous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Fadous">Tell Fadous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hazzine" title="Tell Hazzine">Tell Hazzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hoch_Rafqa" title="Tell Hoch Rafqa">Tell Hoch Rafqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Karmita" title="Tell Karmita">Tell Karmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khardane" title="Tell Khardane">Tell Khardane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kirri" title="Tell Kirri">Tell Kirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jezireh" title="Tell Jezireh">Tell Jezireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jisr" title="Tell Jisr">Tell Jisr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kabb_Elias" title="Tell Kabb Elias">Tell Kabb Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Majdaloun" title="Tell Majdaloun">Tell Majdaloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Masoud" title="Tell Masoud">Tell Masoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mekhada" title="Tell Mekhada">Tell Mekhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Meouchi" title="Tell Meouchi">Tell Meouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mureibit" title="Tell Mureibit">Tell Mureibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Murtafa" title="Tell Murtafa">Tell Murtafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Nahariyah" title="Tell Nahariyah">Tell Nahariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Chaate" title="Tell Neba'a Chaate">Tell Neba'a Chaate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Litani" title="Tell Neba'a Litani">Tell Neba'a Litani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qasr_Labwe" title="Tell Qasr Labwe">Tell Qasr Labwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rasm_El_Hadeth" title="Tell Rasm El Hadeth">Tell Rasm El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rayak" title="Tell Rayak">Tell Rayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saatiya" title="Tell Saatiya">Tell Saatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haouch_Tall_Safiyeh" title="Haouch Tall Safiyeh">Tell Safiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saoudhi" title="Tell Saoudhi">Tell Saoudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Serhan" title="Tell Serhan">Tell Serhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shaikh_Hassan_al_Rai" title="Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai">Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shamsine" title="Tell Shamsine">Tell Shamsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sultan_Yakoub" title="Tell Sultan Yakoub">Tell Sultan Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taalabaya" title="Tell Taalabaya">Tell Taalabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Wardeen" title="Tell Wardeen">Tell Wardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zenoub" title="Tell Zenoub">Tell Zenoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zeitoun" title="Tell Zeitoun">Tell Zeitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Eshmun" title="Temple of Eshmun">Temple of Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Obelisks" title="Temple of the Obelisks">Temple of the Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(region_of_Phoenicia)" title="Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)">Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_Necropolis" title="Tyre Necropolis">Tyre Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Koura" title="Wadi Koura">Wadi Koura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Yaroun" title="Wadi Yaroun">Wadi Yaroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Yammoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanta,_Lebanon" title="Yanta, Lebanon">Yanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_W_Zain" title="Ain W Zain">Ain W Zain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonies_of_ancient_Rome284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonies_of_ancient_Rome284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>With correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with<br />modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed; <sup><small>3</small></sup> in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambratija_shipwreck" title="Zambratija shipwreck">Zambratija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Canaanite and Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27agan_Michael_Ship" title="Ma'agan Michael Ship">Ma'agan Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_shipwrecks_of_Mazarr%C3%B3n" title="Phoenician shipwrecks of Mazarrón">Mazarrón</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nordic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam ship</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">Periplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Port" title="Alexandria Port">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Cyrenaica)" title="Apollonia (Cyrenaica)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Aradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia#History" title="Civitavecchia">Centumcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmutha" title="Charmutha">Charmutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisida" title="Nisida">Nesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa#Ancient_times" title="Pisa">Portus Pisanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Oakleaf" title="Ferriby Boats">Oakleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Morgawr" title="Ferriby Boats">Morgawr</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Polybius)" title="Histories (Polybius)"><i>Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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