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class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">7 comments</span> <ul id="toc-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writing_is_a_language-related_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>"Language and dialect" listed at Redirects for discussion</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">1 comment</span> <ul id="toc-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_to_lead_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_to_lead_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Changes to lead section</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">1 comment</span> <ul id="toc-Changes_to_lead_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Semi-protected edit request on 8 September 2022</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">2 comments</span> <ul id="toc-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-==_Early_human_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#==_Early_human_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>== Early human languages</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">4 comments</span> <ul id="toc-==_Early_human_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">2 comments</span> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claim_Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claim_Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Claim Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">3 comments</span> <ul id="toc-Claim_Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Language as a human physiological ablity to perceive reality syntactically.</span> </div> </a> <span class="ext-discussiontools-init-sidebar-meta">1 comment</span> <ul id="toc-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system_use_in_lede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system_use_in_lede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writing system use 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879475">.mw-parser-output .tmbox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-content{border:2px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-style{border:2px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .tmbox-move{border:2px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1135323948">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .skiptotalk,body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .skiptotalk{display:none}.mw-parser-output .skiptotalk a{display:block;text-align:center;font-style:italic;line-height:1.9}.mw-parser-output .skiptotalk a::before,.mw-parser-output .skiptotalk a::after{content:"↓";font-size:larger;line-height:1.6;font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .skiptotalk a::before{float:left}.mw-parser-output .skiptotalk a::after{float:right}</style><a href="#toc">Skip to table of contents</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1230750088">.mw-parser-output .talkheader{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-body{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-shortcuts{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help{flex:2 1 auto;border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies{flex:1 1 auto}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies+.talkheader-policies{border-left:1px solid #c0c090}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-shortcuts{flex:0 1 auto}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help>*,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies>*,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-shortcuts>*{flex:1 1 auto}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help ul,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies ul{margin:0.1em 0.8em 0 1.6em;text-align:left}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .talkheader{min-width:80%}}</style><table role="presentation" class="tmbox tmbox-notice talkheader plainlinks" id="talkheader" style="border-collapse: separate;"><tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #c0c090; font-weight: bold;">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">talk page</a> for discussing improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> article.<br/> This is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#FORUM" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">not a forum</a> for general discussion of the article's subject.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="talkheader-body"> <div class="talkheader-help"> <ul><li>Put new text under old text. <strong><a href="/wiki/Special:NewSection/Talk:Language" title="Special:NewSection/Talk:Language">Click here to start a new topic.</a></strong></li> <li>New to Wikipedia? Welcome! <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Learn to edit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Questions" title="Wikipedia:Questions">get help</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="talkheader-policies"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Be polite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">avoid personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Be welcoming to newcomers</a></li> <li>Seek <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_requests" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution requests">dispute resolution</a> if needed</li></ul> </div><div class="talkheader-policies"> <div><b>Article policies</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #c0c090; padding: 1px 3px;"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Language%22">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Language%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org">free images</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Language%22">WP refs</a>) <b>·</b> <span title="Free English newspaper sources" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources">FENS</a></span> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> <b>·</b> <span title="The Wikipedia Library" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Language%22">TWL</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #c0c090; padding: 1px 3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archives</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Language/Archive_index" title="Talk:Language/Archive index">Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Language/Archive_1" title="Talk:Language/Archive 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Language/Archive_2" title="Talk:Language/Archive 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Language/Archive_3" title="Talk:Language/Archive 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Language/Archive_4" title="Talk:Language/Archive 4">4</a><span style="position: relative; top: 2px; float: right; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Discussions with timestamps are automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III after 30 days of inactivity when more than 10 threads are present.">Auto-archiving period</span>: <b>30 days</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page#Automated_archiving" title="Help:Archiving a talk page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></a></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #c0c090; padding: 0;"><div> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="50" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Talk:Language/" name="prefix"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search archives" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-content tmbox-not-a-forum" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This page is <strong><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#FORUM" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">not a forum</a></strong> for general discussion about <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a>. Any such comments <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines#EDIT" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">may be removed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Refactoring_talk_pages" title="Wikipedia:Refactoring talk pages">refactored</a>. Please limit discussion to improvement of this article. You may wish to ask factual questions about <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1135653291">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .article-history{min-width:80%}}</style><table class="article-history tmbox tmbox-notice"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Good article"><img alt="Good article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/40px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/60px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/80px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>Language</b> has been listed as one of the <i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles/Language_and_literature" title="Wikipedia:Good articles/Language and literature">Language and literature good articles</a></b></i> under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_article_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Good article criteria">good article criteria</a>. If you can improve it further, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">please do so</a>. <small><i>If it no longer meets these criteria, you can <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_article_reassessment" title="Wikipedia:Good article reassessment">reassess</a></b> it</i>.</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"><table class="article-history-milestones mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:90%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%"><span style="float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_question.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Did You Know"><img alt="Did You Know" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/15px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/30px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Article Collaboration and Improvement Drive"><img alt="Article Collaboration and Improvement Drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg/20px-Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg/30px-Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg/40px-Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="318"/></a></span></span> Article milestones</th></tr><tr style="text-align:left"><th>Date</th><th>Process</th><th>Result</th></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&oldid=511579923">September 10, 2012</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review/Language/archive1" title="Wikipedia:Peer review/Language/archive1">Peer review</a></b></td><td>Reviewed</td></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&oldid=582460739">November 20, 2013</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Language" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Language">Articles for deletion</a></b></td><td>Speedily kept</td></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&oldid=626215200">September 19, 2014</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Language/GA1" title="Talk:Language/GA1">Good article nominee</a></b></td><td>Listed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="width:100%"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_question.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Did You Know"><img alt="Did You Know" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/20px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/30px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/40px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> A <a href="/wiki/Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Language" title="Template:Did you know nominations/Language">fact from this article</a> appeared on Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a> in the <i>"<a href="/wiki/Template:Did_you_know" title="Template:Did you know">Did you know?</a>"</i> column on <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2014/September#30_September_2014" title="Wikipedia:Recent additions/2014/September">September 30, 2014</a></b>.</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="border:1px silver solid">The text of the entry was: <i>Did you know ... that while <b><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a></b> extinction has occurred many times throughout history, it has accelerated in the 20th and 21st centuries?</i></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="width:100%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Article Collaboration and Improvement Drive"><img alt="Article Collaboration and Improvement Drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg/20px-Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg/30px-Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg/40px-Article_Collaboration_and_Improvement_Drive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="318"/></a></span> This article was on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ACID">Article Collaboration and Improvement Drive</a> for the week of November 14, 2007.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Current status: <b>Good article</b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1243927654">.mw-parser-output .banner-shell{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:4px}.mw-parser-output .banner-shell-header{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .banner-shell-inner{padding:2px 4px;background:#fffaef;color:inherit;border:1px dotted gray}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .banner-shell-inner{background:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .banner-shell-inner{background:#2e2505}}.mw-parser-output .banner-shell .tmbox{margin:2px 0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .banner-shell .tmbox.mbox-small{line-height:1.5em;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .banner-shell-inner .banner-shell-outside{display:none}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .wpbs{width:80%}}.mw-parser-output .wpbs .assess{width:60px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-header{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em 0.25em 0}.mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-header{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb:not(.mw-collapsed) .wpb-header-icon a{display:none}</style><table role="presentation" class="tmbox tmbox-notice banner-shell wpbs mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><td class="assess"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GA-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/35px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/53px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/70px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span></td><td class="banner-shell-header" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal">This <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/16px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/24px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/32px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="215"/></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/2#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/2">level-2 vital article</a></b> is rated <b>GA-class</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment" title="Wikipedia:Content assessment">content assessment</a> scale.<br/>It is of interest to multiple <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProjects</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="banner-shell-inner outercollapse"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394742">.mw-parser-output .wpb-header,.mw-parser-output .wpb-metadata,.mw-parser-output .wpb-iefix{display:none}.mw-parser-output .wpb-header-name{text-align:right;padding:0.3em 1em 0.3em 0.3em;width:50%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wpb-header-assessment{text-align:left;width:50%;padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .wpb-header-combined{text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.3em 0;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wpb-header-bubbles{border-radius:.5em;padding:0 .3em;margin-left:0.5em;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;color:black}.mw-parser-output .wpb-nested-task-force{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .wpb-header-icon{width:50px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpb-category-box{background-color:#0a0a0a}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}</style><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/25px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/50px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages">Languages</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/55px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/83px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/110px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="512"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages">WikiProject Languages</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> on Wikipedia. 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If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Linguistics" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Linguistics</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Linguistics</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Linguistics articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_Linguistics_articles" title="Category:Top-importance Linguistics articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Linguistics/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/33px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/51px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/67px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">Spoken Wikipedia</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/100px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/150px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/200px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of articles that are <b><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">spoken</a></b> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Spoken Wikipedia</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Spoken Wikipedia articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_syms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Religious_syms.svg/25px-Religious_syms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Religious_syms.svg/38px-Religious_syms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Religious_syms.svg/50px-Religious_syms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Religion" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion">Religion</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_syms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Religious_syms.svg/80px-Religious_syms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Religious_syms.svg/120px-Religious_syms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Religious_syms.svg/160px-Religious_syms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Religion" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion">WikiProject Religion</a></b></i>, a project to improve Wikipedia's articles on <b><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></b>-related subjects. Please participate by editing the article, and help us <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Religion/Assessment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion/Assessment">assess and improve</a> articles to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_a_good_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:What is a good article">good</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team">1.0</a> standards, or visit the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Religion" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion">wikiproject page</a> for more details.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Religion</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Religion</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Religion articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Religion_articles" title="Category:High-importance Religion articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Religion/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Religion/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg/33px-Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg/50px-Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg/66px-Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="76"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">Sociology</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg/80px-Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg/120px-Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg/160px-Vista_Login_Manager_Cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="76"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">WikiProject Sociology</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Sociology">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Sociology</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Sociology</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">sociology articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_sociology_articles" title="Category:Top-importance sociology articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Face_Mask_(Gambanda),_early_1900s,_Central_Africa,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo,_Pende_people,_wood,_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG/19px-Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG/28px-Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG/37px-Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthropology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Face_Mask_(Gambanda),_early_1900s,_Central_Africa,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo,_Pende_people,_wood,_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG/80px-Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG/120px-Female_Face_Mask_%28Gambanda%29%2C_early_1900s%2C_Central_Africa%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_Pende_people%2C_wood%2C_fiber_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08700.JPG 1.5x, 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If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Anthropology" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Anthropology">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Anthropology</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthropology</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Anthropology</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Anthropology articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_Anthropology_articles" title="Category:Top-importance Anthropology articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Release_Version_Criteria#Importance_of_topic" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Release Version 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been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Writing/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Writing/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="box-To_do plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mw-notalk"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stock_post_message.svg/25px-Stock_post_message.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stock_post_message.svg/38px-Stock_post_message.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stock_post_message.svg/50px-Stock_post_message.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40"/></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To-do_list" title="Wikipedia:To-do list">To-do list</a> for <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a>:</b> <span class="noprint plainlinks" style="float: right; text-align: right; font-size: 88%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language/to_do&action=edit&preload=Template:Tasks/Preload">edit</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language/to_do&action=history">history</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language/to_do&action=watch">watch</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=purge">refresh</a> <b>·</b> Updated 2021-02-13</span> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><div class="todo-box" style="border:1px dotted gray; padding: 2px 4px;"> <p> </p> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><br/><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> Improve sections on Syntax, Brain and language, anatomy of speech</li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Copyedit</a></i> :</b> This article needs some grammar checking</li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verify</a></i> :</b> Find page numbers for citations that miss them</li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Peer_Review" data-mw-thread-id="h-Peer_Review-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Peer_Review-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z"></span>Peer Review<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Peer_Review-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Peer Review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Language-Peer_Review-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Language-Peer_Review-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z"></span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review/Language/archive1" title="Wikipedia:Peer review/Language/archive1">Language</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Language-Peer_Review-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Peer_review/Language/archive1&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint plainlinks pr-header"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language"><b><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Maunus-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z-Language"></span>Article</b></a> <span class="plainlinks">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Language" title="Special:EditPage/Language">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&veaction=edit">visual edit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Language" title="Special:PageHistory/Language">history</a>)</span> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Article talk</b></a> <span class="plainlinks">(<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Talk:Language" title="Special:EditPage/Talk:Language">edit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Talk:Language" title="Special:PageHistory/Talk:Language">history</a>)</span> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&action=watch"><b>Watch</b></a></span> • <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Peer_review/Language/archive1&action=watch">Watch peer review</a><br/></div></dd></dl> <p><b>This peer review discussion has been closed.</b><br/> I've listed this article for peer review becaus I've recently expanded it drastically, and would like some outside imput before deciding whether to nominate for GA. Given that the topic is so huge I am sure I've left out something important, but at this point I am blind to it myself. Also it would be good with a second pair of eyes to scout out any erroneous or dubious statements I may have introduced unwittingly. </p><p>Thanks, <a href="/wiki/User:Maunus" title="User:Maunus">·ʍaunus</a>·<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Maunus" title="User talk:Maunus">snunɐw·</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Maunus-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z-Language" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">16:26, 26 August 2012 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Maunus-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z-Language"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Maunus-2012-08-26T16:26:00.000Z-Language"></span> </p> <dl><dt>Review by Peter Isotalo</dt></dl> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z-Language"></span>First off, I think this is a great undertaking. You barely ever come across such a general article topic that is this well-written. In my view, this is prime FA material that seems appropriately complete in terms of contents. The concerns I have is mostly a matter of improving prose and straightening out a few unclear statements. So here we go: </p> <ul><li><s>I don't like the Babel image sitting on top of the article. It's a well-known language myth, but language myths don't really have much to do with linguistics. I think it should be moved down to "Language endangerement" where the Babel myth is actually mentioned. Otherwise, I'd look at it as unnecessary <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> of a Biblical perspective through graphics.</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span></li> <li><s>Consider explaining "suprasegmental" at least once. An important term, but bound to seem obscure to non-linguists.</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span> <i>it was already explained in both of the cases where it appeared</i>.</li> <li><s>I think it would be good to explain "formant" in just a few words. It's a fairly technical phonetic term.</s></li> <li>Much of what comes after the first sentence of "Grammatical categories" is quite difficult to follow without thorough knowledge of linguistic terminology. Could it be lightened up somehow?</li> <li><s>Concerning the Yupik example, it seems as if the number of translations doesn't quite match the apparent number of Yupik morphemes. Is <i>ksaite</i> by any chance "say-negation"?</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span> (<i>it was just a dash instead of a period making it seem as if there was a morpheme to few, -</i>uq<i> is third.person.singular.indicative</i>)</li> <li><s>"For example in the Australian language <a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a> a married man must use a special set of lexical items when speaking in the presence of his mother in-law." – "Lexical items" is a bit jargon-ish. Would "vocabulary" or maybe just "words" suffice?</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span></li> <li><s>"(corresponding to <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>fater</i> - <i>fiʃ</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic languages">Nordic</a> <i>faðer</i> – <i>fisk</i>)" – Why "ʃ"? What exactly is the spelling based on? Because clearly this is not modern German, or it would be <i>Vater</i> and <i>Fisch</i>. And the "Nordic" words seems more like Old Norse judging by the "ð". Clarification would be good.</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span></li> <li>"gradual petrification of idioms" – Is it possible to find a slightly less obscure word for "petrification"?</li> <li><s>In "Language contact", the use of "adstratum", "substratrum" and "superstratum" comes without much explanation. Could more common terms be used, or could they perhaps be explained somehow?</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span></li> <li><s>Why are "Chinese languages" in the Ethnologue table counted the same way as languages that are generally considered mutually intelligible? As far as I know, Wu, Hakka and Yue are about as similar to Chinese as German is to English. Are there no figures for just Mandarin Chinese (the dialects, that is, not the standard language)?</s><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/16px-Green_tick.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/24px-Green_tick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Green_tick.png/32px-Green_tick.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491"/></a></span></li> <li>The last two sections seem somewhat weaker prose-wise than the rest of the article. I think they could use a working-over. Lightening up repetitions and getting the sentence to flow a bit better would be a nice improvement.</li> <li>The article touches upon relevant examples of how language matters to humans. Is it possible, though, to somehow stress the importance that language has for human culture(s)? For example, something really quick about how nationalism and language has gone hand in hand in the modern period, and how ethnicity is often extremely tightly bound to language.</li> <li>There are a few paragraphs without notes at the end. I'm personally not that bothered by this since much of the information is very general in nature and not particularly contentious. But it might be good to cover your bases anyhew. After all, there are plenty of sticklers for referencing out there... Also, some of the longer paragraphs with just one note could be looked over. Unless it amounts to pure reference repetition, an additional note might sooth the nerves of at least some of the most ardent note-hunters out there.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/User:Peter_Isotalo" title="User:Peter Isotalo">Peter</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Peter_Isotalo" title="User talk:Peter Isotalo">Isotalo</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z-Language" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:16, 9 September 2012 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z-Language"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z-Language"></span> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-10T11:57:00.000Z-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z"></span>Btw, feel free to cross out or put a check mark next to any concern you feel you have remedied.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/User:Peter_Isotalo" title="User:Peter Isotalo">Peter</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Peter_Isotalo" title="User talk:Peter Isotalo">Isotalo</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-10T11:57:00.000Z-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">11:57, 10 September 2012 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-10T11:57:00.000Z-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-10T11:57:00.000Z-Peter_Isotalo-2012-09-09T17:16:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writing_is_a_language-related_technology" data-mw-thread-id="h-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z"><span id="Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language.2C_writing_is_a_language-related_technology"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z"></span>Revise lede to ensure readers understand that signed language is language, writing is a language-related technology<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revise lede to ensure readers understand that signed language is language, writing is a language-related technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"></span>I am proposing a change to the lede as follows: </p><p>Current lede: "A language is a structured system of communication used by humans. Languages consist of spoken sounds in spoken languages or written elements in written languages.[1][2][3] Additionally, a language may consist of other symbolic elements like hand gestures in sign languages." </p><p>Proposed lede: "A language is a structured system of communication used by humans. Spoken languages consist of sounds, signed languages consist of gestures. Some languages have writing systems, and these systems can be composed of glyphs encoding sounds, syllables or meanings, or combinations of those." --<a href="/wiki/User:AmyFou" title="User:AmyFou">AmyFou</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:AmyFou" title="User talk:AmyFou">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:27, 13 January 2021 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z"></span>I agree with the change. My copyedit on your proposed language, including acknowledgement that signed languages can be represented in writing as well (rarely though they are): "A language is a structured system of communication used by humans consisting of sounds (<a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken languages</a>) or gestures (<a href="/wiki/Signed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed language">signed languages</a>). Some languages have <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">written representations</a> composed of glyphs that encode the sounds, syllables, gestures, or meanings of the languages, or combinations of those." <a href="/wiki/User:Largoplazo" title="User:Largoplazo">Largoplazo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Largoplazo" title="User talk:Largoplazo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:37, 13 January 2021 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z-AmyFou-2021-01-13T17:27:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl> <p><br/> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:12:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"></span>Agree too. It is a significant improvement over the current version. The wording in the current second sentence makes a spurious distinction between "spoken language<b>s</b>" and "written language<b>s</b>" ("spoken language" and "written language" makes more sense), but fails to point out the secondary nature of "written language", which (almost) always is a representation of spoken or signed language. Signed languages are not secondary, although some of them were initially devised so. –<a href="/wiki/User:Austronesier" title="User:Austronesier">Austronesier</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Austronesier" title="User talk:Austronesier">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:12:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:12, 13 January 2021 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:12:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:12:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:15:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"></span>Add: of course we can also return to the long-standing version<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&oldid=992687898">[1]</a>, which does not go into such details at all. –<a href="/wiki/User:Austronesier" title="User:Austronesier">Austronesier</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Austronesier" title="User talk:Austronesier">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:15:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:15, 13 January 2021 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:15:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Austronesier-2021-01-13T18:15:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T19:30:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"></span>thanks to you both, excellent suggestions! I'll work on this in the near future <a href="/wiki/User:AmyFou" title="User:AmyFou">AmyFou</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:AmyFou" title="User talk:AmyFou">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T19:30:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:30, 13 January 2021 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T19:30:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-AmyFou-2021-01-13T19:30:00.000Z-Largoplazo-2021-01-13T17:37:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:39:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"></span>Current 'lede' is flawing from the truth. I'm proposing the real lead, which has been devolving into nothing ever since lede' up until now; language is, at it's most abstract form, is a skill discovered by humans in a emotion that performs a change in an otherwise related shared experience amongst one another. Those who aren't in emotion use it in a leveled form to reach premeditated or post meditative objectives based upon a concept of motivation. Physical form follows the function of it's complexity which progresses it's transformation into future tensity. <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Noclipping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Noclipping (page does not exist)">Noclipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Noclipping" title="User talk:Noclipping">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:39:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">08:39, 11 February 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:39:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:39:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"></span> </p><p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:41:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"></span>I may also point out the fact that language serves no purpose without the story of it's most detailed emergency in historical nature. Such as the biblical ones. <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Noclipping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Noclipping (page does not exist)">Noclipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Noclipping" title="User talk:Noclipping">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:41:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">08:41, 11 February 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:41:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Noclipping-2022-02-11T08:41:00.000Z-Revise_lede_to_ensure_readers_understand_that_signed_language_is_language,_writi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id=""Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion" data-mw-thread-id="h-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z"><span id=".22Language_and_dialect.22_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z"></span>"Language and dialect" listed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion">Redirects for discussion</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Language and dialect" listed at Redirects for discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Steel1943-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Information.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/30px-Information.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/45px-Information.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/60px-Information.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"/></a></span> An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect <a href="/wiki/Language_and_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Language and dialect">Language and dialect</a> and has thus listed it <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion">for discussion</a>. This discussion will occur at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2022_May_8#Language_and_dialect" title="Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 8">Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Language and dialect</a> until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Steel1943&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Steel1943 (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #3F00FF;"><i><b>Steel1943</b></i></span></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Steel1943" title="User talk:Steel1943">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Steel1943-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">02:09, 8 May 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Steel1943-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Steel1943-2022-05-08T02:09:00.000Z-"Language_and_dialect"_listed_at_Redirects_for_discussion"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Changes_to_lead_section" data-mw-thread-id="h-Changes_to_lead_section-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Changes_to_lead_section-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z"></span>Changes to lead section<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Changes_to_lead_section-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changes to lead section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Cnilep-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z-Changes_to_lead_section"></span>I <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language&diff=1088291757&oldid=1088218957">reverted two edits</a> that <a href="/wiki/User:Lispenard" title="User:Lispenard">User:Lispenard</a> made to the lead section, though I don't mean to suggest that the content of the edits was necessarily problematic. I know, however, that questions such as whether language is unique to humans, or how to describe the place of grammar and lexicon within language as such are sometimes controversial. The edits caught my attention mainly because they were marked as 'minor', as opposed to any specific objection I had to their content. <a href="/wiki/User:Cnilep" title="User:Cnilep">Cnilep</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Cnilep" title="User talk:Cnilep">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Cnilep-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z-Changes_to_lead_section" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">06:10, 17 May 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Cnilep-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z-Changes_to_lead_section"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Cnilep-2022-05-17T06:10:00.000Z-Changes_to_lead_section"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022" data-mw-thread-id="h-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022-20220908032000"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022-20220908032000"></span>Semi-protected edit request on 8 September 2022<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022-20220908032000"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Semi-protected edit request on 8 September 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Alyx2022-20220908032000-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox mbox-small tmbox-notice editrequest" role="presentation" data-origlevel="semi"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/45px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_requests" title="Wikipedia:Edit requests">edit request</a> has been answered. Set the <code style="white-space: nowrap;">|answered=</code> or <code style="white-space: nowrap;">|ans=</code> parameter to <b>no</b> to reactivate your request.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following sentence needs modification because it misinterprets and misuses the reference article which it uses to justify its claims. </p><p>The Sentence In Question: Human language is unique among the known systems of animal communication in that it is not dependent on a single mode of transmission (sight, sound, etc.), is highly variable between cultures and across time, and affords a much wider range of expression than other systems. [1] </p><p>The reference provided at the end of this series of claims leads to "The Myth of Language Universals" (Evans and Levinson, 2009) This article is concerned with arguing against the notion of "linguistic universals," and it does not dedicate itself to discussing animal communication and/or comparing it with human language. If you read this article from top-to-bottom (as I have), you will only find two short (and essentially similar) references to the capabilities of non-human species: </p><p>1. "We are the only known species whose communication system varies fundamentally in both form and content. Speculations about the evolution of language that do not take this properly into account thus overlook the criterial feature distinctive of the species. 2. "... we are the only species with a communication system that is fundamentally variable at all levels." </p><p>Niether of these claims are backed up with reference to previous studies, nor are they backed up by the content of the article itself (which, as mentioned, is concerned with arguing the non-universality of human language, and is not concerned with the finer details of animal communication) </p><p>As such, I do not think it constitutes a legitimate reference for justifying the claims made by ‘the sentence in question’ </p><p>Therefore, I propose the following change: </p><p><b>Change:</b> Human language is unique among the known systems of animal communication in that it is not dependent on a single mode of transmission (sight, sound, etc.), is highly variable between cultures and across time, and affords a much wider range of expression than other systems. [1] </p><p><b>To:</b> “Human language is not dependent on a single mode of transmission (sight, sound, etc.) and is highly variable between cultures and across time [1]” </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Alyx2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Alyx2022 (page does not exist)">Alyx2022</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Alyx2022" title="User talk:Alyx2022">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Alyx2022-20220908032000-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">03:20, 8 September 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Alyx2022-20220908032000-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Alyx2022-20220908032000-Semi-protected_edit_request_on_8_September_2022"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Maddy_from_Celeste-20220916144200-Alyx2022-20220908032000"></span><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/27px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/36px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><b> Done</b></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Maddy_from_Celeste" title="User:Maddy from Celeste"><b><span style="color:#C64600">Madeline</span></b></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Maddy_from_Celeste" title="User talk:Maddy from Celeste"><span style="color:#613583"><small>part of me</small></span></a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Maddy_from_Celeste-20220916144200-Alyx2022-20220908032000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">14:42, 16 September 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Maddy_from_Celeste-20220916144200-Alyx2022-20220908032000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Maddy_from_Celeste-20220916144200-Alyx2022-20220908032000"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="==_Early_human_languages" data-mw-thread-id="h-==_Early_human_languages-20221003190100"><span id=".3D.3D_Early_human_languages"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-==_Early_human_languages-20221003190100"></span>== Early human languages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-==_Early_human_languages-20221003190100"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: == Early human languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages"></span>It is believed that early humans conversed with each other through noises rather than speech, much like animals do. Over time, the sounds became more complex and developed into speech. Should this be mentioned? Can you find a source for this? <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E" title="Special:Contributions/2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E">2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:01, 3 October 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100"></span>It's not just believed, it's obvious, as all the primates communicate through noises, as do mammals in general! The Origins section mentions this: "It was mostly undisputed that pre-human australopithecines did not have communication systems significantly different from those found in great apes in general." It goes on to cover the theory that the noises developed into speech (the continuity-based theory) in contrast to the non-continuity-based theory. <a href="/wiki/User:Largoplazo" title="User:Largoplazo">Largoplazo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Largoplazo" title="User talk:Largoplazo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:23, 3 October 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100"></span></dd></dl> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages-1"></span>It is believed that early humans conversed with each other through noises rather than speech, much like animals do. Over time, the sounds became more complex and developed into speech. Should this be mentioned? Can you find a source for this? <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E" title="Special:Contributions/2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E">2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages-1" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:01, 3 October 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages-1"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-==_Early_human_languages-1"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-1"></span>It's not just believed, it's obvious, as all the primates communicate through noises, as do mammals in general! The Origins section mentions this: "It was mostly undisputed that pre-human australopithecines did not have communication systems significantly different from those found in great apes in general." It goes on to cover the theory that the noises developed into speech (the continuity-based theory) in contrast to the non-continuity-based theory. <a href="/wiki/User:Largoplazo" title="User:Largoplazo">Largoplazo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Largoplazo" title="User talk:Largoplazo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-1" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:23, 3 October 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-1"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Largoplazo-20221003192300-2601:282:C00:ABB0:C79:215D:53BF:6A4E-20221003190100-1"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Scope" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scope-20231105082300"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scope-20231105082300"></span>Scope<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scope-20231105082300"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-MSGJ-20231105082300-Scope"></span>Is this article primarily about human language or should it be about language in general? </p><p>Someone has created <a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_(general_concept)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language (general concept) (page does not exist)">Language (general concept)</a> which would seem better merged into here. But perhaps a separate article on <a href="/wiki/Human_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Human language">Human language</a> is needed? (This is currently a redirect to this article.) — Martin <small>(<a href="/wiki/User:MSGJ" title="User:MSGJ">MSGJ</a> · <a href="/wiki/User_talk:MSGJ" title="User talk:MSGJ">talk</a>)</small> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-MSGJ-20231105082300-Scope" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">08:23, 5 November 2023 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-MSGJ-20231105082300-Scope"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-MSGJ-20231105082300-Scope"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-DeCausa-20231105084400-MSGJ-20231105082300"></span>Well, <i>as written</i>, the scope is clearly just human language. Whether it should be is another question. There's probably a case for merging the other article into this one to meet the implied scope of this article title. I guess an alternative is to move this to <a href="/wiki/Human_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Human language">Human language</a> and the other article to <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> (it needs to be used as the title of some article!) but I suspect most readers would assume <i>Language</i> primarily refers to human language. <a href="/wiki/User:DeCausa" title="User:DeCausa">DeCausa</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:DeCausa" title="User talk:DeCausa">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-DeCausa-20231105084400-MSGJ-20231105082300" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">08:44, 5 November 2023 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-DeCausa-20231105084400-MSGJ-20231105082300"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-DeCausa-20231105084400-MSGJ-20231105082300"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Claim_Accuracy" data-mw-thread-id="h-Claim_Accuracy-20231202173900"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Claim_Accuracy-20231202173900"></span>Claim Accuracy<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Claim_Accuracy-20231202173900"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Claim Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-136.36.177.45-20231202173900-Claim_Accuracy"></span>Near the bottom of the article, there's a claim that the more languages a country has, the more stable it tends to be, and it cites such things as the American Civil War and the Rwandan genocide as proof of this. Only I think whoever wrote that bit was cherry-picking because the Rwandan Genocide set off the chaos in the DR Congo. The DR Congo has been a wreck ever since, and it has over 200 languages. <small class="autosigned">— Preceding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/136.36.177.45" title="Special:Contributions/136.36.177.45">136.36.177.45</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:136.36.177.45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:136.36.177.45 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-136.36.177.45-20231202173900-Claim_Accuracy" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:39, 2 December 2023 (UTC)</a></small><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-136.36.177.45-20231202173900-Claim_Accuracy"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-136.36.177.45-20231202173900-Claim_Accuracy"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Largoplazo-20231202180300-136.36.177.45-20231202173900"></span>You've misinterpreted it. It says there's a <i>common belief</i> that <i>the opposite</i> is true, that language diversity promotes conflict. Then it provides the US Civil War and the conflict in Rwanda as counterexamples to that common belief. It makes no generalization in the other direction. <a href="/wiki/User:Largoplazo" title="User:Largoplazo">Largoplazo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Largoplazo" title="User talk:Largoplazo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Largoplazo-20231202180300-136.36.177.45-20231202173900" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:03, 2 December 2023 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Largoplazo-20231202180300-136.36.177.45-20231202173900"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Largoplazo-20231202180300-136.36.177.45-20231202173900"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-136.36.177.45-20231202222400-Largoplazo-20231202180300"></span>It's mostly the fact that they use "Many" that I don't like. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/136.36.177.45" title="Special:Contributions/136.36.177.45">136.36.177.45</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:136.36.177.45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:136.36.177.45 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-136.36.177.45-20231202222400-Largoplazo-20231202180300" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:24, 2 December 2023 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-136.36.177.45-20231202222400-Largoplazo-20231202180300"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-136.36.177.45-20231202222400-Largoplazo-20231202180300"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically." data-mw-thread-id="h-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically.-20240127053500"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically.-20240127053500"></span>Language as a human physiological ablity to perceive reality syntactically.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically.-20240127053500"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language as a human physiological ablity to perceive reality syntactically."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-V.breskin-20240127053500-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically."></span>Please, consider to study: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=BRETMF&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FBRETMF.pdf">https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=BRETMF&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FBRETMF.pdf</a> and: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=BREHI-2&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FBREHI-2.pdf">https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=BREHI-2&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FBREHI-2.pdf</a> I believe this can bring discussion to the new and healthy outcome. <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:V.breskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:V.breskin (page does not exist)">V.breskin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:V.breskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:V.breskin (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-V.breskin-20240127053500-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically." class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">05:35, 27 January 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-V.breskin-20240127053500-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically."><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-V.breskin-20240127053500-Language_as_a_human_physiological_ablity_to_perceive_reality_syntactically."></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Writing_system_use_in_lede" data-mw-thread-id="h-Writing_system_use_in_lede-20240218171600"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Writing_system_use_in_lede-20240218171600"></span>Writing system use in lede<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Writing_system_use_in_lede-20240218171600"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writing system use in lede"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Hrothwulf-20240218171600-Writing_system_use_in_lede"></span>The lede mentions the following "The vast majority of human languages have developed writing systems that allow for the recording and preservation of of the sounds or signs of language." What this reads to me is that speakers of the vast majority of languages use some writing system for their language, this claim seems dubious to me. There used to be a page up on Ethnologue mentioning that 4,065/7,139 use a writing system, but this page has since been removed. this is at least half, but like the page mentioned it is unknown how many of these are widely used. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418125329/https://www.ethnologue.com/enterprise-faq/how-many-languages-world-are-unwritten-0">https://web.archive.org/web/20220418125329/https://www.ethnologue.com/enterprise-faq/how-many-languages-world-are-unwritten-0</a> </p><p>I have some other issues with the lede (it still is not clear that spoken and signed are the primary modes for doing language, languages don't develop writing systems, most languages adopt existing writing systems instead of newly developed ones) but I see that this paragraph has been messed with a lot so I won't add to that. That claim about the vast majority of languages seems particularly unfounded so it should be removed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Hrothwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Hrothwulf (page does not exist)">Hrothwulf</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Hrothwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:Hrothwulf (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Hrothwulf-20240218171600-Writing_system_use_in_lede" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:16, 18 February 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Hrothwulf-20240218171600-Writing_system_use_in_lede"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Hrothwulf-20240218171600-Writing_system_use_in_lede"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Donald_Albury-20240218202600-Hrothwulf-20240218171600"></span>I removed that sentence because there is nothing in the body of the article that covers it, per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section</a> (i.e., the lead should include only statements that summarize content in the body of the article). If someone can find a reliable source for that factoid, they can add it in an appropriate place in the body of the article, although I'm not sure it belongs in the lead even then. <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Donald_Albury" title="User talk:Donald Albury">Donald Albury</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language#c-Donald_Albury-20240218202600-Hrothwulf-20240218171600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:26, 18 February 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Donald_Albury-20240218202600-Hrothwulf-20240218171600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Donald_Albury-20240218202600-Hrothwulf-20240218171600"></span></dd></dl>    </div><noscript><img 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