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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Generations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endian_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endian_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Endian modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endian_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operating systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operating_systems_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operating systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Native</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Embedded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Licensees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Licensees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licensees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licensees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-32-bit_PowerPC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#32-bit_PowerPC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>32-bit PowerPC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-32-bit_PowerPC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-64-bit_PowerPC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#64-bit_PowerPC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>64-bit PowerPC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-64-bit_PowerPC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_consoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_consoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Game consoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_consoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desktop_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desktop_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Desktop computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desktop_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Embedded applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="باور بي سي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باور بي سي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پاورپی‌سی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاورپی‌سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%8CPC" title="파워PC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파워PC" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="പവർ പിസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പവർ പിസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="เพาเวอร์พีซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพาเวอร์พีซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="PowerPC" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">RISC instruction set architecture by AIM alliance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">PowerPC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerPC_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PowerPC_logo.svg/220px-PowerPC_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PowerPC_logo.svg/330px-PowerPC_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PowerPC_logo.svg/440px-PowerPC_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bits</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a>/<a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> (32 → 64)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1992<span class="noprint">; 32 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1992-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Version</th><td class="infobox-data">2.02<sup id="cite_ref-powerpc_archguide_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powerpc_archguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Design</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fixed/Variable (Book E)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Branch_(computer_science)" title="Branch (computer science)">Branching</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Condition code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bi-endian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-endian">Big/Bi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AltiVec" title="AltiVec">AltiVec</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_AS" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC AS">PowerPC AS</a>, APU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Registers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_register" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose register">General-purpose</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">Vector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32 (with <a href="/wiki/AltiVec" title="AltiVec">AltiVec</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg/220px-IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg/330px-IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg/440px-IBM_PowerPC601_PPC601FD-080-2_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>IBM PowerPC 601 microprocessor</figcaption></figure> <p><b>PowerPC</b> (with the <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> <b>Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing</b>, sometimes abbreviated as <b>PPC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC) <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA) created by the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>–<a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>–<a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> alliance, known as <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM</a>. PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has been named <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a> since 2006, while the old name lives on as a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> for some implementations of <a href="/wiki/Power_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Architecture">Power Architecture</a>–based processors. </p><p>Originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, the architecture is well known for being used by Apple's desktop and laptop lines from 1994 until 2006, and in several <a href="/wiki/Videogame_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Videogame console">videogame consoles</a> including Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, and Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>. PowerPC was also used for the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rovers on Mars and a variety of satellites. It has since become a niche architecture for personal computers, particularly with <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> implementations, but remains popular for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. </p><p>PowerPC was the cornerstone of AIM's <a href="/wiki/PReP" class="mw-redirect" title="PReP">PReP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Hardware_Reference_Platform" title="Common Hardware Reference Platform">Common Hardware Reference Platform</a> (CHRP) initiatives in the 1990s. It is largely based on the earlier <a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">IBM POWER architecture</a>, and retains a high level of compatibility with it; the architectures have remained close enough that the same programs and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> will run on both if some care is taken in preparation; newer chips in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power series</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of RISC began with IBM's <a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">801</a> research project, on which <a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a> was the lead developer, where he developed the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">RISC</a> in 1975–78. 801-based microprocessors were used in a number of IBM embedded products, eventually becoming the 16-register <a href="/wiki/IBM_ROMP" title="IBM ROMP">IBM ROMP</a> processor used in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">IBM RT PC</a>. The RT PC was a rapid design implementing the RISC architecture. Between the years of 1982 and 1984, IBM started a project to build the fastest microprocessor on the market; this new <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> architecture became referred to as the <i>America Project</i> throughout its development cycle, which lasted for approximately 5–6 years. The result is the <a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_Instruction_Set_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture">POWER instruction set architecture</a>, introduced with the <a href="/wiki/RS/6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RS/6000">RISC System/6000</a> in early 1990. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/POWER1" title="POWER1">original POWER microprocessor</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Superscalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscalar">superscalar</a> RISC implementations, is a high performance, multi-chip design. IBM soon realized that a single-chip microprocessor was needed in order to scale its RS/6000 line from lower-end to high-end machines. Work began on a one-chip POWER microprocessor, designated the RSC (<a href="/wiki/RISC_Single_Chip" title="RISC Single Chip">RISC Single Chip</a>). In early 1991, IBM realized its design could potentially become a high-volume microprocessor used across the industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple_and_Motorola_involvement">Apple and Motorola involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apple and Motorola involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apple had already realized the limitations and risks of its dependency upon a single CPU vendor at a time when Motorola was falling behind on delivering the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a> CPU. Furthermore, Apple had conducted its own research and made an experimental quad-core CPU design called Aquarius,<sup id="cite_ref-Apple:_The_Inside_Story_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple:_The_Inside_Story-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86–90">: 86–90 </span></sup> which convinced the company's technology leadership that the future of computing was in the RISC methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple:_The_Inside_Story_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple:_The_Inside_Story-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287–288">: 287–288 </span></sup> IBM approached Apple with the goal of collaborating on the development of a family of single-chip microprocessors based on the POWER architecture. Soon after, Apple, being one of Motorola's largest customers of desktop-class microprocessors,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asked Motorola to join the discussions due to their long relationship, Motorola having had more extensive experience with manufacturing high-volume microprocessors than IBM, and to form a second source for the microprocessors. This three-way collaboration between Apple, IBM, and Motorola became known as the <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>. </p><p>In 1991, the PowerPC was just one facet of a larger alliance among these three companies. At the time, most of the personal computer industry was shipping systems based on the Intel 80386 and 80486 chips, which have a <a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">complex instruction set computer</a> (CISC) architecture, and development of the <a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">Pentium</a> processor was well underway. The PowerPC chip was one of several joint ventures involving the three alliance members, in their efforts to counter the growing Microsoft-Intel dominance of personal computing. </p><p>For Motorola, POWER looked like an unbelievable deal. It allowed the company to sell a widely tested and powerful RISC CPU for little design cash on its own part. It also maintained ties with an important customer, Apple, and seemed to offer the possibility of adding IBM too, which might buy smaller versions from Motorola instead of making its own. </p><p>At this point Motorola already had its own RISC design in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_88000" title="Motorola 88000">88000</a>, which was doing poorly in the market. Motorola was doing well with its <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a> family and the majority of the funding was focused on this. The 88000 effort was somewhat starved for resources. </p><p>The 88000 was already in production, however; <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> was shipping 88000 machines and Apple already had 88000 prototype machines running. The 88000 had also achieved a number of embedded design wins in telecom applications. If the new POWER one-chip version could be made bus-compatible at a hardware level with the 88000, that would allow both Apple and Motorola to bring machines to market far faster since they would not have to redesign their board architecture. </p><p>The result of these various requirements is the PowerPC (<i>performance computing</i>) specification. The differences between the earlier POWER instruction set and that of PowerPC is outlined in Appendix E of the manual for PowerPC ISA v.2.02.<sup id="cite_ref-powerpc_archguide_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powerpc_archguide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1991, IBM had a long-standing desire for a unifying operating system that would simultaneously host all existing operating systems as personalities upon one microkernel. From 1991 to 1995, the company designed and aggressively evangelized what would become <a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a>, primarily targeting PowerPC.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple:_The_Inside_Story_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple:_The_Inside_Story-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 290–291">: 290–291 </span></sup> </p><p>When the first PowerPC products reached the market, they were met with enthusiasm. In addition to Apple, both IBM and the Motorola Computer Group offered systems built around the processors. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> released <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a> for the architecture, which was used in Motorola's PowerPC servers, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> offered a version of its <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> OS. IBM ported its <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. Workplace OS featured a new port of <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> (with Intel emulation for application compatibility), pending a successful launch of the PowerPC 620. Throughout the mid-1990s, PowerPC processors achieved <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmark</a> test scores that matched or exceeded those of the fastest x86 CPUs. </p><p>Ultimately, demand for the new architecture on the desktop never truly materialized. Windows, OS/2, and Sun customers, faced with the lack of application software for the PowerPC, almost universally ignored the chip. IBM's Workplace OS platform (and thus, OS/2 for PowerPC) was summarily canceled upon its first developers' release in December 1995 due to the simultaneous buggy launch of the PowerPC 620. The PowerPC versions of Solaris and Windows were discontinued after only a brief period on the market. Only on the Macintosh, due to Apple's persistence, did the PowerPC gain traction. To Apple, the performance of the PowerPC was a bright spot in the face of increased competition from Windows 95 and Windows NT-based PCs. </p><p>With the cancellation of Workplace OS, the general PowerPC platform (especially AIM's <a href="/wiki/Common_Hardware_Reference_Platform" title="Common Hardware Reference Platform">Common Hardware Reference Platform</a>) was instead seen as a hardware-only compromise to run many operating systems one at a time upon a single unifying vendor-neutral hardware platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple:_The_Inside_Story_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple:_The_Inside_Story-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287–288">: 287–288 </span></sup> </p><p>In parallel with the alliance between IBM and Motorola, both companies had development efforts underway internally. The <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a> line was the result of this work inside Motorola. The 4xx series of embedded processors was underway inside IBM. The IBM embedded processor business grew to nearly US$100 million in revenue and attracted hundreds of customers. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The development of the PowerPC is centered at an Austin, Texas, facility called the Somerset Design Center. The building is named after the site in Arthurian legend where warring forces put aside their swords, and members of the three teams that staff the building say the spirit that inspired the name has been a key factor in the project's success thus far.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>MacWeek</i><sup id="cite_ref-MacWeek_Vol7_Num12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacWeek_Vol7_Num12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Part of the culture here is not to have an IBM or Motorola or Apple culture, but to have our own.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Motorola's Russell Stanphill, codirector of Somerset<sup id="cite_ref-MacWeek_Vol7_Num12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacWeek_Vol7_Num12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakup_of_AIM">Breakup of AIM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Breakup of AIM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerISA-evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PowerISA-evolution.svg/220px-PowerISA-evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PowerISA-evolution.svg/330px-PowerISA-evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PowerISA-evolution.svg/440px-PowerISA-evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>A schematic showing the evolution of the different <a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_Instruction_Set_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture">POWER</a>, PowerPC and <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">ISAs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toward the close of the decade, manufacturing issues began plaguing the AIM alliance in much the same way they did Motorola, which consistently pushed back deployments of new processors for Apple and other vendors: first from Motorola in the 1990s with the PowerPC 7xx and 74xx processors, and IBM with the 64-bit PowerPC 970 processor in 2003. In 2004, Motorola exited the chip manufacturing business by spinning off its semiconductor business as an independent company called <a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</a>. Around the same time, IBM exited the 32-bit embedded processor market by selling its line of PowerPC products to <a href="/wiki/Applied_Micro_Circuits_Corporation" title="Applied Micro Circuits Corporation">Applied Micro Circuits Corporation</a> (AMCC) and focusing on 64-bit chip designs, while maintaining its commitment of PowerPC CPUs toward game console makers such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, of which the latter two both use 64-bit processors. In 2005, Apple announced they would no longer use PowerPC processors in their Apple Macintosh computers, favoring <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-produced processors instead, citing the performance limitations of the chip for future personal computer hardware specifically related to heat generation and energy usage, as well as the inability of IBM to move the 970 processor to the 3 GHz range. The IBM-Freescale alliance was replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Open_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Open standards">open standards</a> body called Power.org. Power.org operates under the governance of the IEEE with IBM continuing to use and evolve the PowerPC processor on game consoles and Freescale Semiconductor focusing solely on embedded devices. </p><p>IBM continues to develop PowerPC microprocessor cores for use in their <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) offerings. Many high volume applications embed PowerPC cores. </p><p>The PowerPC specification is now handled by Power.org where IBM, Freescale, and AMCC are members. PowerPC, Cell and POWER processors are now jointly marketed as the <a href="/wiki/Power_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Architecture">Power Architecture</a>. Power.org released a unified ISA, combining POWER and PowerPC ISAs into the new Power ISA v.2.03 specification and a new reference platform for servers called PAPR (Power Architecture Platform Reference). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generations">Generations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many PowerPC designs are named and labeled by their apparent technology generation. That began with the "G3", which was an internal project name inside <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM</a> for the development of what would become the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_7xx" title="PowerPC 7xx">PowerPC 750 family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple popularized the term "G3" when they introduced <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh_G3_beige" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Macintosh G3 beige">Power Mac G3</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_G3" title="PowerBook G3">PowerBook G3</a> at an event at 10 November 1997. Motorola and Apple liked the moniker and used the term "G4" for the 7400 family introduced in 1998<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G4" title="Power Mac G4">Power Mac G4</a> in 1999. </p><p>At the time the G4 was launched, Motorola categorized all their PowerPC models (former, current and future) according to what generation they adhered to, even renaming the older 603e core "G2". Motorola had a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_G5_project" title="Motorola G5 project">G5 project</a> that never came to fruition, and Apple later used the name when the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_970" title="PowerPC 970">970 family</a> launched in 2003, though it was designed and built by IBM. </p> <dl><dt>PowerPC generations according to Motorola, c. 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt> <dd>G1: The <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_601" title="PowerPC 600">601</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPC5xx" title="MPC5xx">500</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC#PowerQUICC_I" title="PowerQUICC">800</a> family processors</dd> <dd>G2: The <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_602" title="PowerPC 600">602</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_603" title="PowerPC 600">603</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_604" title="PowerPC 600">604</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_620" title="PowerPC 600">620</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC#PowerQUICC_II" title="PowerQUICC">8200</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_5000" title="PowerPC 5000">5000</a> families</dd> <dd>G3: The <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_7xx" title="PowerPC 7xx">750</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC#PowerQUICC_II_Pro" title="PowerQUICC">8300</a> families</dd> <dd>G4: The <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G4" title="PowerPC G4">7400</a> and 8400* families</dd> <dd>G5: The <a href="/wiki/Motorola_G5_project" title="Motorola G5 project">7500</a>* and <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC#PowerQUICC_III" title="PowerQUICC">8500</a> families (Motorola abandoned the G5 name after Apple applied it to the 970)</dd> <dd>G6: The <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e700" title="PowerPC e700">7600</a>*</dd> <dd><i>(*) These designs didn't become real products.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_features">Design features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerPC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a> architectures</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DEDEDE"> NXP (formerly Freescale and Motorola)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>PowerPC e series (2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e200" title="PowerPC e200">e200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e300" title="PowerPC e300">e300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e500" title="PowerPC e500">e500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e600" title="PowerPC e600">e600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e5500" title="PowerPC e5500">e5500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e6500" title="PowerPC e6500">e6500</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Qor series (2008) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QorIQ" title="QorIQ">QorIQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qorivva" title="Qorivva">Qorivva</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DEDEDE"> IBM</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power</a> series (1990) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/POWER1" title="POWER1">POWER1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/POWER2" title="POWER2">POWER2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/POWER3" title="POWER3">POWER3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/POWER4" title="POWER4">POWER4</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/POWER5" title="POWER5">POWER5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POWER6" title="POWER6">POWER6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POWER7" title="POWER7">POWER7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POWER8" title="POWER8">POWER8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POWER9" title="POWER9">POWER9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power10" title="Power10">Power10</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>PowerPC series (1992) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600" title="PowerPC 600">6xx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_400" title="PowerPC 400">4xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_7xx" title="PowerPC 7xx">7xx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G4" title="PowerPC G4">74xx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_970" title="PowerPC 970">970</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_A2" title="IBM A2">A2</a> (2010) <ul><li>A2I</li> <li>A2O</li></ul></li> <li>RAD series (1997) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_RAD6000" title="IBM RAD6000">RAD6000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD5500" title="RAD5500">RAD5500</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_RS64" title="IBM RS64">RS64</a> series</i> (1996)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DEDEDE"> IBM/Nintendo</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gekko_(processor)" title="Gekko (processor)">Gekko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadway_(processor)" title="Broadway (processor)">Broadway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espresso_(processor)" title="Espresso (processor)">Espresso</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DEDEDE"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(processor)" title="Titan (processor)"><span style="color:#808080">Titan</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWRficient" title="PWRficient">PWRficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_(processor)" title="Xenon (processor)">Xenon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X704" title="X704">X704</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DEDEDE"> Related links</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenPOWER_Foundation" title="OpenPOWER Foundation">OpenPOWER Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power.org" title="Power.org">Power.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Architecture_Platform_Reference" title="Power Architecture Platform Reference">PAPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_Reference_Platform" title="PowerPC Reference Platform">PReP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Hardware_Reference_Platform" title="Common Hardware Reference Platform">CHRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltiVec" title="AltiVec">AltiVec</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-weight:normal;"> <span style="color:#808080">Cancelled in gray</span>, <i>historic in italic</i></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:POWER,_PowerPC,_and_Power_ISA" title="Template:POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:POWER,_PowerPC,_and_Power_ISA" title="Template talk:POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:POWER,_PowerPC,_and_Power_ISA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The PowerPC is designed along <a href="/wiki/RISC_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC principles">RISC principles</a> and allows for a <a href="/wiki/Superscalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscalar">superscalar</a> implementation. Versions of the design exist in both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations. Starting with the basic POWER specification, the PowerPC added: </p> <ul><li>Support for operation in both big-<a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endian</a> and little-endian modes; the PowerPC can switch from one mode to the other at run-time (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Endian_modes">below</a>). This feature is not supported in the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_970" title="PowerPC 970">PowerPC 970</a>.</li> <li>Single-precision forms of some <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> instructions, in addition to double-precision forms</li> <li>Additional floating-point instructions at the behest of Apple</li> <li>A complete 64-bit specification that is backward compatible with the 32-bit mode</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Fused_multiply%E2%80%93add" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused multiply–add">fused multiply–add</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Paged_memory_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Paged memory management">paged memory management</a> architecture that is used extensively in server and PC systems.</li> <li>Addition of a new memory management architecture called Book-E, replacing the conventional paged memory management architecture for embedded applications. Book-E is application software compatible with existing PowerPC implementations but needs minor changes to the operating system.</li></ul> <p>Some instructions present in the POWER instruction set were deemed too complex and were removed in the PowerPC architecture. Some removed instructions could be emulated by the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> if necessary. The removed instructions are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_moves" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional moves">Conditional moves</a></li> <li>Load and store instructions for the quad-precision floating-point data type</li> <li>String instructions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endian_modes">Endian modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Endian modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most PowerPC chips switch endianness via a bit in the MSR (<a href="/wiki/Machine_state_register" title="Machine state register">machine state register</a>), with a second bit provided to allow the OS to run with a different endianness. Accesses to the "<a href="/wiki/Inverted_page_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted page table">inverted page table</a>" (a hash table that functions as a <a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">TLB</a> with off-chip storage) are always done in big-endian mode. The processor starts in big-endian mode. </p><p>In little-endian mode, the three lowest-order bits of the effective address are <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_or" title="Exclusive or">exclusive-ORed</a> with a three bit value selected by the length of the operand. This is enough to appear fully little-endian to normal software. An operating system will see a warped view of the world when it accesses external chips such as video and network hardware. Fixing this warped view requires that the motherboard perform an unconditional 64-bit byte swap on all data entering or leaving the processor. Endianness thus becomes a property of the motherboard. An OS that operates in little-endian mode on a big-endian motherboard must both swap bytes and undo the exclusive-OR when accessing little-endian chips. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AltiVec" title="AltiVec">AltiVec</a> operations, despite being 128-bit, are treated as if they were 64-bit. This allows for compatibility with little-endian motherboards that were designed prior to AltiVec. </p><p>An interesting side effect of this implementation is that a program can store a 64-bit value (the longest operand format) to memory while in one endian mode, switch modes, and read back the same 64-bit value without seeing a change of byte order. This will not be the case if the motherboard is switched at the same time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Systems" title="Mercury Systems">Mercury Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a> ran the PowerPC in little-endian mode. This was done so that PowerPC devices serving as co-processors on PCI boards could share data structures with host computers based on <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>. Both PCI and x86 are little-endian. OS/2 and Windows NT for PowerPC ran the processor in little-endian mode while Solaris, AIX and Linux ran in big endian.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of IBM's embedded PowerPC chips use a per-page <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endianness</a> bit. None of the previous applies to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg/220px-IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg/330px-IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg/440px-IBM_PPC604e_200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>IBM <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_604e" title="PowerPC 600">PowerPC 604e</a> 200 MHz</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadwaycpu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Broadwaycpu.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Custom PowerPC CPU from the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> video game console</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XPC855TZP66D4_3K20A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/XPC855TZP66D4_3K20A.jpg/220px-XPC855TZP66D4_3K20A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/XPC855TZP66D4_3K20A.jpg/330px-XPC855TZP66D4_3K20A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/XPC855TZP66D4_3K20A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>The Freescale XPC855T Service Processor of a <a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Sun Fire</a> V20z</figcaption></figure> <p>The first implementation of the architecture was the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_601" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC 601">PowerPC 601</a>, released in 1992, based on the RSC, implementing a hybrid of the <a href="/wiki/POWER1" title="POWER1">POWER1</a> and PowerPC instructions. This allowed the chip to be used by IBM in their existing POWER1-based platforms, although it also meant some slight pain when switching to the 2nd generation "pure" PowerPC designs. Apple continued work on a new line of Macintosh computers based on the chip, and eventually released them as the 601-based <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh" title="Power Macintosh">Power Macintosh</a></i> on March 14, 1994. </p><p>Accelerator cards based on the first-generation PowerPC chips were created for the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> in anticipation for a move to a possible new Amiga platform designed around the PowerPC. The accelerator cards also included either a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">Motorola 68040</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060" title="Motorola 68060">68060</a> CPU in order to maintain backwards compatibility, as very few apps at the time could run natively on the PPC chips. However, the new machines never materialized, and Commodore subsequently declared bankruptcy. Over a decade later, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> would be released, which would put the platform permanently on the architecture. OS4 is compatible with those first-generation accelerators, as well as several custom motherboards created for a new incarnation of the Amiga platform. </p><p>IBM also had a full line of PowerPC based desktops built and ready to ship; unfortunately, the operating system that IBM had intended to run on these desktops—<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>—was not complete by early 1993, when the machines were ready for marketing. Accordingly, and further because IBM had developed animosity toward Microsoft, IBM decided to port <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> to the PowerPC in the form of Workplace OS. This new software platform spent three years (1992 to 1995) in development and was canceled with the December 1995 developer release, because of the disappointing launch of the PowerPC 620. For this reason, the IBM PowerPC desktops did not ship, although the reference design (codenamed Sandalbow) based on the PowerPC 601 CPU was released as an RS/6000 model (<i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s April 1994 issue included an extensive article about the Apple and IBM PowerPC desktops). </p><p>Apple, which also lacked a PowerPC based OS, took a different route. Utilizing the portability platform yielded by the secret <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek project</a>, the company ported the essential pieces of their <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Mac OS</a> operating system to the PowerPC architecture, and further wrote a <a href="/wiki/Mac_68k_emulator" title="Mac 68k emulator">68k emulator</a> that could run <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68000 family">68k</a> based applications and the parts of the OS that had not been rewritten. </p><p>The second generation was "pure" and includes the "low end" <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_603" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC 603">PowerPC 603</a> and "high end" <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_604" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC 604">PowerPC 604</a>. The 603 is notable due to its very low cost and power consumption. This was a deliberate design goal on Motorola's part, who used the 603 project to build the basic core for all future generations of PPC chips. Apple tried to use the 603 in a new laptop design but was unable due to the small 8 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> level 1 cache. The 68000 emulator in the Mac OS could not fit in 8 KB and thus slowed the computer drastically.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_603e_and_603ev" title="PowerPC 600">603e</a> solved this problem by having a 16 KB <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">L1 cache</a>, which allowed the emulator to run efficiently. </p><p>In 1993, developers at IBM's <a href="/wiki/Essex_Junction,_Vermont" title="Essex Junction, Vermont">Essex Junction, Burlington, Vermont</a> facility started to work on a version of the PowerPC that would support the Intel <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> instruction set directly on the CPU. While this was just one of several concurrent power architecture projects that IBM was working on, this chip began to be known inside IBM and by the media as the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600#PowerPC_615" title="PowerPC 600">PowerPC 615</a>. Profitability concerns and rumors of performance issues in the switching between the x86 and native PowerPC instruction sets resulted in the project being canceled in 1995 after only a limited number of chips were produced for in-house testing. Aside the rumors, the switching process took only 5 cycles, or the amount of time needed for the processor to empty its instruction pipeline. Microsoft also aided the processor's demise by refusing to support the PowerPC mode.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first 64-bit implementation is the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_620" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC 620">PowerPC 620</a>, but it appears to have seen little use because Apple didn't want to buy it and because, with its large die area, it was too costly for the embedded market. It was later and slower than promised, and IBM used their own <a href="/wiki/POWER3" title="POWER3">POWER3</a> design instead, offering no 64-bit "small" version until the late-2002 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_970" title="PowerPC 970">PowerPC 970</a>. The 970 is a 64-bit processor derived from the <a href="/wiki/POWER4" title="POWER4">POWER4</a> server processor. To create it, the POWER4 core was modified to be backward-compatible with 32-bit PowerPC processors, and a vector unit (similar to the <a href="/wiki/AltiVec" title="AltiVec">AltiVec</a> extensions in Motorola's 74xx series) was added. </p><p>IBM's <a href="/wiki/IBM_RS64" title="IBM RS64">RS64</a> processors are a family of chips implementing the "Amazon" variant of the PowerPC architecture. These processors are used in the <a href="/wiki/RS/6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RS/6000">RS/6000</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_AS/400" title="IBM AS/400">IBM AS/400</a> computer families; the Amazon architecture includes proprietary extensions used by AS/400.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The POWER4 and later POWER processors implement the Amazon architecture and replaced the RS64 chips in the RS/6000 and AS/400 families. </p><p>IBM developed a separate product line called the "4xx" line focused on the embedded market. These designs included the 401, 403, 405, 440, and 460. In 2004, IBM sold their 4xx product line to Applied Micro Circuits Corporation (AMCC). AMCC continues to develop new high performance products, partly based on IBM's technology, along with technology that was developed within AMCC. These products focus on a variety of applications including networking, wireless, storage, printing/imaging and industrial automation. </p><p>Numerically, the PowerPC is mostly found in controllers in cars. For the automotive market, Freescale Semiconductor initially offered many variations called the <a href="/wiki/Mpc5xx" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpc5xx">MPC5xx</a> family such as the MPC555, built on a variation of the 601 core called the 8xx and designed in Israel by MSIL (Motorola Silicon Israel Limited). The 601 core is single issue, meaning it can only issue one instruction in a clock cycle. To this they add various bits of custom hardware, to allow for I/O on the one chip. In 2004, the next-generation four-digit <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_5000#MPC55xx" title="PowerPC 5000">55xx</a> devices were launched for the automotive market. These use the newer <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e200" title="PowerPC e200">e200</a> series of PowerPC cores. </p><p>Networking is another area where embedded PowerPC processors are found in large numbers. MSIL took the <a href="/wiki/QUICC" title="QUICC">QUICC</a> engine from the <a href="/wiki/Freescale_683XX" title="Freescale 683XX">MC68302</a> and made the <a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a> MPC860. This was a very famous processor used in many <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a> edge routers in the late 1990s. Variants of the PowerQUICC include the MPC850, and the MPC823/MPC823e. All variants include a separate RISC microengine called the <a href="/wiki/Communication_Processor_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication Processor Module">CPM</a> that offloads communications processing tasks from the central processor and has functions for <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a>. The follow-on chip from this family, the MPC8260, has a 603e-based core and a different CPM. </p><p>Honda also uses PowerPC processors for its <a href="/wiki/ASIMO" title="ASIMO">ASIMO</a> robot.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems Platform Solutions</a> delivered the Vehicle-Management Computer for the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35</a> fighter jet. This platform consists of dual PowerPCs made by Freescale in a triple redundant setup.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Development_Establishment" title="Aeronautical Development Establishment">Aeronautical Development Establishment</a> tested a high-performance digital flight control computer, powered by a quadraplex PowerPC-based processor setup on a <a href="/wiki/HAL_Tejas#Tejas_Mark_1A" title="HAL Tejas">HAL Tejas Mark 1A</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems_2">Operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operating systems that work on the PowerPC architecture are generally divided into those that are oriented toward the general-purpose PowerPC systems, and those oriented toward the <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> PowerPC systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native">Native</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Native"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> from <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a>.1.2; and <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> R5 Pro <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a>, experimental<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a>; formerly named i5/OS, originally OS/400</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>: <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X Leopard</a> 10.5.8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a>, including a port of <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, 32-bit macppc<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, supported in unofficial port<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRUX#CRUX_PPC" title="CRUX">CRUX PPC</a> through 2.0.1.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>: <ul><li>32-bit <i>powerpc</i> a released port since <i>potato</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>64-bit big-endian <i><a href="/wiki/Ppc64" title="Ppc64">ppc64</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in mostly stalled development</li> <li>64-bit little-endian <i><a href="/wiki/Ppc64" title="Ppc64">ppc64le</a></i> a released port since <i>jessie</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a>, with 32-bit <i>ppc</i> releases and 64-bit <i><a href="/wiki/Ppc64" title="Ppc64">ppc64</a></i> releases<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MintPPC" class="mw-redirect" title="MintPPC">MintPPC</a>, support for Old World and New World 32/64-bit Macs based on Linux Mint LXDE and Debian<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a>, Mach-kernel based distribution for older Macs, officially launched by Apple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise Server">SUSE Linux Enterprise Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux" title="Yellow Dog Linux">Yellow Dog Linux</a>, full support for 32/64-bit; PS3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_Linux" title="Void Linux">Void Linux</a>, support in third-party fork<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 32-bit and 64-bit (big-endian and little-endian)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> 2.5.1 PowerPC edition on the PReP platform <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, experimental<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> 3.5,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3.51 and 4.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>, PowerPC port no longer under active development<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wii_system_software" title="Wii system software">Wii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_system_software" title="Wii U system software">Wii U</a> system software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_360_system_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox 360 system software">Xbox 360 system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_system_software" title="PlayStation 3 system software">CellOS</a> for <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded">Embedded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Embedded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mss.ca/m-rtos">M-RTOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VxWorks" title="VxWorks">VxWorks</a></li> <li>VxWorks 653</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a></li> <li>LiveDevices RTA-OSEKLive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-9" title="OS-9">Microware OS-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MikroTik#RouterOS" title="MikroTik">MikroTik RouterOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MontaVista_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="MontaVista Software">MontaVista Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind River Linux">Wind River Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS">Cisco IOS</a></li> <li>Cisco AireOS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a> RTOS and virtualization platform from <a href="/wiki/SYSGO" title="SYSGO">SYSGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinOS" title="ELinOS">ELinOS</a> embedded Linux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECos" title="ECos">eCos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> BCM Tech</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTEMS" title="RTEMS">RTEMS</a></li> <li>BlueCat embedded <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> from <a href="/wiki/LynuxWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="LynuxWorks">LynuxWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_System_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating System Embedded">Operating System Embedded</a> (OSE) from <a href="/wiki/ENEA_AB" title="ENEA AB">ENEA AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity_(operating_system)" title="Integrity (operating system)">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a> <a href="/wiki/Junos" class="mw-redirect" title="Junos">Junos</a> router and switch OS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a></li> <li>Deos<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SCIOPTA<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RTOS, certified according <a href="/wiki/IEC61508" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC61508">IEC61508</a>, EN50128 and ISO26262</li> <li>Embedded PowerPC Operating System by IBM<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensees">Licensees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Licensees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies that have licensed the 64-bit POWER or 32-bit PowerPC from IBM include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="32-bit_PowerPC">32-bit PowerPC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 32-bit PowerPC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altera" title="Altera">Altera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA) manufacturer now <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> ('A' in original <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>), switched to Intel in early 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Micro_Circuits_Corporation" title="Applied Micro Circuits Corporation">Applied Micro Circuits Corporation</a> (AMCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avago_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Avago Technologies">Avago Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a> processor, used in spacecraft and planetary landers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> for routers</li> <li>Culturecom for <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_400#V-Dragon" title="PowerPC 400">V-Dragon</a> CPU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_Technology" title="Exponential Technology">Exponential Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyoung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumyoung">Kumyoung</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> player CPU (Muzen and Vivaus series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI Logic">LSI Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> (was <a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</a> now <a href="/wiki/NXP" class="mw-redirect" title="NXP">NXP</a>), as part of the original AIM alliance</li> <li>Rapport for <a href="/wiki/Kilocore" title="Kilocore">Kilocore</a> 1025 core CPU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a> for the SPC5xx series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a>, FPGA maker, embedded PowerPC in the Virtex-II Pro, Virtex-4, and Virtex-5 FPGAs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="64-bit_PowerPC">64-bit PowerPC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 64-bit PowerPC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Computers_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Computers Ltd.">Hindustan Computers Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_consoles">Game consoles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Game consoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_based_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC based game consoles">PowerPC based game consoles</a></div> <p>PowerPC processors were used in a number of now-discontinued <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade system boards">arcade system boards</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Bandai_Pippin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandai Pippin">Bandai Pippin</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>, for the Konami Viper arcade hardware<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> processor, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_(processor)" title="Xenon (processor)">Xenon</a><sup id="cite_ref-power-to-the-people_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-to-the-people-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> for the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-power-to-the-people_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-to-the-people-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> processors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Cell_microprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell microprocessor">Cell</a> processor (inside the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> and other devices)<sup id="cite_ref-power-to-the-people_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-to-the-people-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>, for the Taito Power-JC<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Taito Type Zero hardware<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop_computers">Desktop computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Desktop computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Power architecture is currently used in the following desktop computers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep</a>, Sam440epFlex, based on an AMCC 440ep SoC, built by <a href="/wiki/ACube_Systems_Srl" title="ACube Systems Srl">ACube Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">Sam460ex</a>, based on an AMCC 460ex SoC, built by ACube Systems</li> <li>Nemo motherboard based around PA6T-1682M found in the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne_X1000" title="AmigaOne X1000">AmigaOne X1000</a> from A-EON Technology</li> <li>Cyrus motherboard based around Freescale Qoriq P5020 found in the AmigaOne X5000 from A-EON Technology</li> <li>Tabor motherboard based around Freescale QorIQ P1022 found in the forthcoming AmigaOne A1222 from A-EON Technology</li> <li>Talos II and Blackbird mainboards/workstations, based around the IBM Power9 Sforza architecture, built by Raptor Computing Systems</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_applications">Embedded applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Embedded applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Power architecture is currently used in the following embedded applications: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Instruments" title="National Instruments">National Instruments</a> Smart Cameras for machine vision</li> <li>Mars rover <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> - uses <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a></li> <li>Mars rover <i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></i> - uses <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a> at 133 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Space telescope <i><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a></i> - uses <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a> at 118 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Hardware_Reference_Platform" title="Common Hardware Reference Platform">Common Hardware Reference Platform</a> (CHRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenPOWER_Foundation" title="OpenPOWER Foundation">OpenPOWER Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Architecture">Power Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Architecture_Platform_Reference" title="Power Architecture Platform Reference">Power Architecture Platform Reference</a> (PAPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_Reference_Platform" title="PowerPC Reference Platform">PowerPC Reference Platform</a> (PReP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTEMS" title="RTEMS">RTEMS</a> real-time operating system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PowerPC_processors" title="List of PowerPC processors">List of PowerPC processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PowerPC-based_game_consoles" title="List of PowerPC-based game consoles">List of PowerPC-based game consoles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-powerpc_archguide-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powerpc_archguide_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powerpc_archguide_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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November 9, 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+NT+3.5+for+PowerPC&rft.date=1994-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNT3.5PPC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reactos.org/wiki/ReactOS_ports">"ReactOS ports - ReactOS Wiki"</a>. <i>www.reactos.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227154523/https://reactos.org/wiki/ReactOS_ports">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reactos.org&rft.atitle=ReactOS+ports+-+ReactOS+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reactos.org%2Fwiki%2FReactOS_ports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ddci.com/products_deos_do_178c_arinc_653/">"DO-178C Certifiable Avionics RTOS with ARINC 653 & FACE Support"</a>. <i>DDC-I</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808194716/https://www.ddci.com/products_deos_do_178c_arinc_653/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DDC-I&rft.atitle=DO-178C+Certifiable+Avionics+RTOS+with+ARINC+653+%26+FACE+Support&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddci.com%2Fproducts_deos_do_178c_arinc_653%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciopta.com/cpu/cpu.html">"Supported CPUs"</a>. <i>SCIOPTA Systems AG</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101001334/http://www.sciopta.com/cpu/cpu.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCIOPTA+Systems+AG&rft.atitle=Supported+CPUs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciopta.com%2Fcpu%2Fcpu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csit-sun.pub.ro/~cpop/Documentatie_SMP/IBM_PowerPC/750fxQuickStart.pdf">"PowerPC 750FX Evaluation Kit Quick Setup for Windows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220556/http://www.csit-sun.pub.ro/~cpop/Documentatie_SMP/IBM_PowerPC/750fxQuickStart.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PowerPC+750FX+Evaluation+Kit+Quick+Setup+for+Windows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csit-sun.pub.ro%2F~cpop%2FDocumentatie_SMP%2FIBM_PowerPC%2F750fxQuickStart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=584">"Konami Viper Hardware"</a>. <i>System 16</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=System+16&rft.atitle=Konami+Viper+Hardware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.system16.com%2Fhardware.php%3Fid%3D584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-power-to-the-people-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-power-to-the-people_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-power-to-the-people_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-power-to-the-people_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204034335/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-powerppl/">"POWER To The People"</a>. IBM. March 30, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-powerppl/">the original</a> on February 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POWER+To+The+People&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Fpower%2Flibrary%2Fpa-powerppl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=668">"Taito PPC JC System Type-C Hardware"</a>. <i>System 16</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=System+16&rft.atitle=Taito+PPC+JC+System+Type-C+Hardware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.system16.com%2Fhardware.php%3Fid%3D668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=673">"Taito Type-Zero Hardware"</a>. <i>System 16</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=System+16&rft.atitle=Taito+Type-Zero+Hardware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.system16.com%2Fhardware.php%3Fid%3D673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/documents/papers/rabideau_iwpss2017_prototyping.pdf">"Prototyping an Onboard Scheduler for the Mars 2020 Rover"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218172828/https://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/documents/papers/rabideau_iwpss2017_prototyping.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prototyping+an+Onboard+Scheduler+for+the+Mars+2020+Rover&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fai.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fpapers%2Frabideau_iwpss2017_prototyping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcComas" class="citation web cs1">McComas, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150019915/downloads/20150019915.pdf">"Lessons from 30 Years of Flight Software"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTRS+-+NASA+Technical+Reports+Server&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+30+Years+of+Flight+Software&rft.aulast=McComas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F20150019915%2Fdownloads%2F20150019915.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Shlomo; Smith, James Edward (1994). <i>POWER and PowerPC</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558602793" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558602793"><bdi>978-1558602793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POWER+and+PowerPC&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1558602793&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft.au=Smith%2C+James+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay1994" class="citation book cs1">May, Cathy; et al. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_ibmpowerpcCArchitectureMay94_24917510/mode/2up"><i>The PowerPC Architecture: A Specification for A New Family of RISC Processors</i></a> (2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-316-5"><bdi>978-1-55860-316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PowerPC+Architecture%3A+A+Specification+for+A+New+Family+of+RISC+Processors&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-316-5&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_ibmpowerpcCArchitectureMay94_24917510%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoxeyKarimHayWarren1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoxey, Steve; et al., eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warthman.com/projects-IBM-CWG-PowerPC-compiler-writers-guide.htm"><i>The PowerPC Compiler Writer's Guide</i></a>. Warthman Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9649654-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9649654-0-2"><bdi>0-9649654-0-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408011135/https://www.warthman.com/projects-IBM-CWG-PowerPC-compiler-writers-guide.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PowerPC+Compiler+Writer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Warthman+Associates&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-9649654-0-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warthman.com%2Fprojects-IBM-CWG-PowerPC-compiler-writers-guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050514011919/http://www.freescale.com/files/product/doc/MPCFPE32B.pdf"><i>Programming Environments Manual for 32-bit Implementations of the PowerPC Architecture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Motorola. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freescale.com/files/product/doc/MPCFPE32B.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 14, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Environments+Manual+for+32-bit+Implementations+of+the+PowerPC+Architecture&rft.pub=Motorola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freescale.com%2Ffiles%2Fproduct%2Fdoc%2FMPCFPE32B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span> A 640-page PDF manual.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BookEEnhancedPowerPCArchitecture"><i>Book E: Enhanced PowerPC Architecture</i></a> (3rd ed.). IBM. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+E%3A+Enhanced+PowerPC+Architecture&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBookEEnhancedPowerPCArchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuntemannPronk1994" class="citation book cs1">Duntemann, Jeff; Pronk, Ron (1994). <i>Inside the PowerPC Revolution</i>. Coriolis Group Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883577-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883577-04-9"><bdi>978-1-883577-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+PowerPC+Revolution&rft.pub=Coriolis+Group+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-883577-04-9&rft.aulast=Duntemann&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Pronk%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214120610/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/p/hardware/whitepapers/power/ppc_arch.html">"PowerPC Architecture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/p/hardware/whitepapers/power/ppc_arch.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PowerPC+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fsystems%2Fp%2Fhardware%2Fwhitepapers%2Fpower%2Fppc_arch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span> An IBM article giving POWER and PowerPC history.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakravartyCannon1994" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarty, Dipto; Cannon, Casey (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerpcconceptsa0000chak"><i>PowerPC: Concepts, Architecture, and Design</i></a></span>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070111929" title="Special:BookSources/9780070111929"><bdi>9780070111929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PowerPC%3A+Concepts%2C+Architecture%2C+and+Design&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780070111929&rft.aulast=Chakravarty&rft.aufirst=Dipto&rft.au=Cannon%2C+Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerpcconceptsa0000chak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerPC" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerPC&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openpowerfoundation.org/">OpenPOWER Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kfem6lllSBI">Evolution of PowerPC Architecture, lecture by Michael W. Blasgen and Richard Oehler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titancity.com/articles/ppc.html">PPC Overview</a> - an overview of PowerPC processors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os2museum.com/wp/os2-history/os2-warp-powerpc-edition/">OS/2 Warp, PowerPC Edition</a> review by Michal Necasek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310172455/http://meld.org/library/education/powerpc-architectures">PowerPC Architecture History Diagram</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oscomp.hu/bgafc/oses4ppc.php">A quite extensive list of operating systems supporting PowerPC processors</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Motorola-Freescale-NXP_processors_and_microcontrollers79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motorola_processors_and_microcontrollers" title="Template:Motorola processors and microcontrollers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motorola_processors_and_microcontrollers" title="Template talk:Motorola processors and microcontrollers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motorola_processors_and_microcontrollers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motorola processors and microcontrollers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motorola-Freescale-NXP_processors_and_microcontrollers79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_NXP_products" title="List of NXP products">Motorola-Freescale-NXP processors and microcontrollers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Processors324"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freescale_products#Processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products"><b>Processors</b></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial control unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_MC14500B" title="Motorola MC14500B">14500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800_family" title="Motorola 6800 family">6800 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">6800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">6809</a> <ul><li>see also: <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_6309" title="Hitachi 6309">Hitachi 6309</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC05" title="Motorola 68HC05">68HC05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC08" title="Motorola 68HC08">68HC08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC11" title="Motorola 68HC11">68HC11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC12" title="Motorola 68HC12">68HC12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC16" title="Motorola 68HC16">68HC16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68000 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68008" title="Motorola 68008">68008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68010" title="Motorola 68010">68010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68012" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68012">68012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68020" title="Motorola 68020">68020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">68030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060" title="Motorola 68060">68060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_ColdFire" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale ColdFire">ColdFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_DragonBall" title="Freescale DragonBall">DragonBall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a> <a href="/wiki/68k" class="mw-redirect" title="68k">68k</a>-variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC000" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC000">68EC000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC020" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC020">68EC020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC030" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC030">68EC030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC040" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC040">68EC040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68LC040" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68LC040">68LC040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060#68EC060" title="Motorola 68060">68EC060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060#68LC060" title="Motorola 68060">68LC060</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/88000" class="mw-redirect" title="88000">88000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MC88100" class="mw-redirect" title="MC88100">MC88100</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MC88110" class="mw-redirect" title="MC88110">MC88110</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">Floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessors</a> (FPUs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68881" title="Motorola 68881">68881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68881#68882" title="Motorola 68881">68882</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management units</a> (MMU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68451" title="Motorola 68451">68451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68851" title="Motorola 68851">68851</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerPC</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e200" title="PowerPC e200">PPC e200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600" title="PowerPC 600">PPC 6xx</a>/<a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e300" title="PowerPC e300">e300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_7xx" title="PowerPC 7xx">PPC 7xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e500" title="PowerPC e500">PPC e500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G4" title="PowerPC G4">PPC 74xx</a>/<a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e600" title="PowerPC e600">e600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e5500" title="PowerPC e5500">PPC e5500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QorIQ" title="QorIQ">QorIQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e6500" title="PowerPC e6500">PPC e6500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Microcontrollers96"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freescale_products#Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products"><b>Microcontrollers</b></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>6801/6803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">6802</a></li> <li>6804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC05" title="Motorola 68HC05">68HC05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC08" title="Motorola 68HC08">68HC08</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_S08" title="Motorola S08">S08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_RS08" title="Freescale RS08">RS08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC11" title="Motorola 68HC11">68HC11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC12" title="Motorola 68HC12">68HC12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC16" title="Motorola 68HC16">68HC16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16/32-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_683XX" title="Freescale 683XX">683xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_56000" title="Motorola 56000">DSP568xx</a> <ul><li>DSPcontroller</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">32-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">M·CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC5xx" title="MPC5xx">MPC5xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_5000" title="PowerPC 5000">PowerPC 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reduced_instruction_set_computer_(RISC)_architectures109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RISC_architectures" title="Template:RISC architectures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RISC_architectures" title="Template talk:RISC architectures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RISC_architectures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RISC architectures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reduced_instruction_set_computer_(RISC)_architectures109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">Reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC) architectures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_RISC" title="Berkeley RISC">Berkeley RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In active development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackfin" title="Blackfin">Blackfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESi-RISC" title="ESi-RISC">eSi-RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LatticeMico8" title="LatticeMico8">LatticeMico8</a>, <a href="/wiki/LatticeMico32" title="LatticeMico32">LatticeMico32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas</a> <a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="/wiki/V850" title="V850">V850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunway_(processor)" title="Sunway (processor)">Sunway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> <a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/PicoBlaze" title="PicoBlaze">PicoBlaze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am29000" title="AMD Am29000">AMD Am29000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_PRISM" title="Apollo PRISM">Apollo PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> <a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CR16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Hobbit" title="AT&T Hobbit">CRISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">DEC PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">Intel i860</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_META" title="Imagination META">META</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_88000" title="Motorola 88000">Motorola 88000</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">M·CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerPC</a> <i>(active use in space exploration as <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_ROMP" title="IBM ROMP">ROMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microcontrollers126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microcontrollers" title="Template:Microcontrollers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microcontrollers" title="Template talk:Microcontrollers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microcontrollers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microcontrollers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microcontrollers126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontrollers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">Single-board microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_function_register" title="Special function register">Special function register</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_MSP430" title="TI MSP430">MPS430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontrollers" title="PIC microcontrollers">PIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word length</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am2900" title="AMD Am2900">Am2900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COP400" title="COP400">COP400</a></li> <li>MARC4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_PPS-4" title="Rockwell PPS-4">PPS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1C6x" title="S1C6x">S1C6x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TMS1000" title="Texas Instruments TMS1000">TMS1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CCOM-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜCOM-4">μCOM-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">6800</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC05" title="Motorola 68HC05">68HC05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC08" title="Motorola 68HC08">68HC08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC11" title="Motorola 68HC11">68HC11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_S08" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale S08">S08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_RS08" title="Freescale RS08">RS08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDC_65C134" title="WDC 65C134">65C134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDC_65C265" title="WDC 65C265">65C265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_740" title="Mitsubishi 740">MELPS 740</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78K" title="78K">78K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_MCS-48" title="Intel MCS-48">8048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XC800_family" title="XC800 family">XC800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COP8" title="COP8">COP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC10/12/16/17/18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST6_and_ST7" title="ST6 and ST7">ST6/ST7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STM8" title="STM8">STM8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8" title="Zilog Z8">Z8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_eZ80" title="Zilog eZ80">eZ80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_2000" title="Rabbit 2000">Rabbit 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-870</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDC_65C816" title="WDC 65C816">65C816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_68HC12" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale 68HC12">68HC12</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freescale_68HC16" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale 68HC16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C166_family" title="C166 family">C166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CR16/C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_MSP430" title="TI MSP430">MSP430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#PIC24_and_dsPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC24/dsPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R8C" title="R8C">R8C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL78" title="RL78">RL78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Z8000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am29000" title="AMD Am29000">Am29000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_applications_of_ARM_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="List of applications of ARM cores">ARM</a> <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M" title="ARM Cortex-M">Cortex-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EFM32" title="EFM32">EFM32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_LPC" title="NXP LPC">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors" title="Atmel ARM-based processors">SAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STM32" title="STM32">STM32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infineon_XMC" title="Infineon XMC">XMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-R" title="ARM Cortex-R">ARM Cortex-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_FR" title="Fujitsu FR">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FR-V_(microprocessor)" title="FR-V (microprocessor)">FR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NXP_ColdFire" title="NXP ColdFire">ColdFire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#PIC32MX" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC32</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPC5xx" title="MPC5xx">MPC5xx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_Propeller" title="Parallax Propeller">Propeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infineon_TriCore" title="Infineon TriCore">TriCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V850" title="V850">V850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RX_microcontroller_family" class="mw-redirect" title="RX microcontroller family">RX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensilica" title="Tensilica">Xtensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80000" title="Zilog Z80000">Z80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-R" title="ARM Cortex-R">ARM Cortex-R</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#64-bit_PowerPC">PowerPC64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-circuit serial programming</a> (ICSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-system programming</a> (ISP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers#PDI" title="AVR microcontrollers">Program and Debug Interface</a> (PDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers#High_voltage_serial" title="AVR microcontrollers">High-voltage serial programming</a> (HVSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers#High_voltage_parallel" title="AVR microcontrollers">High voltage parallel programming</a> (HVPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers#Bootloader" title="AVR microcontrollers">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers#ROM" title="AVR microcontrollers">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers#aWire" title="AVR microcontrollers">aWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_(standard)" title="Nexus (standard)">Nexus (standard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">Joint Test Action Group</a> (JTAG) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a> (Atmel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#In-circuit_debugging" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">In-circuit debugging</a> (ICD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-circuit_emulation" title="In-circuit emulation">In-circuit emulator</a> (ICE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-target_probe" title="In-target probe">In-target probe</a> (ITP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers" title="List of common microcontrollers">List of common microcontrollers</a></li> <li>By manufacturer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_microprocessor#Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel microprocessor">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freescale_products#Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products">NXP/Freescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers#Infineon" title="List of common microcontrollers">Infineon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics#Products" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wi-Fi_microcontrollers" title="List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers">List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">Programmable logic controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microprocessors" title="List of microprocessors">List of microprocessors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Processor_technologies" title="Template talk:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">HUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a 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unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a 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integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor 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