Sustainability | June 2016 - Browse Articles

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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72526" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2153 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/591/pdf?version=1466588433" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="2D Versus 3D: The Relevance of the Mode of Presentation for the Economic Valuation of an Alpine Landscape" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/591">2D Versus 3D: The Relevance of the Mode of Presentation for the Economic Valuation of an Alpine Landscape</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Getzner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Barbara Färber</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Claudia Yamu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 591; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060591">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060591</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/591#metrics">Cited by 12</a> | Viewed by 6193 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In order to value the transformation of landscapes from an economic perspective, survey respondents are usually presented with pictures of various landscapes with the aim to visualize differences in their appearance. The current paper presents a classroom experiment ascertaining differences, and potential advantages <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/591/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In order to value the transformation of landscapes from an economic perspective, survey respondents are usually presented with pictures of various landscapes with the aim to visualize differences in their appearance. The current paper presents a classroom experiment ascertaining differences, and potential advantages and disadvantages, of 2D versus 3D (stereoscopic) presentations of landscape changes. The landscape to be valued was a traditional Alpine pasture in the Austrian Alps as a prominent example of natural and cultural heritage (traditional economy and specific ecology). Two alternative scenarios included, on the one hand, changes in agricultural uses, leading to natural afforestation (reforestation) and decay of existing infrastructure (e.g., hiking trails). On the other hand, significantly extended tourism infrastructure (e.g., new attractions for visitors) was presented. Two groups were presented manipulated pictures (2D/non-stereoscopic), and 3D (stereoscopic) presentations with 3D glasses, respectively. Both groups were then asked for their perception of landscape changes. It turns out that significant differences between the two groups could be detected in terms of the frequency of vacations at Alpine pastures. For instance, respondents in the 3D stereoscopic group stated a significantly higher frequency of trips. However, on the other hand, they did not state a significantly different willingness-to-pay to prevent landscape changes disadvantageous in terms of sustainability. The study results thus suggest that the mode of presentation may affect the valuation of landscape changes depending on the valuation instrument. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/591">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/cult-heritage ">Sustainability of Cultural and Natural Heritage</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/591/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72526"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72526"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72526" data-cycle-prev="#prev72526" data-cycle-progressive="#images72526" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00591/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00591-g001a-1024.png?1467171697" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72526" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00591/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00591-g001b-1024.png?1467171697'><p>Figure 1 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00591/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00591-g002-1024.png?1467171697'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72526-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00591/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00591-g001a-1024.png?1467171697" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The classroom experiment: 2D seminar room (<b>a</b>); and 3D presentation in the spatial simulation lab (<b>b</b>) of the Vienna University of Technology (source: own pictures).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00591/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00591-g001b-1024.png?1467171697" title=" <strong>Figure 1 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The classroom experiment: 2D seminar room (<b>a</b>); and 3D presentation in the spatial simulation lab (<b>b</b>) of the Vienna University of Technology (source: own pictures).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00591/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00591-g002-1024.png?1467171697" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Alpine landscape: status quo of pastures (<b>a</b>) and possible future scenarios (“Afforestation” (<b>b</b>), “Tourism” (<b>c</b>)) (source: own pictures).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72488" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2391 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/589/pdf?version=1466584451" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Study on Solar Radiation Models in South Korea for Improving Office Building Energy Performance Analysis" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/589">Study on Solar Radiation Models in South Korea for Improving Office Building Energy Performance Analysis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kee Han Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John Kie-Whan Oh</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>WoonSeong Jeong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 589; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060589">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060589</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/589#metrics">Cited by 19</a> | Viewed by 7366 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Hourly global solar radiation in a weather file is one of the significant parameters for improving building energy performance analyses using simulation programs. However, most weather stations worldwide are not equipped with solar radiation sensors because they tend to be difficult to manage. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/589/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Hourly global solar radiation in a weather file is one of the significant parameters for improving building energy performance analyses using simulation programs. However, most weather stations worldwide are not equipped with solar radiation sensors because they tend to be difficult to manage. In South Korea, only twenty-two out of ninety-two weather stations are equipped with sensors, and there are large areas not equipped with any sensors. Thus, solar radiation must often be calculated by reliable solar models. Hence, it is important to find a reliable model that can be applied in the wide variety of weather conditions seen in South Korea. In this study, solar radiation in the southeastern part of South Korea was calculated using three solar models: cloud-cover radiation model (CRM), Zhang and Huang model (ZHM), and meteorological radiation model (MRM). These values were then compared to measured solar radiation data. After that, the calculated solar radiation data from the three solar models were used in a building energy simulation for an office building with various window characteristics conditions, in order to identify how solar radiation differences affect building energy performance. It was found that a seasonal solar model for the area should be developed to improve building energy performance analysis. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/589">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/engineering_and_science">Sustainable Engineering and Science</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/589/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72488"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72488"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72488" data-cycle-prev="#prev72488" data-cycle-progressive="#images72488" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72488-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g001-1024.png?1467171690" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72488" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72488-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g002-1024.png?1467171690'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72488-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g003-1024.png?1467171690'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72488-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g004a-1024.png?1467171690'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72488-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g004b-1024.png?1467171690'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72488-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g001-1024.png?1467171690" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Calculated global solar radiation against measured global solar radiation using three different solar models: (<b>a</b>) cloud-cover radiation model; (<b>b</b>) Zhang and Huang model; and (<b>c</b>) meteorological radiation model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/589'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g002-1024.png?1467171690" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Solar radiation by measured and calculated using the three different solar models for a representative day in (<b>a</b>) summer; and (<b>b</b>) winter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/589'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g003-1024.png?1467171690" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Office building modeled by DOE-2.2/eQUEST.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/589'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g004a-1024.png?1467171690" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Simulated annual energy use using four different values of solar radiation data: (<b>a</b>) when the SHGC was 0.4; (<b>b</b>) 0.6; and (<b>c</b>) 0.8.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/589'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00589/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00589-g004b-1024.png?1467171690" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Simulated annual energy use using four different values of solar radiation data: (<b>a</b>) when the SHGC was 0.4; (<b>b</b>) 0.6; and (<b>c</b>) 0.8.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/589'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72510" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-72510" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-72510" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-72510" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/588/s1?version=1466584933"> Supplementary File 1 (PDF, 181 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1564 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/588/pdf?version=1466663424" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Vulnerability Assessment Models to Drought: Toward a Conceptual Framework" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/588">Vulnerability Assessment Models to Drought: Toward a Conceptual Framework</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kiumars Zarafshani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lida Sharafi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hossein Azadi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Steven Van Passel</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 588; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060588">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060588</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/588#metrics">Cited by 55</a> | Viewed by 16129 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Drought is regarded as a slow-onset natural disaster that causes inevitable damage to water resources and to farm life. Currently, crisis management is the basis of drought mitigation plans, however, thus far studies indicate that effective drought management strategies are based on risk <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/588/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Drought is regarded as a slow-onset natural disaster that causes inevitable damage to water resources and to farm life. Currently, crisis management is the basis of drought mitigation plans, however, thus far studies indicate that effective drought management strategies are based on risk management. As a primary tool in mitigating the impact of drought, vulnerability assessment can be used as a benchmark in drought mitigation plans and to enhance farmers’ ability to cope with drought. Moreover, literature pertaining to drought has focused extensively on its impact, only awarding limited attention to vulnerability assessment as a tool. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for designing a vulnerability model in order to assess farmers’ level of vulnerability before, during and after the onset of drought. Use of this developed drought vulnerability model would aid disaster relief workers by enhancing the adaptive capacity of farmers when facing the impacts of drought. The paper starts with the definition of vulnerability and outlines different frameworks on vulnerability developed thus far. It then identifies various approaches of vulnerability assessment and finally offers the most appropriate model. The paper concludes that the introduced model can guide drought mitigation programs in countries that are impacted the most by drought. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/588">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/588/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72510"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72510"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72510" data-cycle-prev="#prev72510" data-cycle-progressive="#images72510" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72510-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g001-1024.png?1467171685" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72510" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72510-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g002-1024.png?1467171685'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72510-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g003-1024.png?1467171685'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72510-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g004-1024.png?1467171685'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72510-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g001-1024.png?1467171685" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Drought impact [<a href="#B6-sustainability-08-00588" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/588'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g002-1024.png?1467171685" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Conceptualizing vulnerability in the context of drought.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/588'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g003-1024.png?1467171685" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Current and future indicators of vulnerability to climate change and climate variability [<a href="#B72-sustainability-08-00588" class="html-bibr">72</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/588'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00588/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00588-g004-1024.png?1467171685" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Conceptual framework on how to model vulnerability.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/588'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72486" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 427 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/585/pdf?version=1466577756" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province Based on Unascertained Measure" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/585">Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province Based on Unascertained Measure</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yong-Zhi Chang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suo-Cheng Dong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 585; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060585">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060585</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/585#metrics">Cited by 28</a> | Viewed by 4756 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> An index system is established for evaluating the level of sustainable development of resources-based cities, and each index is calculated based on the unascertained measure model for 11 resources-based cities in Shanxi Province in 2013 from three aspects; namely, economic, social, and resources <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/585/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> An index system is established for evaluating the level of sustainable development of resources-based cities, and each index is calculated based on the unascertained measure model for 11 resources-based cities in Shanxi Province in 2013 from three aspects; namely, economic, social, and resources and environment. The result shows that Taiyuan City enjoys a high level of sustainable development and integrated development of economy, society, and resources and environment. Shuozhou, Changzhi, and Jincheng have basically realized sustainable development. However, Yangquan, Linfen, Lvliang, Datong, Jinzhong, Xinzhou and Yuncheng have a low level of sustainable development and urgently require a transition. Finally, for different cities, we propose different countermeasures to improve the level of sustainable development. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/585">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/585/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72486-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00585/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00585-g001-1024.png?1467171662" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-72486-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00585/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00585-g001-1024.png?1467171662" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scores of sustainable development of cites in Shanxi Province.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/585'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72467" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 563 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/584/pdf?version=1466578290" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Rise of the Food Risk Society and the Changing Nature of the Technological Treadmill" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Short Note</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/584">The Rise of the Food Risk Society and the Changing Nature of the Technological Treadmill</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lioudmila Chatalova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Müller</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vladislav Valentinov</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alfons Balmann</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 584; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060584">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060584</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/584#metrics">Cited by 11</a> | Viewed by 8754 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Economic development of transition and developed countries is associated with increasingly unhealthy dietary habits among low-income population segments. Drawing on Ulrich Beck’s sociological theory of risk society, the present research note calls attention to the positive relation between national economic development and food <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/584/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Economic development of transition and developed countries is associated with increasingly unhealthy dietary habits among low-income population segments. Drawing on Ulrich Beck’s sociological theory of risk society, the present research note calls attention to the positive relation between national economic development and food risks that result in the rise of food-related diseases and healthcare costs. On this basis, we argue that the knowledge-intensive agribusiness may translate Cochrane’s technological treadmill into Beck’s risk treadmill that shifts a growing share of food-related healthcare costs from producers toward consumers, state, and the healthcare system. This argument motivates a novel research program dealing with the “food risk treadmill” that emerges in response to modern farming and agribusiness practices. Awareness of the food risk treadmill may help to streamline the development of agricultural science and to prevent it from being excessively dominated by the agricultural and food industry. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/584">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/584/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00584/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00584-g001-1024.png?1467171660" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-72467-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00584/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00584-g001-1024.png?1467171660" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Connecting the technological and risk treadmills.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/584'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72490" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 805 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/578/pdf?version=1466589437" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Environmental Impact Analysis of Acidification and Eutrophication Due to Emissions from the Production of Concrete" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/578">Environmental Impact Analysis of Acidification and Eutrophication Due to Emissions from the Production of Concrete</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tae Hyoung Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chang U Chae</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 578; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060578">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060578</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/578#metrics">Cited by 87</a> | Viewed by 11768 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Concrete is a major material used in the construction industry that emits a large amount of substances with environmental impacts during its life cycle. Accordingly, technologies for the reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of concrete from the perspective of a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/578/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Concrete is a major material used in the construction industry that emits a large amount of substances with environmental impacts during its life cycle. Accordingly, technologies for the reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of concrete from the perspective of a life cycle assessment (LCA) must be developed. At present, the studies on LCA in relation to greenhouse gas emission from concrete are being carried out globally as a countermeasure against climate change. However, the studies on the impact of the substances emitted in the concrete production process on acidification and eutrophication are insufficient. As such, assessing only a single category of environmental impact may cause a misunderstanding about the environmental friendliness of concrete. The substances emitted in the concrete production process have an impact not only on global warming but also on acidification and eutrophication. Acidification and eutrophication are the main causes of air pollution, forest destruction, red tide phenomena, and deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. For this reason, the main substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that have an impact on acidification and eutrophication were deduced. In addition, an LCA technique through which to determine the major emissions from concrete was proposed and a case analysis was carried out. The substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that are related to eutrophication were deduced to be NO<sub>x</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, COD, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>. The substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that are related to acidification, were found to be NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. The materials and energy sources among those input into the concrete production process, which have the biggest impact on acidification and eutrophication, were found to be coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/578">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/GBI ">Life Cycle Assessment on Green Building Implementation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/578/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72490"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72490"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72490" data-cycle-prev="#prev72490" data-cycle-progressive="#images72490" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g001-1024.png?1467171622" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72490" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g002-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g003-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g004-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g005-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g006-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g007-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g008-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g009-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g010-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g011-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-72490-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g012-1024.png?1467171622'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72490-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g001-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism of acidification and eutrophication potential in the production of concrete.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g002-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>System boundary of the life cycle assessment (LCA) for concrete.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g003-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Process of life cycle impact assessment for concrete.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g004-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Acidification result of analysis object concrete.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g005-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Acidification analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g006-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Eutrophication result of analysis object concrete.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g007-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Eutrophication analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g008-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of acidification and eutrophication potential by GGBS mixing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g009-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of acidification and eutrophication according to cement production.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g010-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of acidification and eutrophication according to GGBS production.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g011-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of acidification and eutrophication potential by recycled aggregate mixing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00578/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00578-g012-1024.png?1467171622" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of acidification and eutrophication according to aggregate production.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/578'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72447" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4271 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/587/pdf?version=1466504463" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Timber Chips as the Insulation Material for Energy Saving in Prefabricated Offices" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/587">Timber Chips as the Insulation Material for Energy Saving in Prefabricated Offices</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yupeng Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hiroatsu Fukuda</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 587; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060587">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060587</a> - 21 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/587#metrics">Cited by 3</a> | Viewed by 5031 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This research demonstrates the feasibility of a roof insulation method for prefabricated offices that uses vinyl packed timber chips to reduce air conditioning loads (hereinafter referred to as AC loads) and which also improves indoor thermal comfort. The advantages of the new roof <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/587/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This research demonstrates the feasibility of a roof insulation method for prefabricated offices that uses vinyl packed timber chips to reduce air conditioning loads (hereinafter referred to as AC loads) and which also improves indoor thermal comfort. The advantages of the new roof insulation method were revealed through comparing the impacts of four roof types on prefabricated offices. The AC load and indoor thermal comfort (surface temperature and air temperature) were evaluated. The disposal of scrap timber discarded from building construction projects is costing money, and is also a waste of natural resources. The assessment of a new roof insulation method with timber chips demonstrates the advanced usage of timber chips, reducing the environmental load in the building construction process. On the other hand, since prefabricated offices have lower thermal storage capacities and are less airtight than RC (reinforced concrete) or S (steel) structured buildings, the AC load consumption and indoor thermal comfort exacerbation in prefabricated offices is more serious. Especially in summer, a large amount of solar energy absorption from the roof raises the indoor air temperature and significantly increases the cooling load. This research contributes to the environmental design for prefabricated offices, and develops a method for the reuse of wood chips. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/587">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/587/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72447"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72447"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72447" data-cycle-prev="#prev72447" data-cycle-progressive="#images72447" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g001-1024.png?1467171677" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72447" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g002-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g003-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g004-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g005-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g006-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g007-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g008-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g009-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-72447-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g010-1024.png?1467171677'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72447-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g001-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Three office types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g002-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The pictures of wooden chips and packed wooden chips.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g003-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Monthly AC load of three building types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g004-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between heating load and cooling load.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g005-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Monthly AC load of steel sheet roofs and roof-insulated prefabricated offices.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g006-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Annual AC load of steel sheet roofs and roof-insulated prefabricated offices.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g007-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between ceiling surface temperatures and heating loads (5–6 February).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g008-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the ceiling surface temperatures and the cooling loads (15–16 August).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g009-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of indoor air and ceiling surface temperatures (measured at 7 January 2012).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00587/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00587-g010-1024.png?1467171677" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of indoor air and ceiling surface temperature (measured at 11 August 2012).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/587'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72435" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 434 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/583/pdf?version=1466513086" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Covering Indirect Emissions Mitigates Market Power in Carbon Markets: The Case of South Korea" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/583">Covering Indirect Emissions Mitigates Market Power in Carbon Markets: The Case of South Korea</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sunghee Shim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiwoong Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 583; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060583">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060583</a> - 21 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/583#metrics">Cited by 5</a> | Viewed by 4798 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> One of the main concerns of policymakers regarding emissions trading markets is that some firms may well enjoy market power owing to their share of the emissions. This study shows that including indirect emissions within the coverage of an emissions trading scheme can <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/583/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> One of the main concerns of policymakers regarding emissions trading markets is that some firms may well enjoy market power owing to their share of the emissions. This study shows that including indirect emissions within the coverage of an emissions trading scheme can help to reduce market power and thereby enhance social efficiency. In this study, the market concentration measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index significantly drops after including indirect emissions in the South Korean emissions trading market. In addition, other market concentration measures are also considered to verify that the conclusion does not depend on the choice of concentration measures. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/583">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/management_aspects_of_sustainability">Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/583/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72435-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00583/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00583-g001-1024.png?1467171658" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-72435-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00583/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00583-g001-1024.png?1467171658" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Change in the HHI when indirect emissions are included.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/583'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72439" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 6446 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/582/pdf?version=1466503739" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Coordinated Development Analysis of the “Resources-Environment-Ecology-Economy-Society” Complex System in China" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/582">Coordinated Development Analysis of the “Resources-Environment-Ecology-Economy-Society” Complex System in China</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingxia Xie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiayao Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ke Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 582; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060582">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060582</a> - 21 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/582#metrics">Cited by 32</a> | Viewed by 7802 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The aim of investigating the coordination of the complex system constituted by resources, environment, ecology, economy and society subsystems (CSR3ES), is to achieve sustainable development by: (1) describing the complicated relationships of the inner-subsystems and inter-systems; (2) designing the calculation method of the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/582/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The aim of investigating the coordination of the complex system constituted by resources, environment, ecology, economy and society subsystems (CSR3ES), is to achieve sustainable development by: (1) describing the complicated relationships of the inner-subsystems and inter-systems; (2) designing the calculation method of the coordination degree for CSR3ES; (3) analyzing its developing trends from a macro point of view through comprehensive coordination degree; and (4) to determine the direction of system restoration from a micro point of view based on the inner-subsystem and inter-subsystem coordination degree, and to develop specific improvement strategies. By setting a province-level administrative region as a decision-making unit (DMU), the nationwide coordination of CSR3ES was studied. The main conclusions are: (1) The coordination degree between the subsystems is directly influenced by interactions between the elements. (2) Within the provinces and autonomous regions (PARs) in China, the levels of coordinated development of inter-subsystems are high, while the coordinated development between the elements within a single subsystem level are low. Furthermore, a positive coherent effect is exerted on the comprehensive coordination degree of CSR3ES by the inter-system synergistic effects. (3) In terms of spatial correlation, five comprehensive coordinated development modes of CSR3ES are formed: the northeast regional coordination mode group; the northwest regional uncoordinated mode group; the southeast regional coordination mode group; the central regional random mode group; and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei polarization mode. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/582">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/engineering_and_science">Sustainable Engineering and Science</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/582/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72439"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72439"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72439" data-cycle-prev="#prev72439" data-cycle-progressive="#images72439" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g001-1024.png?1467171656" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72439" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g002-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g003-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g004-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g005-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g006-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g007-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g008-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g009-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g010-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g011-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g012-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-72439-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g013-1024.png?1467171656'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72439-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g001-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The relationship between coordinated development and sustainable development.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g002-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Subsystems of the complex system constituted by resources, environment, ecology, economy, and society subsystems (CSR3ES) and their interactions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g003-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The index system of CSR3ES.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g004-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The calculation processes of the coordination degree between subsystems of CSR3ES.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g005-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The calculation process of the subsystem comprehensive coordination degree.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g006-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The framework for the coordination management of CSR3ES.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g007-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Radar charts of the subsystem coordination degree of 31 provinces and autonomous regions (PARs) in China, 2013.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g008-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>A spatial distribution grade map of comprehensive coordination degrees of 31 PARs in China, 2013.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g009-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Spatial correlation analysis of regions with similar inter-subsystem coordinated development patterns.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g010-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Radar charts of the inter-subsystem coordination degree for 31 PARs in China, 2013.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g011-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>A spatial distribution grade map of the inter-subsystem comprehensive coordination degree for 31 PARs in China, 2013.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g012-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>A radar chart of the comprehensive coordination degrees of CSR3ES for 31 PARs in China, 2013.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00582/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00582-g013-1024.png?1467171656" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>A spatial distribution grade map of comprehensive coordination degrees of CSR3ES for 31 PARs in China, 2013.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/582'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72394" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 887 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/581/pdf?version=1466496019" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Soil Seed Bank and Plant Community Development in Passive Restoration of Degraded Sandy Grasslands" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/581">Soil Seed Bank and Plant Community Development in Passive Restoration of Degraded Sandy Grasslands</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Renhui Miao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yongheng Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhaolin Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Meixia Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenxing Zhou</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yinzhan Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 581; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060581">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060581</a> - 21 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/581#metrics">Cited by 27</a> | Viewed by 6775 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To evaluate the efficacy of passive restoration on soil seed bank and vegetation recovery, we measured the species composition and density of the soil seed bank, as well as the species composition, density, coverage, and height of the extant vegetation in sites passively <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/581/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To evaluate the efficacy of passive restoration on soil seed bank and vegetation recovery, we measured the species composition and density of the soil seed bank, as well as the species composition, density, coverage, and height of the extant vegetation in sites passively restored for 0, 4, 7, and 12 years (S0, S4, S7, and S12) in a degraded grassland in desert land. Compared with S0, three more species in the soil seed bank at depths of 0–30 cm and one more plant species in the community was detected in S12. Seed density within the topsoil (0–5 cm) was five times higher in S12 than that in S0. Plant densities in S7 and S12 were triple and quadruple than that in S0. Plant coverage was increased by 1.5 times (S4), double (S7), and triple (S12) compared with S0. Sørensen’s index of similarity in species composition between the soil seed bank and the plant community were high (0.43–0.63), but it was lower in short-term restoration sites (S4 and S7) than that in no and long-term restoration sites (S0 and S12). The soil seed bank recovered more slowly than the plant community under passive restoration. Passive restoration is a useful method to recover the soil seed bank and vegetation in degraded grasslands. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/581">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/Geoinformation_Technologies_Sustainable_Development ">Earth Observation and Geoinformation Technologies for Sustainable Development</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/581/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72394"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72394"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72394" data-cycle-prev="#prev72394" data-cycle-progressive="#images72394" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00581/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00581-g001-1024.png?1467171636" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72394" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00581/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00581-g002-1024.png?1467171636'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00581/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00581-g003-1024.png?1467171636'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72394-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00581/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00581-g001-1024.png?1467171636" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Soil seed density (individual m<sup>−2</sup>) at different soil depths (cm) and sites (S0, S4, S7, and S12). Insert chart shows total soil seed density for 0–30 cm. Different letters indicate a significant difference (<span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/581'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00581/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00581-g002-1024.png?1467171636" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Density (individual m<sup>−2</sup>), coverage (%), and mean height (cm) of vegetation at the sites (S0, S4, S7, and S12). Different letters indicate a significant difference (<span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/581'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00581/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00581-g003-1024.png?1467171636" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Sørensen similarity index between the soil seed bank and vegetation species composition at the sites (S0, S4, S7 and S12). Different letters indicate a significant difference (<span class="html-italic">p &lt;</span> 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/581'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72346" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 551 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/580/pdf?version=1466429839" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Supporting Farmer-Led Irrigation in Mozambique: Reflections on Field-Testing a New Design Approach" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/580">Supporting Farmer-Led Irrigation in Mozambique: Reflections on Field-Testing a New Design Approach</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wouter Beekman</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gert Jan Veldwisch</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 580; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060580">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060580</a> - 20 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/580#metrics">Cited by 5</a> | Viewed by 5563 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Smallholder irrigation technologies introduced in sub-Saharan Africa are often unsustainable in the sense that they are not maintained by their users. In contrast, there is clear evidence that smallholder farmers have been developing and expanding irrigated areas. An approach was developed that takes <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/580/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Smallholder irrigation technologies introduced in sub-Saharan Africa are often unsustainable in the sense that they are not maintained by their users. In contrast, there is clear evidence that smallholder farmers have been developing and expanding irrigated areas. An approach was developed that takes these farmers’ initiatives as a starting point to stimulate further irrigated agricultural expansion in central Mozambique, dubbed the PIAD approach (Participatory Irrigated Agricultural Development). The approach was documented through field diaries, participatory monitoring and evaluation. This article presents an analysis and reflection on the design process. Amongst other things, it shows that a crucial difference is the division of roles between users, contractors and irrigation engineers, both in terms of division of responsibilities and in understanding the interdisciplinary connections of irrigated agricultural production. The approach allowed users to be kept in the driver’s seat of development while going beyond improving irrigation infrastructure, including agronomic and institutional interventions. Additionally, the results show that technologies are being sustained by their users and copied by farmers in neighboring areas. We conclude that the approach allows for active investment by the users, both in design as well as in project costs and labor, which later results in the improvements being maintained and copied, a clear marker of sustainability. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/580">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/agriculture_food_and_wildlife ">Sustainable Irrigation and Drainage</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/580/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00580/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00580-g001-1024.png?1467171632" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-72346-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00580/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00580-g001-1024.png?1467171632" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of an irrigation development process focusing on the participatory construction as used in the PIAD approach.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/580'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72357" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1794 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/579/pdf?version=1466427404" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Study on Life Cycle CO2 Emissions of Low-Carbon Building in South Korea" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/579">A Study on Life Cycle CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions of Low-Carbon Building in South Korea</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Su-Hyun Cho</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chang-U Chae</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 579; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060579">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060579</a> - 20 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/579#metrics">Cited by 81</a> | Viewed by 14039 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> There have been much interest and many efforts to control global warming and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the world. Recently, the Republic of Korea has also increased its GHG reduction goal and searched for an implementation plan. In buildings, for example, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/579/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> There have been much interest and many efforts to control global warming and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the world. Recently, the Republic of Korea has also increased its GHG reduction goal and searched for an implementation plan. In buildings, for example, there have been technology developments and deployment policies to reduce GHG emissions from a life cycle perspective, covering construction materials, building construction, use of buildings and waste disposal. In particular, Korea’s Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design is a certification of environmentally-friendly buildings for their energy saving and reduction of environmental pollution throughout their lives. In fact, the demand and adoption of the certification are rising every year. In construction materials and buildings, as a result, an environmentally-friendly aspect has become crucial. The importance of construction material and building development technologies that can reduce environmental load by diminishing GHG emissions in buildings has emerged. Moreover, there has been a rising necessity to verify the GHG reduction effects of buildings. To assess the reduction of carbon emissions in the buildings built with low-carbon construction technologies and materials, therefore, this study estimated life cycle carbon emissions in reference buildings in which general construction materials are used and in low-carbon buildings. For this, the carbon emissions and their reduction from construction materials (especially concrete) between conventional products and low-carbon materials were estimated, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). After estimating carbon emissions from a building life cycle perspective, their reduction in low-carbon buildings compared to the reference buildings was reviewed. The results found that compared to conventional buildings, low-carbon buildings revealed a 25% decrease in carbon emissions in terms of the reduction of Life Cycle CO<sub>2</sub> (LCCO<sub>2</sub>) per unit area. If diverse production technologies and sales routes are further developed for low-carbon construction materials, carbon emission reduction effects would considerably increase. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/579">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/urban_and_rural_development">Sustainable Urban and Rural Development</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/579/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72357"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72357"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72357" data-cycle-prev="#prev72357" data-cycle-progressive="#images72357" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72357-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g001-1024.png?1467171630" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72357" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72357-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g002-1024.png?1467171630'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72357-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g003-1024.png?1467171630'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72357-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g004-1024.png?1467171630'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72357-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g005-1024.png?1467171630'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72357-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g006-1024.png?1467171630'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72357-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g001-1024.png?1467171630" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>System boundary for LCCO<sub>2</sub> assessment of a building.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/579'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g002-1024.png?1467171630" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The cumulative mass contribution of input materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/579'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g003-1024.png?1467171630" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> emission distribution of the whole building during the material production phase</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/579'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g004-1024.png?1467171630" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by construction material input in the building sectors.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/579'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g005-1024.png?1467171630" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions throughout the life cycle phases for 30 years (unit: kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq./m<sup>2</sup>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/579'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00579/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00579-g006-1024.png?1467171630" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>LCCO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction of low-carbon building.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/579'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72344" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 5089 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/577/pdf?version=1466422863" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluation of Thermal Anomalies in Multi-Boreholes Field Considering the Effects of Groundwater Flow" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/577">Evaluation of Thermal Anomalies in Multi-Boreholes Field Considering the Effects of Groundwater Flow</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shibin Geng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yong Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xu Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huiliang Lian</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hua Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 577; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060577">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060577</a> - 20 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/577#metrics">Cited by 12</a> | Viewed by 4720 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this paper, the performance of multiple boreholes (multi-BHEs) field is evaluated by considering the groundwater flow. Optimization strategies are presented to mitigate thermal anomalies in the BHEs field. This study shows that groundwater flow greatly improves the heat transfer but causes thermal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/577/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this paper, the performance of multiple boreholes (multi-BHEs) field is evaluated by considering the groundwater flow. Optimization strategies are presented to mitigate thermal anomalies in the BHEs field. This study shows that groundwater flow greatly improves the heat transfer but causes thermal anomalies downstream. To overcome this problem, a heat transfer model is established for multi-boreholes based on temperature field superposition and moving finite line source model (MFLS). The MFLS multi-boreholes model considers the axial effect and groundwater flow and produces results in agreement with the field tested data of a 4 × 4 boreholes field. Using a dynamic annual load pattern, the long-term performance of the 4 × 4 boreholes field is analyzed. Three dynamic diurnal cooling load models are proposed to evaluate the temperature changes in the underground. The intermittent load model could reduce the local temperature anomalies in downstream tubes. The optimization model for cooling cases for multi-BHEs is elaborated to keep the outlet temperature as low as possible and minimize the extreme temperature anomalies, and by this, ultimately improve the system performance. Furthermore, the temperature variations and thermal anomalies downstream of multi-BHEs are investigated by evaluating the arrangement optimization and load optimization. The results show that the optimization could mitigate thermal anomalies downstream and reduce the rate of temperature imbalance of the BHEs field. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/577">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/577/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72344"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72344"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72344" data-cycle-prev="#prev72344" data-cycle-progressive="#images72344" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g001-1024.png?1467171606" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72344" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g002-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g003-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g004-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g005-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g006-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g007-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g008-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g009-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g010-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-72344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g011-1024.png?1467171606'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72344-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g001-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>BHE (borehole) locations and experimential system flow diagram. (<b>a</b>) A 4 × 4 boreholes (<b>b</b>) The experimential boreholes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g002-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of experimentally measured outlet temperatures with those from FLS (finite line source) and MFLS (moving finite line source) multi-BHEs models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g003-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Grid arrangement of BHEs in an area of 16m × 16m. Coordinates：A (0, 0), B (‒4, 4), C (8, 0).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g004-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Annual load dynamic variation of BHE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g005-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Temperature variation of typical points A, B, C with time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g006-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The three models for the dynamic diurnal load variation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g007-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Temperature rise of typical points under three different dynamic loads for the MFLS model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g008-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between an optimized and a non-optimized arrangement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g009-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution of the optimized and non-optimized arrangement multi-BHEs (z = 50 m).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g010-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The borehole wall and outlet temperature of each BHE between the load non-optimized and optimized pattern.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00577/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00577-g011-1024.png?1467171606" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution of the load optimized and non-optimized multi-BHEs (z = 50 m).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/577'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72274" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 5936 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/576/pdf?version=1466219519" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modeling the Habitat of the Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) Wintering in Cheorwon-Gun to Support Decision Making" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/576">Modeling the Habitat of the Red-Crowned Crane (<em>Grus japonensis</em>) Wintering in Cheorwon-Gun to Support Decision Making</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ho Gul Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eun-jae Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chan Park</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki Sup Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dong Kun Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Woo-shin Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jong-U Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 576; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060576">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060576</a> - 18 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/576#metrics">Cited by 10</a> | Viewed by 15107 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cheorwon-gun is an important wintering area for the red-crowned crane (<i>Grus japonensis</i>). Although eco-tourism has been recently proposed as a means to stimulate the local economy, it may have adverse effects on the crane. We believe a science-based conservation plan is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/576/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cheorwon-gun is an important wintering area for the red-crowned crane (<i>Grus japonensis</i>). Although eco-tourism has been recently proposed as a means to stimulate the local economy, it may have adverse effects on the crane. We believe a science-based conservation plan is needed to mitigate these negative effects. To this end, our study had three objectives: (1) to analyze the red-crowned crane habitat and its suitability in Cheorwon-gun, using field surveys and habitat modeling; (2) to check the feasibility of alternative habitat patches across demilitarized zones (DMZs); and (3) to propose a conceptual diagram that minimizes habitat loss during development activities. We aim to quantify habitat suitability, the farmland area needed to support existing crane populations in wintertime, disturbance caused by human activities, and vehicular spatial patterns. These data could be used in spatial planning. The framework of this study and the process of making a conceptual diagram could be applied to other areas where there is a conflict between development and habitat conservation. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/576">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/sustainable_wildlife_management ">Sustainable Wildlife Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/576/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72274"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72274"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72274" data-cycle-prev="#prev72274" data-cycle-progressive="#images72274" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72274-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g001-1024.png?1467171594" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72274" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72274-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g002-1024.png?1467171594'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72274-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g003-1024.png?1467171594'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72274-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g004-1024.png?1467171594'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72274-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g005-1024.png?1467171595'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72274-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g006-1024.png?1467171594'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72274-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g001-1024.png?1467171594" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The study area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/576'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g002-1024.png?1467171594" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Locations of crane groups in Cheorwon-gun (from October 2009 to March 2010).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/576'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g003-1024.png?1467171594" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Habitat suitability map for cranes of Cheorwon-gun.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/576'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g004-1024.png?1467171594" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Logistic output (probability of presence) of the model in response to different variables. (<b>a</b>) response to different land cover types; (<b>b</b>) response to distance from farmland; (<b>c</b>) response to distance from unpaved roads; (<b>d</b>) response to distance from rivers; (<b>e</b>) response to distance from forests; and (<b>f</b>) response to farmland area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/576'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g005-1024.png?1467171595" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Potential crane habitats within an 8 km radius of the DMZ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/576'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00576/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00576-g006-1024.png?1467171594" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Conceptual diagram for habitat conservation of the red-crowned crane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/576'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72287" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 460 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/575/pdf?version=1466231621" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="From Food Waste to Donations: The Case of Marketplaces in Northern Spain" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/575">From Food Waste to Donations: The Case of Marketplaces in Northern Spain</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pilar L. González-Torre</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jorge Coque</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 575; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060575">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060575</a> - 18 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/575#metrics">Cited by 18</a> | Viewed by 7294 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> There is a growing increase in the number of disadvantaged people whose basic needs, such as food, should be covered. In crisis periods, food banks and other entities have a special role to play in that social function. This research focuses on the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/575/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> There is a growing increase in the number of disadvantaged people whose basic needs, such as food, should be covered. In crisis periods, food banks and other entities have a special role to play in that social function. This research focuses on the marketplaces that are great generators of organic food waste due to the fact that almost all of their stalls are dedicated to the sales of fresh food. The work combines both qualitative (interviews with the person responsible for most of the marketplaces in a northern Spain region and with two health inspectors, as well as a participatory workshop with different stakeholders related to food recovery: a regional waste management company, a food bank and several beneficiary entities) and quantitative techniques (a massive survey of the market stalls where the interviews were previously conducted). The results allow us to estimate the volume of organic waste generated by these marketplaces and to propose guidelines that would facilitate a better management of the food surpluses with potential for use, in the first place, as donations to food banks and, secondly, as recoverable bio-waste. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/575">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/management_aspects_of_sustainability">Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/575/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72287-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00575/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00575-g001-1024.png?1467171582" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-72287-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00575/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00575-g001-1024.png?1467171582" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Position of food banks in the logistics chain [<a href="#B16-sustainability-08-00575" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/575'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72301" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 233 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/574/pdf?version=1466238563" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Agroforestry—The Next Step in Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/574">Agroforestry—The Next Step in Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthew Heron Wilson</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sarah Taylor Lovell</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 574; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060574">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060574</a> - 18 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/574#metrics">Cited by 131</a> | Viewed by 35576 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Agriculture faces the unprecedented task of feeding a world population of 9 billion people by 2050 while simultaneously avoiding harmful environmental and social effects. One effort to meet this challenge has been organic farming, with outcomes that are generally positive. However, a number <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/574/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Agriculture faces the unprecedented task of feeding a world population of 9 billion people by 2050 while simultaneously avoiding harmful environmental and social effects. One effort to meet this challenge has been organic farming, with outcomes that are generally positive. However, a number of challenges remain. Organic yields lag behind those in conventional agriculture, and greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient leaching remain somewhat problematic. In this paper, we examine current organic and conventional agriculture systems and suggest that agroforestry, which is the intentional combination of trees and shrubs with crops or livestock, could be the next step in sustainable agriculture. By implementing systems that mimic nature’s functions, agroforestry has the potential to remain productive while supporting a range of ecosystem services. In this paper, we outline the common practices and products of agroforestry as well as beneficial environmental and social effects. We address barriers to agroforestry and explore potential options to alter policies and increase adoption by farmers. We conclude that agroforestry is one of the best land use strategies to contribute to food security while simultaneously limiting environmental degradation. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/574">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/BOrganicFarming ">Sustainable Agriculture–Beyond Organic Farming</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72278" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2589 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/572/pdf?version=1466226655" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Beef Cattle Farms’ Conversion to the Organic System. Recommendations for Success in the Face of Future Changes in a Global Context" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/572">Beef Cattle Farms’ Conversion to the Organic System. Recommendations for Success in the Face of Future Changes in a Global Context</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alfredo J. Escribano</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 572; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060572">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060572</a> - 18 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/572#metrics">Cited by 16</a> | Viewed by 11261 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Dehesa is a remarkable agroforestry system, which needs the implementation of sustainable production systems in order to reduce its deterioration. Moreover, its livestock farms need to adapt to a new global market context. As a response, the organic livestock sector has expanded not <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/572/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Dehesa is a remarkable agroforestry system, which needs the implementation of sustainable production systems in order to reduce its deterioration. Moreover, its livestock farms need to adapt to a new global market context. As a response, the organic livestock sector has expanded not only globally but also in the region in search for increased overall sustainability. However, conversions to the organic system have been commonly carried out without analyzing farms’ feasibility to do so. This analysis is necessary before implementing any new production system in order to reduce both the diversity of externalities that the variety of contexts leads to and the vulnerability of the DDehesa ecosystem to small management changes. Within this context and in the face of this gap in knowledge, the present paper analyzes the ease of such conversions and the farms’ chances of success after conversion in the face of global changes (market and politics). Different aspects (“areas of action”) were studied and integrated within the Global Conversion Index (GCI), and the legal requirement for European organic farming, organic principles, future challenges for ruminants’ production systems, as well as the lines of action for the post-2013 CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) and their impacts on the beef cattle sector were taken into account. Results revealed that farms must introduce significant changes before initiating the conversion process, since they had very low scores on the GCI (42.74%), especially with regard to health and agro-ecosystem management (principle of Ecology). Regarding rearing and animal welfare (principle of justice/fairness), farms were close to the organic system. From the social point of view, active participation in manufacturing and marketing of products should be increased. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/572">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/BOrganicFarming ">Sustainable Agriculture–Beyond Organic Farming</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/572/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72278"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72278"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72278" data-cycle-prev="#prev72278" data-cycle-progressive="#images72278" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-ag-550.jpg?1581067434" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images72278" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g001-1024.png?1467171566'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g002-1024.png?1467171566'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g003-1024.png?1467171566'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g004-1024.png?1467171566'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g005-1024.png?1467171566'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72278-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g006-1024.png?1467171566'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72278-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-ag-550.jpg?1581067434" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g001-1024.png?1467171566" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Dehesa location and different land cover characteristics. FFC (Forest Fractional Cover): Fraction of the land covered by the vertical projection of the tops of trees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g002-1024.png?1467171566" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Process followed from the farms selection step to the calculation of conversion indexes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g003-1024.png?1467171566" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Dendrogram: Hierarchical cluster analysis of farms using Ward’s method and the squared Euclidean distance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g004-1024.png?1467171566" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>GCI scores of the farms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g005-1024.png?1467171566" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Countries with the largest markets for organic food. Retail sales: Million Euros. Upper map: ©TrueMiltra-FreeVectors.com. Charts: Own elaboration from FIBL (2016) [<a href="#B51-sustainability-08-00572" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00572/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00572-g006-1024.png?1467171566" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Countries with the highest per capita consumption (euros/habitant/year) in 2014. Own elaboration from FIBL (2016) [<a href="#B51-sustainability-08-00572" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/572'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72280" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1861 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/571/pdf?version=1466227183" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Residents’ Environmental Conservation Behaviors at Tourist Sites: Broadening the Norm Activation Framework by Adopting Environment Attachment" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/571">Residents’ Environmental Conservation Behaviors at Tourist Sites: Broadening the Norm Activation Framework by Adopting Environment Attachment</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuling Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuyao Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qitao Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lixia Jin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongou Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 571; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060571">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060571</a> - 18 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/571#metrics">Cited by 20</a> | Viewed by 6828 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Understanding the factors that affect residents’ environmental conservation behaviors help in managing the environment of tourist sites. This research provides an integrative understanding of how residents near tourist sites form their environmental conservation behaviors by merging the norm-activation model and cognitive-affective model into <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/571/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Understanding the factors that affect residents’ environmental conservation behaviors help in managing the environment of tourist sites. This research provides an integrative understanding of how residents near tourist sites form their environmental conservation behaviors by merging the norm-activation model and cognitive-affective model into one theoretical framework. Results of the structural analysis from a sample of 642 residents showed that this study’s proposed composite model includes a satisfactory level of predictive power for environmental conservation behaviors. The findings identify the following two dimensions of awareness of environmental consequences as having a key role in predicting environmental conservation behaviors: (1) awareness of positive consequences of environmental protection; and (2) awareness of disaster consequences. Results also show that environment attachment and personal norms about environmentalism played a mediating role between awareness of environmental consequences and environmental conservation behaviors, and that personal norms about environmentalism were the most powerful factor in predicting behaviors. Several practical implications were derived from the research findings that can contribute to environment management policy both within and outside the field of tourism, mostly notably: (1) how the effective promotion of these factors can encourage environmental conservation behaviors for residents; and (2) how governments can develop and implement environmental management measures to improve locals’ awareness of positive consequences of environmental protection. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/571">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/environment_and_resources">Environmental Sustainability and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/571/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72280"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72280"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72280" data-cycle-prev="#prev72280" data-cycle-progressive="#images72280" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00571/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00571-g001-1024.png?1467171549" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72280" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00571/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00571-g002-1024.png?1467171549'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72280-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00571/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00571-g001-1024.png?1467171549" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The Great Jiuzhai Tourism Area of China.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/571'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00571/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00571-g002-1024.png?1467171549" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The estimated structural equation model. Insignificant <span class="html-fig-inline" id="sustainability-08-00571-i001"> <img alt="Sustainability 08 00571 i001" src="/sustainability/sustainability-08-00571/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00571-i001.png"/></span>; Significant <span class="html-fig-inline" id="sustainability-08-00571-i002"> <img alt="Sustainability 08 00571 i002" src="/sustainability/sustainability-08-00571/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00571-i002.png"/></span>; *** Significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/571'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72282" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 5532 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/565/pdf?version=1466229335" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Soil Conservation Issues in India" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/565">Soil Conservation Issues in India</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ranjan Bhattacharyya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Birendra Nath Ghosh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pradeep Dogra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Prasanta Kumar Mishra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Priyabrata Santra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suresh Kumar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Augustine Fullen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Uttam Kumar Mandal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kokkuvayil Sankaranarayanan Anil</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manickam Lalitha</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dibyendu Sarkar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dibyendu Mukhopadhyay</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krishnendu Das</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Madan Pal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rajbir Yadav</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ved Prakash Chaudhary</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brajendra Parmar</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 565; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060565">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060565</a> - 18 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/565#metrics">Cited by 38</a> | Viewed by 27049 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Despite years of study and substantial investment in remediation and prevention, soil erosion continues to be a major environmental problem with regard to land use in India and elsewhere around the world. Furthermore, changing climate and/or weather patterns are exacerbating the problem. Our <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/565/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Despite years of study and substantial investment in remediation and prevention, soil erosion continues to be a major environmental problem with regard to land use in India and elsewhere around the world. Furthermore, changing climate and/or weather patterns are exacerbating the problem. Our objective was to review past and current soil conservation programmes in India to better understand how production-, environmental-, social-, economic- and policy-related issues have affected soil and water conservation and the incentives needed to address the most critical problems. We found that to achieve success in soil and water conservation policies, institutions and operations must be co-ordinated using a holistic approach. Watershed programmes have been shown to be one of the most effective strategies for bringing socio-economic change to different parts of India. Within both dryland and rainfed areas, watershed management has quietly revolutionized agriculture by aligning various sectors through technological soil and water conservation interventions and land-use diversification. Significant results associated with various watershed-scale soil and water conservation programmes and interventions that were effective for reducing land degradation and improving productivity in different parts of the country are discussed. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/565">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/soil_science_conservation ">Soil Science in Conservation Agricultural Systems</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/565/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72282"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72282"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72282" data-cycle-prev="#prev72282" data-cycle-progressive="#images72282" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g001-1024.png?1467171449" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72282" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g002-1024.png?1467171450'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g003-1024.png?1467171449'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g004-1024.png?1467171449'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g005-1024.png?1467171449'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g006-1024.png?1467171450'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g007-1024.png?1467171449'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72282-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g001-1024.png?1467171449" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Design of wind barrier to control wind erosion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g002-1024.png?1467171450" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Adoption = Performance + Trade-offs + Context + (P × T × C) (Source: Corbeels <span class="html-italic">et al.</span> [<a href="#B101-sustainability-08-00565" class="html-bibr">101</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g003-1024.png?1467171449" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Farm pond for rain-water harvesting in Telengana, India.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g004-1024.png?1467171449" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Stone pitching and stepped gabion for gully control in Telengana.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g005-1024.png?1467171449" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Sand bag structure for gully control in Telengana.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g006-1024.png?1467171450" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Farm pond technology in farmer’s field in the Gangetic coastal region of West Bengal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00565/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00565-g007-1024.png?1467171449" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Deep furrow and high ridge technology at farmer’s field in the Gangetic coastal region of West Bengal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/565'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72240" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1319 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/573/pdf?version=1466163982" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analysis of Factors in Land Subsidence in Shanghai: A View Based on a Strategic Environmental Assessment" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/573">Analysis of Factors in Land Subsidence in Shanghai: A View Based on a Strategic Environmental Assessment</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ye-Shuang Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shui-Long Shen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dong-Jie Ren</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huai-Na Wu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 573; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060573">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060573</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/573#metrics">Cited by 133</a> | Viewed by 8333 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> It has been observed that in the urban center of Shanghai, land subsidence has accelerated, and the groundwater level has continued to drop even though the net withdrawn volume (NWV) of groundwater has remained unchanged since 1980. An analysis of monitoring data shows <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/573/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> It has been observed that in the urban center of Shanghai, land subsidence has accelerated, and the groundwater level has continued to drop even though the net withdrawn volume (NWV) of groundwater has remained unchanged since 1980. An analysis of monitoring data shows that drawdown of the groundwater level is one of the factors that have influenced land subsidence since 1980. The NWV of groundwater in urban areas, however, is not the critical factor controlling the drawdown of the groundwater level. Since the 1980s, there have been many underground works constructed in the unique strata of Shanghai, which has an interlayered structure known as a multi-aquifer-aquitard system (MAAS). Investigation into land subsidence caused by urban construction is now receiving much attention. Based on the principle of a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for sustainable urban development, this paper presents a discussion and analysis of the factors which can influence the development of land subsidence during continued urbanization in Shanghai. The main factors include the additional loading caused by the construction of structures, the cut-off effect due to construction in aquifers, the drawdown of groundwater level caused by leakage into underground structures, and the decrease of groundwater recharge from neighboring zones. SEA is recommended for the future development of Shanghai. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/573">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/engineering_and_science">Sustainable Engineering and Science</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/573/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72240"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72240"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72240" data-cycle-prev="#prev72240" data-cycle-progressive="#images72240" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g001-1024.png?1467171579" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72240" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g002-1024.png?1467171579'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g003-1024.png?1467171579'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g004-1024.png?1467171579'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g005-1024.png?1467171579'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72240-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g001-1024.png?1467171579" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Shanghai hydrogeological profile (cross-section I–I’) and location of urban areas.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/573'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g002-1024.png?1467171579" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between floor area and cumulative subsidence (based on Reference [<a href="#B25-sustainability-08-00573" class="html-bibr">25</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/573'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g003-1024.png?1467171579" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of cumulative land subsidence and NWV of groundwater (based on Reference [<a href="#B25-sustainability-08-00573" class="html-bibr">25</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/573'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g004-1024.png?1467171579" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of cumulative land subsidence and detected piezometric level in each aquifer since 1980 (based on Reference [<a href="#B25-sustainability-08-00573" class="html-bibr">25</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/573'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00573/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00573-g005-1024.png?1467171579" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Regression analysis of floor area, total length of track in operation and cumulative subsidence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/573'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72244" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2250 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/570/pdf?version=1466156809" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cultural Attitudes as WTP Determinants: A Revised Cultural Worldview Scale" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/570">Cultural Attitudes as WTP Determinants: A Revised Cultural Worldview Scale</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andy S. Choi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kelly S. Fielding</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 570; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060570">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060570</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/570#metrics">Cited by 14</a> | Viewed by 6421 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> There has been little attention paid to the systematic measurement issue of general attitudes toward human-culture relationships. This paper applied the Cultural Worldview (CW) scale that was developed by Choi <i>et al</i>. in 2007 (published in the Journal of Cultural Economics), and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/570/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> There has been little attention paid to the systematic measurement issue of general attitudes toward human-culture relationships. This paper applied the Cultural Worldview (CW) scale that was developed by Choi <i>et al</i>. in 2007 (published in the Journal of Cultural Economics), and investigated its dimensionality and relationship with willingness to pay (WTP) for cultural heritage protection through a sequential integration between latent variables and valuation models. A case study of 997 Korean respondents was employed to examine conservation values of cultural heritage sites using discrete choice models. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that this scale can be used either as a single second-order factor or four correlated factors. A more parsimonious version of the CW scale with twelve items is endorsed in this paper and the results also confirm that it is valid for use with non-Western nations. The findings support a significant attitude–WTP relationship; there was a significant role of the CW scale that reveals unobserved factors in valuation models. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/570">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/cult-heritage ">Sustainability of Cultural and Natural Heritage</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/570/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72244"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72244"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72244" data-cycle-prev="#prev72244" data-cycle-progressive="#images72244" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72244-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g001-1024.png?1467171542" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72244" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72244-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g002-1024.png?1467171542'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72244-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g003-1024.png?1467171543'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72244-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g004-1024.png?1467171542'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72244-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g001-1024.png?1467171542" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Three approaches to incorporating attitudinal variables into choice models (modified from Daly <span class="html-italic">et al.</span> [<a href="#B7-sustainability-08-00570" class="html-bibr">7</a>]): Inclusion of indicators (<b>a</b>) or factor scores (<b>b</b>) in a choice model, or a simultaneous estimation of latent variables as a part of choice analysis (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/570'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g002-1024.png?1467171542" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>An example of choice sets used in the final questionnaires.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/570'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g003-1024.png?1467171543" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>A structural model of the CW scale with four correlated factors.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/570'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00570/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00570-g004-1024.png?1467171542" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A structural model of the CW scale with four factors in a second-order structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/570'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72217" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 761 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/569/pdf?version=1466154040" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Vertical Coordination in Organic Food Chains: A Survey Based Analysis in France, Italy and Spain" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/569">Vertical Coordination in Organic Food Chains: A Survey Based Analysis in France, Italy and Spain</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessia Cavaliere</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Massimo Peri</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandro Banterle</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 569; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060569">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060569</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/569#metrics">Cited by 15</a> | Viewed by 5427 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The paper analyses characteristics of vertical relationships of organic supply chains with a specific focus on the processing and retailing sectors. The analysis takes into account different regions of the EU Mediterranean area. Data were collected through interviews using an ad hoc questionnaire. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/569/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The paper analyses characteristics of vertical relationships of organic supply chains with a specific focus on the processing and retailing sectors. The analysis takes into account different regions of the EU Mediterranean area. Data were collected through interviews using an ad hoc questionnaire. The survey was based on a sample of 306 firms, including processors and retailers. The analysis revealed that a relevant aspect for the processing firms of organic products concerns the guaranteeing of safety and quality levels for the products. The main tools to implement the quality management are based on the adoption of specific production regulations and quality controls. The premium price most frequently applied by processors ranges from 10% to 40% and similar values are revealed for retailers. The diffusion of supply contracts allows the vertical coordination between agriculture and processing firms in the organic supply chains. The main distribution channels for the processing firms are represented by specialised shops in organic products, direct sales and supermarkets. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/569">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/569/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72217"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72217"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72217" data-cycle-prev="#prev72217" data-cycle-progressive="#images72217" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72217-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00569/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00569-g001-1024.png?1467171528" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72217" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72217-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00569/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00569-g002-1024.png?1467171528'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72217-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00569/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00569-g003-1024.png?1467171528'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72217-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00569/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00569-g001-1024.png?1467171528" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Use of quality standard certifications in the processing firms (% of sample of processing firms).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/569'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00569/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00569-g002-1024.png?1467171528" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Most relevant distribution channels of the processing firms for organic products.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/569'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00569/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00569-g003-1024.png?1467171528" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Main implemented actions by processing firms to develop organic products (% of sample of processing firms).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/569'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72203" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 718 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/568/pdf?version=1466147276" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Assimilation and Translocation of Dry Matter and Phosphorus in Rice Genotypes Affected by Salt-Alkaline Stress" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/568">Assimilation and Translocation of Dry Matter and Phosphorus in Rice Genotypes Affected by Salt-Alkaline Stress</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhijie Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingpeng Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xueying Jia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fu Yang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhichun Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 568; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060568">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060568</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/568#metrics">Cited by 20</a> | Viewed by 5430 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Salt-alkaline stress generally leads to soil compaction and fertility decline. It also restricts rice growth and phosphorus acquisition. In this pot experiment, two relatively salt-alkaline tolerant (Dongdao-4 and Changbai-9) and sensitive (Changbai-25 and Tongyu-315) rice genotypes were planted in sandy (control) and salt-alkaline <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/568/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Salt-alkaline stress generally leads to soil compaction and fertility decline. It also restricts rice growth and phosphorus acquisition. In this pot experiment, two relatively salt-alkaline tolerant (Dongdao-4 and Changbai-9) and sensitive (Changbai-25 and Tongyu-315) rice genotypes were planted in sandy (control) and salt-alkaline soil to evaluate the characteristics of dry matter and phosphorus assimilation and translocation in rice. The results showed that dry matter and phosphorus assimilation in rice greatly decreased under salt-alkaline stress as the plants grew. The translocation and contribution of dry matter and phosphorus to the grains also increased markedly; different performances were observed between genotypes under salt-alkaline stress. D4 and C9 showed higher dry matter translocation, translocation efficiency and contribution of dry matter assimilation to panicles than those of C25 and T315. These changes in D4 and C9 indexes occurred at low levels of salt-alkaline treatment. Higher phosphorus acquisition efficiency of D4 and C9 were also found under salt-alkaline conditions. Additionally, the phosphorus translocation significantly decreased in C25 and T315 in the stress treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that salt-alkaline-tolerant rice genotypes may have stronger abilities to assimilate and transfer biomass and phosphorus than sensitive genotypes, especially in salt-alkaline conditions. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/568">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/568/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72203"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72203"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72203" data-cycle-prev="#prev72203" data-cycle-progressive="#images72203" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72203-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00568/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00568-g001-1024.png?1467171518" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72203" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72203-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00568/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00568-g002-1024.png?1467171518'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72203-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00568/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00568-g003-1024.png?1467171518'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72203-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00568/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00568-g001-1024.png?1467171518" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The four dry matter translocation indexes for genotypes in two soil treatments. (<b>a</b>) DMT = dry matter translocation; (<b>b</b>) DMTE = dry matter translocation efficiency; (<b>c</b>) CDMAG = contribution of dry matter assimilation to grains; (<b>d</b>) HI = harvest index; *, ** = significant at 0.05, 0.01 levels between the two types of soils, respectively; A, B, C, D = significant differences between genotypes in sandy treatment; a, b, c, d = significant differences between genotypes in salt-alkaline treatment; bars represent ± S.E.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/568'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00568/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00568-g002-1024.png?1467171518" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Phosphorus acquisition and utilization efficiency of four genotypes at three stages in two soil types. (<b>a</b>) PAE = phosphorus acquisition efficiency at filling stage; (<b>b</b>) PAE = phosphorus acquisition efficiency at heading stage; (<b>c</b>) PAE = phosphorus acquisition efficiency at mature stage; (<b>d</b>) PUE = phosphorus utilization efficiency at filling stage; (<b>e</b>) PUE = phosphorus utilization efficiency at heading stage; (<b>f</b>) PUE = phosphorus utilization efficiency at mature stage; *, ** = significant at 0.05, 0.01 levels between the two types of soils, respectively; A, B, C, D = significant differences between genotypes in sandy treatment; a, b, c, d = significant differences between genotypes in salt-alkaline treatment; bars represent ± S.E.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/568'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00568/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00568-g003-1024.png?1467171518" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The four phosphorus translocation indexes for genotypes in two soil treatments. (<b>a</b>) PT = phosphorus translocation; (<b>b</b>) PTE = phosphorus translocation efficiency; (<b>c</b>) CPAG = contribution of phosphorus assimilation to grains; (<b>d</b>) PHI = phosphorus harvest index; *, ** = significant at 0.05, 0.01 levels between the two types of soils, respectively; A, B, C, D = significant differences between genotypes in sandy treatment; a, b, c, d = significant differences between genotypes in salt-alkaline treatment; bars represent ± S.E.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/568'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72218" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4349 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/567/pdf?version=1466157918" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Building Simplified Life Cycle CO2 Emissions Assessment Tool (B‐SCAT) to Support Low‐Carbon Building Design in South Korea" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/567">Building Simplified Life Cycle CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Assessment Tool (B‐SCAT) to Support Low‐Carbon Building Design in South Korea</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seungjun Roh</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sungho Tae</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 567; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060567">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060567</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/567#metrics">Cited by 24</a> | Viewed by 7980 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Various tools that assess life cycle CO<sub>2</sub> (LCCO<sub>2</sub>) emissions are currently being developed throughout the international community. However, most building LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions assessment tools use a bill of quantities (BOQ), which is calculated after starting a building’s construction. Thus, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/567/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Various tools that assess life cycle CO<sub>2</sub> (LCCO<sub>2</sub>) emissions are currently being developed throughout the international community. However, most building LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions assessment tools use a bill of quantities (BOQ), which is calculated after starting a building’s construction. Thus, it is difficult to assess building LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions during the early design phase, even though this capability would be highly effective in reducing LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a Building Simplified LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions Assessment Tool (B‐SCAT) for application in the early design phase of low‐carbon buildings in South Korea, in order to facilitate efficient decision‐making. To that end, in the construction stage, the BOQ and building drawings were analyzed, and a database of quantities and equations describing the finished area were conducted for each building element. In the operation stage, the “Korea Energy Census Report” and the “Korea Building Energy Efficiency Rating Certification System” were analyzed, and three kinds of models to evaluate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were proposed. These analyses enabled the development of the B‐SCAT. A case study compared the assessment results performed using the B‐SCAT against a conventional assessment model based on the actual BOQ of the evaluated building. These values closely approximated the conventional assessment results with error rates of less than 3%. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/567">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/GBI ">Life Cycle Assessment on Green Building Implementation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/567/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72218"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72218"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72218" data-cycle-prev="#prev72218" data-cycle-progressive="#images72218" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g001-1024.png?1467171506" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72218" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g002-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g003-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g004-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g005-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g006-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g007-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g008-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g009-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g010-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g011-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-72218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g012-1024.png?1467171506'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72218-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g001-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Framework of the simplification of building LCCO<sub>2</sub> emissions assessment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g002-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Assessment criteria of building elements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g003-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Interface of the basic information.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g004-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Interface of the construction stage.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g005-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Interface of the operation stage.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g006-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Interface of the end-of-life stage.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g007-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Interface of the assessment result.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g008-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Assessment results.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g009-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Assessment results for each residential building.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g010-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Assessment results for each annexed building.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g011-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Assessment results for each underground parking lot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00567/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00567-g012-1024.png?1467171506" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Assessment results by the annual reduction rate of operational energy effectiveness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72201" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1402 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/566/pdf?version=1466152171" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Livelihood Vulnerability of Rural Households in Earthquake-Stricken Areas—A Case Study of Ning’er, Yunnan Province" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/566">The Livelihood Vulnerability of Rural Households in Earthquake-Stricken Areas—A Case Study of Ning’er, Yunnan Province</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Benyong Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guiwu Su</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenhua Qi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Sun</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 566; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060566">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060566</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/566#metrics">Cited by 17</a> | Viewed by 5600 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Earthquakes happen suddenly and are immensely destructive. They not only destroy entire societal production and infrastructure systems but also seriously interfere with daily life and reduce opportunities to earn income in earthquake-affected areas. In this paper, using the Ning’er <i>Ms</i> 6.4 earthquake in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/566/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Earthquakes happen suddenly and are immensely destructive. They not only destroy entire societal production and infrastructure systems but also seriously interfere with daily life and reduce opportunities to earn income in earthquake-affected areas. In this paper, using the Ning’er <i>Ms</i> 6.4 earthquake in 2007 as an example, we analyzed the livelihood vulnerability of rural households in Ning’er County, Yunnan, based on data from questionnaires and on-site interviews. The results showed that on the whole, local rural household livelihoods are relatively vulnerable in the earthquake-affected area of Ning’er. The main reason for the high level of vulnerability of rural households is the lack of single or multiple incomes. Due to the shortage of household income, the capacity of rural households to manage the aftermath of an earthquake is low. Improving the income allocation and transformation level and expanding methods of earning income is an effective way for rural households to decrease livelihood vulnerability in earthquake-prone areas. Some suggestions are given for local rural households to enhance their livelihood income levels in the event of earthquakes. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/566">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/566/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72201"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72201"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72201" data-cycle-prev="#prev72201" data-cycle-progressive="#images72201" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72201-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g001-1024.png?1467171462" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72201" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72201-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g002-1024.png?1467171462'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72201-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g003-1024.png?1467171462'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72201-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g004-1024.png?1467171462'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72201-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g001-1024.png?1467171462" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The area studied and the distributions of the investigated spots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/566'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g002-1024.png?1467171462" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Earthquake disaster losses for rural households in Ning’er County. (<b>a</b>) Casualties; (<b>b</b>) buildings damaged.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/566'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g003-1024.png?1467171462" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Livelihood capital indexes for rural households in Ning’er County.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/566'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00566/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00566-g004-1024.png?1467171462" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The composite vulnerability indexes of rural households in Ning’er County.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/566'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72195" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 625 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/564/pdf?version=1466147806" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sustainable Supply Chain Management: The Influence of Disposal Scenarios on the Environmental Impact of a 2400 L Waste Container" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/564">Sustainable Supply Chain Management: The Influence of Disposal Scenarios on the Environmental Impact of a 2400 L Waste Container</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>José Eduardo Galve</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Elduque</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carmelo Pina</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Javierre</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 564; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060564">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060564</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/564#metrics">Cited by 13</a> | Viewed by 6956 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper analyzes the influence of the supply chain management on the environmental impact of a 2400 L waste disposal container used in most cities of Spain. The studied functional unit, a waste disposal container, made up mostly of plastic materials and a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/564/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper analyzes the influence of the supply chain management on the environmental impact of a 2400 L waste disposal container used in most cities of Spain. The studied functional unit, a waste disposal container, made up mostly of plastic materials and a metallic structure, and manufactured in Madrid (Spain), is distributed to several cities at an average distance of 392 km. A life cycle assessment of four different scenarios (SC) has been calculated with the software EcoTool v4.0 (version 4.0; i+: Zaragoza, Spain, 2015) and using Ecoinvent v3.0 database (version 3.0; Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: St. Gallen, Switzerland, 2013). The environmental impact has been characterized with two different methodologies, recipe and carbon footprint. In order to reduce the environmental impact, several end of life scenarios have been performed, analyzing the influence of the supply chain on a closed-looped system that increases recycling. Closed loop management of the waste and reuse of parts allows companies to stop selling products and start selling the service that their products give to the consumers. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/564">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/supply_chain_management ">Sustainability in Supply Chain Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/564/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72195"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72195"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72195" data-cycle-prev="#prev72195" data-cycle-progressive="#images72195" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72195-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g001-1024.png?1467171417" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72195" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72195-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g002-1024.png?1467171417'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72195-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g003-1024.png?1467171417'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72195-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g004-1024.png?1467171417'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72195-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g005-1024.png?1467171417'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72195-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g006-1024.png?1467171417'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72195-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g001-1024.png?1467171417" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Life cycle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/564'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g002-1024.png?1467171417" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Waste disposal container.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/564'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g003-1024.png?1467171417" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SC1 (Landfilling).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/564'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g004-1024.png?1467171417" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SC2 (Standard recycling).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/564'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g005-1024.png?1467171417" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SC3 (Closed loop recycling of the thermoplastic parts).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/564'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00564/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00564-g006-1024.png?1467171417" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SC4 (Closed loop supply chain).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/564'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72187" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4446 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/563/pdf?version=1466155206" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biomass Power Generation Investment in China: A Real Options Evaluation" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/563">Biomass Power Generation Investment in China: A Real Options Evaluation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingming Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dequn Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Ding</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingliang Jin</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 563; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060563">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060563</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/563#metrics">Cited by 15</a> | Viewed by 6573 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper proposes a real options model for evaluating the biomass power generation investment in China. The uncertainties in the market price of electricity, CO<sub>2</sub> price and straw price are considered. Meanwhile the dynamic relationship between installed capacity and fuel cost, as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/563/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper proposes a real options model for evaluating the biomass power generation investment in China. The uncertainties in the market price of electricity, CO<sub>2</sub> price and straw price are considered. Meanwhile the dynamic relationship between installed capacity and fuel cost, as well as the long-term reduction of subsidy are described. Two scenarios, <i>i.e.</i>, with the carbon emission trading scheme existent and non-existent, respectively, is built to empirically analyze the investment of a 25-MW straw-based power generation project. The results show that investors should undertake the investment in 2030 under two scenarios. Investment values are 14,869,254.8 and 37,608,727 Chinese Yuan (RMB), respectively. The implementation of the carbon emission trading scheme theoretically helps improve investment value and advance the most likely optimal investment time. However, the current CO<sub>2</sub> price is not sufficient to advance the most likely optimal investment time. The impacts of several factors, including subsidy policy, CO<sub>2</sub> price, straw price, installed capacity, correlation structure and the validity period of investment, on the optimal investment strategy are also examined. It is suggested that governments take some measures, including increasing subsidy, setting the growth pattern of subsidy and establishing and perfecting a nationwide carbon trading market, to improve the investment environment and attract more investments. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/563">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/biofuel_production ">Sustainable Biofuel Production</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/563/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72187"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72187"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72187" data-cycle-prev="#prev72187" data-cycle-progressive="#images72187" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g001-1024.png?1467171404" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72187" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g002-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g003-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g004-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g005-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g006-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g007-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g008-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g009a-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g009b-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g010-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g011-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g012-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-72187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g013-1024.png?1467171404'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72187-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g001-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Life cycle and value flow process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g002-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The collection radiuses of straw.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g003-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Investment value in Chinese Yuan (RMB) according to the simulation paths in Case 1 (<b>a</b>) and in Case 2 (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g004-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The probability distribution of investment time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g005-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The impact of subsidy levels on investment value <b>(a)</b> and investment time <b>(b)</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g006-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The impact of the subsidy’s change pattern on investment value <b>(a)</b> and investment time <b>(b)</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g007-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The impact of CO<sub>2</sub> price.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g008-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The impact of the CO<sub>2</sub> price volatility.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g009a-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The impact of the straw price on investment value <b>(a)</b> and investment time <b>(b)</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g009b-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The impact of the straw price on investment value <b>(a)</b> and investment time <b>(b)</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g010-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The impact of straw price volatility on investment value (<b>a</b>) and investment time (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g011-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The impact of installed capacity on investment value (<b>a</b>) and investment time (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g012-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The impact of the correlation structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00563/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00563-g013-1024.png?1467171404" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The impact of the validity period on investment value <b>(a)</b> and investment time <b>(b)</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/563'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72192" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3802 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/562/pdf?version=1466151718" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optimal Hybrid Renewable Airport Power System: Empirical Study on Incheon International Airport, South Korea" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/562">Optimal Hybrid Renewable Airport Power System: Empirical Study on Incheon International Airport, South Korea</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seoin Baek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heetae Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hyun Joon Chang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 562; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060562">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060562</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/562#metrics">Cited by 16</a> | Viewed by 7319 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In response to global energy problems (e.g., the oil crisis, the Fukushima accident, the Paris Agreement), the South Korean government has executed a strict renewable energy plan to decrease the country’s dependence on fossil fuel. Public facilities, such as international airports, which use <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/562/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In response to global energy problems (e.g., the oil crisis, the Fukushima accident, the Paris Agreement), the South Korean government has executed a strict renewable energy plan to decrease the country’s dependence on fossil fuel. Public facilities, such as international airports, which use substantial amounts of electricity, are the most in need of government regulation. In this study, we attempt to determine the optimal hybrid electricity generation system for South Korea’s largest airport: Incheon International Airport. In the analysis, we use three scenarios: the current load, 120% of the current load, and 140% of the current load, according to the plan to expand Incheon International Airport. According to the COE (cost of electricity) and the NPC (net present cost) of the result, it is economically feasible to completely cover the potential increase in the electric load with PV power. Government policy implications and limitations are discussed. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/562">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/management_aspects_of_sustainability">Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/562/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72192"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72192"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72192" data-cycle-prev="#prev72192" data-cycle-progressive="#images72192" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g001-1024.png?1467171366" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72192" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g002-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g003-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g004-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g005-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g006-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g007-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g008-1024.png?1467171366'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72192-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g001-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>System Configuration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g002-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Daily Load Profile.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g003-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Seasonal Load Profile.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g004-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Monthly Solar Resources.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g005-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Monthly Wind Resources.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g006-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Average Monthly Electricity Production: First Scenario.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g007-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Average Monthly Electricity Production: Second Scenario.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00562/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00562-g008-1024.png?1467171366" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Average Monthly Electricity Production: Third Scenario.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/562'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72205" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2270 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/561/pdf?version=1466153829" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Heterotrophic Anodic Denitrification in Microbial Fuel Cells" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/561">Heterotrophic Anodic Denitrification in Microbial Fuel Cells</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jakub Drewnowski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Jesus Fernandez-Morales</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 561; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060561">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060561</a> - 17 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/561#metrics">Cited by 16</a> | Viewed by 5367 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Nowadays, pollution caused by energy production systems is a major environmental concern. Therefore, the development of sustainable energy sources is required. Amongst others, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) seems to be a possible solution because it can produce clean energy at the same <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/561/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Nowadays, pollution caused by energy production systems is a major environmental concern. Therefore, the development of sustainable energy sources is required. Amongst others, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) seems to be a possible solution because it can produce clean energy at the same time that waste is stabilized. Unfortunately, mainly due to industrial discharges, the wastes could contain nitrates, or nitrates precursors such ammonia, which could lead to lower performance in terms of electricity production. In this work, the feasibility of coupling anodic denitrification process with electricity production in MFC and the effect of the nitrates over the MFC performance were studied. During the experiments, it was observed that the culture developed in the anodic chamber of the MFC presented a significant amount of denitrificative microorganisms. The MFC developed was able to denitrify up to 4 ppm, without affecting the current density exerted, of about 1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Regarding the denitrification process, it must be highlighted that the maximum denitrification rate achieved with the culture was about 60 mg·NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>·L<sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>. Based on these results, it can be stated that it is possible to remove nitrates and to produce energy, without negatively affecting the electrical performance, when the nitrate concentration is low. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/561">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/biofuel_production ">Sustainable Biofuel Production</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/561/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72205"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72205"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72205" data-cycle-prev="#prev72205" data-cycle-progressive="#images72205" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g001-1024.png?1467171347" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images72205" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g002-1024.png?1467171347'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g003-1024.png?1467171347'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g004-1024.png?1467171347'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g005-1024.png?1467171347'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g006-1024.png?1467171347'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72205-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g001-1024.png?1467171347" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic view of the set-up.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g002-1024.png?1467171347" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Current density <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> time along the start-up process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g003-1024.png?1467171347" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the nitrate concentration over the exerted voltage.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g004-1024.png?1467171347" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Exerted voltage as function of the influent and effluent nitrate concentration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g005-1024.png?1467171347" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the influent nitrate concentration over the COD removal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00561/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00561-g006-1024.png?1467171347" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Coulombic efficiency <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> influent nitrate concentration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72165" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3373 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/560/pdf?version=1466083120" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Thermal Bridges in Insulated Walls on Air-Conditioning Loads Using Whole Building Energy Analysis" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/8/6/560">Effect of Thermal Bridges in Insulated Walls on Air-Conditioning Loads Using Whole Building Energy Analysis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohamed F. Zedan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sami Al-Sanea</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abdulaziz Al-Mujahid</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zeyad Al-Suhaibani</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 560; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060560">https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060560</a> - 16 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/560#metrics">Cited by 16</a> | Viewed by 6988 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Thermal bridges in building walls are usually caused by mortar joints between insulated building blocks and by the presence of concrete columns and beams within the building envelope. These bridges create an easy path for heat transmission and therefore increase air-conditioning loads. In <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/560/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Thermal bridges in building walls are usually caused by mortar joints between insulated building blocks and by the presence of concrete columns and beams within the building envelope. These bridges create an easy path for heat transmission and therefore increase air-conditioning loads. In this study, the effects of mortar joints only on cooling and heating loads in a typical two-story villa in Riyadh are investigated using whole building energy analysis. All loads found in the villa, which broadly include ventilation, transmission, solar and internal loads, are considered with schedules based on local lifestyles. The thermal bridging effect of mortar joints is simulated by reducing wall thermal resistance by a percentage that depends on the bridges to wall area ratio (TB area ratio or A<sub>mj</sub>/A<sub>tot</sub>) and the nominal thermal insulation thickness (L<sub>ins</sub>). These percentage reductions are obtained from a correlation developed by using a rigorous 2D dynamic model of heat transmission through walls with mortar joints. The reduction in thermal resistance is achieved through minor reductions in insulation thickness, thereby keeping the thermal mass of the wall essentially unchanged. Results indicate that yearly and monthly cooling loads increase almost linearly with the thermal bridge to wall area ratio. The increase in the villa’s yearly loads varies from about 3% for A<sub>mj</sub>/A<sub>tot</sub> = 0.02 to about 11% for A<sub>mj</sub>/A<sub>tot</sub> = 0.08. The monthly increase is not uniform over the year and reaches a maximum in August, where it ranges from 5% for A<sub>mj</sub>/A<sub>tot</sub> = 0.02 to 15% for A<sub>mj</sub>/A<sub>tot</sub> = 0.08. In winter, results show that yearly heating loads are generally very small compared to cooling loads and that heating is only needed in December, January and February, starting from late night to late morning. Monthly heating loads increase with the thermal bridge area ratio; however, the variation is not as linear as observed in cooling loads. The present results highlight the importance of reducing or eliminating thermal bridging effects resulting from mortar joints in walls by maintaining the continuity of the insulation layer in order to reduce energy consumption in air-conditioned buildings. <a href="/2071-1050/8/6/560">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sustainability/sections/energy_sustainability">Energy Sustainability</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/6/560/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72165"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72165"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g011-1024.png?1467171333'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-72165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g012-1024.png?1467171333'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-72165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g013-1024.png?1467171333'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72165-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g001-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Diagrammatic sketch showing thermal bridges caused by mortar joints in building walls.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g002-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Building plans of the villa case study. (<b>a</b>) Ground floor plan; (<b>b</b>) first floor plan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g003-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Cyclic part (symmetric region) of wall structure showing a five-layer building block covered by two cement plaster layers and a mortar joint cutting across the block; dimensions in mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g004-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of a vertical roof section showing various layers (Dimensions. in mm, NTS).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g005-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Riyadh sample weather data used in the simulation: 1 August (Day 213) through 31 August (Day 243). (<b>a</b>) Dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature profiles; (<b>b</b>) Profiles of Solar flux on a horizontal plane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g006a-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Two-dimensional study results for the effect of % thermal bridge (TB) area ratio for various nominal insulation thicknesses: (<b>a</b>) percentage increase in yearly heat transmission load; (<b>b</b>) percentage decrease in yearly-averaged dynamic thermal resistance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g006b-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Two-dimensional study results for the effect of % thermal bridge (TB) area ratio for various nominal insulation thicknesses: (<b>a</b>) percentage increase in yearly heat transmission load; (<b>b</b>) percentage decrease in yearly-averaged dynamic thermal resistance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g007-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Villa’s monthly loads for different thermal bridge area ratios. (<b>a</b>) Cooling; (<b>b</b>) heating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g008-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Villa’s daily cooling loads in August for different thermal bridge area ratios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g009-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Daily heating loads in January for different thermal bridge area ratios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g010-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Effect of thermal bridges on August cooling load.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g011-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Effect of thermal bridges on January cooling and heating loads. (<b>a</b>) Cooling; (<b>b</b>) heating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g012-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Effect of thermal bridges on yearly loads. (<b>a</b>) Cooling; (<b>b</b>) heating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-08-00560/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-08-00560-g013-1024.png?1467171333" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Picture of an insulated building block.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/8/6/560'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i 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Sustainability | June 2016 - Browse Articles