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id="toc-Enlightenment_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Enlightenment philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Contemporary era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History of abolition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Contemporary use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Modern-day public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-day_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juvenile_offenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juvenile_offenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Juvenile offenders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juvenile_offenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Public execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Capital crime </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capital_crime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Capital crime subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Capital_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atrocity_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocity_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Atrocity crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocity_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Murder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Drug trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_offences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_offences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Other offences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_offences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversy and debate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy_and_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversy and debate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Retribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-painful_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-painful_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Non-painful execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-painful_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrongful_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrongful_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Wrongful execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrongful_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Volunteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial,_ethnic,_and_social_class_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial,_ethnic,_and_social_class_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Racial, ethnic, and social class bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial,_ethnic,_and_social_class_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 International views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Supporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Opposing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Capital punishment</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" > 136 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodstraf" title="Doodstraf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Doodstraf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todesstrafe" title="Todesstrafe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Todesstrafe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="मृत्युदंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मृत्युदंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عقوبة الإعدام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقوبة الإعدام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_muerte" title="Pena de muerte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pena de muerte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মৃত্যুদণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মৃত্যুদণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_muerte" title="Pena de muerte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pena de muerte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembiapo_vaiku%C3%A9re_%C3%B1emano" title="Tembiapo vaikuére ñemano – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembiapo vaikuére ñemano" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm_c%C9%99zas%C4%B1" title="Ölüm cəzası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölüm cəzası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%A4%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88" title="اؤلوم حؤکمو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤلوم حؤکمو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মৃত্যুদণ্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃত্যুদণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD-h%C3%AAng" title="Sí-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sí-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Үлем язаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үлем язаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Смяротнае пакаранне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Смяротнае пакаранне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сьмяротная кара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьмяротная кара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Смъртно наказание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смъртно наказание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrtna_kazna" title="Smrtna kazna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smrtna kazna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastiz_ar_marv" title="Kastiz ar marv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kastiz ar marv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Толгойн сааза – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Толгойн сааза" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_mort" title="Pena de mort – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pena de mort" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Пурнăçран уйăрасси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пурнăçран уйăрасси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trest_smrti" title="Trest smrti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trest smrti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_gosb_eithaf" title="Y gosb eithaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y gosb eithaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsstraf" title="Dødsstraf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødsstraf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="إعدام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إعدام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todesstrafe" title="Todesstrafe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Todesstrafe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmanuhtlus" title="Surmanuhtlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surmanuhtlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Θανατική ποινή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θανατική ποινή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_muerte" title="Pena de muerte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pena de muerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortpuno" title="Mortpuno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mortpuno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_Muerti" title="Pena de Muerti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pena de Muerti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriotza_zigor" title="Heriotza zigor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heriotza zigor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اعدام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعدام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Capital punishment" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dey%C3%B0arevsing" title="Deyðarevsing – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Deyðarevsing" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peine_de_mort" title="Peine de mort – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peine de mort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deastraf" title="Deastraf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Deastraf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion%C3%B3s_an_bh%C3%A1is" title="Pionós an bháis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pionós an bháis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_morte" title="Pena de morte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pena de morte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%97" title="Толһан цааҗ – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Толһан цааҗ" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%98%95" title="사형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuncin_Kisa" title="Hukuncin Kisa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hukuncin Kisa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AA" title="Մահապատիժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահապատիժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="मृत्युदंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृत्युदंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrtna_kazna" title="Smrtna kazna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smrtna kazna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortopuniso" title="Mortopuniso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mortopuniso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusa_iti_patay" title="Dusa iti patay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dusa iti patay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuman_mati" title="Hukuman mati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukuman mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B9_%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Мæлæтæй æфхæрд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæлæтæй æфхæрд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dau%C3%B0arefsing" title="Dauðarefsing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dauðarefsing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_di_morte" title="Pena di morte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pena di morte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עונש מוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עונש מוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peine_capitale" title="Peine capitale – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peine capitale" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಮರಣದಂಡನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಣದಂಡನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Асмакъ – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Асмакъ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="სიკვდილით დასჯა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიკვდილით დასჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өлім жазасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өлім жазасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhabu_ya_kifo" title="Adhabu ya kifo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Adhabu ya kifo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisyon_lanm%C3%B2" title="Pinisyon lanmò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pinisyon lanmò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_di_lanmo" title="Penn di lanmo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Penn di lanmo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezay%C3%AA_mirin%C3%AA" title="Cezayê mirinê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cezayê mirinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BC_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өлүм жазасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өлүм жазасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poena_capitalis" title="Poena capitalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Poena capitalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81vessods" title="Nāvessods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nāvessods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doudesstrof" title="Doudesstrof – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Doudesstrof" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirties_bausm%C4%97" title="Mirties bausmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mirties bausmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeadstraof" title="Doeadstraof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Doeadstraof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_mort" title="Pena de mort – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pena de mort" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%A1lb%C3%BCntet%C3%A9s" title="Halálbüntetés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halálbüntetés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Смртна казна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Смртна казна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7" title="വധശിക്ഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വധശിക്ഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="मृत्युदंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मृत्युदंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ღურათ საჯება – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ღურათ საჯება" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اعدام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اعدام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuman_mati" title="Hukuman mati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukuman mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuman_mati" title="Hukuman mati – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hukuman mati" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-h%C3%ACng" title="Sṳ̄-hìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sṳ̄-hìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Цаазаар авах ял – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаазаар авах ял" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA" title="သေဒဏ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သေဒဏ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodstraf" title="Doodstraf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doodstraf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मृत्युदण्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मृत्युदण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死刑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Вен кхиэл – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вен кхиэл" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsstraff" title="Dødsstraff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dødsstraff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dsstraff" title="Dødsstraff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dødsstraff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_m%C3%B2rt" title="Pena de mòrt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pena de mòrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBlim_jazosi" title="Oʻlim jazosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻlim jazosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੌਤ ਦੀ ਸਜ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਤ ਦੀ ਸਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سزائے موت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سزائے موت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB_%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="د مرګ سزا (اعدام) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مرګ سزا (اعدام)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiapital_ponishment" title="Kiapital ponishment – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiapital ponishment" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-a_%C3%ABd_m%C3%B2rt" title="Pen-a ëd mòrt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pen-a ëd mòrt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodsstrafe" title="Doodsstrafe – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Doodsstrafe" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C5%9Bmierci" title="Kara śmierci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kara śmierci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_morte" title="Pena de morte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pena de morte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93lim_jazas%C4%B1" title="Ólim jazası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ólim jazası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedeapsa_cu_moartea" title="Pedeapsa cu moartea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pedeapsa cu moartea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C3%B1uy_wanay" title="Wañuy wanay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wañuy wanay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Смертна кара – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Смертна кара" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Смертная казнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смертная казнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Суутунан өлөрүү – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суутунан өлөрүү" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_morte" title="Pena de morte – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pena de morte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caipital_puinishment" title="Caipital puinishment – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caipital puinishment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABnimi_me_vdekje" title="Dënimi me vdekje – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dënimi me vdekje" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_di_morti" title="Pena di morti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pena di morti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="මරණ දණ්ඩනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මරණ දණ්ඩනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty" title="Death penalty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Death penalty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trest_smrti" title="Trest smrti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trest smrti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrtna_kazen" title="Smrtna kazen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smrtna kazen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciqaab_dilka" title="Ciqaab dilka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciqaab dilka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سزای مەرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سزای مەرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Смртна казна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смртна казна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrtna_kazna" title="Smrtna kazna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smrtna kazna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolemanrangaistus" title="Kuolemanrangaistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuolemanrangaistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6dsstraff" title="Dödsstraff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dödsstraff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parusang_kamatayan" title="Parusang kamatayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parusang kamatayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="மரணதண்டனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரணதண்டனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D2%97%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Үлем җәзасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үлем җәзасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="โทษประหารชีวิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทษประหารชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Ҷазои қатл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷазои қатл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm_cezas%C4%B1" title="Ölüm cezası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölüm cezası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Смертна кара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смертна кара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سزائے موت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سزائے موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_de_morte" title="Pena de morte – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pena de morte" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AD_h%C3%ACnh" title="Tử hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tử hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_penalty&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">Death penalty</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal killing of a person as punishment for committing a crime</div> <style 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Death penalty (disambiguation)">Death penalty (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Death sentence (disambiguation)">Death sentence (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Execution_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Execution (disambiguation)">Execution (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Capital punishment (disambiguation)">Capital punishment (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Capital case" redirects here. 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.sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Criminal trials and convictions</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of the accused</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-trial">Pre-trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Jury trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">Self-incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">Double jeopardy</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">Acquittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_proven" title="Not proven">Not proven</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_verdict" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed verdict">Directed verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">Sentencing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_sentencing" title="Mandatory sentencing">Mandatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">Suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodial_sentence" title="Custodial sentence">Custodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_detention" title="Periodic detention">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)" title="Discharge (sentence)">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_guidelines" title="Sentencing guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">Guilt</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totality_principle" title="Totality principle">Totality</a>5, 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_offender" title="Dangerous offender">Dangerous offender</a>4, 5</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_warrant" title="Execution warrant">Execution warrant</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">Cruel and unusual punishment</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_imprisonment" title="Indefinite imprisonment">Indefinite imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-strikes_law" title="Three-strikes law">Three-strikes law</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-sentencing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Tariff</a> 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Life licence</a>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">Exoneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_offender" title="Habitual offender">Habitual offender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a>1</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses" title="Category:Criminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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the United Kingdom">UK courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1202158006"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">Attempted murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Contract killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">Felony murder rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_hearts_killer" title="Lonely hearts killer">Lonely hearts killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stabbing" title="Mass stabbing">Mass stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor_murder" title="Misdemeanor murder">Misdemeanor murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_for_body_parts" title="Murder for body parts">Murder for body parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_murder" title="Proxy murder">Proxy murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocommando" title="Pseudocommando">Pseudocommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_mercy_(criminology)" title="Angel of mercy (criminology)">Angel of mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_killing" title="Thrill killing">Thrill killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">Torture murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">In English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-criminal homicide</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">"License to kill"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculicide" title="Avunculicide">Avunculicide/Nepoticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariticide" title="Mariticide">Mariticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li> <li>Prolicide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonaticide" title="Neonaticide">Neonaticide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">Siblicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">Fratricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parricide" title="Parricide">Parricide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">Friendly fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Omnicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">Tyrannicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homicide" title="Template:Homicide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homicide" title="Template talk:Homicide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentence</a> ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is condemned and is commonly referred to as being "on <a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">death row</a>". Etymologically, the term capital (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'of the head', derived via the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> capitalis from caput, "head") refers to execution by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KronenwetterP202-4">[4]</a> but executions are carried out by <a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">many methods</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electrocution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gassing</a>. Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes, capital offences, or capital felonies, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against a person, such as <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">child murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggravation_(law)" title="Aggravation (law)">aggravated</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">aircraft hijacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, along with crimes against the state such as attempting to <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">overthrow government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. Also, in some cases, acts of <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a>, aggravated robbery, and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, in addition to drug trafficking, drug dealing, and drug possession, are capital crimes or enhancements. However, states have also imposed punitive executions, for an expansive range of conduct, for political or religious beliefs and practices, for a status beyond one's control, or without employing any significant due process procedures.<a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a> is the intentional and premeditated killing of an innocent person by means of capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-5">[5]</a> For example, the executions following the show trials in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge of 1936–1938</a> were an instrument of political repression. The top 3 countries by the number of executions are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As of 2021, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">56 countries retain capital punishment</a>, 111 countries have completely abolished it <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> for all crimes, seven have abolished it for ordinary crimes (while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes), and 24 are abolitionist in practice.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Although the majority of countries have abolished capital punishment, over half of the world's population live in countries where the death penalty is retained, including India, the U.S., Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, Vietnam, Egypt, Nigeria, Ethiopia and DR Congo. As of 2023, only 2 out of <a href="/wiki/OECD#Member_countries" title="OECD">38 OECD member countries</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a>) allow capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Capital punishment is controversial, with many people, organisations, and religious groups holding differing views on whether it is ethically permissible. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> declares that the death penalty breaches human rights, specifically "the right to life and the right to live free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."<a href="#cite_note-Das_2022_p._192-9">[9]</a> These rights are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Das_2022_p._192-9">[9]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> prohibits the use of capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, which has 46 member states, has worked to end the death penalty and no execution has taken place in its current member states since 1997. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> has adopted, throughout the years from 2007 to 2020,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> eight non-binding resolutions calling for a <a href="/wiki/UN_moratorium_on_the_death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="UN moratorium on the death penalty">global moratorium on executions</a>, with support for eventual abolition.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Vaillant_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Auguste_Vaillant_execution.jpg/170px-Auguste_Vaillant_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Auguste_Vaillant_execution.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Vaillant" title="Auguste Vaillant">Auguste Vaillant</a> about to be guillotined in France in 1894</figcaption></figure> Execution of criminals and <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> has been used by nearly all societies since the <a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Beginning of civilizations">beginning of civilisations</a> on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Until the nineteenth century, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative to ensure <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">deterrence</a> and incapacitation of criminals.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-modern">pre-modern</a> times the executions themselves often involved torture with painful methods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">keelhauling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">sawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanging, drawing and quartering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning at the stake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flaying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">slow slicing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiling_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling alive">boiling alive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impalement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">mazzatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">blowing from a gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwedentrunk" title="Schwedentrunk">schwedentrunk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">scaphism</a>. Other methods which appear only in legend include the <a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">blood eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">brazen bull</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishments for wrongdoing generally included <a href="/wiki/Blood_money_(restitution)" title="Blood money (restitution)">blood money</a> compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a>, banishment and execution. In tribal societies, compensation and shunning were often considered enough as a form of justice.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The response to crimes committed by neighbouring tribes, clans or communities included a formal apology, compensation, blood feuds, and <a href="/wiki/Tribal_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal warfare">tribal warfare</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">blood feud</a> or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails, or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organized religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. "Acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In most countries that practice capital punishment, it is now reserved for murder, terrorism, war crimes, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual crime">sexual crimes</a>, such as rape, <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a> carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a> crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_from_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostasy from Islam">apostasy</a> (formal renunciation of the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moharebeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Moharebeh">moharebeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">hirabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a> and witchcraft. In many <a href="/wiki/Use_of_capital_punishment_by_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of capital punishment by nation">countries that use the death penalty</a>, drug trafficking and often drug possession is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Financial_crime" title="Financial crime">financial crimes</a> are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world, <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a> have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Christian_Martyrs%27_Last_Prayer_-_Walters_37113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1883). <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Elaborations of tribal arbitration of <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feuds</a> included peace settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material (for example, cattle, slaves, land) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or <a href="/wiki/Blood_money_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood money (term)">blood money</a> or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the social system was based on tribes and clans, not individuals. Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (for example, <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a> or blood money). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">Beheading of John the Baptist</a>, woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged. These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations. Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slaves emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalized the relation between the different "social classes" rather than "tribes". The earliest and most famous example is <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> which set the different punishment and compensation, according to the different class or group of victims and perpetrators. <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">The Torah/Old Testament</a> lays down the death penalty for murder,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> kidnapping, practicing magic, violation of the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] suggests that actual executions were exceedingly rare, if they occurred at all.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A further example comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> legal system replacing <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral law</a> was first written down by <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a> in about 621 BC: the death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes, though <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> later repealed Draco's code and published new laws, retaining capital punishment only for intentional homicide, and only with victim's family permission.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draconian" class="extiw" title="wikt:draconian">draconian</a> derives from Draco's laws. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> also used the death penalty for a wide range of offences.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/220px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/330px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/440px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a> (1787), in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> (whose thought is reported by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>) criticised the principle of revenge, because once the damage is done it cannot be cancelled by any action. So, if the death penalty is to be imposed by society, it is only to protect the latter against the criminal or for a dissuasive purpose.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> "The only right that Protagoras knows is therefore human right, which, established and sanctioned by a sovereign collectivity, identifies itself with positive or the law in force of the city. In fact, it finds its guarantee in the death penalty which threatens all those who do not respect it."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Plato saw the death penalty as a means of purification, because crimes are a "defilement". Thus, in the <a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a>, he considered necessary the execution of the animal or the destruction of the object which caused the death of a man by accident. For the murderers, he considered that the act of homicide is not natural and is not fully consented by the criminal. Homicide is thus a disease of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, which must be reeducated as much as possible, and, as a last resort, sentence to death if no rehabilitation is possible.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, for whom free will is proper to man, a person is responsible for their actions. If there was a crime, a judge must define the penalty allowing the crime to be annulled by compensating it. This is how pecuniary compensation appeared for criminals the least recalcitrant and whose rehabilitation is deemed possible. However, for others, he argued, the death penalty is necessary.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This philosophy aims on the one hand to protect society and on the other hand to compensate to cancel the consequences of the crime committed. It inspired Western criminal law until the 17th century, a time when the first reflections on the abolition of the death penalty appeared.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a>, the body of laws handed down from archaic Rome, prescribe the death penalty for a variety of crimes including libel, arson and theft.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Republic">Late Republic</a>, there was consensus among the public and legislators to reduce the incidence of capital punishment. This opinion led to <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary exile">voluntary exile</a> being prescribed in place of the death penalty, whereby a convict could either choose to leave in exile or face execution.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A historic debate, followed by a vote, took place in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> to decide the fate of <a href="/wiki/Catiline" title="Catiline">Catiline</a>'s allies when he attempted to seize power in December, 63 BC. Cicero, then <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a>, argued in support of the killing of conspirators without judgment by decision of the Senate (<a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a>) and was supported by the majority of senators; among the minority voices opposed to the execution, the most notable was <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The custom was different for <a href="/wiki/Peregrini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrini">foreigners</a> who did not hold rights as <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a>, and especially for slaves, who were transferrable property.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a> was a form of punishment first employed by the Romans against <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Rebellions" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves who rebelled</a>, and throughout the Republican era was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Crucifixion" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">reserved for slaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latrocinium" title="Latrocinium">bandits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_majestas" title="Law of majestas">traitors</a>. Intended to be a punishment, a humiliation, and a deterrent, the condemned could take up to a few days to die. Corpses of the crucified were typically left on the crosses to decompose and to be eaten by animals.<a href="#cite_note-:9-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> There was a time in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) when the death penalty was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-benn_8-33">[33]</a> This was in the year 747, enacted by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> (r. 712–756). When abolishing the death penalty, Xuanzong ordered his officials to refer to the nearest regulation by analogy when sentencing those found guilty of crimes for which the prescribed punishment was execution. Thus, depending on the severity of the crime a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However, the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> At this time in the Tang dynasty only the emperor had the authority to sentence criminals to execution. Under Xuanzong capital punishment was relatively infrequent, with only 24 executions in the year 730 and 58 executions in the year 736.<a href="#cite_note-benn_8-33">[33]</a> The two most common forms of execution in the Tang dynasty were strangulation and decapitation, which were the prescribed methods of execution for 144 and 89 offences respectively. Strangulation was the prescribed sentence for lodging an accusation against one's parents or grandparents with a magistrate, scheming to kidnap a person and sell them into slavery and opening a coffin while desecrating a tomb. Decapitation was the method of execution prescribed for more serious crimes such as treason and sedition. Despite the great discomfort involved, most of the Tang Chinese preferred strangulation to decapitation, as a result of the traditional Tang Chinese belief that the body is a gift from the parents and that it is, therefore, disrespectful to one's ancestors to die without returning one's body to the grave intact. Some further forms of capital punishment were practiced in the Tang dynasty, of which the first two that follow at least were extralegal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The first of these was scourging to death with the thick rod[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] which was common throughout the Tang dynasty especially in cases of gross corruption. The second was truncation, in which the convicted person was cut in two at the waist with a fodder knife and then left to bleed to death.<a href="#cite_note-Benn210-35">[35]</a> A further form of execution called Ling Chi (<a href="/wiki/Slow_slicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow slicing">slow slicing</a>), or death by/of a thousand cuts, was used from the close of the Tang dynasty (around 900) to its abolition in 1905. When a minister of the fifth grade or above received a death sentence the emperor might grant him a special dispensation allowing him to commit suicide in lieu of execution. Even when this privilege was not granted, the law required that the condemned minister be provided with food and ale by his keepers and transported to the execution ground in a cart rather than having to walk there. Nearly all executions under the Tang dynasty took place in public as a warning to the population. The heads of the executed were displayed on poles or spears. When local authorities decapitated a convicted criminal, the head was boxed and sent to the capital as proof of identity and that the execution had taken place.<a href="#cite_note-Benn210-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg/220px-Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg/330px-Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg/440px-Lamanie_kolem_L_001xx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a> was used during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval</a> and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment for even minor offences.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In early modern Europe, a mass panic regarding witchcraft swept across Europe and later the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies in North America</a>. During this period, there were widespread claims that malevolent <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> were operating as an organised threat to <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. As a result, tens of thousands of women were prosecuted for witchcraft and executed through the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">witch trials of the early modern period</a> (between the 15th and 18th centuries). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg/220px-Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg/330px-Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg/440px-Rohrbach-verbrennung-1525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>The burning of Jakob Rohrbach, a leader of the peasants during the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></figcaption></figure> The death penalty also targeted sexual offences such as <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>. In the early history of Islam (7th–11th centuries), there is a number of "purported (but mutually inconsistent) reports" (athar) regarding the punishments of sodomy ordered by some of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">early caliphs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-law-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Homosexuality-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, the first caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, apparently recommended toppling a wall on the culprit, or else <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning him alive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Homosexuality-38">[38]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> is said to have ordered <a href="/wiki/Stoning_in_Islam" title="Stoning in Islam">death by stoning</a> for one sodomite and had another thrown head-first from the top of the highest building in the town; according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, the latter punishment must be followed by stoning.<a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Homosexuality-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Other medieval Muslim leaders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid caliphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a>), were often cruel in their punishments.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In early modern England, the <a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act_1533" title="Buggery Act 1533">Buggery Act 1533</a> stipulated hanging as punishment for "<a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a>". <a href="/wiki/James_Pratt_and_John_Smith" title="James Pratt and John Smith">James Pratt and John Smith</a> were the last two Englishmen to be executed for sodomy in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1636 the laws of <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> governed <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> included a sentence of death for sodomy and buggery.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> followed in 1641. Throughout the 19th century, U.S. states repealed death sentences from their sodomy laws, with South Carolina being the last to do so in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Historians recognise that during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the Christian populations living in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies</a> between the 7th and 10th centuries suffered <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Christianity">martyrdom</a> multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1987-45">[45]</a> As <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>, Christians under Muslim rule were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> status (along with <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandeans">Mandeans</a>, and Zoroastrians), which was inferior to the status of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1987-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stillman_1998-46">[46]</a> Christians and other religious minorities thus faced <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> in that they were banned from <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytising</a> (for Christians, it was forbidden to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelise or spread Christianity</a>) in the lands invaded by the Arab Muslims on pain of death, they were banned from bearing arms, undertaking certain professions, and were obligated to dress differently in order to distinguish themselves from Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman_1998-46">[46]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, Non-Muslims were obligated to pay <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a> taxes,<a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1987-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stillman_1998-46">[46]</a> together with periodic heavy <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> levied upon Christian communities by Muslim rulers in order to fund military campaigns, all of which contributed a significant proportion of income to the Islamic states while conversely reducing many Christians to poverty, and these financial and social hardships forced many Christians to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman_1998-46">[46]</a> Christians unable to pay these taxes were forced to surrender their children to the Muslim rulers as payment who would <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">sell them as slaves</a> to Muslim households where they <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#Islam" title="Forced conversion">were forced to convert to Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman_1998-46">[46]</a> Many Christian martyrs <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">were executed under the Islamic death penalty</a> for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">repudiation of the Islamic religion</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">reconversion to Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-44">[44]</a> Despite the wide use of the death penalty, calls for reform were not unknown. The 12th-century Jewish legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> wrote: "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent man to death." He argued that executing an accused criminal on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burdens of proof</a>, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice". Maimonides's concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission.<a href="#cite_note-Moses_Maimonides_1967-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_philosophy">Enlightenment philosophy</h3></div> While during the Middle Ages the expiatory aspect of the death penalty was taken into account, this is no longer the case under the <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a>. These define the place of man within society no longer according to a divine rule, but as a contract established at birth between the citizen and the society, it is the <a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">social contract</a>. From that moment on, capital punishment should be seen as useful to society through its dissuasive effect, but also as a means of protection of the latter vis-à-vis criminals.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg/170px-Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg/255px-Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg/340px-Beccaria_-_Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene_-_6043967_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiporta" class="extiw" title="wikt:antiporta">Antiporta</a> of Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments), 1766 ed.</figcaption></figure> In the last several centuries, with the emergence of modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>, justice came to be increasingly associated with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">natural and legal rights</a>. The period saw an increase in standing police forces and permanent penitential institutions. <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory_(criminology)" title="Rational choice theory (criminology)">Rational choice theory</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> approach to <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a> which justifies punishment as a form of deterrence as opposed to retribution, can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Cesare,_Marquis_of_Beccaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, whose influential treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764) was the first detailed analysis of capital punishment to demand the abolition of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In England, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> (1748–1832), the founder of modern utilitarianism, called for the abolition of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-deathpenalty-50">[50]</a> Beccaria, and later <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> noted the incidence of increased violent criminality at the times and places of executions. Official recognition of this phenomenon led to executions being carried out inside prisons, away from public view. In England in the 18th century, when there was no police force, Parliament drastically increased the number of capital offences to more than 200. These were mainly property offences, for example cutting down a cherry tree in an orchard.<a href="#cite_note-JonesJohnstone2011-51">[51]</a> In 1820, there were 160, including crimes such as shoplifting, petty theft or stealing cattle.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The severity of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Code" title="Bloody Code">Bloody Code</a> was often tempered by juries who refused to convict, or judges, in the case of petty theft, who arbitrarily set the value stolen at below the statutory level for a capital crime.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_execution,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mexican_execution%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Mexican_execution%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mexican_execution%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Mexican_execution%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mexican_execution%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Mexican_execution%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Mexican execution by <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, there were three types of capital punishment; hanging, decapitation, and death by shooting.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Also, modern military organisations employed capital punishment as a means of maintaining military discipline. In the past, <a href="/wiki/Cowardice" title="Cowardice">cowardice</a>, absence without leave, <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordination</a>, shirking under enemy fire and disobeying orders were often crimes punishable by death (see <a href="/wiki/Decimation_(Roman_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimation (Roman army)">decimation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Running_the_gauntlet" title="Running the gauntlet">running the gauntlet</a>). One method of execution, since firearms came into common use, has also been firing squad, although some countries use execution with a single shot to the head or neck. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg/220px-German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg/330px-German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg/440px-German_announcement_General_Government_Poland_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>50 Poles tried and sentenced to death by a <a href="/wiki/Drumhead_court-martial" title="Drumhead court-martial">Standgericht</a> in retaliation for the assassination of 1 German policeman in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi-occupied Poland</a>, 1944</figcaption></figure> Various authoritarian states employed the death penalty as a potent means of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political oppression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Anti-Soviet author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> claimed that more than one million <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union#Stalin_era_(1927–1953)" title="Soviet Union">Soviet citizens were executed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of 1936 to 1938, almost all by a bullet to the back of the head.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> publicly stated that "800,000" people had been executed in China during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976). Partly as a response to such excesses, civil rights organisations started to place increasing emphasis on the concept of human rights and an abolition of the death penalty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3></div> By continent, all European countries but one have abolished capital punishment;<a href="#cite_note-Belarus.-58">[note 1]</a> many Oceanian countries have abolished it;<a href="#cite_note-ANZ-59">[note 2]</a> most countries in the Americas have abolished its use,<a href="#cite_note-Americas-60">[note 3]</a> while a few actively retain it;<a href="#cite_note-US&Carib.-61">[note 4]</a> less than half of countries in Africa retain it;<a href="#cite_note-Africa-62">[note 5]</a> and the majority of countries in Asia retain it, for example, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> Abolition was often adopted due to political change, as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the EU. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades, the earliest being <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, where it was abolished in 1846, while other states still actively use it today. The death penalty in the United States remains a contentious issue which is <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment debate in the United States">hotly debated</a>. In retentionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived when a miscarriage of justice has occurred though this tends to cause legislative efforts to improve the judicial process rather than to abolish the death penalty. In abolitionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived by particularly brutal murders, though few countries have brought it back after abolishing it. However, a spike in serious, violent crimes, such as murders or terrorist attacks, has prompted some countries to effectively end the moratorium on the death penalty. One notable example is <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> which in December 2014 lifted a six-year moratorium on executions after the <a href="/wiki/2014_Peshawar_school_massacre" title="2014 Peshawar school massacre">Peshawar school massacre</a> during which 132 students and 9 members of staff of the Army Public School and Degree College Peshawar were killed by <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a> terrorists, a group distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Taliban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Taliban">Afghan Taliban</a>, who condemned the attack.<a href="#cite_note-IBT-64">[59]</a> Since then, Pakistan has executed over 400 convicts.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> In 2017, two major countries, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines" title="Capital punishment in the Philippines">Philippines</a>, saw their executives making moves to reinstate the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-dpnythouse-66">[61]</a> In the same year, passage of the law in the Philippines failed to obtain the Senate's approval.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> On 29 December 2021, after a 20-year moratorium, the Kazakhstan government enacted the 'On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Abolition of the Death Penalty' signed by President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> as part of series of Omnibus reformations of the Kazak legal system 'Listening State' initiative.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_abolition">History of abolition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_capital_punishment_by_country#Abolition_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of capital punishment by country">Use of capital punishment by country § Abolition chronology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Shomu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emperor_Shomu.jpg/170px-Emperor_Shomu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emperor_Shomu.jpg/255px-Emperor_Shomu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emperor_Shomu.jpg/340px-Emperor_Shomu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Emperor Shōmu</a> banned the death penalty in Japan in 724.</figcaption></figure> In 724 AD in Japan, the death penalty was banned during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Emperor Shōmu</a> but the abolition only lasted a few years.<a href="#cite_note-Marazziti-69">[64]</a> In 818, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a> abolished the death penalty under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and it lasted until 1156.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-horj-71">[66]</a> In China, the death penalty was banned by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> in <a href="/wiki/AD_747" title="AD 747">747</a>, replacing it with exile or <a href="/wiki/Scourging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scourging">scourging</a>. However, the ban only lasted 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-Marazziti-69">[64]</a> Following his conversion to Christianity in 988, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> abolished the death penalty in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, along with torture and mutilation; corporal punishment was also seldom used.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> In England, a public statement of opposition was included in <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a>, written in 1395. In the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Poljica" title="Republic of Poljica">Republic of Poljica</a>, life was ensured as a basic right in its <a href="/wiki/Poljica_Statute" title="Poljica Statute">Poljica Statute</a> of 1440. Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a>, published in 1516, debated the benefits of the death penalty in dialogue form, coming to no firm conclusion. More was himself executed for treason in 1535. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg/170px-Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg/255px-Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg/340px-Leopold_II_as_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany_by_Joseph_Hickel_1769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Leopold I, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>), abolished the death penalty throughout <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">his realm</a> in 1786, making it the first country in modern history to do so.</figcaption></figure> More recent opposition to the death penalty stemmed from the book of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> Dei Delitti e Delle Pene ("<a href="/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments" title="On Crimes and Punishments">On Crimes and Punishments</a>"), published in 1764. In this book, Beccaria aimed to demonstrate not only the injustice, but even the futility from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social welfare</a>, of torture and the death penalty. Influenced by the book, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Grand Duke Leopold II</a> of Habsburg, the future emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, abolished the death penalty in the then-independent <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, the first abolition in modern times. On 30 November 1786, after having de facto blocked executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a> that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating <a href="/wiki/Cities_for_Life_Day" title="Cities for Life Day">Cities for Life Day</a>. Leopolds brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a>, the then emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, abolished in his immediate lands in 1787 capital punishment, which though only lasted until 1795, after both had died and Leopolds son <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> abolished it in his immediate lands. In Tuscany it was reintroduced in 1790 after Leopolds departure becoming emperor. Only after 1831 capital punishment was again at times stopped, though it took until 2007 to abolish <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Italy" title="Capital punishment in Italy">capital punishment in Italy</a> completely. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Kingdom of Tahiti</a> (when the island was independent) was the first legislative assembly in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1824. Tahiti commuted the death penalty to banishment.<a href="#cite_note-Tahiti-73">[68]</a> In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The short-lived revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> banned capital punishment in 1849. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> followed suit and abolished the death penalty in 1863<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Use_of_capital_punishment_by_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of capital punishment by nation">San Marino</a> did so in 1865. The last execution in San Marino had taken place in 1468. In Portugal, after legislative proposals in 1852 and 1863, the death penalty was abolished in 1867. The last execution in Brazil was 1876; from then on all the condemnations were commuted by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> until its abolition for civil offences and military offences in peacetime in 1891. The penalty for crimes committed in peacetime was then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–1953 and 1969–1978), but on those occasions it was restricted to acts of terrorism or subversion considered "internal warfare" and all sentences were commuted and not carried out. Many countries have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there has been a trend toward abolishing capital punishment. Capital punishment has been completely abolished by 108 countries, a further seven have done so for all offences except under special circumstances and 26 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty2015-77">[72]</a> In the United States between 1972 and 1976 the death penalty was declared unconstitutional based on the <a href="/wiki/Furman_v._Georgia" title="Furman v. Georgia">Furman v. Georgia</a> case, but the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Gregg_v._Georgia" title="Gregg v. Georgia">Gregg v. Georgia</a> case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in <a href="/wiki/Atkins_v._Virginia" title="Atkins v. Virginia">Atkins v. Virginia</a> (2002; death penalty unconstitutional for people with an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Roper_v._Simmons" title="Roper v. Simmons">Roper v. Simmons</a> (2005; death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the United States, 23 of the 50 states and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> ban capital punishment. In the United Kingdom, it was abolished for murder (leaving only treason, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_with_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy with violence">piracy with violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson_in_royal_dockyards" title="Arson in royal dockyards">arson in royal dockyards</a> and a number of wartime military offences as capital crimes) for a five-year experiment in 1965 and permanently in 1969, the last execution having taken place in 1964. It was abolished for all offences in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, first entering into force in 2003, prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances for those states that are party to it, including the United Kingdom from 2004. Abolition occurred in <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada#History" title="Capital punishment in Canada">Canada in 1976</a> (except for some military offences, with complete abolition in 1998); in <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France#Abolition" title="Capital punishment in France">France in 1981</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Australia#Commonwealth" title="Capital punishment in Australia">Australia in 1973</a> (although the state of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Australia#Western_Australia" title="Capital punishment in Australia">Western Australia</a> retained the penalty until 1984). In South Australia, under the premiership of then-Premier Dunstan, the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) was modified so that the death sentence was changed to life imprisonment in 1976. In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that throughout the world, it is desirable to "progressively restrict the number of offences for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment".<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156495266">.mw-parser-output .scalable img{max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .scalable .lazy-image-placeholder{width:100%!important;max-height:100%}}</style> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="max-width:1582px"><div class="scalable thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="  Abolitionist countries: 109   Abolitionist-in-law countries for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime): 10   Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have not executed anyone during the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions): 23   Retentionist countries: 53"><img alt="  Abolitionist countries: 109   Abolitionist-in-law countries for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime): 10   Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have not executed anyone during the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions): 23   Retentionist countries: 53" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg/1580px-Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1580" height="811" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg/2370px-Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg/3160px-Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_punishment_in_the_world_2024.svg" title="File:Capital punishment in the world 2024.svg"> </a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Abolitionist countries: 109</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Abolitionist-in-law countries for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime): 10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have not executed anyone during the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions): 23</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Retentionist countries: 53</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Capital punishment by country</a></div> Most nations, including almost all <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice; notable exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan" title="Capital punishment in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Singapore</a>. Additionally, capital punishment is also carried out in <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">India</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment#Islam" title="Religion and capital punishment">Islamic states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bienen2010-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tonry2000-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reichert2011-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Durrant2013-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-BryantPeck2009-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberson2015-85">[80]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg/350px-Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg/525px-Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg/700px-Death_penalty_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>A map showing U.S. states where the death penalty is authorized for certain crimes, even if not recently used. The death penalty is also authorized <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States#Capital_crimes" title="Capital punishment in the United States">for certain federal and military crimes</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States with a valid death penalty statute</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States without the death penalty</div></figcaption></figure> Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. 54 countries retain the death penalty in active use, 112 countries have abolished capital punishment altogether, 7 have done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 22 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty2018-86">[81]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_abolitionist_and_retentionist_countries_by_year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Number_of_abolitionist_and_retentionist_countries_by_year.png/350px-Number_of_abolitionist_and_retentionist_countries_by_year.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Number_of_abolitionist_and_retentionist_countries_by_year.png/525px-Number_of_abolitionist_and_retentionist_countries_by_year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Number_of_abolitionist_and_retentionist_countries_by_year.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption> Number of abolitionist and retentionist countries by year <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Number of retentionist countries</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Number of abolitionist countries</div> </figcaption></figure> According to Amnesty International, 20 countries are known to have performed executions in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty2022-87">[82]</a> There are countries which do not publish information on the use of capital punishment, most significantly China and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Korea" title="Capital punishment in North Korea">North Korea</a>. According to Amnesty International, around 1,000 prisoners were executed in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> Amnesty reported in 2004 and 2009 that Singapore and Iraq respectively had the world's highest per capita execution rate.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> and UN Special Rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shaheed" title="Ahmed Shaheed">Ahmed Shaheed</a>, Iran has had the world's highest per capita execution rate.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> A 2012 EU report from the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Relations" title="Directorate-General for External Relations">Directorate-General for External Relations</a>' policy department pointed to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> as having the highest per capita execution rate in the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="2">Total executed (2022) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Capital Punishments UK <a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a></th> <th>Amnesty International <a href="#cite_note-Amnesty2022-87">[82]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>>596</td> <td>>576 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>146</td> <td>196 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> The use of the death penalty is becoming increasingly restrained in some retentionist countries including <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Indonesia carried out no executions between November 2008 and March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-ind-96">[91]</a> Singapore, Japan and the United States are the only developed countries that are classified by Amnesty International as 'retentionist' (South Korea is classified as 'abolitionist in practice').<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> Nearly all retentionist countries are situated in Asia, Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-97">[92]</a> The only retentionist country in Europe is Belarus and in March 2023 Belarusian President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> signed a law which allows to use capital punishment against officials and soldiers convicted of high <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> During the 1980s, the democratisation of Latin America swelled the ranks of abolitionist countries.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> This was soon followed by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">overthrow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">socialist states in Europe</a>. Many of these countries aspired to enter the EU, which strictly requires member states not to practice the death penalty, as does the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Capital punishment in Europe">Capital punishment in Europe</a>). Public support for the death penalty in the EU varies.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> The last execution in a member state of the present-day Council of Europe took place in 1997 in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> In contrast, the rapid industrialisation in Asia has seen an increase in the number of developed countries which are also retentionist. In these countries, the death penalty retains strong public support, and the matter receives little attention from the government or the media; in China there is a small but significant and growing movement to abolish the death penalty altogether.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> This trend has been followed by some African and Middle Eastern countries where support for the death penalty remains high. Some countries have resumed practising the death penalty after having previously suspended the practice for long periods. The United States suspended executions in 1972 but resumed them in 1976; there was no execution in India between 1995 and 2004; and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> declared an end to its <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on the death penalty on 20 November 2004,<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> although it has not yet performed any further executions. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines" title="Capital punishment in the Philippines">Philippines</a> re-introduced the death penalty in 1993 after abolishing it in 1987, but again abolished it in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> The United States and Japan are the only developed countries to have recently carried out executions. The U.S. federal government, the U.S. military, and 27 states have a valid death penalty statute, and over 1,400 executions have been carried in the United States since it reinstated the death penalty in 1976. Japan has 108 inmates with finalized death sentences as of February 2, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment&action=edit">[update]</a>, after Yuki Endo, who was sentenced to death on 18 January, by the Kofu District Court for murdering the parents of his love interest and setting fire to their home in <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi prefecture</a> on 12 October 2021, when Endo was 19 years old at the time of the double murder,<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> withdrew the appeal to the High Court, which was filed by his attorney, thus Endo's death sentence was finalized. The most recent country to abolish the death penalty was <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> on 2 January 2021 after a moratorium dating back 2 decades.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> According to an Amnesty International report released in April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> ranked regionally third and globally fifth among the countries that carried out most executions in 2019. The country increasingly ignored international human rights concerns and criticism. In March 2021, Egypt executed 11 prisoners in a jail, who were convicted in cases of "murder, theft, and shooting".<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> According to Amnesty International's 2021 report, at least 483 people were executed in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The figure excluded the countries that classify death penalty data as state secret. The top five executioners for 2020 were China, Iran, Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern-day_public_opinion">Modern-day public opinion</h3></div> The public opinion on the death penalty varies considerably by country and by the crime in question. Countries where a majority of people are against execution include Norway, where only 25% support it.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> Most French, Finns, and Italians also oppose the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> In 2020, 55% of Americans supported the death penalty for an individual convicted of murder, down from 60% in 2016, 64% in 2010, 65% in 2006, and 68% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> In 2020, 43% of Italians expressed support for the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> In Taiwan, polls and research have consistently shown strong support for the death penalty at 80%. This includes a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Council_(Taiwan)" title="National Development Council (Taiwan)">National Development Council of Taiwan</a> in 2016, showing that 88% of Taiwanese people disagree with abolishing the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Its continuation of the practice drew criticism from local rights groups.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> The support and sentencing of capital punishment has been growing in India in the 2010s<a href="#cite_note-slate.com-125">[120]</a> due to anger over several recent brutal cases of rape, even though actual executions are comparatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-slate.com-125">[120]</a> While support for the death penalty for murder is still high in China, executions have dropped precipitously, with 3,000 executed in 2012 versus 12,000 in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> A poll in South Africa, where capital punishment is abolished, found that 76% of millennial South Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty due to increasing incidents of rape and murder.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> A 2017 poll found younger Mexicans are more likely to support capital punishment than older ones.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> 57% of Brazilians support the death penalty. The age group that shows the greatest support for execution of those condemned is the 25 to 34-year-old category, in which 61% say they support it.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> A 2023 poll by Research Co. found that 54% of Canadians support reinstating the death penalty for murder in their country.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> In April 2021 a poll found that 54% of Britons said they would support reinstating the death penalty for those convicted of terrorism in the UK, while 23% of respondents said they would be opposed.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> In 2020, an Ipsos/Sopra Steria survey showed that 55% of the French people support re-introduction of the death penalty; this was an increase from 44% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juvenile_offenders">Juvenile offenders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_juvenile_offenders" title="Category:Executed juvenile offenders">Category:Executed juvenile offenders</a></div> The death penalty for juvenile offenders (criminals aged under 18 years at the time of their crime although the legal or accepted definition of juvenile offender may vary from one jurisdiction to another) has become increasingly rare. Considering the age of majority is not 18 in some countries or has not been clearly defined in law, since 1990 ten countries have executed offenders who were considered juveniles at the time of their crimes: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, Japan, Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> China, Pakistan, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen have since raised the minimum age to 18.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> Amnesty International has recorded 61 verified executions since then, in several countries, of both juveniles and adults who had been convicted of committing their offences as juveniles.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> China does not allow for the execution of those under 18, but child executions have reportedly taken place.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_of_Guernsey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Mother Catherine Cauchés (center) and her two daughters Guillemine Gilbert (left) and Perotine Massey (right) with her infant son burning for heresy</figcaption></figure> One of the youngest children ever to be executed was the infant son of Perotine Massey on or around 18 July 1556. His mother was one of the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs" title="Guernsey Martyrs">Guernsey Martyrs</a> who was executed for heresy, and his father had previously fled the island. At less than one day old, he was ordered to be burned by Bailiff Hellier Gosselin, with the advice of priests nearby who said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother, who had given birth during her execution.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> Since 1642 in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a> and in the United States, an estimated 365<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> juvenile offenders were executed by various <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">colonial authorities</a> and (after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> The U.S. Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in <a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Oklahoma" title="Thompson v. Oklahoma">Thompson v. Oklahoma</a> (1988), and for all juveniles in <a href="/wiki/Roper_v._Simmons" title="Roper v. Simmons">Roper v. Simmons</a> (2005). In <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, children under the age of 14 were exempted from the death penalty in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Capital punishment was cancelled by the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a> in 1751 for children under the age of 11<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> in 1813 for children and youth under 16 years.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> In Prussia, the exemption was extended to youth under the age of 16 in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> For the first time, all juveniles were excluded for the death penalty by the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1871,<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> which was continued by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, capital punishment was reinstated for juveniles between 16 and 17 years in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> This was broadened to children and youth from age 12 to 17 in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The death penalty for juveniles was abolished by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, also generally, in 1949 and by <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in 1952. In the Hereditary Lands, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, capital punishment for children under the age of 11 was no longer foreseen by 1770.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> The death penalty was, also for juveniles, nearly abolished in 1787 except for emergency or military law, which is unclear in regard of those. It was reintroduced for juveniles above 14 years by 1803,<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> and was raised by general criminal law to 20 years in 1852<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> and this exemption<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> and the alike one of military law in 1855,<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> which may have been up to 14 years in wartime,<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> were also introduced into all of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>, the death penalty for children and youth under the age of 16 was abolished in 1799<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> yet the country was already dissolved in 1803 whereas the law could remain in force if it was not replaced on cantonal level. In the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">canton of Bern</a>, all juveniles were exempted from the death penalty at least in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, capital punishment was generally, including for juveniles, abolished by 1849. In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Ticino</a>, it was abolished for youth and young adults under the age of 20 in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich</a>, the exclusion from the death penalty was extended for juveniles and young adults up to 19 years of age by 1835.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> In 1942, the death penalty was almost deleted in criminal law, as well for juveniles, but since 1928 persisted in military law during wartime for youth above 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> If no earlier change was made in the given subject, by 1979 juveniles could no longer be subject to the death penalty in military law during wartime.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have executed child offenders, the largest number occurring in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>'s tenure as president of Iran from 2013 until 2021, at least 3,602 death sentences have been carried out. This includes the executions of 34 juvenile offenders.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>, which forbids capital punishment for juveniles under article 37(a), has been signed by all countries and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> by all signatories with the exception of the United States (despite the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> decisions abolishing the practice).<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights</a> maintains that the death penalty for juveniles has become contrary to a <a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>. A majority of countries are also party to the U.N. <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (whose Article 6.5 also states that "Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age..."). Iran, despite its ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, was the world's largest executioner of juvenile offenders, for which it has been the subject of broad international condemnation; the country's record is the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Child_Executions_Campaign" title="Stop Child Executions Campaign">Stop Child Executions Campaign</a>. But on 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament changed controversial laws relating to the execution of juveniles. In the new legislation the age of 18 (solar year) would be applied to accused of both genders and juvenile offenders must be sentenced pursuant to a separate law specifically dealing with juveniles.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-166">[161]</a> Based on the Islamic law which now seems to have been revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 of lunar year (11 days shorter than a solar year) are deemed fully responsible for their crimes.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-165">[160]</a> Iran accounted for two-thirds of the global total of such executions, and currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] has approximately 140 people considered as juveniles awaiting execution for crimes committed (up from 71 in 2007).<a href="#cite_note-AP-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> The past executions of <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Asgari_and_Ayaz_Marhoni" title="Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni">Mahmoud Asgari, Ayaz Marhoni</a> and Makwan Moloudzadeh became the focus of Iran's child capital punishment policy and the judicial system that hands down such sentences.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> In 2023 Iran executed a minor who had knifed a man that fought him for following a girl in the street.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Saudi Arabia also executes criminals who were minors at the time of the offence.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> In 2013, Saudi Arabia was the center of an international controversy after it executed <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Rizana_Nafeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of Rizana Nafeek">Rizana Nafeek</a>, a Sri Lankan domestic worker, who was believed to have been 17 years old at the time of the crime.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Saudi Arabia banned execution for minors, except for terrorism cases, in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> Japan has not executed juvenile criminals after August 1997, when they executed <a href="/wiki/Norio_Nagayama" title="Norio Nagayama">Norio Nagayama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">spree killer</a> who had been convicted of shooting four people dead in the late 1960s. Nagayama's case created the eponymously named <a href="/wiki/Norio_Nagayama" title="Norio Nagayama">Nagayama standards</a>, which take into account factors such as the number of victims, brutality and social impact of the crimes. The standards have been used in determining whether to apply the death sentence in murder cases. Teruhiko Seki, convicted of murdering four family members including a 4-year-old daughter and raping a 15-year-old daughter of a family in 1992, became the second inmate to be hanged for a crime committed as a minor in the first such execution in 20 years after Nagayama on 19 December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Takayuki_Fukuda" title="Takayuki Fukuda">Takayuki Otsuki</a>, who was convicted of raping and strangling a 23-year-old woman and subsequently strangling her 11-month-old daughter to death on 14 April 1999, when he was 18, is another inmate sentenced to death, and his request for retrial has been rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> There is evidence that child executions are taking place in the parts of Somalia controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU). In October 2008, a girl, <a href="/wiki/Stoning_of_Aisha_Ibrahim_Duhulow" title="Stoning of Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow">Aisha Ibrahim Dhuhulow</a> was buried up to her neck at a football stadium, then stoned to death in front of more than 1,000 people. Somalia's established <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">Transitional Federal Government</a> announced in November 2009 (reiterated in 2013)<a href="#cite_note-Somalia_to_Ratify_UN_Child_Rights_Treaty-178">[173]</a> that it plans to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This move was lauded by <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> as a welcome attempt to secure children's rights in the country.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods of capital punishment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg/220px-R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg/330px-R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg/440px-R%C3%A4ttvisa_skipas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Red Guard</a> prisoners being executed by the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">Whites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Varkaus" title="Varkaus">Varkaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Savonia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Savonia">North Savonia</a> during the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> The following methods of execution have been used by various countries:<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <ul><li>Hanging (<a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Capital punishment in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq" title="Capital punishment in Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea" title="Capital punishment in South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malaysia" title="Capital punishment in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sudan" title="Capital punishment in Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian National Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel" title="Capital punishment in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen" title="Capital punishment in Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oman" title="Capital punishment in Oman">Oman</a>, Myanmar, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria" title="Capital punishment in Syria">Syria</a>, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Liberia)</li> <li>Shooting (the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vietnam" title="Capital punishment in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (until 2011), <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belarus" title="Capital punishment in Belarus">Belarus</a>, Ethiopia, Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Somalia" title="Capital punishment in Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Korea" title="Capital punishment in North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Indonesia" title="Capital punishment in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Bahrain, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Qatar" title="Capital punishment in Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oman" title="Capital punishment in Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen" title="Capital punishment in Yemen">Yemen</a>, and in the US states of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oklahoma" title="Capital punishment in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Utah" title="Capital punishment in Utah">Utah</a>).</li> <li>Lethal injection (United States, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guatemala" title="Capital punishment in Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Thailand" title="Capital punishment in Thailand">Thailand</a>, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam (after 2011))</li> <li>Beheading (Saudi Arabia)</li> <li>Stoning (Nigeria, Sudan)</li> <li>Electrocution and gas inhalation (some U.S. states, but only if the prisoner requests it or if lethal injection is unavailable)</li> <li>Inert gas asphyxiation (Some U.S. states: Oklahoma, Mississippi, Alabama)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_execution">Public execution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">Public execution</a></div> A public execution is a form of capital punishment which "members of the general public may voluntarily attend". This definition excludes the presence of a small number of witnesses randomly selected to assure executive accountability.<a href="#cite_note-blum-185">[180]</a> While today the great majority of the world considers public executions to be distasteful and most countries have outlawed the practice, throughout much of history executions were performed publicly as a means for the state to demonstrate "its power before those who fell under its jurisdiction be they criminals, enemies, or political opponents". Additionally, it afforded the public a chance to witness "what was considered a great spectacle".<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> Social historians note that beginning in the 20th century in the U.S. and western Europe, death in general became increasingly shielded from public view, occurring more and more behind the closed doors of the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-chambliss-187">[182]</a> Executions were likewise moved behind the walls of the penitentiary.<a href="#cite_note-chambliss-187">[182]</a> The last formal public executions occurred in 1868 in Britain, in 1936 in the U.S. and in 1939 in France.<a href="#cite_note-chambliss-187">[182]</a> According to Amnesty International, in 2012, "public executions were known to have been carried out in Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and Somalia".<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> There have been reports of public executions carried out by state and non-state actors in <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> Executions which can be classified as public were also carried out in the U.S. states of Florida and Utah as of 1992<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blum-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_crime">Capital crime</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Capital crimes" redirects here. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Capital_Crimes" title="Capital Crimes">Capital Crimes</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atrocity_crimes">Atrocity crimes</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> are usually punishable by death in countries retaining capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Death sentences for such crimes were handed down and carried out during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> in 1946 and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Trials">Tokyo Trials</a> in 1948, but starting in the 1990s, ad hoc tribunals such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR) forbade the death penalty and can only impose life imprisonment as a maximum penalty.<a href="#cite_note-vkstk-193">[188]</a> This tradition is carried on by the current <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vkstk-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder">Murder</h3></div> Intentional homicide is punishable by death in most countries retaining capital punishment, but generally provided it involves an aggravating factor required by statute or judicial precedents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some countries, including Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, made the death penalty mandatory for murder, though Singapore later changed its <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty in Singapore">laws since 2013</a> to reserve the mandatory death sentence for intentional murder while providing an alternative sentence of life imprisonment with/without <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">caning</a> for murder with no intention to cause death, which allowed some convicted murderers on death row in Singapore (including <a href="/wiki/Kho_Jabing" title="Kho Jabing">Kho Jabing</a>) to apply for the reduction of their death sentences after the courts in Singapore confirmed that they committed murder without the intention to kill and thus eligible for re-sentencing under the new death penalty laws in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-Tang-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia.com-196">[191]</a> In October 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Government">Malaysian Government</a> imposed a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on all executions until the passage of a new law that would abolish the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-NST_11_Oct_18-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNA_10_Oct_18-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC_11_Oct_2018-199">[194]</a> In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia. The death penalty would be retained, but courts have the discretion to replace it with other punishments, including <a href="/wiki/Whipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipping">whipping</a> and imprisonment of 30–40 years.<a href="#cite_note-abcapr2023-200">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG/220px-CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG/330px-CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG/440px-CKS_Airport_drugs_sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sign at the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport">Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport</a> warning that drug trafficking is a capital crime in the Republic of China (2005)</figcaption></figure> In 2018, at least 35 countries retained the death penalty for drug trafficking, drug dealing, drug possession and related offences. People had been regularly sentenced to death and executed for drug-related offences in China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Vietnam. Other countries may retain the death penalty for symbolic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Girelli-2019-201">[196]</a> The death penalty was mandated for drug trafficking in Singapore and Malaysia. Since 2013, Singapore ruled that those who were certified to have diminished responsibility (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>) or acting as drug couriers and had assisted the authorities in tackling drug-related activities, would be sentenced to life imprisonment instead of death, with the offender liable to at least 15 strokes of the cane if he was not sentenced to death and was simultaneously sentenced to caning as well.<a href="#cite_note-Tang-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia.com-196">[191]</a> Notably, drug couriers like <a href="/wiki/Yong_Vui_Kong" title="Yong Vui Kong">Yong Vui Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheong_Chun_Yin" title="Cheong Chun Yin">Cheong Chun Yin</a> successfully applied to have their death sentences replaced with life imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane in 2013 and 2015 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-abcapr2023-200">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_offences">Other offences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_non-violent_offenses" title="Capital punishment for non-violent offenses">Capital punishment for non-violent offenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Capital punishment by country</a></div> Other crimes that are punishable by death in some countries include: <ul><li>Firearm offences (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arms_Offences_Act" title="Arms Offences Act">Arms Offences Act</a> of Singapore)</li> <li>Terrorism</li> <li>Treason (a capital crime in most countries that retain capital punishment)</li> <li>Espionage</li> <li>Crimes against the state, such as attempting to overthrow government (most countries with the death penalty)</li> <li>Political protests (Saudi Arabia)<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a></li> <li>Rape (China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Brunei, etc.)</li> <li>Economic crimes (China, Iran)</li> <li>Human trafficking (China)</li> <li>Corruption (China, Iran)</li> <li>Kidnapping (China, Singapore, Bangladesh, the US states of Georgia<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> and Idaho,<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a> (China)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Unlawful sexual behaviour</a> (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Brunei, Nigeria, etc.)</li> <li>Religious <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a> offences such as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan etc.)</li> <li>Blasphemy (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, certain states in Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Moharebeh</a> (Iran)</li> <li>Drinking <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a> (Saudi Arabia)<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a></li> <li>Arson (Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Mauritania, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brigandage" title="Brigandage">brigandage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Armed_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed robbery">armed</a> or aggravated robbery (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kenya, Zambia, Ethiopia, the US state of Georgia<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> etc.)<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty2014-210">[205]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_debate">Controversy and debate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment debate in the United States">Capital punishment debate in the United States</a></div> Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-ill-211">[206]</a> and criticize it for its irreversibility.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-irreversible-212">[207]</a> They argue also that capital punishment lacks deterrent effect,<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> or has a <a href="/wiki/Brutalization" title="Brutalization">brutalization</a> effect,<a href="#cite_note-sf-216">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> discriminates against minorities and the poor, and that it encourages a "culture of violence".<a href="#cite_note-deathPenaltyFocus-218">[213]</a> There are many organizations worldwide, such as Amnesty International,<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> and country-specific, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU), whose main purpose includes abolition of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> Advocates of the death penalty argue that it deters crime,<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> is a good tool for police and prosecutors in <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargaining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> makes sure that convicted criminals do not offend again, and that it ensures justice for crimes such as homicide, where other penalties will not inflict the desired retribution demanded by the crime itself. Capital punishment for non-lethal crimes is usually considerably more controversial, and abolished in many of the countries that retain it.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retribution">Retribution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revenge#Revenge_dynamics" title="Revenge">Revenge § Revenge dynamics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg/220px-Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg/330px-Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Karl_Morgenschweis_prays_for_condemned_prisoner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Execution of a <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war criminal</a> in Germany in 1946</figcaption></figure> Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as for murder of police officers, <a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">child murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">torture murder</a>, multiple <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> and genocide. This argument is strongly defended by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_School" title="New York Law School">New York Law School</a>'s Professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blecker_Wants_Me_Dead" title="Robert Blecker Wants Me Dead">Robert Blecker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime. Eighteenth-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> defended a more extreme position, according to which every murderer deserves to die on the grounds that loss of life is incomparable to any penalty that allows them to remain alive, including life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> Some abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that <a href="/wiki/Life_without_parole" class="mw-redirect" title="Life without parole">life without parole</a> is a sufficient substitute. It is also argued that the punishing of a killing with another death is a relatively unusual punishment for a violent act, because in general violent crimes are not punished by subjecting the perpetrator to a similar act (e.g. rapists are, typically, not punished by <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, although it may be inflicted in Singapore, for example).<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_torture" title="Psychological torture">psychological torture</a>. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment". Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate irreversible denial of Human Rights".<a href="#cite_note-Abolish_the_death_penalty-230">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> wrote in a 1956 book called Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. [...] For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a></blockquote> In the classic doctrine of natural rights as expounded by for instance <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a>, on the other hand, it is an important idea that the right to life can be forfeited, as most other rights can be given <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> is observed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">right to freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">including provisionally</a>, in anticipation of an actual verdict.<a href="#cite_note-feinberg-232">[227]</a> As <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> explained in a speech given in Parliament against an amendment to abolish capital punishment for murder in 1868: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And we may imagine somebody asking how we can teach people not to inflict suffering by ourselves inflicting it? But to this I should answer – all of us would answer – that to deter by suffering from inflicting suffering is not only possible, but the very purpose of penal justice. Does fining a criminal show want of respect for property, or imprisoning him, for personal freedom? Just as unreasonable is it to think that to take the life of a man who has taken that of another is to show want of regard for human life. We show, on the contrary, most emphatically our regard for it, by the adoption of a rule that he who violates that right in another forfeits it for himself, and that while no other crime that he can commit deprives him of his right to live, this shall.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a></blockquote> In one of the most recent cases relating to the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty in Singapore">death penalty in Singapore</a>, activists like <a href="/wiki/Jolovan_Wham" title="Jolovan Wham">Jolovan Wham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Han" title="Kirsten Han">Kirsten Han</a> and Kokila Annamalai and even the international groups like the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> argued for Malaysian drug trafficker <a href="/wiki/Nagaenthran_K._Dharmalingam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam">Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam</a>, who has been on <a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">death row</a> at Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi Prison</a> since 2010, should not be executed due to an alleged intellectual disability, as they argued that Nagaenthran has low IQ of 69 and a psychiatrist has assessed him to be mentally impaired to an extent that he should not be held liable to his crime and execution. They also cited international law where a country should be prohibiting the execution of mentally and intellectually impaired people in order to push for Singapore to commute Nagaenthran's death penalty to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> based on protection of human rights. However, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore government">Singapore government</a> and both Singapore's <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a> maintained their firm stance that despite his certified low IQ, it is confirmed that Nagaenthran is not mentally or intellectually disabled based on the joint opinion of three government psychiatrists as he is able to fully understand the magnitude of his actions and has no problem in his daily functioning of life.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-straitstimes.com-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Despite the international outcry, Nagaenthran was executed on 27 April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-painful_execution">Non-painful execution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">Cruel and unusual punishment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg/220px-SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg/330px-SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg/440px-SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2685" /></a><figcaption>A gurney at <a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="San Quentin State Prison">San Quentin State Prison</a> in California formerly used for executions by <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a></figcaption></figure> Trends in most of the world have long been to move to private and less painful executions. France adopted the <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> for this reason in the final years of the 18th century, while Britain banned hanging, drawing, and quartering in the early 19th century. Hanging by turning the victim off a ladder or by kicking a stool or a bucket, which causes death by strangulation, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hanging#Standard_drop" title="Hanging">long drop "hanging"</a> where the subject is dropped a longer distance to dislocate the neck and sever the spinal cord. <a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty#Qajar_Shahs_of_Iran,_1789–1925" title="Qajar dynasty">Shah of Persia (1896–1907)</a> introduced throat-cutting and <a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">blowing from a gun</a> (close-range cannon fire) as quick and relatively painless alternatives to more torturous methods of executions used at that time.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> In the United States, electrocution and gas inhalation were introduced as more humane alternatives to hanging, but have been almost entirely superseded by lethal injection. A small number of countries, for example Iran and Saudi Arabia, still employ slow hanging methods, decapitation, and stoning. A study of executions carried out in the United States between 1977 and 2001 indicated that at least 34 of the 749 executions, or 4.5%, involved "unanticipated problems or delays that caused, at least arguably, unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner". The rate of these "<a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">botched executions</a>" remained steady over the period of the study.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> A separate study published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> in 2005 found that in 43% of cases of lethal injection, the blood level of <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotics</a> was insufficient to guarantee unconsciousness.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in 2008 (<a href="/wiki/Baze_v._Rees" title="Baze v. Rees">Baze v. Rees</a>) and again in 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Glossip_v._Gross" title="Glossip v. Gross">Glossip v. Gross</a>) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bucklew_v._Precythe" title="Bucklew v. Precythe">Bucklew v. Precythe</a>, the majority verdict – written by Judge <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> – further affirmed this principle, stating that while the ban on cruel and unusual punishment affirmatively bans penalties that deliberately inflict pain and degradation, it does in no sense limit the possible infliction of pain in the execution of a capital verdict.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wrongful_execution">Wrongful execution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wrongful_convictions_in_the_United_States" title="List of wrongful convictions in the United States">List of wrongful convictions in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG/220px-Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG/330px-Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG/440px-Timothy_Evans_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom in part because of the case of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Evans" title="Timothy Evans">Timothy Evans</a>, who was executed in 1950 after being wrongfully convicted of two murders that had in fact been committed by his landlord, <a href="/wiki/John_Christie_(murderer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Christie (murderer)">John Christie</a>. The case was considered vital in bolstering opposition, which limited the scope of the penalty in 1957 and abolished it completely for murder in 1965.</figcaption></figure> It is frequently argued that capital punishment leads to <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">miscarriage of justice</a> through the wrongful execution of innocent persons.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> Many people have been proclaimed innocent victims of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> Some have claimed that as many as 39 executions have been carried out in the face of compelling evidence of innocence or serious doubt about guilt in the US from 1992 through 2004. Newly available <a href="/wiki/DNA_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA evidence">DNA evidence</a> prevented the pending execution of more than 15 death row inmates during the same period in the US,<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> but DNA evidence is only available in a fraction of capital cases.<a href="#cite_note-CB2-248">[243]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment&action=edit">[update]</a>, 159 prisoners on death row have been exonerated by DNA or other evidence, which is seen as an indication that innocent prisoners have almost certainly been executed.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-DPIC2015-250">[245]</a> The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty claims that between 1976 and 2015, 1,414 prisoners in the United States have been executed while 156 sentenced to death have had their death sentences vacated.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> It is impossible to assess how many have been wrongly executed, since courts do not generally investigate the innocence of a dead defendant, and defense attorneys tend to concentrate their efforts on clients whose lives can still be saved; however, there is strong evidence of innocence in many cases.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> Improper procedure may also result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that in Singapore "the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_(Singapore)" title="Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)">Misuse of Drugs Act</a> contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty".<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act presumes one is guilty of possession of drugs if, as examples, one is found to be present or escaping from a location "proved or presumed to be used for the purpose of smoking or administering a controlled drug", if one is in possession of a key to a premises where drugs are present, if one is in the company of another person found to be in possession of illegal drugs, or if one tests positive after being given a mandatory <a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">urine drug screening</a>. Urine drug screenings can be given at the discretion of police, without requiring a search warrant. The onus is on the accused in all of the above situations to prove that they were not in possession of or consumed illegal drugs.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volunteers">Volunteers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(capital_punishment)" title="Volunteer (capital punishment)">Volunteer (capital punishment)</a></div> Some prisoners have volunteered or attempted to expedite capital punishment, often by waiving all appeals. Prisoners have made requests or committed further crimes in prison as well. In the United States, execution volunteers constitute approximately 11% of prisoners on death row. Volunteers often bypass legal procedures which are designed to designate the death penalty for the "worst of the worst" offenders. Opponents of execution volunteering cited the prevalence of mental illness among volunteers comparing it to suicide. Execution volunteers have received considerably less attention and effort at legal reform than those who were exonerated after execution.<a href="#cite_note-file_-255">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial,_ethnic,_and_social_class_bias">Racial, ethnic, and social class bias</h3></div> Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim also influences the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Researchers have shown that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty when told that it is mostly applied to black Americans,<a href="#cite_note-peffley-2007-259">[254]</a> and that more stereotypically black-looking or dark-skinned defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death if the case involves a white victim.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> However, a study published in 2018 failed to replicate the findings of earlier studies that had concluded that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty if informed that it is largely applied to black Americans; according to the authors, their findings "may result from changes since 2001 in the effects of racial stimuli on white attitudes about the death penalty or their willingness to express those attitudes in a survey context."<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> In Alabama in 2019, a death row inmate named <a href="/wiki/Dunn_v._Ray" title="Dunn v. Ray">Domineque Ray</a> was denied his imam in the room during his execution, instead only offered a Christian chaplain.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-2019-262">[257]</a> After filing a complaint, a federal court of appeals ruled 5–4 against Ray's request. The majority cited the "last-minute" nature of the request, and the dissent stated that the treatment went against the core principle of denominational neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-2019-262">[257]</a> In July 2019, two <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> men, Ali Hakim al-Arab, 25, and Ahmad al-Malali, 24, were executed in Bahrain, despite the protests from the United Nations and rights group. Amnesty International stated that the executions were being carried out on confessions of "terrorism crimes" that were obtained through torture.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> On 30 March 2022, despite the appeals by the United Nations and rights activists, 68-year-old <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Singaporean">Malay Singaporean</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kahar_Othman" title="Abdul Kahar Othman">Abdul Kahar Othman</a> was hanged at <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi Prison</a> for illegally trafficking <a href="/wiki/Diamorphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamorphine">diamorphine</a>, which marked the first execution in Singapore since 2019 as a result of an informal moratorium caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Earlier, there were appeals made to advocate for Abdul Kahar's death penalty be commuted to life imprisonment on humanitarian grounds, as Abdul Kahar came from a poor family and has struggled with drug addiction. He was also revealed to have been spending most of his life going in and out of prison, including a ten-year sentence of <a href="/wiki/Preventive_detention" title="Preventive detention">preventive detention</a> from 1995 to 2005, and has not been given much time for rehabilitation, which made the activists and groups arguing that Abdul Kahar should be given a chance for rehabilitation instead of subjecting him to execution.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Both the European Union (EU) and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticised Singapore for finalizing and carrying out Abdul Kahar's execution, and about 400 Singaporeans protested against the government's use of the death penalty merely days after Abdul Kahar's death sentence was authorised.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-straitstimes.com-235">[230]</a> Still, over 80% of the public supported the use of the death penalty in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_views">International views</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/250px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/375px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/500px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Same-sex intercourse illegal: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">Death penalty for homosexuality</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Death penalty in legislation, but not applied</div></figcaption></figure> The United Nations introduced a resolution during the General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a universal ban.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> The approval of a draft resolution by the Assembly's third committee, which deals with human rights issues, voted 99 to 52, with 33 abstentions, in support of the resolution on 15 November 2007 and was put to a vote in the Assembly on 18 December.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> Again in 2008, a large majority of states from all regions adopted, on 20 November in the UN General Assembly (Third Committee), a second resolution calling for a moratorium on the use of the death penalty; 105 countries voted in support of the draft resolution, 48 voted against and 31 abstained. The moratorium resolution has been presented for a vote each year since 2007. On 15 December 2022, 125 countries voted in support of the moratorium, with 37 countries opposing, and 22 abstentions. The countries voting against the moratorium included the United States, People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> A range of amendments proposed by a small minority of pro-death penalty countries were overwhelmingly defeated. It had in 2007 passed a non-binding resolution (by 104 to 54, with 29 abstentions) by asking its member states for "a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty".<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/220px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/330px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/440px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> affirms the prohibition on capital punishment in the EU.</figcaption></figure> A number of regional conventions prohibit the death penalty, most notably, the Protocol 6 (abolition in time of peace) and Protocol 13 (abolition in all circumstances) to the European Convention on Human Rights. The same is also stated under Protocol 2 in the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>, which, however, has not been ratified by all countries in the Americas, most notably Canada<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> and the United States. Most relevant operative international treaties do not require its prohibition for cases of serious crime, most notably, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. This instead has, in common with several other treaties, an optional protocol prohibiting capital punishment and promoting its wider abolition.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> Several international organizations have made abolition of the death penalty (during time of peace, or in all circumstances) a requirement of membership, most notably the EU and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. The Council of Europe are willing to accept a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> as an interim measure. Thus, while <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Russia</a> was a member of the Council of Europe, and the death penalty remains codified in its law, it has not made use of it since becoming a member of the council – Russia has not executed anyone since 1996. With the exception of Russia (abolitionist in practice) and Belarus (retentionist), all European countries are classified as abolitionist.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-97">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Latvia" title="Capital punishment in Latvia">Latvia</a> abolished de jure the death penalty for war crimes in 2012, becoming the last EU member to do so.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> Protocol 13 to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> calls for the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances (including for war crimes). The majority of European countries have signed and ratified it. Some European countries have not done this, but all of them except Belarus have now abolished the death penalty in all circumstances (de jure, and Russia de facto). <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> is the most recent country to ratify the protocol, on 19 October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> Protocol 6, which prohibits the death penalty during peacetime, has been ratified by all members of the Council of Europe. It had been signed but not ratified by Russia at the time of its expulsion in 2022. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICCPR-OP2_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ICCPR-OP2_members.svg/250px-ICCPR-OP2_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ICCPR-OP2_members.svg/375px-ICCPR-OP2_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ICCPR-OP2_members.svg/500px-ICCPR-OP2_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Signatories to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR: parties in dark green, signatories in light green, non-members in grey</figcaption></figure> There are also other international abolitionist instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, which has 90 parties;<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> and the Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty (for the Americas; ratified by 13 states).<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, over 500 people were sentenced to death after the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a>. About 50 of them were executed, the last one 25 October 1984. Then there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey. As a move <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">towards EU membership</a>, Turkey made some legal changes. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law by <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">the National Assembly</a> in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">its constitution</a> to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states, having ratified Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the exceptions of Russia (which has entered a moratorium) and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belarus" title="Capital punishment in Belarus">Belarus</a>, which are not members of the Council of Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> countries that have recently abolished the death penalty include <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, which abolished the death penalty for all crimes in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> which did the same in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> On 5 July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> became part of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which prohibits the use of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> The newly created <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> is among the 111 UN member states that supported the resolution passed by the United Nations General Assembly that called for the removal of the death penalty, therefore affirming its opposition to the practice. South Sudan, however, has not yet abolished the death penalty and stated that it must first amend its Constitution, and until that happens it will continue to use the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> Among non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Amnesty International and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> are noted for their opposition to capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> A number of such NGOs, as well as trade unions, local councils, and bar associations, formed a <a href="/wiki/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty" title="World Coalition Against the Death Penalty">World Coalition Against the Death Penalty</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> An open letter led by Danish Member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, Karen Melchior was sent to the European Commission ahead of the 26 January 2021 meeting of the Bahraini Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Abdullatif_bin_Rashid_Al_Zayani" title="Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani">Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani</a> with the members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> for the signing of a Cooperation Agreement. A total of 16 MEPs undersigned the letter expressing their grave concern towards the extended abuse of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">human rights in Bahrain</a> following the arbitrary arrest and detention of activists and critics of the government. The attendees of the meeting were requested to demand from their Bahraini counterparts to take into consideration the concerns raised by the MEPs, particularly for the release of Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja and Sheikh Mohammed Habib Al-Muqdad, the two European-Bahraini dual citizens on death row.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></div> The world's major faiths have differing views depending on the religion, denomination, <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a> and the individual adherent.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> considers the death penalty as "inadmissible" in any circumstance and denounces it as an "attack" on the "inviolability and dignity of the person."<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_Graham-2021-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Povoledo-2018-298">[293]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> faiths support capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_custody" title="Death in custody">Death in custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_chamber" title="Execution chamber">Execution chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_dissolution" title="Judicial dissolution">Judicial dissolution</a>, sometimes referred to as the "corporate death penalty"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Penalty:_Opposing_Viewpoints" title="The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints">The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shame culture">Shame culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Judaism" title="Capital punishment in Judaism">Capital punishment in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoners_with_whole_life_orders" title="List of prisoners with whole life orders">List of prisoners with whole life orders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Belarus.-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Belarus._58-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belarus" title="Capital punishment in Belarus">Belarus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANZ-59"><a href="#cite_ref-ANZ_59-0">^</a> including <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Australia" title="Capital punishment in Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_Zealand" title="Capital punishment in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Americas-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Americas_60-0">^</a> Most Latin American countries and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">Canada</a> have completely abolished capital punishment, while a few such as <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brazil" title="Capital punishment in Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guatemala" title="Capital punishment in Guatemala">Guatemala</a> allow for it only in exceptional situations (such as treason committed during wartime). </li> <li id="cite_note-US&Carib.-61"><a href="#cite_ref-US&Carib._61-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">United States</a> and some Caribbean countries. </li> <li id="cite_note-Africa-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Africa_62-0">^</a> For example <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Africa" title="Capital punishment in South Africa">South Africa</a> abolished the death penalty in 1995, while <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Botswana" title="Capital punishment in Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Zambia" title="Capital punishment in Zambia">Zambia</a> retain it. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="References">References</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShipley1906" class="citation journal cs1">Shipley, Maynard (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/amlr40&i=248">"The Abolition of Capital Punishment in Italy and San Marino"</a>. American Law Review. 40 (2): 240–251 – via <a href="/wiki/HeinOnline" title="HeinOnline">HeinOnline</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Abolition+of+Capital+Punishment+in+Italy+and+San+Marino&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-251&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Shipley&rft.aufirst=Maynard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Famlr40%26i%3D248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Grann" title="David Grann">Grann, David</a> (2018). <a href="/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon:_The_Osage_Murders_and_the_Birth_of_the_FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI">Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74248-3"><bdi>978-0-307-74248-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993996600">993996600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killers+of+the+Flower+Moon%3A+The+Osage+Murders+and+the+Birth+of+the+FBI&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993996600&rft.isbn=978-0-307-74248-3&rft.aulast=Grann&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iep.utm.edu-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/death-penalty-capital-punishment/">'Capital Punishment'</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, access-date: 4 December 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-KronenwetterP202-4"><a href="#cite_ref-KronenwetterP202_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKronenwetter2001">Kronenwetter 2001</a>, p. 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2010" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, H. W. (14 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrtIDakUpA4C&pg=PA310">A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161511-5"><bdi>978-0-19-161511-5</bdi></a>. <q>Capital punishment, or 'the death penalty,' is an institutionalized practice designed to result in deliberately executing persons in response to actual or supposed misconduct and following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant execution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage%3A+The+Classic+First+Edition&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161511-5&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrtIDakUpA4C%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/death-penalty/">"Death Penalty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822235316/https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/death-penalty/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+Penalty&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fdeath-penalty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/05/death-penalty-2021-facts-and-figures/">"Death Penalty 2021: Facts and Figures"</a>. Amnesty International. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Death+Penalty+2021%3A+Facts+and+Figures&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2022%2F05%2Fdeath-penalty-2021-facts-and-figures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/04/26/why-japan-retains-the-death-penalty">"Why Japan retains the death penalty"</a>. The Economist. 26 April 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 18 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+Japan+retains+the+death+penalty&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2022%2F04%2F26%2Fwhy-japan-retains-the-death-penalty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das_2022_p._192-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Das_2022_p._192_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_2022_p._192_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2022" class="citation book cs1">Das, J.K. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYplEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192">Human rights law and practice</a> (2nd ed.). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-951611-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-951611-6-4"><bdi>978-81-951611-6-4</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+Fundamental+Rights+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fcharter%2Fpdf%2Ftext_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/a-record-120-nations-adopt-un-death-penalty-moratorium-resolution">A Record 120 Nations Adopt UN Death-Penalty Moratorium Resolution</a>, 18 December 2018, Death Penalty Information Center </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=24679&Cr=general&Cr1=assembly">"moratorium on the death penalty"</a>. United Nations. 15 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127183625/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=24679&Cr=general&Cr1=assembly">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=moratorium+on+the+death+penalty&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D24679%26Cr%3Dgeneral%26Cr1%3Dassembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criminaljusticedegreeschools.com/criminal-justice-resources/criminal-justice-capital-punishment-focus/">"Criminal Justice: Capital Punishment Focus"</a>. criminaljusticedegreeschools.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827171830/https://www.criminaljusticedegreeschools.com/criminal-justice-resources/criminal-justice-capital-punishment-focus/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice%3A+Capital+Punishment+Focus&rft.pub=criminaljusticedegreeschools.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criminaljusticedegreeschools.com%2Fcriminal-justice-resources%2Fcriminal-justice-capital-punishment-focus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/408/238#writing-USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZC1">"Furman v. Georgia – Mr. Justice Brennan, concurring"</a>. law.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718190721/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/408/238#writing-USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZC1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017. <q>When this country was founded, memories of the Stuart horrors were fresh and severe corporal punishments were common. Death was not then a unique punishment. The practice of punishing criminals by death, moreover, was widespread and by and large acceptable to society. Indeed, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative. Since that time, successive restrictions, imposed against the background of a continuing moral controversy, have drastically curtailed the use of this punishment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Furman+v.+Georgia+%E2%80%93+Mr.+Justice+Brennan%2C+concurring&rft.pub=law.cornell.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F408%2F238%23writing-USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZC1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> So common was the practice of compensation that the word murder is derived from the French word mordre (bite) a reference to the heavy compensation one must pay for causing an unjust death. The "bite" one had to pay was used as a term for the crime itself: "Mordre wol out; that se we day by day." – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> (1340–1400), <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a>, The Nun's Priest's Tale, l. 4242 (1387–1400), repr. In The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Alfred W. Pollard, et al. (1898). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Translated from Waldmann, op.cit., p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060703143147/http://www.shotatdawn.org.uk/">"Shot at Dawn, campaign for pardons for British and Commonwealth soldiers executed in World War I"</a>. Shot at Dawn Pardons Campaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shotatdawn.org.uk/">the original</a> on 3 July 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shot+at+Dawn%2C+campaign+for+pardons+for+British+and+Commonwealth+soldiers+executed+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Shot+at+Dawn+Pardons+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shotatdawn.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Lindow, op.cit. (primarily discusses Icelandic things). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#6">Genesis 9:6</a>, "Whosoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2002" class="citation book cs1">Schabas, William (2002). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81491-1"><bdi>978-0-521-81491-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolition+of+the+Death+Penalty+in+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81491-1&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert" class="citation web cs1">Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021023919/http://history-world.org/draco_and_solon_laws.htm">"Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Draco and Solon Laws"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+A+History+of+Ancient+Greece%2C+Draco+and+Solon+Laws&rft.pub=History-world.org&rft.au=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fdraco_and_solon_laws.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-22"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/93902/capital-punishment">"capital punishment (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=capital+punishment+%28law%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F93902%2Fcapital-punishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJean-Marie_Carbasse2002">Jean-Marie Carbasse 2002</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeschkeFollon1995" class="citation book cs1">Neschke, Ada Babette; Follon, Jacques (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Y2aYV5RTkC&q=Protagoras+%22peine+de+mort%22&pg=PA58">Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité</a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789068317688" title="Special:BookSources/9789068317688"><bdi>9789068317688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platonisme+politique+et+th%C3%A9orie+du+droit+naturel%3A+Le+platonisme+politique+dans+l%27antiquit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789068317688&rft.aulast=Neschke&rft.aufirst=Ada+Babette&rft.au=Follon%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9Y2aYV5RTkC%26q%3DProtagoras%2B%2522peine%2Bde%2Bmort%2522%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeschkeFollon1995" class="citation book cs1">Neschke, Ada Babette; Follon, Jacques (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Y2aYV5RTkC">Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité</a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789068317688" title="Special:BookSources/9789068317688"><bdi>9789068317688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platonisme+politique+et+th%C3%A9orie+du+droit+naturel%3A+Le+platonisme+politique+dans+l%27antiquit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789068317688&rft.aulast=Neschke&rft.aufirst=Ada+Babette&rft.au=Follon%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9Y2aYV5RTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029153208/https://www.puf.com/content/La_peine_de_mort_0">"La peine de mort"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puf.com/content/La_peine_de_mort_0">the original</a> on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+peine+de+mort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puf.com%2Fcontent%2FLa_peine_de_mort_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709192102/https://ihd.edu.umontpellier.fr/jean-marie-carbasse/">"Jean-Marie Carbasse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihd.edu.umontpellier.fr/jean-marie-carbasse/">the original</a> on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Marie+Carbasse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihd.edu.umontpellier.fr%2Fjean-marie-carbasse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deathpenalty.procon.org/historical-timeline/">"1700 BC – 1799"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1700+BC+%E2%80%93+1799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeathpenalty.procon.org%2Fhistorical-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeluskyPesto2011" class="citation book cs1">Melusky, Joseph Anthony; Pesto, Keith A. (2011). Capital punishment. Historical guides to controversial issues in America. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0057-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-0057-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+punishment&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.series=Historical+guides+to+controversial+issues+in+America&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-0057-3&rft.aulast=Melusky&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Anthony&rft.au=Pesto%2C+Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman2002" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Richard A. (2002). Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134823949" title="Special:BookSources/9781134823949"><bdi>9781134823949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134823949&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumway1901" class="citation journal cs1">Shumway, Edgar S. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3306244">"Freedom and Slavery in Roman Law"</a>. The American Law Register. 49 (11): 636–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3306244">10.2307/3306244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-3562">1558-3562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3306244">3306244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Law+Register&rft.atitle=Freedom+and+Slavery+in+Roman+Law&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=636-653&rft.date=1901&rft.issn=1558-3562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3306244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3306244&rft.aulast=Shumway&rft.aufirst=Edgar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3306244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZias1998" class="citation web cs1">Zias, Joseph (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercaba.org/FICHAS/upsa/crucifixion.htm">"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence"</a>. www.mercaba.org. Retrieved 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mercaba.org&rft.atitle=Crucifixion+in+Antiquity%3A+The+Evidence&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Zias&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercaba.org%2FFICHAS%2Fupsa%2Fcrucifixion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_8-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_8_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_8_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn2004" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Charles D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/845680499">China's golden age everyday life in the Tang dynasty</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517665-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517665-0"><bdi>0-19-517665-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/845680499">845680499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+golden+age+everyday+life+in+the+Tang+dynasty&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F845680499&rft.isbn=0-19-517665-0&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F845680499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Benn, pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn210-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benn210_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benn210_35-1">b</a> Benn, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2015" class="citation cs2">Ward, Richard (2015), Ward, Richard (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379343/">"Introduction: A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse"</a>, A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse, Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters, Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-44401-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-44401-1"><bdi>978-1-137-44401-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27559562">27559562</a>, retrieved 3 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Global+History+of+Execution+and+the+Criminal+Corpse&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+A+Global+History+of+Execution+and+the+Criminal+Corpse&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27559562&rft.isbn=978-1-137-44401-1&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK379343%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-law-37"><a href="#cite_ref-iranica-law_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowson2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. 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Vol. XII/4. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. pp. 441–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037">10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517035334/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013. 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Murray">Murray, Stephen O.</a>; Roscoe, Will (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Homosexualities" title="Islamic Homosexualities">Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. pp. 88–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0006">10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814774687" title="Special:BookSources/9780814774687"><bdi>9780814774687</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfmm4">j.ctt9qfmm4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35526232">35526232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141668547">141668547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad+and+Male+Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Literature&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=88-96&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qfmm4%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35526232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141668547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=9780814774687&rft.aulast=Wafer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Zw-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsLewis1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. 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Amethyst. 1997. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Educators%3A+Personal+Freedoms%2C+Public+Constraints&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Amethyst&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahner_2020-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sahner_2020_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sahner_2020_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahner2020" class="citation book cs1">Sahner, Christian C. (2020) [2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam"</a>. Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17910-0"><bdi>978-0-691-17910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017956010">2017956010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Christian+Martyrs+under+Islam&rft.btitle=Christian+Martyrs+under+Islam%3A+Religious+Violence+and+the+Making+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey+and+Woodstock%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017956010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17910-0&rft.aulast=Sahner&rft.aufirst=Christian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZqzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman_1987-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_1987_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_1987_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_1987_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1987) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDj9sNezWzEC&pg=PA20">"The Reign of Antichrist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Crusades" title="A History of the Crusades">A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 20–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34770-9"><bdi>978-0-521-34770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Antichrist&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+First+Crusade+and+the+Foundation+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=20-37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34770-9&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDj9sNezWzEC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stillman_1998-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_1998_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_1998_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_1998_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_1998_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillman_1998_46-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Stillman, Norman A.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA22">"Under the New Order"</a>. 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Comm. 290, at 269–71 (Charles B. Chavel trans., 1967). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashiwazaki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kashiwazaki, Masanori (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/locke/article/view/11110">"Improvement as the Foundation of Liberty: Locke on Labour, Equality, and Civic Membership"</a>. 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Journal of the History of Ideas 34.3 (1973): 463–68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708966">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-deathpenalty-50"><a href="#cite_ref-deathpenalty_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedau,_Hugo_Adam1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bedau, Hugo Adam (Autumn 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol74/iss3/12">"Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty"</a>. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 74 (3): 1033–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1143143">10.2307/1143143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1143143">1143143</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831041015/http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol74/iss3/12/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Bentham%27s+Utilitarian+Critique+of+the+Death+Penalty&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1033-65&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1143143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1143143%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bedau%2C+Hugo+Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fjclc%2Fvol74%2Fiss3%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesJohnstone2011-51"><a href="#cite_ref-JonesJohnstone2011_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_JonesPeter_Johnstone2011" class="citation book cs1">Mark Jones; Peter Johnstone (22 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhPdaCJWQikC&pg=PA152">History of Criminal Justice</a>. 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Seven Stories Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-567-8"><bdi>978-1-60980-567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=13+ways+of+looking+at+the+death+penalty&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-567-8&rft.au=Mario+Marazziti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_5MBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1472">"Encyclopedia of Shinto"</a>. kokugakuin.ac.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519153543/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1472">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2011. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Declares+Death+Penalty+Unacceptable+in+All+Cases&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Povoledo&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-death-penalty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-103.html">"Bahá'í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 203–204"</a>. reference.bahai.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reference.bahai.org&rft.atitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library+%E2%80%93+The+Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas%2C+Pages+203%E2%80%93204&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FKA%2Fka-103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergWest2008" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, David F.; West, Valerie (2 May 2008). 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.side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Death_penalty" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Death penalty">Death penalty</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Death_penalty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Death penalty">Death penalty</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" class="extiw" title="q:Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_39">"Seventh Sunday: Capital Punishment" </a>. Sermons from the Latins. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seventh+Sunday%3A+Capital+Punishment&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohm2016" class="citation book cs1">Bohm, Robert M. (2016). Death Quest. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315673998">10.4324/9781315673998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315673998" title="Special:BookSources/9781315673998"><bdi>9781315673998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Quest&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315673998&rft.isbn=9781315673998&rft.aulast=Bohm&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Curry, Tim. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/13/3curry.pdf">Cutting the Hangman's Noose: African Initiatives to Abolish the Death Penalty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720121914/http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/13/3curry.pdf">Archived</a> 20 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." () <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington College of Law">Washington College of Law</a>.</li> <li>Davis, David Brion. "The movement to abolish capital punishment in America, 1787–1861." American Historical Review 63.1 (1957): 23–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1847110">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaie2004" class="citation book cs1">Gaie, Joseph B. R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-1-4020-2539-4">The ethics of medical involvement in capital punishment : a philosophical discussion</a>. Kluwer Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1764-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1764-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-1764-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ethics+of+medical+involvement+in+capital+punishment+%3A+a+philosophical+discussion&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1764-3&rft.aulast=Gaie&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-1-4020-2539-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hammel, A. Ending the Death Penalty: The European Experience in Global Perspective (2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hood, Roger (2001). "Capital Punishment". Punishment & Society. 3 (3): 331–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1462474501003003001">10.1177/1462474501003003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143875533">143875533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punishment+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Capital+Punishment&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-354&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1462474501003003001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143875533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonZimring2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David T.; Zimring, Franklin E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZY8E6n-JAAC">The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533740-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Frontier%3A+National+Development%2C+Political+Change%2C+and+the+Death+Penalty+in+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533740-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Zimring%2C+Franklin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZY8E6n-JAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCafferty2010" class="citation book cs1">McCafferty, James A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8P0BYf62wAC&pg=PP1">Capital Punishment</a>. AldineTransaction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36328-8"><bdi>978-0-202-36328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Punishment&rft.pub=AldineTransaction&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36328-8&rft.aulast=McCafferty&rft.aufirst=James+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8P0BYf62wAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandery2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mandery" title="Evan Mandery">Mandery, Evan J</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPIf6dPJ_jQC&pg=PP1">Capital punishment: a balanced examination</a>. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3308-7"><bdi>978-0-7637-3308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+punishment%3A+a+balanced+examination&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-3308-7&rft.aulast=Mandery&rft.aufirst=Evan+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPIf6dPJ_jQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarzilli2008" class="citation book cs1">Marzilli, Alan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlOU4fUaiV8C&pg=PP1">Capital Punishment – Point-counterpoint</a> (2nd ed.). Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9796-0"><bdi>978-0-7910-9796-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Punishment+%E2%80%93+Point-counterpoint&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9796-0&rft.aulast=Marzilli&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnlOU4fUaiV8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li>O'Brien, Doireann. "Investigating the Origin of Europe and America's Diverging Positions on the Issue of Capital Punishment." Social and Political Review (2018): 98+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0c4a46c027d8d6e4f77763/t/5ab178a1f950b71e2a211f6b/1521580198095/SPR+Volume+XXVIII.pdf#page=99">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151555/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0c4a46c027d8d6e4f77763/t/5ab178a1f950b71e2a211f6b/1521580198095/SPR+Volume+XXVIII.pdf#page=99">Archived</a> 21 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jed_S._Rakoff" title="Jed S. Rakoff">Rakoff, Jed S.</a>, "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican [U.S. Supreme Court] appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a>, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> to most meaningful forms of <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a>" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)</li> <li>Sarat, Austin and Juergen Martschukat, eds. Is the Death Penalty Dying?: European and American Perspectives (2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2004" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Alex (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3McAciWdWYC&pg=PA1">World issues – Capital Punishment</a>. Chrysalis Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59389-155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59389-155-8"><bdi>978-1-59389-155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+issues+%E2%80%93+Capital+Punishment&rft.pub=Chrysalis+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59389-155-8&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3McAciWdWYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"> for middle school students</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2007" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Rita (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativeanaly0000simo_k7i9">A comparative analysis of capital punishment : statutes, policies, frequencies, and public attitudes the world over</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2091-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-2091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comparative+analysis+of+capital+punishment+%3A+statutes%2C+policies%2C+frequencies%2C+and+public+attitudes+the+world+over&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2091-0&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativeanaly0000simo_k7i9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater_S.J.1925" class="citation book cs1">Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_manual_of_moral_theology_for_English-speaking_countries/Book_6#196">"Book 6: On Capital Punishment" </a>. A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+6%3A+On+Capital+Punishment&rft.btitle=A+manual+of+moral+theology+for+English-speaking+countries&rft.pub=Burns+Oates+%26+Washbourne+Ltd.&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Slater+S.J.&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Steiker, Carol S. "Capital punishment and American exceptionalism." Oregon Law Review. 81 (2002): 97+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalpunishmentincontext.org/files/resources/international/CP%20and%20Amer%20Exceptionalism.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Willis, John Wiley (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Capital_Punishment">"Capital Punishment" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capital+Punishment&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=John+Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usliberals.about.com/od/deathpenalty/i/DeathPenalty.htm">About.com's Pros & Cons of the Death Penalty and Capital Punishment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118091735/http://usliberals.about.com/od/deathpenalty/i/DeathPenalty.htm">Archived</a> 18 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/cap-puni/">Capital Punishment</a> article in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/links/dplinks.htm">1000+ Death Penalty links all in one place</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214000259/http://www.capitaldefenseweekly.com/">Updates on the death penalty generally and capital punishment law specifically</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108150222/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/executedoffenders.htm">Texas Department of Criminal Justice: list of executed offenders and their last statements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm">Death Penalty Worldwide:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215756/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/capital-punishment">Answers.com entry on capital punishment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/broadband/tx/executions/">"How to Kill a Human Being"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)">BBC Horizon</a> TV programme documentary, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614135521/http://www.megalaw.com/top/deathpenalty.php">U.S. and 50 State death penalty/capital punishment law and other relevant links</a> Megalaw</li> <li>Two audio documentaries covering execution in the United States: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102134352/http://www.soundportraits.org/on-air/witness_to_an_execution/">Witness to an Execution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070118082741/http://www.soundportraits.org/on-air/execution_tapes/">The Execution Tapes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporting">Supporting</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwYTDVRmGnc">Singapore's Mandatory Death Penalty on Drug Trafficking</a>- <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjlf.org/deathpenalty/dpdeterrencefull.htm">Studies showing the death penalty saves lives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504000359/http://www.cjlf.org/deathpenalty/deathpenalty.htm">Criminal Justice Legal Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090805/A_OPINION0619/908050306/-1/NEWSMAP">Keep life without parole and death penalty intact</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216081928/http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090805/A_OPINION0619/908050306/-1/NEWSMAP">Archived</a> 16 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorernews.com/articles/2009/08/26/opinion/doc4a9478dabc9be260176264.txt">Why the death penalty is needed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404011836/http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/">Pro Death Penalty.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleylowe.com/cp.html">Pro Death Penalty Resource Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geometry.net/basic_c/capital_punishment_pro_death_penalty.php">119 Pro DP Links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.now77.com/">The Death Penalty is Constitutional</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/03/AR2005060301450.html">The Paradoxes of a Death Penalty Stance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lane_(journalist)" title="Charles Lane (journalist)">Charles Lane</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/death.htm">Clark County, Indiana, Prosecutor's Page on capital punishment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407063507/http://www.capital-punishment.us/search/label/Pro">In Favor of Capital Punishment</a> – Famous Quotes supporting Capital Punishment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19160965">Studies spur new death penalty debate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing">Opposing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoalition.org/">World Coalition Against the Death Penalty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512201234/http://deathwatchinternational.org/">Death Watch International</a> International anti-death penalty campaign group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodeathpenalty.org/">Campaign to End the Death Penalty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antideathpenalty.org/">Anti-Death Penalty Information</a>: includes a monthly watchlist of upcoming executions and death penalty statistics for the United States.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/">The Death Penalty Information Center</a>: Statistical information and studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty">Amnesty International – Abolish the death penalty Campaign</a>: Human Rights organisation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/adp/index_en.htm">European Union</a>: Information on anti-death penalty policies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024192722/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/deathpenalty/index.asp">IPS Inter Press Service</a> International news on capital punishment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenalty.org/">Death Penalty Focus</a>: American group dedicated to abolishing the death penalty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reprieve.org/">Reprieve.org</a>: United States-based volunteer program for foreign lawyers, students, and others to work at death penalty defense offices</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/DeathPenalty/DeathPenaltyMain.cfm">American Civil Liberties Union</a>: Demanding a Moratorium on the Death Penalty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncadp.org/">National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nswccl.org.au/nswccl_policy_on_the_death_penalty">NSW Council for Civil Liberties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015212748/http://www.nswccl.org.au/nswccl_policy_on_the_death_penalty">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: an Australian organisation opposed to the Death Penalty in the Asian region</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100506030411/http://www.thesomnambulist.org/2008/01/winning-a-war-on-terror-eliminating-the-death-penalty/">Winning a war on terror: eliminating the death penalty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706190224/http://pennreview.com/2011/12/electric-chair-at-sing-sing/">Electric Chair at Sing Sing</a>, a 1900 photograph by William M. Vander Weyde, accompanied by a poem by <a href="/wiki/Jared_Carter_(poet)" title="Jared Carter (poet)">Jared Carter</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shreveporttimes.com/longform/opinion/readers/2015/03/20/lead-prosecutor-offers-apology-in-the-case-of-exonerated-death-row-inmate-glenn-ford/25049063/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin=">Lead prosecutor apologizes for role in sending man to death row</a> Shreveport Times, 2015</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Haughton1850" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Haughton_(reformer)" title="James Haughton (reformer)">James Haughton</a> (1850). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_death_punishments_(Haughton)" class="extiw" title="s:On death punishments (Haughton)">On death punishments: a paper read before the Dublin Statistical Society</a>". Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_and_Social_Inquiry_Society_of_Ireland" title="Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland">Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F7759">2262/7759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-4776">0081-4776</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28925851" class="extiw" title="d:Q28925851">Q28925851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Statistical+and+Social+Inquiry+Society+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=On+death+punishments%3A+a+paper+read+before+the+Dublin+Statistical+Society&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2262%2F7759&rft.issn=0081-4776&rft.au=James+Haughton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views_2">Religious views</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020122104520/http://www.deathpenaltyreligious.org/education/perspectives/dalailama.html">Message supporting the moratorium on the death penalty</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engaged-zen.org/articles/Damien_P_Horigan-Buddhism_Capital_Punishment.html">Buddhism & Capital Punishment</a> from The Engaged Zen Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105042354/http://www.ou.org/torah/savannah/5760/behaalotcha60.htm">Orthodox Union website: Rabbi Yosef Edelstein: Parshat Beha'alotcha: A Few Reflections on Capital Punishment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priestsforlife.org/deathpenalty">Lists several Catholic links</a> <a href="/wiki/Priests_for_Life" title="Priests for Life">Priests for Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010614045347/http://americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0195.asp">The Death Penalty: Why the Church Speaks a Countercultural Message</a> by Kenneth R. Overberg, S.J., from <a href="/wiki/AmericanCatholic.org" class="mw-redirect" title="AmericanCatholic.org">AmericanCatholic.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030812072150/http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/YU/ay0696.asp">Wrestling with the Death Penalty</a> by Andy Prince, from Youth Update on AmericanCatholic.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Capital_Punishment">"Capital Punishment" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capital+Punishment&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cacp.org/">Catholics Against Capital Punishment</a>: offers a Catholic perspective and provides resources and links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202000306/http://kashifshahzada.com/2010/11/20/why-the-death-penalty-is-un-islamic/">Kashif Shahzada 2010</a>: Why The Death Penalty Is un-Islamic?</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and post-classical methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Capital punishment in Europe">Capital punishment in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Andorra" title="Capital punishment in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Armenia" title="Capital punishment in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Austria" title="Capital punishment in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Capital punishment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belarus" title="Capital punishment in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belgium" title="Capital punishment in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Capital punishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bulgaria" title="Capital punishment in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Croatia" title="Capital punishment in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus" title="Capital punishment in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Capital punishment in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Denmark" title="Capital punishment in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Estonia" title="Capital punishment in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Finland" title="Capital punishment in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Capital punishment in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Germany" title="Capital punishment in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hungary" title="Capital punishment in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iceland" title="Capital punishment in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Italy" title="Capital punishment in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kazakhstan" title="Capital punishment in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Latvia" title="Capital punishment in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Liechtenstein" title="Capital punishment in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lithuania" title="Capital punishment in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Luxembourg" title="Capital punishment in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malta" title="Capital punishment in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Moldova" title="Capital punishment in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Monaco" title="Capital punishment in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Montenegro" title="Capital punishment in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Netherlands" title="Capital punishment in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Macedonia" title="Capital punishment in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Norway" title="Capital punishment in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Poland" title="Capital punishment in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Portugal" title="Capital punishment in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_San_Marino" title="Capital punishment in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Serbia" title="Capital punishment in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Slovakia" title="Capital punishment in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Slovenia" title="Capital punishment in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Spain" title="Capital punishment in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sweden" title="Capital punishment in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ukraine" title="Capital punishment in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vatican_City" title="Capital punishment in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Abkhazia" title="Capital punishment in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Gibraltar" title="Capital punishment in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guernsey" title="Capital punishment in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Capital punishment in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jersey" title="Capital punishment in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Asia">Capital punishment in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Capital punishment in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Armenia" title="Capital punishment in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Capital punishment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bangladesh" title="Capital punishment in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brunei" title="Capital punishment in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cambodia" title="Capital punishment in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus" title="Capital punishment in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_East_Timor" title="Capital punishment in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Capital punishment in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Indonesia" title="Capital punishment in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq" title="Capital punishment in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel" title="Capital punishment in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jordan" title="Capital punishment in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kazakhstan" title="Capital punishment in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Korea" title="Capital punishment in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea" title="Capital punishment in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kuwait" title="Capital punishment in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Capital punishment in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Laos" title="Capital punishment in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lebanon" title="Capital punishment in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malaysia" title="Capital punishment in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Maldives" title="Capital punishment in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mongolia" title="Capital punishment in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Myanmar" title="Capital punishment in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oman" title="Capital punishment in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines" title="Capital punishment in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Qatar" title="Capital punishment in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria" title="Capital punishment in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tajikistan" title="Capital punishment in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Thailand" title="Capital punishment in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkmenistan" title="Capital punishment in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Uzbekistan" title="Capital punishment in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vietnam" title="Capital punishment in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen" title="Capital punishment in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Abkhazia" title="Capital punishment in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan" title="Capital punishment in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Capital punishment in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Capital punishment in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Macau" title="Capital punishment in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_topic" title="Template talk:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" title="Capital punishment in the Middle East">Capital punishment in the Middle East </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus" title="Capital punishment in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq" title="Capital punishment in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel" title="Capital punishment in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jordan" title="Capital punishment in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kuwait" title="Capital punishment in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lebanon" title="Capital punishment in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oman" title="Capital punishment in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_West_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the West Bank (page does not exist)">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Qatar" title="Capital punishment in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria" title="Capital punishment in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen" title="Capital punishment in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Africa">Capital punishment in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Algeria" title="Capital punishment in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Angola" title="Capital punishment in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Benin" title="Capital punishment in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Botswana" title="Capital punishment in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Capital punishment in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Burundi" title="Capital punishment in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cameroon" title="Capital punishment in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cape_Verde" title="Capital punishment in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Capital punishment in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Chad" title="Capital punishment in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Comoros" title="Capital punishment in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Capital punishment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Capital punishment in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Djibouti" title="Capital punishment in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Capital punishment in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Eritrea" title="Capital punishment in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Eswatini" title="Capital punishment in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ethiopia" title="Capital punishment in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Gabon" title="Capital punishment in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Gambia" title="Capital punishment in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ghana" title="Capital punishment in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guinea" title="Capital punishment in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Capital punishment in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Capital punishment in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kenya" title="Capital punishment in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lesotho" title="Capital punishment in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Liberia" title="Capital punishment in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Libya" title="Capital punishment in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Madagascar" title="Capital punishment in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malawi" title="Capital punishment in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mali" title="Capital punishment in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mauritania" title="Capital punishment in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mauritius" title="Capital punishment in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mozambique" title="Capital punishment in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Namibia" title="Capital punishment in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Niger" title="Capital punishment in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Rwanda" title="Capital punishment in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Senegal" title="Capital punishment in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Seychelles" title="Capital punishment in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Capital punishment in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Somalia" title="Capital punishment in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Africa" title="Capital punishment in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Sudan" title="Capital punishment in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sudan" title="Capital punishment in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tanzania" title="Capital punishment in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Togo" title="Capital punishment in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tunisia" title="Capital punishment in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Uganda" title="Capital punishment in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Zambia" title="Capital punishment in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Zimbabwe" title="Capital punishment in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capital punishment in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bahamas" title="Capital punishment in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Costa_Rica" title="Capital punishment in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cuba" title="Capital punishment in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_El_Salvador" title="Capital punishment in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Grenada" title="Capital punishment in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guatemala" title="Capital punishment in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jamaica" title="Capital punishment in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mexico" title="Capital punishment in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Capital punishment in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Capital punishment in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Aruba" title="Capital punishment in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Capital punishment in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capital punishment in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Argentina" title="Capital punishment in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bolivia" title="Capital punishment in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brazil" title="Capital punishment in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Chile" title="Capital punishment in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Colombia" title="Capital punishment in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guyana" title="Capital punishment in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Paraguay" title="Capital punishment in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Peru" title="Capital punishment in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Suriname" title="Capital punishment in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Uruguay" title="Capital punishment in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Venezuela" title="Capital punishment in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capital punishment in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Australia" title="Capital punishment in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Fiji" title="Capital punishment in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nauru" title="Capital punishment in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_Zealand" title="Capital punishment in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Capital punishment in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Samoa" title="Capital punishment in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tonga" title="Capital punishment in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Capital punishment in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Niue" title="Capital punishment in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_American_Samoa" title="Capital punishment in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guam" title="Capital punishment in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hawaii" title="Capital punishment in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CapPun-US" title="Template:CapPun-US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CapPun-US" title="Template talk:CapPun-US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CapPun-US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CapPun-US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_federal_government" title="Capital punishment by the United States federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_military" title="Capital punishment by the United States military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Alabama" title="Capital punishment in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Alaska" title="Capital punishment in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Arizona" title="Capital punishment in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Arkansas" title="Capital punishment in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_California" title="Capital punishment in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Colorado" title="Capital punishment in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Connecticut" title="Capital punishment in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Delaware" title="Capital punishment in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Florida" title="Capital punishment in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hawaii" title="Capital punishment in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Idaho" title="Capital punishment in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Illinois" title="Capital punishment in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Indiana" title="Capital punishment in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iowa" title="Capital punishment in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kansas" title="Capital punishment in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kentucky" title="Capital punishment in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Louisiana" title="Capital punishment in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Maine" title="Capital punishment in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Maryland" title="Capital punishment in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Massachusetts" title="Capital punishment in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Michigan" title="Capital punishment in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Minnesota" title="Capital punishment in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mississippi" title="Capital punishment in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Missouri" title="Capital punishment in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Montana" title="Capital punishment in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nebraska" title="Capital punishment in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nevada" title="Capital punishment in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_Hampshire" title="Capital punishment in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_Jersey" title="Capital punishment in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_Mexico" title="Capital punishment in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Carolina" title="Capital punishment in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Dakota" title="Capital punishment in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ohio" title="Capital punishment in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oklahoma" title="Capital punishment in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oregon" title="Capital punishment in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pennsylvania" title="Capital punishment in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Rhode_Island" title="Capital punishment in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Carolina" title="Capital punishment in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Dakota" title="Capital punishment in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tennessee" title="Capital punishment in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Texas" title="Capital punishment in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Utah" title="Capital punishment in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vermont" title="Capital punishment in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Virginia" title="Capital punishment in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Washington_(state)" title="Capital punishment in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_West_Virginia" title="Capital punishment in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Wisconsin" title="Capital punishment in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Wyoming" title="Capital punishment in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_American_Samoa" title="Capital punishment in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guam" title="Capital punishment in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Capital punishment in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Capital punishment in the District of Columbia">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of people executed in the United States">Lists of people executed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_by_the_United_States_federal_government" title="List of people executed by the United States federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_by_the_United_States_military" title="List of people executed by the United States military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Alabama" title="List of people executed in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Arizona" title="List of people executed in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Arkansas" title="List of people executed in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_California" title="List of people executed in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Colorado#Notable_executions" title="Capital punishment in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Connecticut" title="List of people executed in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Delaware" title="List of people executed in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Florida" title="List of people executed in Florida">Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Florida_(pre-1972)" title="List of people executed in Florida (pre-1972)">pre-1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="List of people executed in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Idaho" title="List of people executed in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Illinois" title="List of people executed in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Indiana" title="List of people executed in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Iowa" title="List of people executed in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Kansas" title="List of people executed in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Kentucky" title="List of people executed in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Louisiana" title="List of people executed in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Maryland" title="List of people executed in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Massachusetts" title="List of people executed in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Michigan" title="List of people executed in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Mississippi" title="List of people executed in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Missouri" title="List of people executed in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Montana" title="List of people executed in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Nebraska" title="List of people executed in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Nevada" title="List of people executed in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_New_Hampshire" title="List of people executed in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_New_Jersey" title="List of people executed in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_New_Mexico" title="List of people executed in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_New_York" title="List of people executed in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_North_Carolina" title="List of people executed in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_North_Dakota" title="List of people executed in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Ohio" title="List of people executed in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Oklahoma" title="List of people executed in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Oklahoma_(pre-1972)" title="List of people executed in Oklahoma (pre-1972)">pre-1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oregon#Executions_since_1978" title="Capital punishment in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of people executed in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of people executed in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_South_Carolina" title="List of people executed in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_South_Dakota" title="List of people executed in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Tennessee" title="List of people executed in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_executed_in_Texas" title="Lists of people executed in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Texas,_2020%E2%80%93present" title="List of people executed in Texas, 2020–present">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Utah" title="List of people executed in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Vermont" title="List of people executed in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Virginia" title="List of people executed in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Washington" title="List of people executed in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_West_Virginia" title="List of people executed in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_Wyoming" title="List of people executed in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_by_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of people executed by the District of Columbia">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States#By_year" title="Lists of people executed in the United States">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2000" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2001" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2002" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2003" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2004" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2005" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2006" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2007" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2008" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2009" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2010" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2011" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2012" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2013" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2014" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2015" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2016" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2017" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2018" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2019" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2020" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2021" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2022" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2023" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2024" title="List of people executed in the United States in 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_scheduled_to_be_executed_in_the_United_States" title="List of people scheduled to be executed in the United States">Scheduled executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues and ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment debate in the United States">Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause#Dual_sovereignty_doctrine" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Dual sovereignty doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection#Complications_of_executions_and_cessation_of_supply_of_lethal_injection_drugs" title="Lethal injection">Execution drug shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exonerated_death_row_inmates#United_States" title="List of exonerated death row inmates">Exonerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_juveniles_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States">Juveniles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_of_medical_professionals_in_American_executions" title="Participation of medical professionals in American executions">Participation of medical professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Race and capital punishment in the United States">Race and capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_defendants_executed_for_killing_a_black_victim" title="List of white defendants executed for killing a black victim">White defendants executed for killing a black victim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution#United_States" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_row_inmates_in_the_United_States" title="List of death row inmates in the United States">Death row inmates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Penalty_Information_Center" title="Death Penalty Information Center">Death Penalty Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction#United_States" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_to_Abolish_the_Death_Penalty" title="National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty">National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_decisions_on_capital_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment">Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_executed_in_the_United_States_since_1976" title="List of women executed in the United States since 1976">Women executed since 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_on_death_row_in_the_United_States" title="List of women on death row in the United States">Women on death row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_laws_and_law_enforcement_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_country_lists" title="Template:Law country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_country_lists" title="Template talk:Law country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_laws_and_law_enforcement_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Candidacy for political office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Criminal responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_driving_ages" title="List of minimum driving ages">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_age_in_the_United_States" title="Marriage age in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-leaving_age" title="School-leaving age">School-leaving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Working</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs and alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_and_precursor_laws_by_country_or_territory" title="Drug and precursor laws by country or territory">Drug and precursor laws by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_salts_(drug)" title="Bath salts (drug)">Bath salts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone#Legal_status" title="Mephedrone">Legal status of Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone#Legal_status" title="Methylone">Legal status of Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone#Legality" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">Legal status of MPDV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiate use</a></li> <li>Psychedelics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita#Psychoactive_species" title="Amanita">Amanita mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country" title="Legal status of ayahuasca by country">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ibogaine_by_country" title="Legal status of ibogaine by country">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LSD#Legal_status" title="LSD">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Legality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Legality of euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of killings by law enforcement officers by country">Law enforcement killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legality of suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Legality of assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimated_number_of_civilian_guns_per_capita_by_country" title="Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country">Ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing">Policing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_number_of_police_officers" title="List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers">Size of police forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated child pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography#Legal_status" title="Internet pornography">Internet pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_by_region" title="Prostitution by region">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_law" title="Adoption law">Adoption law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cloning#Current_law" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_human_sterilization_by_country" title="Legal status of human sterilization by country">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy_laws_by_country" title="Surrogacy laws by country">Surrogacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Censorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Book censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_censorship" title="Cartographic censorship">Cartographic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Film censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Television censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television 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[\"CITEREFDando_Shigemitsu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Cesare2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDroege2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggalAli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardtDaviesPurdie-VaughnsJohnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElisabeth_Reichert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpps2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisco_J_Montero\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirelli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenbergWest2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Pitkin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Marie_Carbasse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonZimring2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashiwazaki2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKronenwetter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeigh_B._Bienen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandery2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMario_Marazziti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_JonesPeter_Johnstone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarzilli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCafferty2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeluskyPesto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_H._Tonry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeschkeFollon1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhlin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaternoster2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeffleyHurwitz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovoledoGoodstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReview\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomeroRomero\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRountree,_Meredith_Martin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussil_Durrant2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaadRamesh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchabas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheltonRenaldi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd,_Joanna2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipley1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShumway1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater_S.J.1925\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSridharan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStratford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_Graham2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Hubert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillamor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWafer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_J._Chambliss2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZias1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF張2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF蕭陳郭周2018\"] = 1,\n [\"International_organisations\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Africa topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"CapPun-US\"] = 1,\n [\"Capital punishment\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 149,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Criminal procedure (trial)\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Capital Punishment\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Europe topic\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"Externalvideo\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 21,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Homicide\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Law country lists\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 10,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Middle East topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"North America topic\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 5,\n [\"Nts\"] = 35,\n [\"Oceania topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Scalable image\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South America topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Specify\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 14,\n [\"Wikinews category\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 James Haughton\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","24.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","11.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","9.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","6.5"],["recursiveClone 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