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id="toc-Early_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divinity_schools_in_Islamic_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divinity_schools_in_Islamic_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Divinity schools in Islamic theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divinity_schools_in_Islamic_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Origins of <i>Deism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbert_of_Cherbury_and_early_English_Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbert_of_Cherbury_and_early_English_Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Herbert of Cherbury and early English Deism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbert_of_Cherbury_and_early_English_Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_peak_of_Deism_(1696–1801)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_peak_of_Deism_(1696–1801)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The peak of Deism (1696–1801)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_peak_of_Deism_(1696–1801)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Enlightenment Deism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enlightenment_Deism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Enlightenment Deism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspects_of_Deism_in_Enlightenment_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects_of_Deism_in_Enlightenment_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aspects of Deism in Enlightenment philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects_of_Deism_in_Enlightenment_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_origins_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_origins_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The origins of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_origins_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immortality_of_the_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immortality_of_the_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Immortality of the soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immortality_of_the_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracles_and_divine_providence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracles_and_divine_providence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Miracles and divine providence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miracles_and_divine_providence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_and_necessity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_and_necessity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Freedom and necessity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_and_necessity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Hume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Hume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>David Hume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Hume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Deism in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism_in_France_and_continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism_in_France_and_continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Deism in France and continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism_in_France_and_continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Enlightenment_Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Enlightenment_Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Decline of Enlightenment Deism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Enlightenment_Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary Deism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Deism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Deism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_philosophical_discussions_of_Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_philosophical_discussions_of_Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Recent philosophical discussions of Deism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_philosophical_discussions_of_Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism_in_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism_in_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Deism in Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism_in_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Deism in Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism_in_the_United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism_in_the_United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Deism in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism_in_the_United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ربوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ربوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmu" title="Deísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ঈশ্বরবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈশ্বরবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD-s%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABn" title="Lí-sîn-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lí-sîn-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дэізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Деизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Деизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizam" title="Deizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Deizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deistiaeth" title="Deistiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deistiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ντεϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντεϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmo" title="Deísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diismo" title="Diismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دادارباوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادارباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9isme" title="Déisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadhachas" title="Diadhachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Diadhachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmo" title="Deísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="이신론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이신론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Դեիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="देववाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देववाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizam" title="Deizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumgy%C3%B0istr%C3%BA" title="Frumgyðistrú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumgyðistrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דאיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ism" title="Déism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Déism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisms" title="Deisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmas" title="Deizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmus" title="Deizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Deizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisma" title="Deisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Deisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഡീയിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡീയിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="دييزم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دييزم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="理神論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="理神論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeohism" title="Daeohism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Daeohism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خدا پرستی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خدا پرستی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ډئيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډئيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyizim" title="Diyizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diyizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmo" title="Deísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmi" title="Deizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmus" title="Deizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizem" title="Deizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خوداپەرستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوداپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Деизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizam" title="Deizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismi" title="Deismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Deismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เทวัสนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวัสนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Додорбоварӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Додорбоварӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Деїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خدا پرستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خدا پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Thần giáo tự nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần giáo tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然神论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="理神論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理神論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deizm" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Deus_otiosus" title="Deus otiosus">Deus otiosus</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos#Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Logos">Logos § Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_One" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism § The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology#Confucian_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology § Confucian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deism_in_England_and_France_in_the_18th_century" title="Deism in England and France in the 18th century">18th-century England and France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Deism">Christian Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pandeism_in_Asia" title="Pandeism in Asia">in Asia</a>)</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pandeism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandeism and Christianity">and Christianity</a>)</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_pandeism" title="Criticism of pandeism">criticism</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilanthropy" title="Theophilanthropy">Theophilanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deistic_evolution" title="Deistic evolution">Deistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States#Disinterested_benevolence" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalism in the<br />US § Disinterested benevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deists" title="List of deists">Notable figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Matthew Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount_(deist)" title="Charles Blount (deist)">Charles Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Ripoll" title="Cayetano Ripoll">Cayetano Ripoll</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">False equivalencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_therapeutic_deism" title="Moralistic therapeutic deism">Moralistic therapeutic deism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(Presbyterian)" title="John Leland (Presbyterian)">John Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet#Philosophical_controversy" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Edward Stillingfleet § Philosophical controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bliss#Anthony_Bliss_(father),_Vicar_of_Portsmouth" title="Anthony Bliss">Anthony Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(controversialist)" title="John Jackson (controversialist)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jennens" title="Charles Jennens">Charles Jennens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thought_of_Edmund_Burke" title="Religious thought of Edmund Burke">Religious thought of Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blackmore#Non-epic_writing" title="Richard Blackmore">Richard Blackmore § Non-epic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McGready" title="James McGready">James McGready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">Valentin Ernst Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_prophecies#Themes" title="Continental prophecies"><i>Continental prophecies</i> § Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Friedrich Julius Stahl</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Deism_sidebar" title="Template:Deism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Deism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Deism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DEE</span>-iz-əm</i></a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DAY</span>-iz-əm</i></a>; derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">deus</a></i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> position and <a href="/wiki/Rationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalistic">rationalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that generally rejects <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> as a source of divine knowledge and asserts that <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural world</a> are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Supreme Being</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator of the universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More simply stated, Deism is the belief in the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>—often, but not necessarily, an impersonal and incomprehensible God who <a href="/wiki/Deus_otiosus" title="Deus otiosus">does not intervene in the universe after creating it</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gomes_2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomes_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doniger-Eliade_1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger-Eliade_1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solely based on rational thought without any reliance on revealed religions or religious authority.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deism emphasizes the concept of <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>—that is, God's existence is revealed through nature.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 17th century and during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, especially in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Deism_in_England_and_France_in_the_18th_century" title="Deism in England and France in the 18th century">England, France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">North America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe_2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophers</a> and theologians formulated a <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">critical rejection</a> of the several <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a> belonging to the many <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religions</a>, and began to appeal only to truths that they felt could be established by reason as the exclusive source of divine knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such philosophers and theologians were called "Deists", and the philosophical/theological position they advocated is called "Deism".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deism as a distinct philosophical and intellectual movement declined toward the end of the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had a revival in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Claeys_1989_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys_1989-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of its tenets continued as part of other intellectual and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> movements, like <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Deism continues to have advocates today,<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including with modern variants such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_developments">Early developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></div> <p>Deistical thinking has existed since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>; the roots of Deism can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophical tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiland20114_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiland20114-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3rd-century Christian theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> explicitly mentioned persons who believed that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> was not involved in human affairs, and therefore led what he considered a licentious life.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Deism did not develop as a religio-philosophical movement until after the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, which began in the mid-16th century in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiland20115_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiland20115-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divinity_schools_in_Islamic_theology">Divinity schools in Islamic theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Divinity schools in Islamic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">systematic schools of Islamic theology</a> to develop was the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Muʿtazila</a> in the mid-8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1980_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1980-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muʿtazilite theologians emphasized the use of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rational thought</a>, positing that the injunctions of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> are accessible through rational thought and inquiry, and affirmed that <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">the Quran was created</a> (<i>makhlūq</i>) rather than co-eternal with God, an affirmation that would develop into one of the most contentious questions in the history of Islamic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1980_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1980-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th–10th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ashʿarī school</a> developed as a response to the Muʿtazila, founded by the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashʿarītes still taught the use of reason in understanding the Quran, but denied the possibility to deduce moral truths by reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Māturīdī school</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to its founder, the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī</a>, human reason is supposed to acknowledge the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> (<i>bāriʾ</i>) solely <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">based on rational thought</a> and independently from divine revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He shared this conviction with his teacher and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān</a> (8th century CE), whereas al-Ashʿarī never held such a view.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Afghan-American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Hassan_Akhlaq" title="Sayed Hassan Akhlaq">Sayed Hassan Hussaini</a>, the early schools of Islamic theology and theological beliefs among <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">classical Muslim philosophers</a> are characterized by "a rich color of Deism with a slight disposition toward <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hussaini_2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussaini_2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_Deism">Origins of <i>Deism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins of Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>deism</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a></i> are both derived from words meaning "<a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a>": the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">deus</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> term <i>theós</i> (θεός), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>déiste</i> first appeared in French in 1563 in a theological treatise written by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist theologian</a> named <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Viret" title="Pierre Viret">Pierre Viret</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Deism was generally unknown in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> until the 1690s when <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> published his famous <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Historique_et_Critique" title="Dictionnaire Historique et Critique">Dictionnaire Historique et Critique</a></i>, which contained an article on Viret.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, the words <i>deist</i> and <i>theist</i> were originally synonymous, but by the 17th century the terms started to diverge in meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>deist</i> with its current meaning first appears in English in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Robert Burton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy" title="The Anatomy of Melancholy">The Anatomy of Melancholy</a></i> (1621). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbert_of_Cherbury_and_early_English_Deism">Herbert of Cherbury and early English Deism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Herbert of Cherbury and early English Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg/230px-Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg/345px-Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg/460px-Edward_Herbert_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury_by_Isaac_Oliver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Herbert_of_Cherbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Herbert of Cherbury">Lord Herbert of Cherbury</a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Oliver" title="Isaac Oliver">Isaac Oliver</a> (1560–1617)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first major statement of Deism in English is <a href="/wiki/Lord_Herbert_of_Cherbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Herbert of Cherbury">Lord Herbert of Cherbury</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/De_Veritate" title="De Veritate">De Veritate</a></i> (1624).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Herbert, like his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, searched for the foundations of knowledge. The first two-thirds of his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_Veritate" title="De Veritate">De Veritate</a></i> (<i>On Truth, as It Is Distinguished from Revelation, the Probable, the Possible, and the False</i>) are devoted to an exposition of Herbert's <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">theory of knowledge</a>. Herbert distinguished truths from experience and distinguished reasoning about experience from innate and revealed truths. Innate truths are imprinted on our minds, as evidenced by their universal acceptance. Herbert referred to universally accepted truths as <i>notitiae communes—</i>Common Notions. Herbert believed there were five Common Notions that unify all religious beliefs. </p> <ol><li>There is one Supreme God.</li> <li>God ought to be worshipped.</li> <li>Virtue and piety are the main parts of divine worship.</li> <li>We ought to be remorseful for our sins and repent.</li> <li>Divine goodness dispenses rewards and punishments, both in this life and after it.</li></ol> <p>Herbert himself had relatively few followers, and it was not until the 1680s that Herbert found a true successor in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount_(deist)" title="Charles Blount (deist)">Charles Blount</a> (1654 – 1693).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_peak_of_Deism_(1696–1801)"><span id="The_peak_of_Deism_.281696.E2.80.931801.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="The_rise_of_British_deism_(1690–1740)"></span>The peak of Deism (1696–1801)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The peak of Deism (1696–1801)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deism_in_England_and_France_in_the_18th_century" title="Deism in England and France in the 18th century">Deism in England and France in the 18th century</a></div> <p>The appearance of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s <i>Essay Concerning Human Understanding</i> (1690) marks an important turning-point and new phase in the history of English Deism. Lord Herbert's <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> was based on the idea of "common notions" (or <a href="/wiki/Innate_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate ideas">innate ideas</a>). Locke's <i>Essay</i> was an attack on the foundation of innate ideas. After Locke, deists could no longer appeal to innate ideas as Herbert had done. Instead, deists were forced to turn to arguments based on experience and nature. Under the influence of Newton, they turned to the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a> as the principal argument for the existence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a> identifies <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Not_Mysterious" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity Not Mysterious">Christianity Not Mysterious</a></i> (1696), and the "vehement response" it provoked, as the beginning of post-Lockian Deism. Among the notable figures, Gay describes Toland and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Matthew Tindal</a> as the best known; however, Gay considered them to be talented publicists rather than philosophers or scholars. He regards Conyers Middleton and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Anthony Collins</a> as contributing more to the substance of debate, in contrast with fringe writers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolston" title="Thomas Woolston">Thomas Woolston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gay,_1968,_pp.9-10_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay,_1968,_pp.9-10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other English Deists prominent during the period include <a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount_(deist)" title="Charles Blount (deist)">Charles Blount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the latter part, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Annet" title="Peter Annet">Peter Annet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morgan_(deist)" title="Thomas Morgan (deist)">Thomas Morgan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury</a> was also influential; though not presenting himself as a Deist, he shared many of the deists' key attitudes and is now usually regarded as a Deist.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially noteworthy is Matthew Tindal's <i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i> (1730), which became, very soon after its publication, the focal center of the Deist controversy. Because almost every argument, quotation, and issue raised for decades can be found here, the work is often termed "the Deist's Bible".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Locke's successful attack on innate ideas, Tindal's "Bible" redefined the foundation of Deist <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> as knowledge based on experience or human reason. This effectively widened the gap between traditional Christians and what he called "Christian Deists", since this new foundation required that "revealed" truth be validated through human reason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlightenment_Deism">Enlightenment Deism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enlightenment Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspects_of_Deism_in_Enlightenment_philosophy">Aspects of Deism in Enlightenment philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aspects of Deism in Enlightenment philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enlightenment Deism consisted of two philosophical assertions: (1) reason, along with features of the natural world, is a valid source of religious knowledge, and (2) revelation is not a valid source of religious knowledge. Different Deist philosophers expanded on these two assertions to create what <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a> later termed the "constructive" and "critical" aspects of Deism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Constructive" assertions—assertions that deist writers felt were justified by appeals to reason and features of the natural world (or perhaps were intuitively obvious or common notions)—included:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>God exists and created the universe.</li> <li>God gave humans the ability to reason.</li></ul> <p>"Critical" assertions—assertions that followed from the denial of revelation as a valid source of religious knowledge—were much more numerous, and included: </p> <ul><li>Rejection of all books (including the Quran and the Bible) that claimed to contain divine revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rejection of the incomprehensible notion of the Trinity and other religious "mysteries".</li> <li>Rejection of reports of miracles, prophecies, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_origins_of_religion">The origins of religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The origins of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central premise of Deism was that the religions of their day were corruptions of an original religion that was pure, natural, simple, and rational. Humanity lost this original religion when it was subsequently corrupted by priests who manipulated it for personal gain and for the class interests of the priesthood,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encrusted it with superstitions and "mysteries"—irrational theological doctrines. Deists referred to this manipulation of religious doctrine as "priestcraft", a derogatory term.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For deists, this corruption of natural religion was designed to keep laypeople baffled by "mysteries" and dependent on the priesthood for information about the requirements for salvation. This gave the priesthood a great deal of power, which the Deists believed the priesthood worked to maintain and increase. Deists saw it as their mission to strip away "priestcraft" and "mysteries". Tindal, perhaps the most prominent deist writer, claimed that this was the proper, original role of the Christian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One implication of this premise was that current-day primitive societies, or societies that existed in the distant past, should have religious beliefs less infused with superstitions and closer to those of natural theology. This position became less and less plausible as thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> began studying the <a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations#The_Natural_History_of_Religion" title="Four Dissertations">natural history of religion</a> and suggested that the origin of religion was not in reason but in emotions, such as the fear of the unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immortality_of_the_soul">Immortality of the soul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immortality of the soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different Deists had different beliefs about the immortality of the soul, about the existence of Hell and damnation to punish the wicked, and the existence of Heaven to reward the virtuous. Anthony Collins,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Annet" title="Peter Annet">Peter Annet</a> were materialists and either denied or doubted the immortality of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> believed in reincarnation or resurrection. Lord Herbert of Cherbury and <a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held that souls exist, survive death, and in the afterlife are rewarded or punished by God for their behavior in life. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> believed in the "probability" of the immortality of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miracles_and_divine_providence">Miracles and divine providence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Miracles and divine providence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most natural position for Deists was to reject all forms of supernaturalism, including the miracle stories in the Bible. The problem was that the rejection of miracles also seemed to entail the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> (that is, God taking a hand in human affairs), something that many Deists were inclined to accept.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who believed in a watch-maker God rejected the possibility of miracles and divine providence. They believed that God, after establishing natural laws and setting the cosmos in motion, stepped away. He did not need to keep tinkering with his creation, and the suggestion that he did was insulting.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, firmly believed in divine providence, and so, were reluctantly forced to accept at least the possibility of miracles. God was, after all, all-powerful and could do whatever he wanted including temporarily suspending his own natural laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_and_necessity">Freedom and necessity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Freedom and necessity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enlightenment philosophers under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonian science</a> tended to view the universe as a vast machine, created and set in motion by a creator being, that continues to operate according to natural law without any divine intervention. This view naturally led to what was then called "<a href="/wiki/Necessitarianism" title="Necessitarianism">necessitarianism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the modern term is "<a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>"): the view that everything in the universe—including human behavior—is completely, causally determined by antecedent circumstances and natural law. (See, for example, <a href="/wiki/La_Mettrie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/LaMettrie/Machine/"><i>L'Homme machine</i></a>.) As a consequence, debates about <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freedom</a> versus "necessity" were a regular feature of Enlightenment religious and philosophical discussions. Reflecting the intellectual climate of the time, there were differences among Deists about freedom and determinism. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Anthony Collins</a>, were actually necessitarians.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Hume">David Hume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: David Hume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Hume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Hume.jpg/170px-David_Hume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Hume.jpg/255px-David_Hume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Hume.jpg/340px-David_Hume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></figcaption></figure><p> Views differ on whether <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> was a Deist, an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, or something else.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Deists, Hume rejected revelation, and his famous essay <i>On Miracles</i> provided a powerful argument against belief in miracles. On the other hand, he did not believe that an appeal to Reason could provide any justification for religion. In the essay <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations#The_Natural_History_of_Religion" title="Four Dissertations">Natural History of Religion</a></i> (1757), he contended that <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, was "the first and most ancient religion of mankind" and that the <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">psychological basis of religion</a> is not reason, but <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> of the unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Waring's words: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The clear reasonableness of natural religion disappeared before a semi-historical look at what can be known about uncivilized man— "a barbarous, necessitous animal," as Hume termed him. Natural religion, if by that term one means the actual religious beliefs and practices of uncivilized peoples, was seen to be a fabric of superstitions. Primitive man was no unspoiled philosopher, clearly seeing the truth of one God. And the history of religion was not, as the deists had implied, retrograde; the widespread phenomenon of superstition was caused less by priestly malice than by man's unreason as he confronted his experience.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism_in_the_United_States">Deism in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deism in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/170px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/255px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/340px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">North America</a> – which became the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in 1776 – were part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and Americans, as British subjects, were influenced by and participated in the intellectual life of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. English Deism was an important influence on the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and the principles of religious freedom asserted in the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> who were influenced to various degrees by Deism were <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Harnett" title="Cornelius Harnett">Cornelius Harnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>. </p><p>In the United States, there is a great deal of controversy over whether the Founding Fathers were Christians, Deists, or something in between.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly heated is the debate over the beliefs of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Autobiography</i>, Franklin wrote that as a young man "Some books against Deism fell into my hands; they were said to be the substance of sermons preached at Boyle's lectures. It happened that they wrought an effect on me quite contrary to what was intended by them; for the arguments of the Deists, which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much stronger than the refutations; in short, I soon became a thorough Deist."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like some other Deists, Franklin believed that, "The Deity sometimes interferes by his particular Providence, and sets aside the Events which would otherwise have been produc'd in the Course of Nature, or by the Free Agency of Man,"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the Constitutional Convention stated that "the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth—that God governs in the affairs of men."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> is perhaps the Founding Father who most clearly exhibits Deistic tendencies, although he generally referred to himself as a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> rather than a Deist. His excerpts of the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> (now commonly known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a></i>) strip all supernatural and dogmatic references from the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">narrative on Jesus' life</a>. Like Franklin, Jefferson believed in God's continuing activity in human affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> is especially noteworthy both for his contributions to the cause of the American Revolution and for his writings in defense of Deism, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">criticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Claeys_1989_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys_1989-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelpi_2007_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelpi_2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paine_2014_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paine_2014-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i> (1793–1794) and other writings, he advocated Deism, promoted <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethought</a>, and argued against institutionalized religions in general and the <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christian doctrine</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Claeys_1989_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys_1989-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelpi_2007_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelpi_2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_2010_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paine_2014_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paine_2014-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Age of Reason</i> was short, readable, and probably the only Deistic treatise that continues to be read and influential today.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last contributor to American Deism was <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Palmer" title="Elihu Palmer">Elihu Palmer</a> (1764–1806), who wrote the "Bible of American Deism", <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Nature" title="Principles of Nature">Principles of Nature</a></i>, in 1801. Palmer is noteworthy for attempting to bring some organization to Deism by founding the "Deistical Society of New York" and other Deistic societies from Maine to Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism_in_France_and_continental_Europe">Deism in France and continental Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deism in France and continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re,_portrait_de_Voltaire_(Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire)_-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg/170px-D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg/255px-D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg/340px-D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> at age 24, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas de Largillière">Nicolas de Largillière</a></figcaption></figure> <p>France had its own tradition of <a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">religious skepticism</a> and natural theology in the works of <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>. The most famous of the French Deists was <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, who was exposed to Newtonian science and English Deism during his two-year period of exile in England (1726–1728). When he returned to France, he brought both back with him, and exposed the French reading public (i.e., the aristocracy) to them, in a number of books. </p><p>French Deists also included <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–1799), the Deistic <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a>—a direct expression of Robespierre's theological views—was established briefly (just under three months) as the new state religion of France, <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">replacing the deposed Catholic Church</a> and the rival atheistic <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>. </p><p>There were over five hundred French Revolutionaries who were deists. These deists do not fit the stereotype of deists because they believed in miracles and often prayed to God. In fact, over seventy of them thought that God miraculously helped the French Revolution win victories over their enemies. Furthermore, over a hundred French Revolutionary deists also wrote prayers and hymns to God. Citizen Devillere was one of the many French Revolutionary deists who believed God did miracles. Devillere said, "God, who conducts our destiny, deigned to concern himself with our dangers. He commanded the spirit of victory to direct the hand of the faithful French, and in a few hours the aristocrats received the attack which we prepared, the wicked ones were destroyed and liberty was avenged."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deism in Germany is not well documented. We know from correspondence with Voltaire that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> was a Deist. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s identification with Deism is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Enlightenment_Deism">Decline of Enlightenment Deism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decline of Enlightenment Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter Gay describes Enlightenment Deism as entering slow decline as a recognizable movement in the 1730s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of reasons have been suggested for this decline, including:<sup id="cite_ref-EoP-Mossner_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoP-Mossner-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The increasing influence of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">naturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>.</li> <li>The writings of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> raising questions about the ability of reason to address metaphysical questions.</li> <li>The violence of the French Revolution.</li> <li>Christian revivalist movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> (which emphasized a personal relationship with God), along with the rise of anti-rationalist and counter-Enlightenment philosophies such as that of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoP-Mossner_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoP-Mossner-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although Deism has declined in popularity over time, scholars believe that these ideas still have a lingering influence on <a href="/wiki/Modern_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern society">modern society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the major activities of the Deists, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>, evolved into its own highly technical discipline. Deist rejection of revealed religion evolved into, and contributed to, 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity#Liberal_Protestantism" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal British theology</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoP-Mossner_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoP-Mossner-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Deism">Contemporary Deism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deism" title="Special:EditPage/Deism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contemporary Deism attempts to integrate classical Deism with modern philosophy and the current state of scientific knowledge. This attempt has produced a wide variety of personal beliefs under the broad classification of belief of "deism." </p><p>There are a number of subcategories of modern Deism, including <b>monodeism</b> (the default, standard concept of deism), <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeism</a>, panendeism, spiritual deism, process deism, <a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydeism">polydeism</a>, scientific deism, and humanistic deism.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deists see design in nature and purpose in the universe and in their lives. Others see God and the universe in a co-creative process. Some deists view God in classical terms as observing humanity but not directly intervening in our lives, while others see God as a subtle and persuasive spirit who created the world, and then stepped back to observe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_philosophical_discussions_of_Deism">Recent philosophical discussions of Deism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recent philosophical discussions of Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a> scrupulously examined and rejected both deism and <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeism</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>) in favor of a conception of God whose characteristics included "absolute perfection in some respects, relative perfection in all others" or "AR," writing that this theory "is able consistently to embrace all that is positive in either deism or pandeism," concluding that "<a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheistic</a> doctrine contains all of deism and pandeism except their arbitrary negations."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a>, in his 2007 book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Secular_Age" title="A Secular Age">A Secular Age</a></i>, showed the historical role of Deism, leading to what he calls an "exclusive humanism". This humanism invokes a moral order whose <a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">ontic</a> commitment is wholly intra-human with no reference to transcendence.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the special achievements of such deism-based humanism is that it discloses new, <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric</a> moral sources by which human beings are motivated and empowered to accomplish acts of mutual benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the province of a buffered, disengaged self, which is the locus of dignity, freedom, and discipline, and is endowed with a sense of human capability.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Taylor, by the early 19th century this Deism-mediated exclusive humanism developed as an alternative to Christian faith in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal God">personal God</a> and an order of miracles and mystery. Some critics of Deism have accused adherents of facilitating the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism_in_Nazi_Germany">Deism in Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Deism in Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Talk:Deism#Nazism_section_removed" title="Talk:Deism"><span title="Talk:Deism#Nazism section removed">under discussion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Nazi_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Nazi Party">Ideology of the Nazi Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PositiverGott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PositiverGott.jpg/230px-PositiverGott.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PositiverGott.jpg/345px-PositiverGott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PositiverGott.jpg/460px-PositiverGott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption><i>On positive German God-belief</i> (1939)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <i>Gottgläubig</i> (literally: "believing in God")<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Nazi religious term for a form of <a href="/wiki/Non-denominationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominationalism">non-denominationalism</a> practised by those German citizens who had <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">officially left Christian churches</a> but professed faith in some higher power or <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">divine creator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such people were called <i>Gottgläubige</i> ("believers in God"), and the term for the overall movement was <i>Gottgläubigkeit</i> ("belief in God"); the term denotes someone who still believes in a God, although without having any <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">institutional religious</a> affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialists</a> were not favourable towards religious institutions of their time, nor did they tolerate <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> of any type within their ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_2012_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh_2012-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1943 <i>Philosophical Dictionary</i> defined <i>Gottgläubig</i> as: "official designation for those who profess a specific kind of piety and morality, without being bound to a church denomination, whilst however also rejecting <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">godlessness</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Gottgläubigkeit</i> is considered a form of deism, and was "predominantly based on creationist and deistic views".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920 <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Programme">National Socialist Programme</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a> (NSDAP), <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> first mentioned the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a>". The Nazi Party did not wish to tie itself to a particular <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>, but with Christianity in general, and sought <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> for all denominations "so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic race">Germanic race</a>" (point 24). When Hitler and the NSDAP got into power in 1933, they sought to assert state control over the churches, on the one hand through the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and the forced merger of the <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Evangelical Church Confederation">German Evangelical Church Confederation</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a> on the other. This policy seems to have gone relatively well until late 1936, when a "gradual worsening of relations" between the Nazi Party and the churches saw the rise of <i>Kirchenaustritt</i> ("leaving the Church").<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who left the churches were designated as <i>Gottgläubige</i> ("believers in God"), a term officially recognised by the Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> on 26 November 1936. He stressed that the term signified political disassociation from the churches, not an act of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">religious apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "dissident", which some church leavers had used up until then, was associated with being "without belief" (<i>glaubenslos</i>), whilst most of them emphasized that they still believed in a God, and thus required a different word.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A census in May 1939, six years into the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi era</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the annexation of the mostly Catholic <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Federal State of Austria</a> and mostly Catholic <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German-occupied Czechoslovakia</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, indicates<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEricksenHeschel199910_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricksenHeschel199910-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that 54% of the population considered itself Protestant, 41% considered itself Catholic, 3.5% self-identified as <i>Gottgläubig</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Evans546_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans546-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.de_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.de-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.5% as "atheist".<sup id="cite_ref-Evans546_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans546-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism_in_Turkey">Deism in Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deism in Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">Irreligion in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg/230px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg/345px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg/460px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Founding_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding father">founding father</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, serving as its first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a> from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">reforms</a>, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An early April 2018 report of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of Education</a>, titled <i>The Youth is Sliding towards Deism</i>, observed that an increasing number of pupils in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mam_Hatip_school" title="İmam Hatip school">İmam Hatip schools</a> was <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">repudiating Islam</a> in favour of Deism (irreligious belief in a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator God</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-McKernan_2020_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKernan_2020-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarfati_2019_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarfati_2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bekdil_2021_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bekdil_2021-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol_2020_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol_2020-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MERIP_2018_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERIP_2018-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Girit_2018_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girit_2018-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Külsoy_2018_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Külsoy_2018-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report's publication generated large-scale controversy in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Turkish press</a> and society at large, as well as amongst <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic sects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim clerics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKernan_2020_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKernan_2020-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarfati_2019_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarfati_2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bekdil_2021_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bekdil_2021-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol_2020_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol_2020-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MERIP_2018_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERIP_2018-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Girit_2018_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girit_2018-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Külsoy_2018_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Külsoy_2018-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Muslim theologian</a> Mustafa Öztürk noted the Deistic trend among <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a> a year earlier, arguing that the "very archaic, dogmatic notion of religion" held by the majority of those claiming to represent Islam was causing "the new generations [to become] indifferent, even distant, to the Islamic worldview." Despite a lack of reliable statistical data, numerous anecdotes and independent surveys appear to point in this direction.<sup id="cite_ref-McKernan_2020_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKernan_2020-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarfati_2019_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarfati_2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bekdil_2021_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bekdil_2021-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol_2020_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol_2020-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MERIP_2018_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERIP_2018-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Girit_2018_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girit_2018-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Külsoy_2018_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Külsoy_2018-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some commentators claim that the <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secularization of Turkey</a> is merely a result of <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Western influence</a> or even an alleged "<a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">conspiracy</a>", other commentators, even some pro-government ones, have come to the conclusion that "the real reason for the loss of faith in Islam is not the West but Turkey itself".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism_in_the_United_States_2">Deism in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Deism in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Irreligion in the United States</a></div><p> Though Deism subsided in the United States post-Enlightenment, it never died out entirely. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, for example, was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edison defended Paine's "scientific deism", saying, "He has been called an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity."<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, Edison joined the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> in New Jersey,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but according to its founder, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, he was not a very active member.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an October 2, 1910, interview in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i>, Edison stated:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Edison was labeled an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He also stated, "I do not believe in the God of the theologians; but that there is a Supreme Intelligence I do not doubt."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2001 <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey">American Religious Identification Survey</a> (ARIS) report estimated that between 1990 and 2001 the number of self-identifying Deists grew from 6,000 to 49,000, representing about 0.02% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States#Religion" title="Demographics of the United States">U.S. population</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2008 ARIS survey found, based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification, that 70% of Americans believe in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal God">personal God</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-personal_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personal-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly 12% are <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>, and 12% believe in "a deist or paganistic concept of the Divine as a higher power" rather than a personal God.<sup id="cite_ref-ARIS_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIS-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">ceremonial deism</a>" was coined in 1962 and has been used since 1984 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> to assess exemptions from the Establishment Clause of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, thought to be expressions of cultural tradition and not earnest invocations of a deity. It has been noted that the term does not describe any school of thought within Deism itself.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism_in_England_and_France_in_the_18th_century" title="Deism in England and France in the 18th century">Deism in England and France in the 18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deistic_evolution" title="Deistic evolution">Deistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deists" title="List of deists">List of deists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_therapeutic_deism" title="Moralistic therapeutic deism">Moralistic therapeutic deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">Non-physical entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">Philosophical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States">Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_interpretations_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory">Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_rationalism" title="Theistic rationalism">Theistic rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-personal-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-personal_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/American_Religious_Identification_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="American Religious Identification Survey">American Religious Identification Survey</a> (ARIS) report notes that while "[n]o definition was offered of the terms, [they] are usually associated with a 'personal relationship' with Jesus Christ together with a certain view of salvation, scripture, and missionary work" (p. 11).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Allen1990" class="citation book cs1">R. E. Allen, ed. (1990). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deist">"Deist – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121930/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deist">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deist+%E2%80%93+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdeist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2020" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Leland Royce (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWnnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"Attributes of a Deistic God"</a>. <i>Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 47–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-1475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-1475-9"><bdi>978-1-7936-1475-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020935396">2020935396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attributes+of+a+Deistic+God&rft.btitle=Multiverse+Deism%3A+Shifting+Perspectives+of+God+and+the+World&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=47-68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020935396&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-1475-9&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Leland+Royce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWnnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2013" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Ted (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZhEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">"Models of God: Deism"</a>. In Diller, Jeanine; Kasher, Asa (eds.). <i>Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5219-1_5">10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5219-1"><bdi>978-94-007-5219-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012954282">2012954282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Models+of+God%3A+Deism&rft.btitle=Models+of+God+and+Alternative+Ultimate+Realities&rft.place=Dordrecht+and+Heidelberg&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012954282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5219-1_5&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5219-1&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZhEAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Merril D., ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA661">"Deism"</a>. <i>The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, imprint of <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. pp. 661–664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3027-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-3027-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015009496">2015009496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+A+Daily+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=661-664&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+imprint+of+ABC-Clio&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015009496&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3027-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqxmCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bristow, William (Fall 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/#RelEnl">"Religion and the Enlightenment: Deism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643092515">643092515</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211080212/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Deism is the form of religion most associated with <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a>. According to deism, we can know by the natural light of reason that the universe is created and governed by a supreme intelligence; however, although this supreme being has a plan for creation from the beginning, the being does not interfere with creation; the deist typically rejects miracles and reliance on special revelation as a source of religious doctrine and belief, in favor of the natural light of reason. Thus, a deist typically rejects the divinity of Christ, as repugnant to reason; the deist typically demotes the figure of Jesus from agent of miraculous redemption to extraordinary moral teacher. Deism is the form of religion fitted to the new discoveries in natural science, according to which the cosmos displays an intricate machine-like order; the deists suppose that the supposition of a God is necessary as the source or author of this order. Though not a deist himself, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> provides fuel for deism with his argument in his <i>Opticks</i> (1704) that we must infer from the order and beauty in the world to the existence of an intelligent supreme being as the cause of this order and beauty. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a>, perhaps the most important proponent and popularizer of Newtonian philosophy in the early eighteenth century, supplies some of the more developed arguments for the position that the correct exercise of unaided human reason leads inevitably to the well-grounded belief in a God. He argues that the Newtonian physical system implies the existence of a transcendent cause, the creator a God. In his first set of Boyle lectures, <i>A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God</i> (1705), Clarke presents the metaphysical or "argument a priori" for God's existence. This argument concludes from the rationalist principle that whatever exists must have a sufficient reason or cause of its existence to the existence of a transcendent, necessary being who stands as the cause of the chain of natural causes and effects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Enlightenment%3A+Deism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643092515&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fenlightenment%2F%23RelEnl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuelPailinMapsonStefon2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Manuel, Frank Edward; Pailin, David A.; Mapson, K.; Stefon, Matt (13 March 2020) [26 July 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deism">"Deism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609065121/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deism">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Deism, an unorthodox religious attitude that found expression among a group of English writers beginning with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Edward Herbert (later 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury)</a> in the first half of the 17th century and ending with <a href="/wiki/Henry_St._John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>, in the middle of the 18th century. These writers subsequently inspired a similar religious attitude in Europe during the second half of the 18th century and in the colonial United States of America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In general, Deism refers to what can be called <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural religion</a>, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Frank+Edward&rft.au=Pailin%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Mapson%2C+K.&rft.au=Stefon%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDeism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gomes_2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gomes_2012_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomes_2012_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomes_2012_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gomes, Alan W. (2012) [2011]. "Deism". <i>The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chichester,_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester, West Sussex">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc0408">10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405157629" title="Special:BookSources/9781405157629"><bdi>9781405157629</bdi></a>. <q>Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>. The deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own</a>, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Civilization&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc0408&rft.isbn=9781405157629&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHS_2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitassi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pitassi, Maria-Cristina (22 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011423/2005-08-22/">"Déisme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>: Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329035216/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011423/2005-08-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Si le terme de déisme se trouve déjà chez <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Viret" title="Pierre Viret">Pierre Viret</a> en 1563, ce n'est qu'aux XVIIe et XVIIIe s. que le mouvement connut son véritable essor. Il fut actif surtout en Angleterre où <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Herbert of Cherbury</a> d'abord, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Matthew Tindal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Anthony Collins</a> ensuite lui donnèrent ses bases intellectuelles. [...] Malgré des sensibilités assez différentes à l'intérieur du mouvement, le déisme se caractérise par une attaque virulente de la révélation biblique et des institutions ecclésiastiques au nom d'une religion naturelle que l'être humain peut découvrir en utilisant exclusivement sa raison. [...] Assimilés par les apologistes chrétiens à des athées, les déistes ne niaient pas l'existence de Dieu mais dénonçaient sans indulgence les prétendues incohérences, voire les immoralités de l'Ecriture; celle-ci, considérée dans le meilleur des cas comme un amas de contradictions et dans le pire comme une supercherie habilement exploitée par les autorités ecclésiastiques, était ainsi dépouillée de tout caractère sacré. Pourtant, en dépit de son côté radical et polémique, la réflexion déiste sur l'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament a contribué au développement du criticisme biblique, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'élucidation des origines juives et chrétiennes, l'histoire du canon ou l'interprétation des prophéties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9isme&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Switzerland&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Swiss+Academy+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.date=2005-08-22&rft.aulast=Pitassi&rft.aufirst=Maria-Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ffr%2Farticles%2F011423%2F2005-08-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerHirsch1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5049-deism">"Deism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115134854/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5049-deism">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>A system of belief which posits a God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws. The <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinians</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Antitrinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrinitarianism">opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity</a>, were designated as deists [...]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries deism became synonymous with "natural religion," and deist with "<a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>." <a href="/wiki/Deism_in_England_and_France_in_the_18th_century" title="Deism in England and France in the 18th century">England and France</a> have been successively the strongholds of deism. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the "father of deism" in England, assumes certain "innate ideas," which establish five religious truths: (1) that God is; (2) that it is man's duty to worship Him; (3) that worship consists in virtue and piety; (4) that man must repent of sin and abandon his evil ways; (5) that divine retribution either in this or in the next life is certain. He holds that all positive religions are either allegorical and poetic interpretations of nature or deliberately organized impositions of priests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5049-deism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gomes_2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomes_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger-Eliade_1999-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger-Eliade_1999_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonigerEliade1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a>, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&dq=deus+otiosus+deism&pg=PA288">"DEUS OTIOSUS"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877790440" title="Special:BookSources/9780877790440"><bdi>9780877790440</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150050382">1150050382</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313042413/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA288&dq=deus+otiosus+deism">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>. <q><b>DEUS OTIOSUS</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "inactive god") in the history of religions and philosophy, a <a href="/wiki/High_God" class="mw-redirect" title="High God">High God</a> who has withdrawn from the immediate details of the government of the world. [...] In <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_otiosus" title="Deus otiosus">deus otiosus</a></i> concept has been attributed to Deism, a 17th–18th century Western rationalistic religio-philosophical movement, in its view of a non-intervening <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator of the universe</a>. Although this stark interpretation was accepted by very few Deists, many of their antagonists attempted to force them into the position of stating that after the original act of creation <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> virtually withdrew and refrained from interfering in the processes of nature and human affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DEUS+OTIOSUS&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150050382&rft.isbn=9780877790440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP_f9icf2roC%26dq%3Ddeus%2Botiosus%2Bdeism%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_2020_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gomes_2012_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomes_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe_2022-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowe_2022_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rowe, William L. (2022) [2017]. "Deism". In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)" title="Edward Craig (philosopher)">Craig, Edward</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-K013-1">10.4324/9780415249126-K013-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415250696" title="Special:BookSources/9780415250696"><bdi>9780415250696</bdi></a>. <q>In the popular sense, a deist is someone who believes that God created the world but thereafter has exercised no providential control over what goes on in it. In the proper sense, a deist is someone who affirms a divine creator but denies any divine revelation, holding that human reason alone can give us everything we need to know to live a correct moral and religious life. In this sense of 'deism' some deists held that God exercises providential control over the world and provides for a future state of rewards and punishments, while other deists denied this. However, they all agreed that human reason alone was the basis on which religious questions had to be settled, rejecting the orthodox claim to a special divine revelation of truths that go beyond human reason. Deism flourished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, principally in England, France, and America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-K013-1&rft.isbn=9780415250696&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrick_1997-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrick_1997_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrick_1997_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick1997" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, James A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DPn4RtTbUgC&pg=PA23">"Characteristics of British Deism"</a>. <i>The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism, 1680–1750</i>. Studies in Rhetoric/Communication. <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. pp. 23–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-166-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-166-3"><bdi>978-1-57003-166-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+British+Deism&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Rhetoric+of+the+English+Deists%3A+The+Discourse+of+Skepticism%2C+1680%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.series=Studies+in+Rhetoric%2FCommunication&rft.pages=23-49&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-166-3&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DPn4RtTbUgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DHS_2005_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrick_1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrick_1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2017_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrick_1997_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrick_1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claeys_1989-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Claeys_1989_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claeys_1989_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claeys_1989_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaeys1989" class="citation book cs1">Claeys, Gregory (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9X9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">"Revolution in heaven: The Age of Reason (1794-95)"</a>. <i>Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 177–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780044450900" title="Special:BookSources/9780044450900"><bdi>9780044450900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution+in+heaven%3A+The+Age+of+Reason+%281794-95%29&rft.btitle=Thomas+Paine%3A+Social+and+Political+Thought&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=177-195&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780044450900&rft.aulast=Claeys&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9X9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiland20114-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiland20114_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiland2011">Piland 2011</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stromata</i>, book 7, ch. 3. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (eds.), <i>Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to AD 325</i>, vol. 12, p. 416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiland20115-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiland20115_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiland2011">Piland 2011</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreiger2016" class="citation book cs1">Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 27–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Origins+of+Kal%C4%81m&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=27-43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.001&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Treiger&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamov2016" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 264–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Scripturalist+and+Traditionalist+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=264-279&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Abrahamov&rft.aufirst=Binyamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_1980-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1980_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1980_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peters, J. R. T. M. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1980_num_2_1_1049">"La théologie musulmane et l'étude du langage"</a>. <i>Histoire. Épistémologie. Langage</i> (in French). <b>2</b> (1: <i>Éléments d'Histoire de la tradition linguistique arabe</i>). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Société d'histoire et d'Épistémologie des Sciences du Langage: 9–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhel.1980.1049">10.3406/hel.1980.1049</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1638-1580">1638-1580</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130233309/https://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1980_num_2_1_1049">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire.+%C3%89pist%C3%A9mologie.+Langage&rft.atitle=La+th%C3%A9ologie+musulmane+et+l%27%C3%A9tude+du+langage&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%3A+%27%27%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+d%27Histoire+de+la+tradition+linguistique+arabe%27%27&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhel.1980.1049&rft.issn=1638-1580&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhel_0750-8069_1980_num_2_1_1049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiele_2016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiele2016" class="citation book cs1">Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 225–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.45">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969670-3"><bdi>978-0-19-969670-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Between+Cordoba+and+N%C4%ABs%C4%81b%C5%ABr%3A+The+Emergence+and+Consolidation+of+Ash%CA%BFarism+%28Fourth%E2%80%93Fifth%2FTenth%E2%80%93Eleventh+Century%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=225-241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.45&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969670-3&rft.aulast=Thiele&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich_2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2016" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Ulrich (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 285–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.023">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101224726/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+%E1%B8%A4anaf%C4%AB+Theological+Tradition+and+M%C4%81tur%C4%ABdism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=285-290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.023&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussaini_2016-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussaini_2016_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussaini2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Hassan_Akhlaq" title="Sayed Hassan Akhlaq">Hussaini, Sayed Hassan</a> (2016). "Islamic Philosophy between Theism and Deism". <i>Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia</i>. <b>72</b> (1: <i>Teísmos: Aportações Filosóficas do Leste e Oeste / Theisms: Philosophical Contributions from the East to the West</i>). <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>: Aletheia - Associação Científica e Cultural: 65–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17990%2FRPF%2F2016_72_1_0065">10.17990/RPF/2016_72_1_0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-5283">0870-5283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43816275">43816275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Portuguesa+de+Filosofia&rft.atitle=Islamic+Philosophy+between+Theism+and+Deism&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1%3A+%27%27Te%C3%ADsmos%3A+Aporta%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Filos%C3%B3ficas+do+Leste+e+Oeste+%2F+Theisms%3A+Philosophical+Contributions+from+the+East+to+the+West%27%27&rft.pages=65-83&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0870-5283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43816275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17990%2FRPF%2F2016_72_1_0065&rft.aulast=Hussaini&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayle1820" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle, Pierre</a> (1820). "Viret". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHAHjxIW7uEC"><i>Dictionnaire historique et critique</i></a> (in French). Vol. 14 (Nouvelle ed.). Paris: Desoer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viret&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+et+critique&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=Nouvelle&rft.pub=Desoer&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Bayle&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHAHjxIW7uEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> (1697/1820) Bayle quotes Viret (see below) as follows: “J'ai entendu qu'il y en a de ceste bande, qui s'appellent déistes, d'un mot tout nouveau, lequel ils veulent opposer à l'athéiste,” remarking on the term as a neologism (<i>un mot tout nouveau</i>). (p.418)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1934" class="citation book cs1">Orr, John (1934). <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i>. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Deism%3A+Its+Roots+and+Its+Fruits&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> The words deism and theism are both derived words meaning "god" - "THE": Latin ZEUS-deus /"deist" and Greek theos/ "theist" (θεός). The word deus/déiste first appears in French in 1564 in a work by a Swiss Calvinist named Pierre Viret, but was generally unknown in France until the 1690s when Pierre Bayle published his famous Dictionary, which contained an article on Viret.“Prior to the 17th Century the terms ["deism" and "deist"] were used interchangeably with the terms "theism" and "theist", respectively. .. Theologians and philosophers of the 17th Century began to give a different signification to the words. .. Both [theists and deists] asserted belief in one supreme God, the Creator. .. But the theist taught that God remained actively interested in and operative in the world which he had made, whereas the Deist maintained that God endowed the world at creation with self-sustaining and self-acting powers and then surrendered it wholly to the operation of these powers acting as second causes.” (p.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil Willey, <i>The Seventeenth Century Background: Studies in the Thought of the Age in Relation to Poetry and Religion</i>, 1934, p.59ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay" class="citation book cs1">Gay. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> "By utilizing his wide classical learning, Blount demonstrated how to use pagan writers, and pagan ideas, against Christianity. ... Other Deists were to follow his lead." (pp.47-48)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that Locke himself was not a deist. He believed in both miracles and revelation. See Orr, pp.96-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay,_1968,_pp.9-10-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gay,_1968,_pp.9-10_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay" class="citation book cs1">Gay. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> “Among the Deists, only Anthony Collins (1676–1729) could claim much philosophical competence; only Conyers Middleton (1683–1750) was a really serious scholar. The best known Deists, notably John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733), were talented publicists, clear without being deep, forceful but not subtle. ... Others, like Thomas Chubb (1679–1747), were self-educated freethinkers; a few, like Thomas Woolston (1669–1731), were close to madness.” (pp.9-10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay" class="citation book cs1">Gay. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> Gay describes him (pp.78-79) as "a Deist in fact, if not in name".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaring" class="citation book cs1">Waring. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Waring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001915511"><i>History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century 3rd Edition 2 vols (reprinted 1949)</i></a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0844614212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0844614212"><bdi>978-0844614212</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630043157/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001915511">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+English+Thought+in+the+Eighteenth+Century+3rd+Edition+2+vols+%28reprinted+1949%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1881&rft.isbn=978-0844614212&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001915511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> Stephen’s book, despite its “perhaps too ambitious” title (preface, Vol.I p.vii), was conceived as an “account of the deist controversy” (p.vi). Stephen notes the difficulty of interpreting the primary sources, as religious toleration was yet far from complete in law, and entirely not a settled fact in practice (Ch.II s.12): deist authors “were forced to .. cover [their opinions] with a veil of decent ambiguity.” He writes of Deist books being burned by the hangman, mentions the Aikenhead blasphemy case (1697) <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Indytment_of_Thomas_Aikenhead">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055114/https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Indytment_of_Thomas_Aikenhead">Archived</a> 2019-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and names five deists who were banished, imprisoned etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay_(Fröhlich)1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay (Fröhlich), Peter Joachim</a>, ed. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kruAAAAMAAJ"><i>Deism: An Anthology</i></a>. Princeton etc.: Van Nostrand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0686474012" title="Special:BookSources/978-0686474012"><bdi>978-0686474012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deism%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Princeton+etc.&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0686474012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kruAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>"All Deists were in fact both critical and constructive Deists. All sought to destroy in order to build, and reasoned either from the absurdity of Christianity to the need for a new philosophy or from their desire for a new philosophy to the absurdity of Christianity. Each deist, to be sure, had his special competence. While one specialized in abusing priests, another specialized in rhapsodies to nature, and a third specialized in the skeptical reading of sacred documents. Yet whatever strength the movement had—and it was at times formidable—it derived that strength from a peculiar combination of critical and constructive elements." (p.13)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tindal: "By natural religion, I understand the belief of the existence of a God, and the sense and practice of those duties which result from the knowledge we, by our reason, have of him and his perfections; and of ourselves, and our own imperfections, and of the relationship we stand in to him, and to our fellow-creatures; so that the religion of nature takes in everything that is founded on the reason and nature of things." <i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i> (II), quoted in Waring <i>(see above)</i>, p.113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toland: “I hope to make it appear that the use of reason is not so dangerous in religion as it is commonly represented .. There is nothing that men make a greater noise about than the "mysteries of the Christian religion". The divines gravely tell us "we must adore what we cannot comprehend" .. [Some] contend [that] some mysteries may be, or at least seem to be, contrary to reason, and yet received by faith. [Others contend] that no mystery is contrary to reason, but that all are "above" it. On the contrary, we hold that reason is the only foundation of all certitude .. Wherefore, we likewise maintain, according to the title of this discourse, that <i>there is nothing in the Gospel contrary to reason, nor above it; and that no Christian doctrine can be properly called a mystery</i>." <i>Christianity Not Mysterious: or, a Treatise Shewing That There Is Nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason, Nor above It</i> (1696), quoted in Waring <i>(see above)</i>, pp. 1–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(minister)" title="William Stephens (minister)">Stephens, William</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37302"><i>An Account of the Growth of Deism in England</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043226/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37302">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Growth+of+Deism+in+England&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F37302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> (1696 / 1990). Introduction (James E. Force, 1990): "[W]hat sets the Deists apart from even their most <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">latitudinarian</a> Christian contemporaries is their desire to lay aside scriptural revelation as rationally incomprehensible, and thus useless, or even detrimental, to human society and to religion. While there may possibly be exceptions, .. most Deists, especially as the eighteenth century wears on, agree that revealed Scripture is nothing but a joke or "well-invented flam." About mid-century, <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(Presbyterian)" title="John Leland (Presbyterian)">John Leland</a>, in his historical and analytical account of the movement [<i>View of the Principal Deistical Writers</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008682251">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043222/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008682251">Archived</a> 2019-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1754–1755)], squarely states that the rejection of revealed Scripture is <i>the</i> characteristic element of deism, a view further codified by such authorities as <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Ephraim Chambers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>. .. "DEISM," writes Stephens bluntly, "is a denial of all reveal'd Religion."”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2014" class="citation book cs1">Champion, J.A.I. (2014). <i>The Pillars of Priestcraft Shaken: The Church of England and its Enemies, 1660-1730</i>. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pillars+of+Priestcraft+Shaken%3A+The+Church+of+England+and+its+Enemies%2C+1660-1730&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Cambridge+Studies+in+Early+Modern+British+History%29&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=J.A.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> Champion maintains that historical argument was a central component of the Deists' defences of what they considered true religion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Thomas. <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason"><i>The Age of Reason</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reason&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> "As priestcraft was always the enemy of knowledge, because priestcraft supports itself by keeping people in delusion and ignorance, it was consistent with its policy to make the acquisition of knowledge a real sin." (Part 2, p.129)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“It can't be imputed to any defect in the light of nature that the pagan world ran into idolatry, but to their being entirely governed by priests, who pretended communication with their gods, and to have thence their revelations, which they imposed on the credulous as divine oracles. Whereas the business of the Christian dispensation was to destroy all those traditional revelations, and restore, free from all idolatry, the true primitive and natural religion implanted in mankind from the creation.” <i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i> (XIV), quoted in Waring <i>(see above)</i>, p.163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr" class="citation book cs1">Orr. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Orr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr" class="citation book cs1">Orr. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Orr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr" class="citation book cs1">Orr. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Orr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">Age of Reason</a></i>, Pt I: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p> I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life. </p> </blockquote> <p>and (in the Recapitulation) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I trouble not myself about the manner of future existence. I content myself with believing, even to positive conviction, that the power that gave me existence is able to continue it, in any form and manner he pleases, either with or without this body; and it appears more probable to me that I shall continue to exist hereafter than that I should have had existence, as I now have, before that existence began. </p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most American Deists, for example, firmly believed in divine providence. See this article, <a href="#Deism_in_the_United_States">Deism in the United States</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Thomas. <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason"><i>The Age of Reason</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reason&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span>, Part 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hartley, for example, described himself as "quite in the necessitarian scheme. See Ferg, Stephen, "Two Early Works of David Hartley", <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i>, vol. 19, no. 2 (April 1981), pp. 173–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <i>Liberty and Necessity</i> (1729).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume himself was uncomfortable with both terms, and Hume scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Russell_(philosopher)" title="Paul Russell (philosopher)">Paul Russell</a> has argued that the best and safest term for Hume's views is <i><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Russell_(philosopher)" title="Paul Russell (philosopher)">Russell, Paul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/">"Hume on Religion"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Religion&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhume-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1779" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1779). <i>The Natural History of Religion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Religion&rft.date=1779&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> “The primary religion of mankind arises chiefly from an anxious fear of future events; and what ideas will naturally be entertained of invisible, unknown powers, while men lie under dismal apprehensions of any kind, may easily be conceived. Every image of vengeance, severity, cruelty, and malice must occur, and must augment the ghastliness and horror which oppresses the amazed religionist. .. And no idea of perverse wickedness can be framed, which those terrified devotees do not readily, without scruple, apply to their deity.” (Section XIII)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaring" class="citation book cs1">Waring. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Waring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502050943/http://www.ethanallenhomestead.org/HISTORY/oracle.htm#excerpts">"Excerpts from Allen's <i>Reason The Only Oracle Of Man</i>"</a>. Ethan Allen Homestead Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethanallenhomestead.org/history/oracle.htm#excerpts">the original</a> on 2 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excerpts+from+Allen%27s+Reason+The+Only+Oracle+Of+Man&rft.pub=Ethan+Allen+Homestead+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethanallenhomestead.org%2Fhistory%2Foracle.htm%23excerpts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0501/articles/dulles.htm">"The Deist Minimum"</a>. <i>First Things</i>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901183307/http://firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0501/articles/dulles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=The+Deist+Minimum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fftissues%2Fft0501%2Farticles%2Fdulles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Holmes" title="David L. Holmes">Holmes, David</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithsoffounding0000holm"><i>The Faiths of the Founding Fathers</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530092-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530092-0"><bdi>0-19-530092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faiths+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-530092-0&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithsoffounding0000holm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Liss2006" class="citation news cs1">David Liss (11 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060801123.html">"The Founding Fathers Solving modern problems, building wealth and finding God"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512144847/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060801123.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Founding+Fathers+Solving+modern+problems%2C+building+wealth+and+finding+God&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.au=David+Liss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F06%2F08%2FAR2006060801123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_Garman2001" class="citation web cs1">Gene Garman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sullivan-county.com/id3/jefferson_deist.htm">"Was Thomas Jefferson a Deist?"</a>. Sullivan-County.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830123010/http://www.sullivan-county.com/id3/jefferson_deist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Thomas+Jefferson+a+Deist%3F&rft.pub=Sullivan-County.com&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Gene+Garman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sullivan-county.com%2Fid3%2Fjefferson_deist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Isaacson2004" class="citation web cs1">Walter Isaacson (March–April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012180005/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_2_28/ai_114090213/pg_1">"Benjamin Franklin: An American Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_2_28/ai_114090213/pg_1">the original</a> on 12 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+An+American+Life&rft.pub=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.date=2004-03%2F2004-04&rft.au=Walter+Isaacson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2843%2Fis_2_28%2Fai_114090213%2Fpg_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (2005). <i>Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography, Poor Richard, and Later Writings</i>. New York, NY: Library of America. p. 619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883011-53-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-883011-53-1"><bdi>1-883011-53-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+Autobiography%2C+Poor+Richard%2C+and+Later+Writings&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-883011-53-1&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210090217/http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/Ben%20Franklin.htm">"Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography"</a>. University of Maine, Farmington. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/Ben%20Franklin.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%2C+Autobiography&rft.pub=University+of+Maine%2C+Farmington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.umf.maine.edu%2F~walters%2Fweb%2520103%2FBen%2520Franklin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Franklin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021114204257/http://www.historycarper.com/resources/twobf2/provdnc.htm">On the Providence of God in the Government of the World</a> (1730).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Farrand1911" class="citation book cs1">Max Farrand, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1057&Itemid=27"><i>The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787</i></a>. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 451. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308123447/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1057&Itemid=27">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Records+of+the+Federal+Convention+of+1787&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%253Ftitle%3D1057%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazer, following <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Ahlstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Ahlstrom">Sydney Ahlstrom</a>, characterizes Jefferson as a "<a href="/wiki/Theistic_rationalism" title="Theistic rationalism">theistic rationalist</a>" rather than a Deist, because Jefferson believed in God's continuing activity in human affairs. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer2012" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, Gregg L. (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousbel_fraz_2012_000_10692050"><i>The Religious Beliefs of America's Founders: Reason, Revelation, Revolution</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousbel_fraz_2012_000_10692050/page/n24">11</a> and 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700618453" title="Special:BookSources/9780700618453"><bdi>9780700618453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Beliefs+of+America%27s+Founders%3A+Reason%2C+Revelation%2C+Revolution&rft.pages=11+and+128&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780700618453&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=Gregg+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousbel_fraz_2012_000_10692050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlstrom2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (2004). <i>A Religious History of the American People</i>. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Religious+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=359&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ahlstrom&rft.aufirst=Sydney+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Scott_Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Gary Scott Smith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC9fM42OE9MC&pg=PA69"><i>Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush</i></a>. Oxford U.P. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198041153" title="Special:BookSources/9780198041153"><bdi>9780198041153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+the+Presidency%3A+From+George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780198041153&rft.au=Gary+Scott+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeC9fM42OE9MC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelpi_2007-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gelpi_2007_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelpi_2007_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelpi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gelpi, Donald L. (2007) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB1KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"Part 1: Enlightenment Religion – Chapter 3: Militant Deism"</a>. <i>Varieties of Transcendental Experience: A Study in Constructive Postmodernism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a>. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725220294" title="Special:BookSources/9781725220294"><bdi>9781725220294</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=hB1KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1%3A+Enlightenment+Religion+%E2%80%93+Chapter+3%3A+Militant+Deism&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Transcendental+Experience%3A+A+Study+in+Constructive+Postmodernism&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781725220294&rft.aulast=Gelpi&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB1KAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer_2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_2010_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_2010_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Kirsten (2010). Manning, Nicholas; Stefani, Anne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frfea.125.0013">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Religion Governed by Terror": A Deist Critique of Fearful Christianity in the Early American Republic"</a>. <i>Revue Française d'Études Américaines</i>. <b>125</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Belin: 13–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frfea.125.0013">10.3917/rfea.125.0013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1776-3061">1776-3061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0397-7870">0397-7870</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80640131">80640131</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27%C3%89tudes+Am%C3%A9ricaines&rft.atitle=%22Religion+Governed+by+Terror%22%3A+A+Deist+Critique+of+Fearful+Christianity+in+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13-26&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80640131&rft.issn=0397-7870&rft.eissn=1776-3061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frfea.125.0013&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Frfea.125.0013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paine_2014-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paine_2014_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paine_2014_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine, Thomas</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/paine-deism.asp">"Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion, and the Superiority of the Former over the Latter (1804)"</a>. In Calvert, Jane E.; Shapiro, Ian (eds.). <i>Selected Writings of Thomas Paine</i>. Rethinking the Western Tradition. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 568–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300210699-018">10.12987/9780300210699-018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300167450" title="Special:BookSources/9780300167450"><bdi>9780300167450</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246141428">246141428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827161516/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/paine-deism.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Religion+of+Deism+Compared+with+the+Christian+Religion%2C+and+the+Superiority+of+the+Former+over+the+Latter+%281804%29&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings+of+Thomas+Paine&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.series=Rethinking+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=568-574&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246141428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300210699-018&rft.isbn=9780300167450&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2Fpaine-deism.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In its own time it earned Paine widespread vilification. How widespread deism was among ordinary people in the United States is a matter of continued debate.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302202951/http://www.common-place.org/interim/reviews/dilorenzo.shtml">"Culture Wars in the Early Republic"</a>. Common-place. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.common-place.org/interim/reviews/dilorenzo.shtml#.VV90HvlViko">the original</a> on 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars+in+the+Early+Republic&rft.pub=Common-place&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.common-place.org%2Finterim%2Freviews%2Fdilorenzo.shtml%23.VV90HvlViko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters,_Kerry_S.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_S._Walters" title="Kerry S. Walters">Walters, Kerry S.</a> (1992). <i>Rational Infidels: The American Deists</i>. <a href="/wiki/Durango,_CO" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango, CO">Durango, CO</a>: Longwood Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89341-641-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89341-641-X"><bdi>0-89341-641-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rational+Infidels%3A+The+American+Deists&rft.place=Durango%2C+CO&rft.pub=Longwood+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-89341-641-X&rft.au=Walters%2C+Kerry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevillere1987" class="citation book cs1">Devillere, Citizen (1987). <i>Archives parlementaires de la révolution français</i>. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. pp. 361–362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+parlementaires+de+la+r%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pages=361-362&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Centre+National+de+la+Recherche+Scientifique&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Devillere&rft.aufirst=Citizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Wood argues that Kant was Deist. See "Kant's Deism" in P. Rossi and M. Wreen (eds.), <i>Kant's Philosophy of Religion Reconsidered</i> (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991). An argument against Kant as deist is Stephen Palmquist's "Kant's Theistic Solution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/srp/arts/KTS.html">http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/srp/arts/KTS.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050722081614/http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/srp/arts/KTS.html">Archived</a> 2005-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay" class="citation book cs1">Gay. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> “After the writings of Woolston and Tindal, English deism went into slow decline. ... By the 1730s, nearly all the arguments in behalf of Deism ... had been offered and refined; the intellectual caliber of leading Deists was none too impressive; and the opponents of deism finally mustered some formidable spokesmen. The Deists of these decades, Peter Annet (1693–1769), Thomas Chubb (1679–1747), and Thomas Morgan (?–1743), are of significance to the specialist alone. ... It had all been said before, and better. .” (p.140)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoP-Mossner-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoP-Mossner_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoP-Mossner_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoP-Mossner_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossner1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Campbell_Mossner" title="Ernest Campbell Mossner">Mossner, Ernest Campbell</a> (1967). "Deism". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Vol. 2. Collier-MacMillan. pp. 326–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=326-336&rft.pub=Collier-MacMillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mossner&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Berg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Van den Berg, Jan (October 2019). "The Development of Modern Deism". <i>Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte: Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies</i>. <b>71</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 335–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700739-07104002">10.1163/15700739-07104002</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-0739">1570-0739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-3441">0044-3441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211652706">211652706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Religions-+und+Geistesgeschichte%3A+Journal+of+Religious+and+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Modern+Deism&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-356&rft.date=2019-10&rft.issn=0044-3441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211652706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1570-0739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700739-07104002&rft.aulast=Van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José M. Lozano-Gotor, "Deism", <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1573">Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions</a></i> (Springer: 2013). "[Deism] takes different forms, for example, humanistic, scientific, Christian, spiritual deism, pandeism, and panendeism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Epstein" title="Mikhail Epstein">Mikhail Epstein</a>, <i>Postatheism and the phenomenon of minimal religion in Russia</i>, in Justin Beaumont, ed., <i>The Routledge Handbook of Postsecularity</i> (2018), p. 83, n. 3: "I refer here to monodeism as the default standard concept of deism, distinct from polydeism, pandeism, and spiritual deism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/what-is-deism">What Is Deism?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417043829/http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/what-is-deism">Archived</a> 2016-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Douglas MacGowan, <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature_Network" title="Mother Nature Network">Mother Nature Network</a></i>, May 21, 2015: "Over time there have been other schools of thought formed under the umbrella of deism including <a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a>, belief in deistic principles coupled with the moral teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, and Pandeism, a belief that God became the entire universe and no longer exists as a separate being."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartshorne1964" class="citation book cs1">Hartshorne, Charles (1964). <i>Man's Vision of God and the Logic of Theism</i>. Archon Books. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-00498-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-208-00498-X"><bdi>0-208-00498-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%27s+Vision+of+God+and+the+Logic+of+Theism&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-208-00498-X&rft.aulast=Hartshorne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, C (2007). <i>A Secular Age</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secular+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation book cs1">Taylor. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation book cs1">Taylor. <i>(see above)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28see+above%29&rft.au=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> p.262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essien, Anthonia M. "The sociological implications of the worldview of the Annang people: an advocacy for paradigm shift." Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies 1.1 (2010): 29-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steigmann-Gall-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steigmann-Gall_84-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steigmann-Gall" title="Richard Steigmann-Gall">Steigmann-Gall, Richard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/12631/1/NQ41317.pdf">"<i>Gottgläubig</i>: Assent of the Anti-Christians?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 218–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511818103.009">10.1017/CBO9780511818103.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511818103" title="Special:BookSources/9780511818103"><bdi>9780511818103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428235847/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/12631/1/NQ41317.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gottgl%C3%A4ubig%3A+Assent+of+the+Anti-Christians%3F&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Reich%3A+Nazi+Conceptions+of+Christianity%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=218-260&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511818103.009&rft.isbn=9780511818103&rft.aulast=Steigmann-Gall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F12631%2F1%2FNQ41317.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2014" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Herbert F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBgABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925-1939</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 85–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-00-86036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-00-86036-4"><bdi>978-14-00-86036-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510154611/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBgABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%27s+New+Aristocracy%3A+The+SS+Leadership%2C+1925-1939&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-14-00-86036-4&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBgABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh_2012-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh_2012_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Burleigh, Michael</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5gcZpnL5QUC&dq=gottglaubig&pg=PA196">The Third Reich: A New History; 2012; pp. 196–197</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527135625/https://books.google.com/books?id=l5gcZpnL5QUC&pg=PA196&dq=gottglaubig&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RVtlU-L_HNGe7AbJ64DoBg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=gottglaubig&f=false">Archived</a> 27 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"amtliche Bezeichnung für diejenigen, die sich zu einer artgemäßen Frömmigkeit und Sittlichkeit bekennen, ohne konfessionell-kirchlich gebunden zu sein, andererseits aber Religions- und Gottlosigkeit verwerfen". <i>Philosophisches Wörterbuch Kröners Taschenausgabe. Volume 12</i>. 1943. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=amtliche+Bezeichnung+f%C3%BCr+diejenigen%2C+die+sich+zu+einer+artgem%C3%A4%C3%9Fen+Fr%C3%B6mmigkeit+und+Sittlichkeit+bekennen%2C+ohne+konfessionell-kirchlich+gebunden+zu+sein%2C+andererseits+aber+Religions-+und+Gottlosigkeit+verwerfen&rft.btitle=Philosophisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+Kr%C3%B6ners+Taschenausgabe.+Volume+12&rft.pages=206&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span>. Cited in Cornelia Schmitz-Berning, 2007, p. 281 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBear2016" class="citation book cs1">Bear, Ileen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XHOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22gottgl%C3%A4ubig%22+%22deist%22&pg=RA2-PA1939"><i>Adolf Hitler: A Biography</i></a>. Alpha Editions. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386019479" title="Special:BookSources/9789386019479"><bdi>9789386019479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Alpha+Editions&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789386019479&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=Ileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XHOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522gottgl%25C3%25A4ubig%2522%2B%2522deist%2522%26pg%3DRA2-PA1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Eric (2000). <i>Nazi terror: the Gestapo, Jews, and ordinary Germans</i> New York: Basic Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmuw9TvbFdUC&pg=PA10">p. 10.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1930, Czechia had 8.3 million inhabitants: 78.5% Catholics, 10% Protestants (Hussites and Czech Brethren) and 7.8% irreligious or undeclared citizens. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/32846217/130055160118.xlsx/8da2b875-fd8c-4a7a-b697-4735cdeaf7f5?version=1.0">"Population by religious belief and sex by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses 1)"</a> (in Czech and English). Czech Statistical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194829/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/32846217/130055160118.xlsx/8da2b875-fd8c-4a7a-b697-4735cdeaf7f5?version=1.0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+religious+belief+and+sex+by+1921%2C+1930%2C+1950%2C+1991%2C+2001+and+2011+censuses+1%29&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F32846217%2F130055160118.xlsx%2F8da2b875-fd8c-4a7a-b697-4735cdeaf7f5%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricksenHeschel199910-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEricksenHeschel199910_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEricksenHeschel1999">Ericksen & Heschel 1999</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans546-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans546_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans546_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>; <i>The Third Reich at War</i>; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.de-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.de_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumans1993" class="citation book cs1">Lumans, Valdis O. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIZSO31iSO4C&q=gottglaubig&pg=PA48"><i>Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807820667" title="Special:BookSources/9780807820667"><bdi>9780807820667</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144005/https://books.google.com/books?id=TIZSO31iSO4C&q=gottglaubig&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%27s+Auxiliaries%3A+The+Volksdeutsche+Mittelstelle+and+the+German+National+Minorities+of+Europe%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780807820667&rft.aulast=Lumans&rft.aufirst=Valdis+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIZSO31iSO4C%26q%3Dgottglaubig%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthell2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cuthell, David Cameron Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA56">"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)"</a>. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. pp. 56–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020716">2008020716</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+Kemal+%28Mustafa+Kemal%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56-60&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008020716&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=Cuthell&rft.aufirst=David+Cameron+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo">"Atatürk, Kemal"</a></span>, <i>World Encyclopedia</i>, Philip's, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199546091" title="Special:BookSources/9780199546091"><bdi>9780199546091</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2019</span></cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+so+many+Turks+are+losing+faith+in+Islam&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2018%2F04%2Fturkey-why-so-many-turks-are-losing-faith-in-islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Israel_(historian)" title="Paul Israel (historian)">Israel, Paul</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edisonlifeofinve0000isra_l4c0"><i>Edison: A Life of Invention</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-36270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-36270-8"><bdi>978-0-471-36270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edison%3A+A+Life+of+Invention&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-36270-8&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedisonlifeofinve0000isra_l4c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsmembers.org/">"Theosophical Society Members 1875–1942 – Historical membership list of the Theosophical Society (Adyar) 1875–1942"</a>. <i>tsmembers.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092813/https://tsmembers.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tsmembers.org&rft.atitle=Theosophical+Society+Members+1875%E2%80%931942+%E2%80%93+Historical+membership+list+of+the+Theosophical+Society+%28Adyar%29+1875%E2%80%931942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsmembers.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlavatsky1980" class="citation book cs1">Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (1980). <i>Collected Writings, Vol. XII</i>. Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Writings%2C+Vol.+XII&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Blavatsky&rft.aufirst=Helena+Petrovna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"No Immortality of the Soul" says Thomas A. Edison. In Fact, He Doesn't Believe There Is a Soul—Human Beings Only an Aggregate of Cells and the Brain Only a Wonderful Machine, Says Wizard of Electricity". <i>The New York Times</i>. 2 October 1910. <q>Thomas A. Edison in the following interview for the first time speaks to the public on the vital subjects of the human soul and immortality. It will be bound to be a most fascinating, an amazing statement, from one of the most notable and interesting men of the age ... Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%22No+Immortality+of+the+Soul%22+says+Thomas+A.+Edison.+In+Fact%2C+He+Doesn%27t+Believe+There+Is+a+Soul%E2%80%94Human+Beings+Only+an+Aggregate+of+Cells+and+the+Brain+Only+a+Wonderful+Machine%2C+Says+Wizard+of+Electricity&rft.date=1910-10-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75ldAAAAMAAJ&q=%22I+do+not+believe+in+the+God+of+the+theologians;+but+that+there+is+a+Supreme+Intelligence+I+do+not+doubt%22">The Freethinker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619214033/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ldAAAAMAAJ&q=%22I+do+not+believe+in+the+God+of+the+theologians;+but+that+there+is+a+Supreme+Intelligence+I+do+not+doubt%22&dq=%22I+do+not+believe+in+the+God+of+the+theologians;+but+that+there+is+a+Supreme+Intelligence+I+do+not+doubt">Archived</a> June 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (1970), G.W. Foote & Company, Volume 90, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2013/11/ARIS-2001-report-complete.pdf">"American Religious Identification Survey, 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123080152/http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2013/11/ARIS-2001-report-complete.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Religious+Identification+Survey%2C+2001&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.trincoll.edu%2Faris%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F11%2FARIS-2001-report-complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARIS-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARIS_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf">"ARIS Summary Report, March 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105073231/http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARIS+Summary+Report%2C+March+2009&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.trincoll.edu%2Faris%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F08%2FARIS_Report_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2008/undergod">Under God: The Pledge, Present and Future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807100105/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2008/undergod">Archived</a> 2017-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Deism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Deism">Deism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histories">Histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Betts, C. J. <i>Early Deism in France: From the so-called 'deistes' of Lyon (1564) to Voltaire's 'Lettres philosophiques' (1734)</i> (Martinus Nijhoff, 1984)</li> <li>Craig, William Lane. <i>The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy</i> (Edwin Mellen, 1985)</li> <li>Hazard, Paul. <i>European thought in the eighteenth century from Montesquieu to Lessing</i> (1954). pp 393–434.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Herrick" title="James A. Herrick">Herrick, James A.</a> (1997). <i>The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism, 1680–1750</i>. U of South Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Rhetoric+of+the+English+Deists%3A+The+Discourse+of+Skepticism%2C+1680%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=U+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hudson, Wayne. <i>Enlightenment and modernity: The English deists and reform</i> (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2015).</li> <li>Israel, Jonathan I. <i>Enlightenment contested: philosophy, modernity, and the emancipation of man 1670-1752</i> (Oxford UP, 2006).</li> <li>Lemay, J. A. Leo, ed.<i>Deism, Masonry, and the Enlightenment. Essays Honoring Alfred Owen Aldridge</i>. (U of Delaware Press, 1987).</li> <li>Lucci, Diego. <i>Scripture and deism: The biblical criticism of the eighteenth-century British deists</i> (Peter Lang, 2008).</li> <li>McKee, David Rice. <i>Simon Tyssot de Patot and the Seventeenth-Century Background of Critical Deism</i> (Johns Hopkins Press, 1941)</li> <li>Orr, John. <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i> (1934)</li> <li>Schlereth, Eric R. <i>An Age of Infidels: The Politics of Religious Controversy in the Early United States</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press; 2013) 295 pages; on conflicts between deists and their opponents.</li> <li>Willey, Basil. <i>The Eighteenth Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period</i> (1940)</li> <li>Yoder, Timothy S. <i>Hume on God: Irony, deism and genuine theism</i> (Bloomsbury, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine1795" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine, Thomas</a> (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816022930/http://www.deism.com/theageofreason.htm"><i>The Age of Reason</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/theageofreason.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reason&rft.date=1795&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Ftheageofreason.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Elihu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805114726/http://www.deism.com/principlesofnature.htm"><i>The Principles of Nature</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/principlesofnature.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Nature&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Elihu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Fprinciplesofnature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Deism: An Anthology</i> by Peter Gay (Van Nostrand, 1968)</li> <li><i>Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book</i> by E. Graham Waring (Frederick Ungar, 1967)</li> <li><i>The American Deists: Voices of Reason & Dissent in the Early Republic</i> by Kerry S. Walters (University of Kansas Press, 1992), which includes an extensive bibliographic essay</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419155220/http://www.deism.com/deismbook.htm"><i>Deism: A Revolution in Religion, A Revolution in You</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deism.com/product-page/deism-a-revolution-in-religion-a-revolution-in-you">the original</a> on 19 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deism%3A+A+Revolution+in+Religion%2C+A+Revolution+in+You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Fproduct-page%2Fdeism-a-revolution-in-religion-a-revolution-in-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> by Bob Johnson, founder of the <a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_Deists" title="World Union of Deists">World Union of Deists</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729144328/http://www.deism.com/Godreasonnotreligion.htm"><i>God Gave Us Reason, Not Religion</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deism.com/Godreasonnotreligion.htm">the original</a> on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Gave+Us+Reason%2C+Not+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeism.com%2FGodreasonnotreligion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> by Bob Johnson</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909135027/http://www.deism.com/answer_mere_christianity.htm"><i>An Answer to C.S. Lewis' Mere Christianity</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deism.com/answer_mere_christianity.htm">the original</a> on 9 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Answer+to+C.S.+Lewis%27+Mere+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeism.com%2Fanswer_mere_christianity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span> by Bob Johnson</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddante2019" class="citation book cs1">Addante, Luca (2019). "Part II: Europe and The Iberian Connection – Unbelief, Deism, and Libertinism in Sixteenth-Century Italy". In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Pastore, Stefania (eds.). <i>From Doubt to Unbelief: Forms of Scepticism in the Iberian World</i>. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Cultures. Vol. 42. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association" title="Modern Humanities Research Association">Modern Humanities Research Association</a>. pp. 107–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv16km0hq.11">10.2307/j.ctv16km0hq.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-781888-69-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-781888-69-8"><bdi>978-1-781888-69-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242496485">242496485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Europe+and+The+Iberian+Connection+%E2%80%93+Unbelief%2C+Deism%2C+and+Libertinism+in+Sixteenth-Century+Italy&rft.btitle=From+Doubt+to+Unbelief%3A+Forms+of+Scepticism+in+the+Iberian+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Studies+in+Hispanic+and+Lusophone+Cultures&rft.pages=107-122&rft.pub=Modern+Humanities+Research+Association&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242496485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv16km0hq.11&rft.isbn=978-1-781888-69-8&rft.aulast=Addante&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldridge1997" class="citation journal cs1">Aldridge, A. Owen (October 1997). "Natural Religion and Deism in America before Ethan Allen and Thomas Paine". <i><a href="/wiki/The_William_and_Mary_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The William and Mary Quarterly">The William and Mary Quarterly</a></i>. <b>54</b> (4: <i>Religion in Early America</i>). <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omohundro_Institute_of_Early_American_History_and_Culture" title="Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture">Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture</a>: 835–848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2953885">10.2307/2953885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1933-7698">1933-7698</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953885">2953885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Natural+Religion+and+Deism+in+America+before+Ethan+Allen+and+Thomas+Paine&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4%3A+%27%27Religion+in+Early+America%27%27&rft.pages=835-848&rft.date=1997-10&rft.issn=1933-7698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2953885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2953885&rft.aulast=Aldridge&rft.aufirst=A.+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonoan1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bonoan, Raoul J. (1992). "The Enlightenment, Deism, and Rizal". <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies:_Historical_and_Ethnographic_Viewpoints" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints">Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints</a></i>. <b>40</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 53–67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2244-1638">2244-1638</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633293">42633293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies%3A+Historical+and+Ethnographic+Viewpoints&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment%2C+Deism%2C+and+Rizal&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-67&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42633293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2244-1638&rft.aulast=Bonoan&rft.aufirst=Raoul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion1999" class="citation book cs1">Champion, Justin A. I. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA437">"DEISM"</a>. In Popkin, Richard H. (ed.). <i>The Columbia History of Western Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 437–445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231500340" title="Special:BookSources/9780231500340"><bdi>9780231500340</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/popk10128.70">10.7312/popk10128.70</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DEISM&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=437-445&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fpopk10128.70%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780231500340&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Justin+A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dok4F_SawQaEC%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricksenHeschel1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ericksen" title="Robert Ericksen">Ericksen, Robert P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susannah_Heschel" title="Susannah Heschel">Heschel, Susannah</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betrayalgermanch00eric"><i>Betrayal: German Churches and the Holocaust</i></a>. Minneapolis: Augsberg Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2931-1"><bdi>978-0-8006-2931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrayal%3A+German+Churches+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Augsberg+Fortress&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2931-1&rft.aulast=Ericksen&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.au=Heschel%2C+Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetrayalgermanch00eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussaini2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Hassan_Akhlaq" title="Sayed Hassan Akhlaq">Hussaini, Sayed Hassan</a> (2016). "Islamic Philosophy between Theism and Deism". <i>Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia</i>. <b>72</b> (1: <i>Teísmos: Aportações Filosóficas do Leste e Oeste / Theisms: Philosophical Contributions from the East to the West</i>). <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>: Aletheia - Associação Científica e Cultural: 65–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17990%2FRPF%2F2016_72_1_0065">10.17990/RPF/2016_72_1_0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-5283">0870-5283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43816275">43816275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Portuguesa+de+Filosofia&rft.atitle=Islamic+Philosophy+between+Theism+and+Deism&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1%3A+%27%27Te%C3%ADsmos%3A+Aporta%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Filos%C3%B3ficas+do+Leste+e+Oeste+%2F+Theisms%3A+Philosophical+Contributions+from+the+East+to+the+West%27%27&rft.pages=65-83&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0870-5283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43816275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17990%2FRPF%2F2016_72_1_0065&rft.aulast=Hussaini&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a> (2012). "Religion in the Age of Enlightenment". <i>New Worlds: A Religious History of Latin America</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 64–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300166804" title="Special:BookSources/9780300166804"><bdi>9780300166804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npmbn.8">j.ctt1npmbn.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011041757">2011041757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment&rft.btitle=New+Worlds%3A+A+Religious+History+of+Latin+America&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=64-105&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1npmbn.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011041757&rft.isbn=9780300166804&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyttle1933" class="citation journal cs1">Lyttle, Charles (March 1933). "Deistic Piety in the Cults of the French Revolution". <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(journal)" title="Church History (journal)">Church History</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Church_History" title="American Society of Church History">American Society of Church History</a>: 22–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640700120049">10.1017/S0009640700120049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-2613">1755-2613</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3691955">3691955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154689430">154689430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Deistic+Piety+in+the+Cults+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-40&rft.date=1933-03&rft.issn=1755-2613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154689430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3691955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640700120049&rft.aulast=Lyttle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2021" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Seth (April 2021). "<i>Paine Detected</i> in Mississippi: Slavery, Print Culture, and the Threat of Deism in the Early Republic". <i><a href="/wiki/The_William_and_Mary_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The William and Mary Quarterly">The William and Mary Quarterly</a></i>. <b>78</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omohundro_Institute_of_Early_American_History_and_Culture" title="Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture">Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture</a>: 313–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.78.2.0313">10.5309/willmaryquar.78.2.0313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1933-7698">1933-7698</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234772508">234772508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Paine+Detected+in+Mississippi%3A+Slavery%2C+Print+Culture%2C+and+the+Threat+of+Deism+in+the+Early+Republic&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-338&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234772508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1933-7698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.78.2.0313&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_IIIPargamentLynnCrossley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, III, Russell E.; Pargament, Kenneth I.; Lynn, Quinten K.; Crossley, Craig D. 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"Self-Directing Religious Coping: A Deistic God, Abandoning God, or No God at All?". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion">Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Society for the Scientific Study of Religion">Society for the Scientific Study of Religion</a>: 409–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00243.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00243.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-5906">1468-5906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1387634">1387634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144102287">144102287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Self-Directing+Religious+Coping%3A+A+Deistic+God%2C+Abandoning+God%2C+or+No+God+at+All%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-418&rft.date=2004-08&rft.issn=1468-5906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144102287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1387634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00243.x&rft.aulast=Phillips%2C+III&rft.aufirst=Russell+E.&rft.au=Pargament%2C+Kenneth+I.&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Quinten+K.&rft.au=Crossley%2C+Craig+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiland2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Piland, Tiffany (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls/8"><i>The Influence and Legacy of Deism in Eighteenth Century America</i></a> (MLS thesis). Rollins College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Influence+and+Legacy+of+Deism+in+Eighteenth+Century+America&rft.inst=Rollins+College&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Piland&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.rollins.edu%2Fmls%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince2020" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Michael B. (2020). "Defoe's Deist Masterpiece: The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe and The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719". <i>The Shortest Way with Defoe: Robinson Crusoe, Deism, and the Novel</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. pp. 134–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvzgb6pp.7">10.2307/j.ctvzgb6pp.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813943664" title="Special:BookSources/9780813943664"><bdi>9780813943664</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241840122">241840122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defoe%E2%80%99s+Deist+Masterpiece%3A+The+Life+and+Strange+Surprizing+Adventures+of+Robinson+Crusoe+and+The+Farther+Adventures+of+Robinson+Crusoe%2C+1719&rft.btitle=The+Shortest+Way+with+Defoe%3A+Robinson+Crusoe%2C+Deism%2C+and+the+Novel&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=134-207&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241840122%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvzgb6pp.7&rft.isbn=9780813943664&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig1970" class="citation journal cs1">Taussig, Harold E. (July 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/view/23468/23237">"Deism in Philadelphia During the Age of Franklin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_History:_A_Journal_of_Mid-Atlantic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies">Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies</a></i>. <b>37</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/University_Park,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="University Park, Pennsylvania">University Park, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>: 217–236. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-2109">2153-2109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27771874">27771874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+History%3A+A+Journal+of+Mid-Atlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=Deism+in+Philadelphia+During+the+Age+of+Franklin&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=217-236&rft.date=1970-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27771874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2153-2109&rft.aulast=Taussig&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fphj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23468%2F23237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (9th ed.) article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Deism" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deism">Deism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiller2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Diller, Jeanine (Winter 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/god-ultimates/#ModeGod">"God and Other Ultimates – 2.2 Models of God"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643092515">643092515</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315174311/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/god-ultimates/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+and+Other+Ultimates+%E2%80%93+2.2+Models+of+God&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643092515&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fgod-ultimates%2F%23ModeGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Draper_(philosopher)" title="Paul Draper (philosopher)">Draper, Paul</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/modern/debates/great-debate.html">"God or Blind Nature: Philosophers Debate the Evidence"</a>. <i>infidels.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Secular_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secular Web">The Secular Web</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317232120/https://infidels.org/library/modern/debates-great-debate/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infidels.org&rft.atitle=God+or+Blind+Nature%3A+Philosophers+Debate+the+Evidence&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fdebates%2Fgreat-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaloff2008" class="citation web cs1">Staloff, Darren (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/deism.htm">"Deism and the Founding of the United States"</a>. <i>nationalhumanitiescenter.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Center" title="National Humanities Center">National Humanities Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015222353/https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/deism.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalhumanitiescenter.org&rft.atitle=Deism+and+the+Founding+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Staloff&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalhumanitiescenter.org%2Ftserve%2Feighteen%2Fekeyinfo%2Fdeism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/deism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/deism">deism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deism.com/">"World Union of Deists"</a>. <i>www.deism.com</i>. 1997–2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819200803/https://www.deism.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deism.com&rft.atitle=World+Union+of+Deists&rft.date=1997%2F2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moderndeist.org/">"Church of The Modern Deist"</a>. <i>moderndeist.org</i>. 2012–2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042747/http://moderndeist.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moderndeist.org&rft.atitle=Church+of+The+Modern+Deist&rft.date=2012%2F2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoderndeist.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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4em">Articles related to Deism</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="God" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theism" title="Template:Theism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theism" title="Template talk:Theism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism"><span class="wrap">Theological noncognitivism</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipolar_theism" title="Dipolar theism">Dipolar theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_theism" title="Liberal theism">Liberal theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-monotheism" title="Post-monotheism">Post-monotheism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_pantheism" title="Classical pantheism">Classical pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylotheism" title="Hylotheism">Hylotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">Naturalistic pantheism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">Philosophical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physitheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physitheism">Physitheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_theism" title="Skeptical theism">Skeptical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4149020-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85036505">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960407m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960407m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="deismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136788&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525501">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545594505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011423">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=21275">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/deizm">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deism&oldid=1249910011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deism&oldid=1249910011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deism" title="Category:Deism">Deism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Czech-language_sources_(cs)" title="Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)">CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from 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