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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-构成要素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#构成要素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>构成要素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-构成要素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關學科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關學科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關學科</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關學科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">地图</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。131种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peuta" title="Peuta – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peuta" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaart" title="Kaart – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaart" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_(land)" title="Carte (land) – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Carte (land)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="خريطة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خريطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%87" title="خريطه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خريطه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="মানচিত্ৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানচিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="नक्शा – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नक्शा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99rit%C9%99" title="Xəritə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəritə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Географик карта – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Географик карта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemielapis" title="Žemielapis – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemielapis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геаграфічная карта – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфічная карта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Мапа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мапа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карта – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="नक्शा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नक्शा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar" title="Kar – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মানচিত্র – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-d%C3%B9" title="Dê-dù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-dù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%9F%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏅᏃᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏛᎢ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏃᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏛᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%95" title="نەخشە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%C4%83" title="Географилле карттă – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Географилле карттă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map" title="Map – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Map" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kort_(geografi)" title="Kort (geografi) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kort (geografi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karte_(Kartografie)" title="Karte (Kartografie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karte (Kartografie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Χάρτης – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάρτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map" title="Map – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Map" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapo" title="Mapo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaart" title="Kaart – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87" title="نقشه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartta" title="Kartta – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mape" title="Mape – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mape" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kort" title="Kort – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kort" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_g%C3%A9ographique" title="Carte géographique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte géographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaart_(kartografy)" title="Kaart (kartografy) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaart (kartografy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9arsc%C3%A1il" title="Léarscáil – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Léarscáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="地圖 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地圖" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8B" title="નકશો – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નકશો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%94" title="מפה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानचित्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljovid" title="Zemljovid – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljovid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p" title="Térkép – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Térkép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Քարտեզ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարտեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa" title="Mappa – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mappa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta" title="Peta – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunauraq" title="Nunauraq – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunauraq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapo" title="Mapo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mapo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landakort" title="Landakort – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landakort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa" title="Mappa – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mappa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3" title="地図 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地図" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petha" title="Petha – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Petha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გეოგრაფიული რუკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოგრაფიული რუკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartalar" title="Kartalar – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kartalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagertilt" title="Tagertilt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagertilt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%CC%B1si%CC%B1la" title="Ta̱si̱la – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ta̱si̱la" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карта – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕ ನಕ್ಷೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕ ನಕ್ಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84" title="지도 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%95" title="نقشہٕ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نقشہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Географиялык карталар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Географиялык карталар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_geographica" title="Tabula geographica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tabula geographica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkaart" title="Landkaart – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Landkaart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97lapis" title="Žemėlapis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemėlapis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karte" title="Karte – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Географска карта – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географска карта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂപടം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂപടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Газрын зураг – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын зураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯃꯦꯞ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="नकाशा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नकाशा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta" title="Peta – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="မြေပုံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေပုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaorte_(cartografie)" title="Kaorte (cartografie) – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kaorte (cartografie)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नक्सा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नक्सा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaart_(cartografie)" title="Kaart (cartografie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaart (cartografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart" title="Kart – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart" title="Kart – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartaa" title="Kaartaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaartaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਕਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਕਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81" title="نقشہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نقشہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saywiti" title="Saywiti – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saywiti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%C4%83" title="Hartă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hartă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%C3%A2" title="Hartâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hartâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Географическая карта – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Географическая карта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хаарта – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаарта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map" title="Map – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Map" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%88" title="نقشو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نقشو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rta" title="Kárta – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kárta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="සිතියම් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිතියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map" title="Map – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Map" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljevid" title="Zemljevid – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemljevid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harta" title="Harta – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Harta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Географска карта – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Географска карта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Atlas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani" title="Ramani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ramani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலப்படம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="భౌగోళిక పటం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భౌగోళిక పటం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Харита – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Харита" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="แผนที่ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harita" title="Harita – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harita" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Харита – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Харита" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Географічна карта – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географічна карта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81" title="نقشہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarita" title="Xarita – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xarita" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93" title="Bản đồ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản đồ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mape_(djeyografeye)" title="Mape (djeyografeye) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mape (djeyografeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonkoyoon" title="Lonkoyoon – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Lonkoyoon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="地图 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imephu" title="Imephu – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imephu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გეოგრაფიული რუკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გეოგრაფიული რუკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="מאפע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="地圖 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="地圖" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-t%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Tē-tô͘ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-tô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="地圖 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4006#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Map" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4006" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于一部衛斯理系列小說，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="地圖 (小說)">地圖 (小說)</a></b>」。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg/400px-Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg/600px-Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg/800px-Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hobo–Dyer投影" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hobo–Dyer projection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hobo–Dyer投影（页面不存在）">Hobo–Dyer</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection" class="extiw" title="en:Hobo–Dyer projection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hobo–Dyer projection</span></a></span>）</span></span>等面积投影世界地图，基于了NASA2005年<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%88%E7%8F%A0" title="藍色彈珠">藍色彈珠</a>照片</figcaption></figure> <p><b>地图</b>，是根据一定的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>法则，即某种<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="地图投影">地图投影</a>，将<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>或其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="星球">星球</a>的自然现象和社会现象通过概括和符号缩绘在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="平面 (数学)">平面</a>上的图形。按照統一的設計和要求編制的多幅地圖的彙集被稱作“地圖集”或者“地圖冊”。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg/200px-Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg/300px-Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg/400px-Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>15世纪时从13世纪原稿复制的世界地图，是首次描绘出北美洲海岸的地图</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="早期世界地图">早期世界地图</a></div> <p>自从<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="石器时代">石器时代</a>，人类开始制作地图。其中最早的地图公元前6200年于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>地区出现<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。古<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>人使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%86%E8%91%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="蘆葦">蘆葦</a>繪製地圖，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%86%E8%91%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="蘆葦">蘆葦</a>不易保存，故存世的古<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>地圖很少。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>的地圖最早見於2400年前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="战国">战国</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-hsu_90_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsu_90-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1895年在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迈科普古墓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maikop kurgan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈科普古墓（页面不存在）">迈科普古墓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikop_kurgan" class="extiw" title="en:Maikop kurgan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maikop kurgan</span></a></span>）</span></span>出土的银壶上的线刻地图，于公元前3000年制作。两条<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>相汇成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="湖">湖</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="山地">山地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="树木">树木</a>、鸟兽皆为侧面图。颇为写实的把<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索</a>山脉的轮廓描绘出来。 </p><p>根据实物考古发现中国的最早的地图，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖南省">湖南</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82" title="长沙市">长沙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%A0%86%E6%B1%89%E5%A2%93" title="马王堆汉墓">马王堆三号汉墓</a>中，三幅绘在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="帛">帛</a>上的地图，绘制年代约在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉</a>时期公元前168年。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>的出土最早的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="紙">紙</a>上繪製的就是一幅戰場地圖。<sup id="cite_ref-hsu_90_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsu_90-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>古<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>在地圖方面作出了許多貢獻。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="埃拉托斯特尼">埃拉托斯特尼</a>首先推算出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>的大小以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%AB%E5%9C%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經綫圈（页面不存在）">子午圈</a>的長度，繪製出默認<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="球體">球體</a>的地圖。<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%B8%95%E6%81%B0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="喜帕恰斯">喜帕恰斯</a>創立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="地图投影">投影法</a>，提出將地球圓周劃分360°。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>於公元2世紀編纂的《地理學指南》詳細叙述了地圖繪製的方法，創立了更多新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="地图投影">投影法</a>。該書附地圖27張（1張世界地圖，26張分區地圖），認為是世界最早的地圖集之雛形。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中國<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a>時期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地圖學</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E7%A7%80" title="裴秀">裴秀</a>發明了“<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E5%9C%96%E5%85%AD%E9%AB%94" title="製圖六體">製圖六體</a>”，開創了東方精確製圖的先河。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg/200px-Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg/300px-Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg/400px-Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>"T-O"地图</figcaption></figure> <p>在现今世代，人類倾向觉得地图是理性及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>的产物，其实地图本身也有神秘的一面。古代地图，尤其是在未知的领域中，常常跟非科学的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙觀">宇宙观</a>结合来表达<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>的关系。例如：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>的「<a href="/wiki/TO%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="TO地圖">TO地图</a>」把<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>描绘成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="世界">世界</a>的中心，把<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>当作<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3" title="耶稣">耶稣</a>的躯体。此時的地圖沒有經緯網和比例尺，科學實用價值喪失。相反地，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>人的航海地图却是非常准确。1568年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>製圖學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="墨卡托">墨卡托</a>創立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%BB%B8%E7%AD%89%E8%A7%92%E5%9C%93%E6%9F%B1%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="正軸等角圓柱投影">正軸等角圓柱投影</a>。這個投影將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E8%A7%92%E8%88%AA%E7%B6%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等角航綫（页面不存在）">等角航綫</a>繪製為直綫，因此至今還在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="海圖">海圖</a>製圖時使用。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_1689.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/200px-World_Map_1689.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/300px-World_Map_1689.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/World_Map_1689.JPG/400px-World_Map_1689.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption>1689年在荷蘭<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a>繪製的一幅世界地圖</figcaption></figure> <p>隨著<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="地理大發現">地理大發現</a>的開始，各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="行業">行業</a>都對精確的地圖産生需求，當時是使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="三角測量">三角測量</a>繪製精准地圖很風行。到了18世紀，很多國家開始繪製詳細的軍用地圖。19世紀末，各國出于經濟利益的需要，開始編繪國際統一規格的詳細地圖。此時，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>發展起來，出現了描述<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="水文">水文</a>等自然專題的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="專題地圖">專題地圖</a>。20世紀時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="飛機">飛機</a>發明後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="航空">航空</a>測繪地圖興起。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="构成要素"><span id=".E6.9E.84.E6.88.90.E8.A6.81.E7.B4.A0"></span>构成要素</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：构成要素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>地圖大多以可視的圖形形式出現。地圖的載體多樣，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="紙">紙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="螢幕">螢幕</a>最常見。而所有地圖及其介質的共同構成要素是<b>圖形要素</b>、<b>數學要素</b>、<b>輔助要素</b>以及<b>補充說明</b>。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>圖形要素</b> 圖形是地圖的主體。把<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>等需要表示的現象通過地圖符號的表示，從而形成圖形要素。</li> <li><b>數學要素</b> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>是保證地圖可量和可比的基礎。數學要素裏包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="地圖投影">地圖投影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A7%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="座標">地圖坐標系統</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%BA" title="比例尺">比例尺</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="控制點 (數學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Control point (mathematics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%BB%9E_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="控制點 (數學)（页面不存在）">控制點</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_point_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="en:Control point (mathematics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Control point (mathematics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>。</li> <li><b>輔助要素</b> 輔助要素包括地圖名稱、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E4%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="圖例">圖例</a>、方向標、地圖編號、作者、繪製時間、地圖參數等。這是保證地圖完整的重要部分。</li> <li><b>補充說明</b> 使用統計圖表、剖面圖、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="照片">照片</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>等形式補充地圖內容的說明。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_map_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/200px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/300px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/400px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="梵蒂岡">梵蒂岡</a>城的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E8%A1%97%E5%9C%96" title="開放街圖">開放街圖</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_gravity_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ocean_gravity_map.gif/200px-Ocean_gravity_map.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ocean_gravity_map.gif/300px-Ocean_gravity_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ocean_gravity_map.gif/400px-Ocean_gravity_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>海底專題地圖(1995, <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>隨著地圖的不斷發展，其數量和品種日益增多，為更加有效的管理與使用，地圖分類的重要性就凸顯出來。地圖的分類方法有很多。包括按分類標志劃分、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="普通地圖">普通地圖</a>分類、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="專題地圖">專題地圖</a>分類、系列地圖分類和地圖集分類。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>按分類標志劃分</li></ul> <ol><li>按<b>內容</b>劃分為<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="普通地圖">普通地圖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="專題地圖">專題地圖</a></li> <li>按<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%BA" title="比例尺">比例尺</a></b>劃分為大比例尺地圖、中比例尺地圖和小比例尺地圖。其中，大、中、小是相對而言的。</li> <li>按<b>製圖區域</b>劃分為自然區劃、政治行政區劃和經濟區劃。</li> <li>按<b>用途</b>劃分為通用地圖和專用地圖。</li> <li>按<b>使用方式</b></li> <li>按<b>其他方式</b></li></ol> <ul><li>普通地圖分類：以相对平衡的详细程度综合地反映制图区域内各种自然和社会经济现象一般特征的地图。包括地形、水系、居民地、交通线、境界、土质与植被等内容，如街道图，城市交通图，城市旅游图，行政区划图，国道交通图，地形图等</li> <li>專題地圖分類</li> <li>地圖集分類</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關學科"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E5.AD.B8.E7.A7.91"></span>相關學科</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：相關學科"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_green.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/World_map_green.png/32px-World_map_green.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/World_map_green.png/48px-World_map_green.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/World_map_green.png/64px-World_map_green.png 2x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="Portal:地圖">地图主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地圖學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nvbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nvbn（页面不存在）">測量學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E7%B9%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="測繪學">測繪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="色彩学">色彩學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="美學">美學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A5%E6%84%9F%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="遥感技术">遙感技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="计算机技术">計算機技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="地理信息学">地理信息學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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<ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles Harvey，<i>The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime</i>。纽约：Random House，2000 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0767908260" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7679-0826-0</a>，cited above；also <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0375501517" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-375-50151-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsu_90-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsu_90_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsu_90_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," Imago Mundi (Volume 45, 1993): 90–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">祝国瑞等，《地图设计与编绘》。武汉：武汉大学出版社，2001年：14。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7307032856" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-307-03285-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">蔡孟裔等，《新編地圖學教程》。北京：高等教育出版社，2000年：6-7。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7040072637" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-04-007263-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">祝国瑞等，《地图设计与编绘》。武汉：武汉大学出版社，2001年：3-4。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7307032856" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-307-03285-6</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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