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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fr"> <head> <title> Ouvrir la Science - Bibliothèque de la science ouverte </title> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"></meta> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/effects-of-open-access-literature-study-on-empirical-research-2010-2021" /> <meta property="og:type" content="post" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Effects of Open Access. 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Literature study on empirical research 2010–2021 </div> <div id="resourceHeader"> <svg class="multiply" id="homeSvg" viewbox="0 0 1440 600" width="1440" height="600"> <circle fill="#f8ef7a" cx="450" cy="300" r="300" /> <foreignObject x="310" y="92" width="270" height="400"> <div class="documentsingle background-vert" id="doc-23306" data-number="" data-nature="" data-axe="" data-theme="" data-year="2024" data-valid="" > <a href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/effects-of-open-access-literature-study-on-empirical-research-2010-2021/" class="documentItem"> <div class="docHeader"> </div> <div class="docCadre"> <div class="docLogo"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TIB_FMER.png" alt="" class="imgContain"> </div> <div class="docTitleLogo"> Effects of Open Access. Literature study on empirical research 2010–2021 </div> </div> <div class="docDate font13"> 2024 </div> </a> </div> </foreignObject> <foreignObject x="650" y="92" width="640" height="450"> <div id="resourceAbstract"> <!-- <div class="documentType"></div> --> <div class="documentAbstract">Le rapport donne un aperçu de l'état de la recherche - basé sur l'analyse de plusieurs dizaines d'études menées entre 2010 et 2021 - sur les différents effets du libre accès. Il identifie également les aspects de l'impact du libre accès qui sont potentiellement très pertinents mais qui n'ont pas encore été suffisamment étudiés.</div> </div> </foreignObject> <foreignObject x="360" y="510" width="640" height="450"> <div id="download" class="title-14-lower"> <a href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Effects_of_Open_Access.pdf" target="blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/telecharger.png" alt="" class="downloadImg"> Télécharger </a> </div> </foreignObject> </svg> </div> <div id="resourceSingle" class="background-blanc padding-left-right"> <div class="resourceText"> <div class="resourcelinks"> <div class="resourceSocial"> <div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style" data-a2a-url="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/effects-of-open-access-literature-study-on-empirical-research-2010-2021" data-a2a-title="Effects of Open Access. Literature study on empirical research 2010–2021"> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/facebook.svg" alt="facebook" class="facebook"> </a> <a class="a2a_button_mastodon"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/mastodon.png" alt="mastodon" class="mastodon"> </a> <a class="a2a_button_twitter"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/twx-violet.png" alt="twittet" class="twitter"> </a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/linkedin.svg" alt="linkedin" class="linkedin"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <h1 id="menuTop">Effects of Open Access. Literature study on empirical research 2010–2021</h1> <div class="resourceContent"> <p><strong>David Hopf (Leibniz-Universität Hannover Philosophische Fakultät Hanovre)</strong><br /> <strong>Sarah Dellmann (Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) Hanovre)</strong><br /> <strong>Christian Hauschke (Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) Hanovre)</strong><br /> <strong>Marco Tullney (Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) Hanovre)</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Mai 2024</strong></em></p> <h3>Executive Summary</h3> <p><span class="fontstyle0">Open access—the free availability of scholarly publications—intuitively offers many benefits. At the same time, some academics, university administrators, publishers, and political decision-makers express reservations. Many empirical studies on the effects of open access have been published in the last decade. This report provides an overview of the state of research from 2010 to 2021. The empirical results on the effects of open access help to determine the advantages and disadvantages of open access and serve as a knowledge base for academics, publishers, research funding and research performing institutions, and policy makers. This overview of current findings can inform decisions about open access and publishing strategies. In addition, this report identifies aspects of the impact of open access that are potentially highly relevant but have not yet been sufficiently studied.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">What has been researched?</span></strong></p> <p><span class="fontstyle2">In a comprehensive literature search, we identified 318 academic studies that empirically analyse various effects of open access. From this corpus, 61 particularly relevant studies were selected for a systematic comparison and were then analysed in detail. The main topics of the studies were categorised into seven impact areas.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">What is the state of research on the effects of open access?</span></strong></p> <p><span class="fontstyle2">In the following section, we present the results of our analysis of the empirical literature on the effects of open access in the seven impact areas. It should be noted that the 2 potential for generalizing statements on some of the effects is limited by the fact that the international publishing system may be influenced by a variety of conditions. In addition, randomised studies, which could systematically control possible confounding factors, are not only rare in this area of investigation, but also very difficult to conduct.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">1. </span><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Attention from the academic world</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The majority of studies confirm a citation advantage for open access publications. However, there is also a non-negligible number of studies that report no citation advantage. The generalisability of the statements in this impact area is therefore limited: The existence of an open access citation advantage cannot be regarded as completely empirically confirmed. However, this does not mean that the open access citation advantage has been proven to be non-existent; a citation advantage for open access publications can still be reasonably assumed.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">2. </span><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Quality of scholarly publications</span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In the studies analysed, no differences in quality between open access publications and closed access publications were found.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">3. </span><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Knowledge transfer</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The studies analysed show a significantly higher number of references from the non-academic sector (patents, news, court documents) to open access publications. This means that open access improves the knowledge transfer to society.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">4. </span><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Productivity of the publication system</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The analysed studies come to different conclusions. Neither an increase nor a decrease in the volume of publications due to open access can be universally claimed. Studies on the duration of the publishing process show that open access shortens the time between submission and acceptance or publication of articles.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">5. </span><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Use of publications</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The analysed studies report significantly higher download numbers and page views for open access publications. This implies that open access publications are used more often than nonopen access works.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle0">6. <strong>Inequality in the science system</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Several studies report that open access </span><span class="fontstyle2">business models with </span><span class="fontstyle3">Article Processing Charges </span><span class="fontstyle2">(APCs) lead to lower </span><span class="fontstyle2">participation of certain groups of authors: authors at financially disadvantaged institutions, authors in the Global South, and authors outside of the </span><span class="fontstyle2">higher education sector are particularly disadvantaged. At the same time, </span><span class="fontstyle2">other studies show that open access publications are used by a more </span><span class="fontstyle2">diverse audience than closed access publications. The diversity of both </span><span class="fontstyle2">authors and users is considered as an indicator of the representation of </span><span class="fontstyle2">different groups of people and therefore as an indicator of inequality in </span><span class="fontstyle2">the science system.</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">7. </span><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Economic impact on the publishing system</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A number of studies contain</span><span class="fontstyle2">model-based results on the costs of various open access scenarios. However, the potential for generalisation of these results is low, as the studies </span><span class="fontstyle2">analysed here are highly context-dependent. </span><span class="fontstyle2">Other studies show that there is no 3 correlation between the (parallel) publication of books in open access and the sales figures of a print edition.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Which questions have not yet been researched?</span></strong></p> <p><span class="fontstyle2">Surveys show that the effects of open access on academic careers are considered important. However, there are no studies that provide sufficient empirical confirmation for this connection. The impact of open access on specific groups of participants (e.g. researchers outside well-funded academic institutions or people of different genders) is also under-researched. Finally, correlations between the individual effects of open access have not yet been sufficiently analysed empirically.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Recommendations</span></strong></p> <p><span class="fontstyle2">Based on these results, it is recommended: </span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle0">R1 </span><span class="fontstyle2">to further expand open access activities,</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle0">R2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">to close the research gaps mentioned (effects not yet investigated),</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle0">R3 </span><span class="fontstyle2">to carry out additional studies that provide further evidence concerning certain effects</span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle0">R4 </span><span class="fontstyle2">to take action to counter the negative, inequality-increasing effects of APCs.</span></p> <p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Overall conclusion</span></strong></p> <p><span class="fontstyle2">Overall, various advantages of open access can be considered as empirically confirmed by the current state of research. These advantages include improved knowledge transfer, increased speed in the publishing process and increased use by a professionally and geographically diverse readership. At the same time, some presumed negative effects of open access—such as lower quality of publications and disadvantages in the sale of print editions—can be regarded as empirically refuted. The empirical results on the effects of open access therefore support the aim of a far-reaching transition to open access, to which German academic organisations, among others, have committed themselves.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/CC-BY.png" width="160" height="56" /></p> </div> </div> <div class="resourcePlan"> <div class="sommaire"> <h2>Contents</h2> <strong>1 Executive Summary</strong> <strong>2 Introduction</strong> <strong>3 Method</strong> <strong>4 Results & Discussion of the impact areas</strong> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.1 Attention from the academic world</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.2 Quality of scholarly publications</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.3 Knowledge transfer</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.4 Productivity of the publishing system</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.5 Use of publications</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.6 Inequality in the science system</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.7 Economic impact on the publishing system</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">4.8 Summary of the Results</p> <strong>5 Research Gaps </strong> <strong>6 Conclusion</strong> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">6.1 Connections between impact areas</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">6.2 Recommendations</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">6.3 Limitations</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">6.4 Concluding remarks</p> <strong><span class="fontstyle0">Annex </span></strong> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="fontstyle2">A </span><span class="fontstyle2">Details on the literature research </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- --> </main> <footer class="background-vert-fonce" role="contentinfo"> <div id="footerHead" class="padding-left-right background-vert flexRow"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/logo-noir-2022.svg" alt="ouvrir la science" class="logoOLS" /> <div id="footerText" class=""> <p style="text-align: left;">Le mouvement de la Science ouverte vise à construire un écosystème dans lequel la science sera plus cumulative, plus fortement étayée par des données, plus transparente, plus rapide et d’accès universel.</p> </div> </div> <div id="footerMenu" class="padding-left-right"> <a href="http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/mesr.svg" alt="MESR" class="background-blanc logoESR"> </a> <div class="footerMenuText flexRow"> <div class="column"> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/category/groupes/">Projets</a> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/category/actualites/blog/">Blog</a> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/category/actualites/agenda/">Agenda</a> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/category/ressources/">Ressources</a> </div> <div class="column"> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/a-propos/">À propos</a> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/credits-et-mentions/">Crédits et mentions</a> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/donnees-personnelles/">Données personnelles</a> <a class="nav-main-link" href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/plan-du-site/">Plan du site</a> </div> <div class="column"> <div id="contactLinks"> <a href="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/contact-fr" class="seeCategoryFooter"> Contact </a> </div> <div id="followUs">Nous suivre : </div> <div id="followSocial" class="flexRow flexCenter"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ouvrir-la-science" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/linkedin.svg" alt="logo linkedin"> </a> <a href="https://www.canal-u.tv/chaines/ouvrirlascience" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/canal-u.png" alt="logo canal u"> </a> <a href="https://social.numerique.gouv.fr/@ouvrirlascience" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/mastodon.png" alt="logo mastodon"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ouvrirlascience" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/twx-violet.png" alt="logo X"> </a> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/ouvrirlascience.bsky.social" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/themes/coso2021/images/bluesky.png" alt="logo X"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- Matomo --> <script type='text/javascript'> var _paq = _paq || []; 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