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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_arcades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins in arcades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_arcades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1920s–1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1980s–2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions_and_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_and_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions and types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions_and_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions and types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Car_free_towns,_cities_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_free_towns,_cities_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Car free towns, cities and regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_free_towns,_cities_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car-free_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car-free_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Car-free development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car-free_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_access_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_access_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Limited access type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_access_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_car-free_streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_car-free_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Temporary car-free streets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_car-free_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Problems and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region_and_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region_and_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region and country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region_and_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region and country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region_and_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>U.S. and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Downtown_pedestrian_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downtown_pedestrian_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.1</span> <span>Downtown pedestrian zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downtown_pedestrian_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_large_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_large_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.2</span> <span>Outside large cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_large_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>South and East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.7</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.8</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Middle East and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedestrian zone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пешаходная зона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пешаходная зона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrer_de_vianants" title="Carrer de vianants – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carrer de vianants" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%AD_z%C3%B3na" title="Pěší zóna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pěší zóna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5gade" title="Gågade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gågade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fg%C3%A4ngerzone" title="Fußgängerzone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fußgängerzone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πεζόδρομος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πεζόδρομος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_peatonal" title="Calle peatonal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calle peatonal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedira_zono" title="Piedira zono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piedira zono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="پیاده‌راه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیاده‌راه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_pi%C3%A9tonne" title="Zone piétonne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone piétonne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" 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data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_pedonal" title="Zona pedonal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zona pedonal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ngugata" title="Göngugata – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Göngugata" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_pedonale" title="Isola pedonale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola pedonale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91" title="מדרחוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדרחוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9t%C3%A1l%C3%B3utca" title="Sétálóutca – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sétálóutca" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пешачка зона – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пешачка зона" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voetgangersgebied" title="Voetgangersgebied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voetgangersgebied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A9%E8%A1%8C%E8%80%85%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="歩行者空間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歩行者空間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5gate" title="Gågate – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gågate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5gate" title="Gågate – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gågate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefa_piesza" title="Strefa piesza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefa piesza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedonal" title="Pedonal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedonal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пешеходная зона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пешеходная зона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%A1ia_z%C3%B3na" title="Pešia zóna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pešia zóna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%A1cona" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about parts of urban areas without cars. For mixed-use areas without cars, see <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pedestrian_zone" title="Special:EditPage/Pedestrian zone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pedestrian+zone%22">"Pedestrian zone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pedestrian+zone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pedestrian+zone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pedestrian+zone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pedestrian+zone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pedestrian+zone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Graben_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wien_-_Graben_%282%29.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Graben_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wien_-_Graben_%282%29.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Graben_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wien_-_Graben_%282%29.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Graben_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>'s first pedestrian zone on the <a href="/wiki/Graben,_Vienna" title="Graben, Vienna">Graben</a> (2018)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel,_Lima,_Peru_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2.jpg/220px-Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2.jpg/330px-Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2.jpg/440px-Sunset_in_Plaza_San_Miguel%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4077" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian mall in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pedestrian zones</b> (also known as <b>auto-free zones</b> and <b>car-free zones</b>, as <b>pedestrian precincts</b> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <b>pedestrian malls</b> in the United States and Australia) are areas of a city or town restricted to use by people on foot or human-powered transport such as bicycles, with non-emergency motor <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> not allowed. Converting a street or an area to pedestrian-only use is called <i>pedestrianisation</i>. </p><p>Pedestrianisation usually aims to provide better accessibility and <a href="/wiki/Mobilities" title="Mobilities">mobility</a> for pedestrians, to enhance the amount of shopping and other business activities in the area or to improve the attractiveness of the local environment in terms of aesthetics, air pollution, noise and crashes involving motor vehicle with pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiquetto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiquetto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, motor traffic in surrounding areas increases, as it is displaced rather than replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiquetto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiquetto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, pedestrianisation schemes are often associated with significant falls in local air and noise pollution<sup id="cite_ref-Chiquetto_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiquetto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in accidents, and frequently with increased retail turnover and increased property values locally.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>car-free</i> development generally implies a large-scale pedestrianised area that relies on modes of transport other than the car, while pedestrian zones may vary in size from a single square to entire districts, but with highly variable degrees of <a href="/wiki/Car_dependency" title="Car dependency">dependence on cars</a> for their broader transport links. </p><p>Pedestrian zones have a great variety of approaches to human-powered vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">inline skates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">kick scooters</a>. Some have a total ban on anything with wheels, others ban certain categories, others segregate the human-powered wheels from foot traffic, and others still have no rules at all. Many Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbahs</a> have no motorized traffic, but use <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>- or hand-<a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> to carry goods. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_arcades">Origins in arcades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in arcades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalerieVivienne1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GalerieVivienne1.jpg/170px-GalerieVivienne1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GalerieVivienne1.jpg/255px-GalerieVivienne1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GalerieVivienne1.jpg/340px-GalerieVivienne1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The Galerie Vivienne in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of separating pedestrians from wheeled traffic is an old one, dating back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest modern implementation of the idea in cities seems to date from about 1800, when the first <a href="/wiki/Covered_passages_of_Paris" title="Covered passages of Paris">covered shopping arcade was opened in Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separated shopping arcades were constructed throughout Europe in the 19th century, precursors of modern shopping malls. A number of architects and city planners, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paxton" title="Joseph Paxton">Joseph Paxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a>, in the 19th and early 20th centuries proposed plans to separate pedestrians from traffic in various new developments.<sup id="cite_ref-hall2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s–1970s"><span id="1920s.E2.80.931970s"></span>1920s–1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1920s–1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first "pedestrianisation" of an existing street seems to have taken place "around 1929" in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany. This was in Limbecker Straße, a very narrow shopping street that could not accommodate both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other German cities followed this model in the early 1930s, but the idea was not seen outside Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the devastation of the Second World War a number of European cities implemented plans to pedestrianise city streets, although usually on a largely <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> basis, through the early 1950s, with little landscaping or planning.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1955 twenty-one German cities had closed at least one street to automobile traffic, although only four were "true" pedestrian streets, designed for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time pedestrianisation was not seen as a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic restraint</a> policy, but rather as a complement<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to customers who would arrive by car in a city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedestrianisation was also common in the United States during the 1950s and 60s as downtown businesses attempted to compete with new suburban shopping malls. However, most of these initiatives were not successful in the long term, and about 90% have been changed back to motorised areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s–2010s"><span id="1980s.E2.80.932010s"></span>1980s–2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1980s–2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pedestrian_zone" title="Talk:Pedestrian zone">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Times_Square,_Manhattan,_New_York_(7237734924).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg/220px-Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg/330px-Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg/440px-Times_Square%2C_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237734924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrianized area in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg/220px-LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg/330px-LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg/440px-LasVegas-FremontStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience" title="Fremont Street Experience">Fremont Street Experience</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> with the neon lights on</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, several pedestrian zones in major tourist areas were successful, such as the renovation of the mall in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a> on <a href="/wiki/Westside,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Westside, Los Angeles">Los Angeles' Westside</a> and its relaunch as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade" title="Third Street Promenade">Third Street Promenade</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Monica's_Third_Street_Promenade:_the_failure_and_resurgence_of_a_downtown_pedestrian_mall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Monica's_Third_Street_Promenade:_the_failure_and_resurgence_of_a_downtown_pedestrian_mall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the creation of the covered, pedestrian <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience" title="Fremont Street Experience">Fremont Street Experience</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas" title="Downtown Las Vegas">Downtown Las Vegas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-nlc.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlc.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the revival of <a href="/wiki/East_4th_Street_(Cleveland)" title="East 4th Street (Cleveland)">East 4th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the new pedestrian zone created in the mid-2010s in New York City including along Broadway (the street) and around <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torossian_Observer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torossian_Observer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020, some cities had made the pedestrianization of additional streets to encourage <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a> and in many cases to provide extra rooms for restaurants to serve food on patios extended into the newly available spaces. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> closed up to 100 miles (160 km) of streets to cars across the city.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the city pedestrianized 19 kilometres (12 miles) of streets and 235,000 square metres (58 acres) of spaces in total.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The COVID-19 pandemic gave also birth to proposals for radical change in the organisation of the city, in particular <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, being the pedestrianisation of the whole city and the proposal of an inversion of the concept of <i>sidewalk</i> two elements of the Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the city, written by architecture and urban theorist Massimo Paolini and signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_types">Definitions and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Definitions and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:201109_-_%C3%85land_(Mariehamn)_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/201109_-_%C3%85land_%28Mariehamn%29_%282%29.JPG/220px-201109_-_%C3%85land_%28Mariehamn%29_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/201109_-_%C3%85land_%28Mariehamn%29_%282%29.JPG/330px-201109_-_%C3%85land_%28Mariehamn%29_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/201109_-_%C3%85land_%28Mariehamn%29_%282%29.JPG/440px-201109_-_%C3%85land_%28Mariehamn%29_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Torggatan, a pedestrian street in <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A pedestrian zone is often limited in scope: for example, a single square or a few streets reserved for pedestrians, within a city where residents still largely get around in cars. A car-free town, city or region may be much larger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car_free_towns,_cities_and_regions"><span id="Car_free_towns.2C_cities_and_regions"></span>Car free towns, cities and regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Car free towns, cities and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pedestrian_zones" title="List of pedestrian zones">List of pedestrian zones</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg/220px-Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg/330px-Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg/440px-Marktplatz_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5722" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Marktplatz in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, Germany, coexists with a tramline.</figcaption></figure> <p>A car-free zone is different from a typical pedestrian zone, in that it implies a development largely predicated on modes of transport other than the car.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg/170px-Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg/255px-Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg/340px-Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Sign for pedestrian street in Central <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> showing a father and daughter</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of towns and cities in Europe have never allowed <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetypal</a> examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venice#Transportation" title="Venice">Venice</a>, which occupies many islands in a lagoon, divided by and accessed from canals. Motor traffic stops at the car park at the head of the viaduct from the mainland, and water transport and walking take over from there. However, motor vehicles are allowed on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a> in the Swiss Alps. Most visitors reach Zermatt by a <a href="/wiki/Cog_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cog railway">cog railway</a>, and there are pedestrian-only streets, but there are also roads with motor vehicles.</li></ul> <p>Other examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> in Belgium: the pedestrian zone was extended in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 35 to more than 50 hectares (123 acres), one of the largest car-free areas in Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontevedra" title="Pontevedra">Pontevedra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, an international model of pedestrianization, almost 50% of the city is pedestrianised.;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes, Greece">The Old Town of Rhodes</a>, where many, if not most, of the streets are too steep and/or narrow for car traffic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, an autonomous monastic state under the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, does not permit automobiles on its territory. Trucks and work-related vehicles only are in use there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The medieval city of <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> does not allow automobiles past the city walls. It is known as the "Silent City" because of the absence of motor traffic in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, an island in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, is a car-free zone where only bicycles, <a href="/wiki/Carriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriages">carriages</a> and tractors are used as transportation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Gulangyu</a>, an island off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> in southeastern China. The only vehicles permitted are small electric buggies and electric government service vehicles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>To assist with transport from the car parks in at the edge of car-free cities, there are often bus stations, bicycle sharing stations, and the like.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Car-free_development">Car-free development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Car-free development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term car-free <i>development</i> implies a physical change: either build-up or changes to an existing built area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Melia <i>et al.</i> (2010) define car-free developments as "residential or mixed use developments which: </p> <ul><li>Normally provide a traffic-free immediate environment, and</li> <li>Offer no parking or limited parking separated from the residence, and:</li> <li>Are designed to enable residents to live without owning a car."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelia201028_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelia201028-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This definition (which they distinguish from the more common "low car development") is based mainly on experience in North West Europe,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where the movement for car-free development began.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Within this definition, three types are identified: </p> <ul><li>Vauban model,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelia201025_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelia201025-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on <a href="/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg" title="Vauban, Freiburg">Vauban, Freiburg</a>: it is not "carfree", but "parking-space-free" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">stellplatzfrei</i>) in some streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelia201025–26_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelia201025–26-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limited Access model<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelia201026_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelia201026-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pedestrianised centres with residential population<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelia201026_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelia201026-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg/220px-Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg/330px-Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg/440px-Knez_Mihailova_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Knez_Mihailova_Street" title="Knez Mihailova Street">Knez Mihailova</a> pedestrian zone at night with New Year decoration in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limited_access_type">Limited access type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Limited access type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more common form of carfree development involves some sort of physical barrier, which prevents motor vehicles from penetrating into a car-free interior. Melia <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-melia_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melia-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe this as the "limited access" type. In some cases, such as Stellwerk 60 in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, there is a removable barrier, controlled by a residents' organisation. In Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Waterwijk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwijk (Amsterdam)">Waterwijk</a> is a 6-hectare neighborhood where cars may only access parking areas from the streets that form the edges of the neighborhood; all of the inner areas of the neighborhood are car-free. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_car-free_streets">Temporary car-free streets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temporary car-free streets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many cities close certain streets to automobiles, typically on weekends and especially in warm weather, to provide more urban space for recreation, and to increase foot traffic to nearby businesses. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Newbury_Street" title="Newbury Street">Newbury Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_(Cambridge)" title="Memorial Drive (Cambridge)">Memorial Drive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> (which is along a river).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some cases, popularity has resulted in streets being permanently closed to cars, including JFK Drive in <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park" title="Golden Gate Park">Golden Gate Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>; Griffith Drive in <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Park" title="Griffith Park">Griffith Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Capel_Street" title="Capel Street">Capel Street</a> in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Autoluw.webm/220px--Autoluw.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="364" data-mwtitle="Autoluw.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Autoluw.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Autoluw.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Autoluw.webm/Autoluw.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Introduction to pedestrian, car-free and <i>autoluw</i> (<a href="/wiki/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood" title="Low Traffic Neighbourhood">low-traffic</a>) zones: history, examples, pros and cons</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies have been carried out on European carfree developments. The most comprehensive was conducted in 2000 by Jan Scheurer.<sup id="cite_ref-scheurer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheurer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other more recent studies have been made of specific car-free areas such as Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Floridsdorf" title="Floridsdorf">Floridsdorf</a> car-free development.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristics of car-free developments:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Very low levels of car use, resulting in much less traffic on surrounding roads</li> <li>High rates of walking and cycling</li> <li>More independent movement and active play for children</li> <li>Less land is used for parking and roads, so more available for green or social space</li></ul> <p>The main benefits found for car-free developments:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Low atmospheric emissions</li> <li>Low road accident rates</li> <li>Better built environment conditions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Encouragement of active modes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The main problems related to parking management. Where parking is not controlled in the surrounding area, this often results in complaints from neighbours about <a href="/wiki/Overspill_parking" title="Overspill parking">overspill parking</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_and_criticism">Problems and criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Problems and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/National_Gallery_2004.jpg/220px-National_Gallery_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/National_Gallery_2004.jpg/330px-National_Gallery_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/National_Gallery_2004.jpg/440px-National_Gallery_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_National_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Gallery">The National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>There were calls for traffic to be reinstated in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London, after pedestrianization caused <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise nuisance</a> for visitors to the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>. The director of the gallery is reported to have blamed pedestrianization for the "trashing of a civic space".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local shopkeepers may be critical of the effect of pedestrianization on their businesses. Reduced through traffic can lead to fewer customers using local businesses, depending on the environment and the area's dependence on the through traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region_and_country">By region and country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: By region and country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pedestrian_zones" title="List of pedestrian zones">List of pedestrian zones</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond,_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg/220px-De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg/330px-De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg/440px-De_Lijnbaan_in_Rotterdam_verlicht_met_beeldje_op_voorgrond%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="2611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lijnbaan" title="Lijnbaan">Lijnbaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>'s main shopping street, 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg/220px-Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg/330px-Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg/440px-Aleksanterinkatu_Helsinki_summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleksanterinkatu" title="Aleksanterinkatu">Aleksanterinkatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>'s main shopping street, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg/220px-Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg/330px-Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg/440px-Madrid_-_Calle_Preciados.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calle_de_Preciados" title="Calle de Preciados">Calle de Preciados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG/220px-Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG/330px-Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG/440px-Istiklal_busy_afternoon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A large number of European towns and cities have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Car park">car parks</a> on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases, <a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a> schemes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Northern_Avenue,_Yerevan" title="Northern Avenue, Yerevan">Northern Avenue</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Kentron_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentron district">Kentron district</a> of central <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, is a large pedestrian avenue. The avenue was inaugurated in 2007 and is mainly home to residential buildings, offices, luxury shops and restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> implemented Europe's largest pedestrian zone (French: <i>Le Piétonnier</i>), in phases starting in 2015 and will cover 50 hectares (120 acres). The area covers much of the historic center within the <a href="/wiki/Small_Ring,_Brussels" title="Small Ring, Brussels">Small Ring</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> built on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Brussels#Second_walls" title="Fortifications of Brussels">14th-century walls</a>), including the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place/Grote Markt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Place de Brouckère">Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Anspach" title="Boulevard Anspach">Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bourse,_Brussels" title="Place de la Bourse, Brussels">Place de la Bourse/Beursplein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> is one of the oldest and largest: it was converted from car traffic into a pedestrian zone in 1962 as an experiment, and is centered on <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B8get" title="Strøget">Strøget</a>, which is not a single street but a series of interconnected avenues which create a very large pedestrian zone, although it is crossed in places by streets with vehicular traffic. Most of these zones allow delivery trucks to service the businesses there during the early morning, and street-cleaning vehicles will usually go through these streets after most shops have closed for the night. It has grown in size from 15,800 square metres (3.9 acres) in 1962 to 95,750 square metres (23.66 acres) in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">German islands</a> ban or strictly limit the private use of motor vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiddensee" title="Hiddensee">Hiddensee</a>, and all but two of the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="East Frisian islands">East Frisian islands</a> are car-free; <a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norderney" title="Norderney">Norderney</a> have car-free zones and strictly limit automobile use during the summer season and in certain areas, also forbidding travel at night. Some areas provide exceptions for police and emergency vehicles; Heligoland also bans bicycles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, the Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz (which later became part of <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a>) unsuccessfully campaigned to make <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> a car-free zone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the inner city of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> has a pedestrian zone (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">voetgangersgebied</i>) within the boundaries of the following streets and squares: Nieuwe Plein, Willemsplein, Gele Rijdersplein, Looierstraat, Velperbinnensingel, Koningsplein, St. Catharinaplaats, Beekstraat, Walburgstraat, Turfstraat, Kleine Oord, and Nieuwe Oeverstraat.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>'s city center was almost completely destroyed by <a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">German bombing</a> in May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_Zee_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der_Zee-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city decided to build a central shopping street, for pedestrians only, the <a href="/wiki/Lijnbaan" title="Lijnbaan">Lijnbaan</a>, which became Europe's first purpose-built pedestrian street.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_Zee_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der_Zee-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lijnbaan served as a model for many other such streets in the early post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era, such as <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, and the UK's first pedestrianised <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping precinct</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_Zee_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der_Zee-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rotterdam has since expanded the pedestrian zone to other streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotterdam_overzichtskaart_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotterdam_overzichtskaart-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, Rotterdam featured three different types of pedestrian zones: "pedestrian zones", "pedestrian zones, cycling permitted outside of shopping hours", and "pedestrian zones, cycling permitted 24/7".<sup id="cite_ref-Rotterdam_overzichtskaart_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotterdam_overzichtskaart-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three exceptions to motor vehicles could apply to specific sections of these three zones, namely: "logistics allowed within window times (5 to 10:30 a.m)", "logistics allowed 24/7", and "commercial traffic allowed during market days".<sup id="cite_ref-Rotterdam_overzichtskaart_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotterdam_overzichtskaart-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, shopping streets primarily for pedestrians date back to the thirteenth century. A 1981 study found that many Victorian and later arcades continued to be used. A third of London's 168 precincts at that time had been built before 1939, as were a tenth of the 1,304 precincts in the U.K. as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early post-1945 new towns carried on the tradition of providing some traffic-free shopping streets. However, in the conversion of traditional shopping streets to pedestrian precincts, Britain started only in 1967 (versus Germany's first conversion in 1929, or the first in the U.S. in 1959). Since then growth was rapid, such that by 1980 a study found that most British towns and cities had a pedestrian shopping precinct; 1,304 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Caddesi</a> is a pedestrian street (except for a historic streetcar that runs along it) and a major tourist draw.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._and_Canada">U.S. and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: U.S. and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SparksStreetatBank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SparksStreetatBank.jpg/220px-SparksStreetatBank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SparksStreetatBank.jpg/330px-SparksStreetatBank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/SparksStreetatBank.jpg/440px-SparksStreetatBank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Sparks_Street" title="Sparks Street">Sparks Street Mall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Canadian examples are the <a href="/wiki/Sparks_Street" title="Sparks Street">Sparks Street</a> Mall area of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Distillery_District" title="Distillery District">Distillery District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Scarth Street Mall in <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a> Mall in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> (with certain areas open to parking for permit holders) and part of Prince Arthur Street and the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Village,_Montreal" title="Gay Village, Montreal">Gay Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. Algonquin and Ward's Islands, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a> group, are also car-free zones for all 700 residents. Since summer 2004, Toronto has also been experimenting with "<a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian Sunday">Pedestrian Sundays</a>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514062201/http://www.pskensington.ca/">[1]</a> in its busy <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a>. <a href="/wiki/Granville_Mall_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville Mall (Halifax)">Granville Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Urban Area">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> was a run-down section of buildings on Granville Street built in the 1840s that was restored in the late 1970s. The area was then closed off to vehicles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_malls_in_the_United_States" title="Pedestrian malls in the United States">Pedestrian malls in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Downtown_pedestrian_zones">Downtown pedestrian zones</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Downtown pedestrian zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, these zones are commonly called pedestrian malls or pedestrian streets and today are relatively rare, with a few notable exceptions. In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamazoo">Kalamazoo</a> was the first American city to implement a "pedestrian mall" in its downtown core.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became a method that some cities applied for their downtowns to compete with the growing suburban shopping malls of the time. In the 1960s and 70s, over 200 towns in the United States adopted this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Mall" title="Downtown Mall">Downtown Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_VA" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottesville, VA">Charlottesville, VA</a> is one of the longest <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian mall">pedestrian malls</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, created in 1976 and spanning nine city blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of streets and malls in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> are now pedestrian-only, including <a href="/wiki/Sixth_and_a_Half_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth and a Half Avenue">6½ Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_(Brooklyn)" title="Fulton Street (Brooklyn)">Fulton Street</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>, and a block of <a href="/wiki/25th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Street (Manhattan)">25th Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A portion of <a href="/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade" title="Third Street Promenade">Third Street</a> in Santa Monica in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a> was converted into a pedestrian mall in the 1960s to become what is now the Third Street Promenade, a very popular shopping district located just a few blocks from the beach and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Pier" title="Santa Monica Pier">Santa Monica Pier</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Road" title="Lincoln Road">Lincoln Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a>, which had previously been a shopping street with traffic, was converted into a pedestrian only street in 1960. The designer was Morris Lapidus. Lincoln Road Mall is now one of the main attractions in Miami Beach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The idea of exclusive pedestrian zones lost popularity through the 1980s and into the 1990s and results were generally disappointing, but are enjoying a renaissance with the 1989 renovation and relaunch of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade" title="Third Street Promenade">Third Street Promenade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Monica's_Third_Street_Promenade:_the_failure_and_resurgence_of_a_downtown_pedestrian_mall_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Monica's_Third_Street_Promenade:_the_failure_and_resurgence_of_a_downtown_pedestrian_mall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1994-5 <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Street_Experience" title="Fremont Street Experience">Fremont Street Experience</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> and recent pedestrianization of various streets in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nlc.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlc.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pedestrian zones were more closely tied to the success of retail than in Europe, and by the 1980s, most did not succeed competing with ever more elaborate enclosed malls. Almost all of this generation of pedestrian malls built from 1959 through to the 1970s, have disappeared, or were shrunk down in the 1990s at the request of the retailers. Half of Kalamazoo's pedestrian mall<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> has been converted into a regular street with auto traffic, though with wide sidewalks.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Outside_large_cities">Outside large cities</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Outside large cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg/220px-M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg/330px-M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg/440px-M-185_mile_0_on_Mackinac_Island_August_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Cyclists</a> enjoy the carfree highway (<a href="/wiki/M-185_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-185 (Michigan highway)">M-185</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a>, between the upper and lower peninsulas of Michigan, banned <a href="/wiki/Horseless_carriage" title="Horseless carriage">horseless carriages</a> in 1896, making it auto-free. The original ban still stands, except for emergency vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travel on the island is largely by foot, bicycle, or horse-drawn carriage. An 8-mile (13 km) road, <a href="/wiki/M-185_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-185 (Michigan highway)">M-185</a> rings the island, and numerous roads cover the interior. M-185 is the only highway in the United States without motorized vehicles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island" title="Fire Island">Fire Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County, New York</a> is pedestrianised east of the <a href="/wiki/Fire_Island_Lighthouse" title="Fire Island Lighthouse">Fire Island Lighthouse</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Smith_Point_County_Park" title="Smith Point County Park">Smith Point County Park</a> (with the exception of emergency vehicles).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supai,_Arizona" title="Supai, Arizona">Supai, Arizona</a>, located within the <a href="/wiki/Havasupai_Indian_Reservation" title="Havasupai Indian Reservation">Havasupai Indian Reservation</a> is entirely car-free, the only community in the United States where mail is still carried out by mule. Supai is located eight miles from the nearest road, and is accessible only by foot, horse/mule, or helicopter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Culdesac_Tempe" title="Culdesac Tempe">Culdesac Tempe</a>, a 17-acre (0.069 square kilometers) car-free district in <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a>, is intended to be the nation's first market-rate rental apartment district to ban its tenants from owning cars. Bikes and emergency vehicles are allowed. It has received significant investments from executives at <a href="/wiki/Lyft" title="Lyft">Lyft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opendoor" title="Opendoor">Opendoor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_2020_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_2020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg/220px-Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg/330px-Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg/440px-Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Calle_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florida_Street" title="Florida Street">Florida Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</figcaption></figure> <p>Argentina's big cities, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, have lively pedestrianised street centers (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">peatonales</i>) combined with <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">town squares</a> and parks which are crowded with people walking at every hour of the day and night.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, some stretches of <a href="/wiki/Calle_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Calle Florida">Calle Florida</a> have been pedestrianised since 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it one of the oldest car-free thoroughfares in the world today. Pedestrianised Florida, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavalle_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavalle Street (page does not exist)">Lavalle</a> and other streets contribute to a vibrant shopping and restaurant scene where <a href="/wiki/Busking" class="mw-redirect" title="Busking">street performers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tango_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango (dance)">tango</a> dancers abound, streets are crossed with vehicular traffic at <a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">chamfered corners</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg/220px-Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg/330px-Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg/440px-Rua_XV_em_Curitiba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rua_XV_de_Novembro" title="Rua XV de Novembro">Rua XV de Novembro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paquet%C3%A1_Island" title="Paquetá Island">Paquetá Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> is auto-free. The only cars allowed on the island are police and ambulance vehicles. In Rio de Janeiro, the roads beside the beaches are auto-free on Sundays and holidays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Downtown Rio de Janeiro, Ouvidor Street, over almost its entire length, has been continually a pedestrian space since the mid-nineteenth century when not even carts or carriages were allowed. And the Saara District, also downtown, consists of some dozen or more blocks of colonial streets, off-limits to cars, and crowded with daytime shoppers. Likewise, many of the city's hillside favelas are effectively pedestrian zones as the streets are too narrow and/or steep for automobiles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eixo_Rodovi%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eixo Rodoviário (page does not exist)">Eixo Rodoviário</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, which is 13 kilometers long and 30 meters wide and is an <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial road</a> connecting the center of that city from both southward and northward wings of Brasília, perpendicular to the well known Eixo Monumental (<a href="/wiki/Monumental_Axis" title="Monumental Axis">Monumental Axis</a> in English), is auto-free on Sundays and holidays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rua_XV_de_Novembro" title="Rua XV de Novembro">Rua XV de Novembro</a> (15 November Street) in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> is one of the first major pedestrian streets in Brazil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chile has many large pedestrian streets. An example is <a href="/wiki/Paseo_Ahumada" title="Paseo Ahumada">Paseo Ahumada</a> and Paseo Estado in Santiago, Paseo Barros Arana in Concepción and Calle Valparaíso in Viña del Mar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Santa_Marta_(Colombia)_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico,_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2018_Santa_Marta_%28Colombia%29_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg/220px-2018_Santa_Marta_%28Colombia%29_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2018_Santa_Marta_%28Colombia%29_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg/330px-2018_Santa_Marta_%28Colombia%29_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2018_Santa_Marta_%28Colombia%29_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg/440px-2018_Santa_Marta_%28Colombia%29_-_Peatonal_en_el_Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico%2C_Calle_19_entre_carreras_4_y_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption>Tumbacuatro Street in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During his 1998–2001 term, the former <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> mayor, U.S.-born <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1alosa" title="Enrique Peñalosa">Enrique Peñalosa</a>, created several pedestrian streets, <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">plazas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1%27s_Bike_Paths_Network" title="Bogotá's Bike Paths Network">bike paths</a> integrated with a new <a href="/wiki/TransMilenio" title="TransMilenio">bus rapid transit system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The historic center of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> closes some streets to cars during certain hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In downtown <a href="/wiki/Armenia,_Colombia" title="Armenia, Colombia">Armenia, Colombia</a> there is a large pedestrian street where several boutiques are located.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> also has permanent pedestrian zones in the historic center around the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_of_Santa_Marta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral Basílica of Santa Marta (page does not exist)">Cathedral Basílica of Santa Marta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg/220px-Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg/330px-Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg/440px-Calle_Madero_-_Mexico_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7744" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madero_Street" title="Madero Street">Madero Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Historic center of Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Historic center of Mexico City</a> has 12 pedestrian streets including <a href="/wiki/Madero_Street" title="Madero Street">Madero Street</a>, and as of 30 June 2020, is expanding the number to 42 pedestrian streets.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Génova is a busy pedestrian street in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_Rosa,_Mexico_City" title="Zona Rosa, Mexico City">Zona Rosa</a> as is <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Garibaldi" title="Plaza Garibaldi">Plaza Garibaldi</a> downtown, where mariachis play.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The old city of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a> is largely pedestrian. The steep and/or narrow side streets were never accessible by cars and most other streets were pedestrianized in the 1960s after through traffic was moved to a system of former flood control tunnels that was no longer necessary due to a new dam.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen" title="Playa del Carmen">Playa del Carmen</a> has a pedestrian mall, <i> Quinta Avenida</i>, ("Fifth Avenue") that stretches 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) and receives 4 million visitors annually with hundreds of shops and restaurants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Center_of_Lima_(13708966693).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Historic_Center_of_Lima_%2813708966693%29.jpg/220px-Historic_Center_of_Lima_%2813708966693%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Historic_Center_of_Lima_%2813708966693%29.jpg/330px-Historic_Center_of_Lima_%2813708966693%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Historic_Center_of_Lima_%2813708966693%29.jpg/440px-Historic_Center_of_Lima_%2813708966693%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5341" data-file-height="3559" /></a><figcaption>Jirón de La Union in Lima</figcaption></figure> <p>Jirón de La Unión in Lima is a traditional pedestrian street located in the Historic Centre of Lima, part of the capital of Peru.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the city of Arequipa, Mercaderes is also a considerably large pedestrian street.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, recently three of the four streets surrounding the city's main square or "Plaza de Armas" were also made pedestrian.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_East_Asia">South and East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South and East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/220px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/330px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG/440px-Aleppo-suq-Alp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a>, the walkway at <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">al-Madina Souq</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainland_China">Mainland China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Road_(Shanghai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Road (Shanghai)">Nanjing Road</a> in Shanghai is perhaps the most well-known pedestrian zone in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wangfujing" title="Wangfujing">Wangfujing</a> is a famous tourist and retail oriented pedestrian zone in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chunxilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunxilu">Chunxilu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> is the most well known in western China. Dongmen is the busiest business zone in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongyang_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongyang Street (page does not exist)">Zhongyang Street</a> is a historical large pedestrian street in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hksycss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hksycss.jpg/220px-Hksycss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hksycss.jpg/330px-Hksycss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hksycss.jpg/440px-Hksycss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sai_Yeung_Choi_Street" title="Sai Yeung Choi Street">Sai Yeung Choi Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, since 2000, the government has been implementing full-time or part-time pedestrian streets in a number of areas, including Causeway Bay, Central, Wan Chai, Mong Kok, and Tsim Sha Tsui.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular pedestrian street is <a href="/wiki/Sai_Yeung_Choi_Street" title="Sai Yeung Choi Street">Sai Yeung Choi Street</a>. It was converted into a pedestrian street in 2003. From December 2008 to May 2009, there were three <a href="/wiki/Mong_Kok_acid_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Kok acid attacks">acid attacks</a> during which corrosive liquids were placed in plastic bottles and thrown from the roof of apartments down onto the street.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vehicles have been banned in the town of <a href="/wiki/Matheran" title="Matheran">Matheran</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> since the time it was discovered in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-MMRDAmatheran_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMRDAmatheran-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, a citizens' initiative in Goa state, has made 18 June Road, Panjim's main shopping boulevard a Non-Motorised Zone<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(NoMoZo). The road is converted into a NoMoZo for half a day on one Sunday every month.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Pune, Maharashtra, similar efforts have been made to convert M.G. Road (a.k.a. Main Street) into an open-air mall. The project in question aimed to create a so-called "Walking Plaza".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, the North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) made the busy Ajmal Khan Road in <a href="/wiki/Karol_Bagh" title="Karol Bagh">Karol Bagh</a> pedestrian-only.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Church_Street,_Bangalore" title="Church Street, Bangalore">Church Street</a> in Bangalore went through a pedestrianization process <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pedestrian zones in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are called <i>hokōsha tengoku</i> (歩行者天国, literally "pedestrian heaven").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Clis Road, in <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, Japan, is a covered pedestrian mall, as is <a href="/wiki/Hond%C5%8Dri" title="Hondōri">Hondōri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several major streets in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> are closed to vehicles during weekends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One particular temporary <i>hokōsha tengoku</i> in <a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a> was cancelled after the <a href="/wiki/Akihabara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Akihabara massacre">Akihabara massacre</a> in which a man rammed a truck into the pedestrian traffic and subsequently stabbed more than 12 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Insadong" class="mw-redirect" title="Insadong">Insadong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> has a large pedestrian zone (<i>Insadong-gil</i>) during certain hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also in South Korea, in 2013, in the Haenggun-dong neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a>, streets were closed to cars as a month-long car-free experiment while the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/EcoMobility" class="mw-redirect" title="EcoMobility">EcoMobility</a> World Festival. Instead of cars, residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiment was not unopposed; however, on balance it was considered a success. Following the festival, the city embarked on discussions about adopting the practice on a permanent basis.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ximending" title="Ximending">Ximending</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is a neighbourhood and shopping district in the Wanhua District of Taipei, Taiwan. It was the first pedestrian zone in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district is very popular in Taiwan. In central Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Yizhong_Street" title="Yizhong Street">Yizhong Street</a> is one of the most popular pedestrian shopping area in <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>. In Southern Taiwan, the most famous pedestrian shopping area is <a href="/wiki/Shinkuchan" title="Shinkuchan">Shinkuchan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, some small streets (<i>soi</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> are designed to be all-time closed to automobile traffic, the city's famous shopping streets of <a href="/wiki/Sampheng" title="Sampheng">Sampheng</a> Lane in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Bangkok" title="Chinatown, Bangkok">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Lang_Market" title="Wang Lang Market">Wang Lang Market</a> nearby to <a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital" title="Siriraj Hospital">Siriraj Hospital</a>, are the most popular for both local and tourists shopping streets. Additionally the city has built long <a href="/wiki/Skywalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Skywalk">skywalk</a> systems. <a href="/wiki/Walking_Street,_Pattaya" title="Walking Street, Pattaya">Walking Street, Pattaya</a> is also closed to auto traffic. <a href="/wiki/Night_market" title="Night market">Night markets</a> are routinely closed to auto traffic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> in Vietnam has made 3 roads into pedestrians-only on weekend nights.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> has opened an <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%91_%C4%91i_b%E1%BB%99_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" class="extiw" title="vi:Phố đi bộ Hà Nội">Old Quarter Walking Street</a> on weekend nights.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> also changed Nguyễn Huệ street into pedestrian zone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Middle East and North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> contains some of the largest auto-free areas in the world. Fes-al-Bali, a <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, with its population of 156,000, may be the world's largest contiguous completely carfree area, and the medinas of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> are quite extensive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Israel, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> has a pedestrian mall, near <i>Nahalat Binyamin Street</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_(Jerusalem)" title="Ben Yehuda Street (Jerusalem)">Ben Yehuda Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is a pedestrian mall.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Place,_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martin_Place%2C_Sydney.jpg/220px-Martin_Place%2C_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martin_Place%2C_Sydney.jpg/330px-Martin_Place%2C_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martin_Place%2C_Sydney.jpg/440px-Martin_Place%2C_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Place" title="Martin Place">Martin Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure><p> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, as in the US, these zones are commonly called pedestrian malls and in most cases comprise only one <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian street">street</a>. Most pedestrian streets were created in the late 1970s and 1980s, the first being <a href="/wiki/City_Walk,_Canberra" title="City Walk, Canberra">City Walk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garema_Place" title="Garema Place">Garema Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> in 1971. Of 58 pedestrian streets created in Australia in the last quarter of the 20th century, 48 remain today, ten having re-introduced car access between 1990 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All capital cities in Australia have at least one pedestrian street of which most central are: <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Sydney" title="George Street, Sydney">George Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Street_Mall" title="Pitt Street Mall">Pitt Street Mall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Place" title="Martin Place">Martin Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourke_Street#Bourke_Street_Mall" title="Bourke Street">Bourke Street Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mall" title="Queen Street Mall">Queen Street Mall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Street_Mall" title="Brunswick Street Mall">Brunswick Street Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rundle_Mall" title="Rundle Mall">Rundle Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hay_Street,_Perth" title="Hay Street, Perth">Hay Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Street,_Perth" title="Murray Street, Perth">Murray Street</a> Malls in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Street_Mall" title="Elizabeth Street Mall">Elizabeth Street Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Walk,_Canberra" title="City Walk, Canberra">City Walk</a> in Canberra, and <a href="/wiki/Smith_Street,_Darwin" title="Smith Street, Darwin">Smith Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>. Many other mid-sized and regional Australian cities also feature pedestrian malls, examples include Rooke Street <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a> Langtree Avenue <a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavill_Avenue" title="Cavill Avenue">Cavill Avenue</a> <a href="/wiki/Surfers_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfers Paradise">Surfers Paradise</a>, Bridge Street <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a>, Nicholas Street <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a>, Hargreaves Street <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a>, Maude Street <a href="/wiki/Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a> and Little Mallop Street <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Street_Mall_Hobart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Street_Mall" title="Elizabeth Street Mall">Elizabeth Street Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Empirical studies by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gehl" title="Jan Gehl">Jan Gehl</a> indicate an increase of pedestrian traffic as result of public domain improvements in the centres of Melbourne with 39% increase between 1994 and 2004<sup id="cite_ref-Gehl_Melbourne_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehl_Melbourne-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Perth with 13% increase between 1993 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehl_Perth_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehl_Perth-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most intensive pedestrian traffic flows on a summer weekday have been recorded in Bourke Street Mall Melbourne with 81,000 pedestrians (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-Gehl_Melbourne_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehl_Melbourne-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rundle Mall Adelaide with 61,360 pedestrians (2002), Pitt Street Mall Sydney with 58,140 (2007) and Murray Street Mall Perth with 48,350 pedestrians (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-Gehl_Perth_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehl_Perth-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a> off Perth is car-free, only allowing vehicles for essential services. Bicycles are the main form of transport on the island; they can be hired or brought over on the ferry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Melbourne's north-eastern suburbs, there have been many proposals to make the <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Hill" title="Doncaster Hill">Doncaster Hill</a> development area a pedestrian zone. If the proposals are passed, the zone could be one of the largest in the world, by area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cashel_St,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cashel_St%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_02.jpg/220px-Cashel_St%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cashel_St%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_02.jpg/330px-Cashel_St%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cashel_St%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_02.jpg/440px-Cashel_St%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Cashel Street, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Street,_Wellington" title="Cuba Street, Wellington">Cuba Street</a> became the first pedestrian-only street in New Zealand when in 1965 the <a href="/wiki/Wellington_tramway_system" title="Wellington tramway system">Wellington tramway</a> lines were removed and the street was closed off to auto traffic, and after public pressure to keep it closed to automobiles, part of the street was pedestrianised in 1969 and reopened as Cuba Mall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Zealand's second-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, made its main shopping streets (Cashel & High Street) pedestrian-only in 1982 and created <a href="/wiki/City_Mall,_Christchurch" title="City Mall, Christchurch">City Mall</a>, also commonly known as Cashel Mall. The concept was first proposed in 1965, around the same time Wellington proposed Cuba Street's pedestrianisation. After the success of Cuba Mall in Wellington, Christchurch decided to continue with the plans. In 1976 the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Remembrance" title="Bridge of Remembrance">Bridge of Remembrance</a> was pedestrianised, and eventually in August 1982 the entire City Mall was pedestrianised and fully opened to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was repaved in the late 2000s and again after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake" title="2010 Canterbury earthquake">Christchurch Earthquakes</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake" title="2010 Canterbury earthquake">2010</a> & <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> has made most of its town centre a pedestrian zone with the lower part of Ballarat Street converted in the 1970s and turned into <a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenstown Mall">Queenstown Mall</a>. Most recently, Lower Beach Street has been partially pedestrianised with now only one-way traffic for cars.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Queenstown,_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Downtown_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Downtown_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Downtown_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Downtown_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Downtown_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Downtown_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Queenstown Mall</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Lower Queen Street</a> was pedestrianised in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town Centre–style pedestrian malls rose in popularity in the 1970 & 1980s, springing up around New Zealand after the success of Cuba Mall. Many, however, have since fallen into disrepair and abandonment and are now classified as <a href="/wiki/Dead_mall" title="Dead mall">Dead malls</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bishopdale_Village_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopdale Village Mall">Bishopdale Village Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctara" title="Ōtara">Otara Town Centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Brighton,_New_Zealand" title="New Brighton, New Zealand">New Brighton Mall</a>. Pedestrian malls are still being built, however much more scarcely and now are usually called Town Centres and have parking on the outskirts, including <a href="/wiki/Rolleston_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolleston Fields">Rolleston Fields</a>, The Sands Town Centre, and <a href="/wiki/Wigram" title="Wigram">The Landing Wigram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proposal has been made for a pedestrian priority community near <a href="/wiki/Papakura" title="Papakura">Papakura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. The community would be called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunfield,_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunfield, New Zealand (page does not exist)">Sunfield</a> and cost $4 Billion NZD to build. It is designed to have 4,400 homes and is projected to decrease normal car usage by 90% compared to typical suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has run into challenges after the project being rejected by <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81inga_Ora" title="Kāinga Ora">Kāinga Ora</a> for fast-tracking following Covid-19; construction authorities took <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81inga_Ora" title="Kāinga Ora">Kāinga Ora</a> to court over the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pedestrianization" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pedestrianization">pedestrianization</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedestrian_zones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedestrian zones"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pedestrian zones</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_days" title="Car-free days">Car-free days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footpath" title="Footpath">Footpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gehl" title="Jan Gehl">Jan Gehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car-free_islands" title="List of car-free islands">List of car-free places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_transition" title="Mobility transition">Mobility transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a> – Traffic calming in spaces shared between road users</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a> – Urban planning for mixed-use areas prioritising pedestrians</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_intelligent_urbanism" title="Principles of intelligent urbanism">Principles of intelligent urbanism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a> – Urban planning restricting through traffic of automobiles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_reclamation" title="Street reclamation">Street reclamation</a> – Changing streets to focus on non-car use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a> – Urban street reserved for public transit, bicycles, and pedestrians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_zone&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pedestrian-precinct">"Pedestrian precinct - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pedestrian+precinct+-+Definition%2C+meaning+%26+more+-+Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpedestrian-precinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiquetto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chiquetto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chiquetto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chiquetto_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiquetto1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chiquetto, Sergio (1997). "The Environmental Impacts from the Implementation of a Pedestrianization Scheme". <i>Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 133–146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997TRPD....2..133C">1997TRPD....2..133C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1361-9209%2896%2900016-8">10.1016/S1361-9209(96)00016-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Part+D%3A+Transport+and+Environment&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Impacts+from+the+Implementation+of+a+Pedestrianization+Scheme&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-146&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1361-9209%2896%2900016-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997TRPD....2..133C&rft.aulast=Chiquetto&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo-ManzanoLopez-ValpuestaAsencio-Flores2014" class="citation journal cs1">Castillo-Manzano, José; Lopez-Valpuesta, Lourdes; Asencio-Flores, Juan P. (2014). "Extending pedestrianization processes outside the old city center; conflict and benefits in the case of the city of Seville". <i>Habitat International</i>. <b>44</b>: 194–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.habitatint.2014.06.005">10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11441%2F148812">11441/148812</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Habitat+International&rft.atitle=Extending+pedestrianization+processes+outside+the+old+city+center%3B+conflict+and+benefits+in+the+case+of+the+city+of+Seville&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=194-201&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11441%2F148812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.habitatint.2014.06.005&rft.aulast=Castillo-Manzano&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Lopez-Valpuesta%2C+Lourdes&rft.au=Asencio-Flores%2C+Juan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hall-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallHass-Klau1985" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter; Hass-Klau, Carmen (1985). <i>Can Rail Save the City? 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Aldershot: Gower Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0566009471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0566009471"><bdi>978-0566009471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Rail+Save+the+City%3F+The+impacts+of+rapid+transit+and+pedestrianisation+on+British+and+German+cities&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Gower+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0566009471&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hass-Klau%2C+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hall2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hall2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallHass-Klau1985" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter; Hass-Klau, Carmen (1985). <i>Can Rail Save the City? 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Aldershot: Gower Publishing. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0566009471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0566009471"><bdi>978-0566009471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Rail+Save+the+City%3F+The+impacts+of+rapid+transit+and+pedestrianisation+on+British+and+German+cities&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Gower+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0566009471&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hass-Klau%2C+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022215306/http://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/lokalzeit-ruhr/video-aelteste-fussgaengerzone-deutschlands-wird--und-befindet-sich-in-essen-100.html">"Video: Älteste Fußgängerzone Deutschlands wird 90 und befindet sich in Essen - Lokalzeit Ruhr - Sendungen A-Z - Video - Mediathek - WDR"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/lokalzeit-ruhr/video-aelteste-fussgaengerzone-deutschlands-wird--und-befindet-sich-in-essen-100.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+%C3%84lteste+Fu%C3%9Fg%C3%A4ngerzone+Deutschlands+wird+90+und+befindet+sich+in+Essen+-+Lokalzeit+Ruhr+-+Sendungen+A-Z+-+Video+-+Mediathek+-+WDR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.wdr.de%2Fmediathek%2Fvideo%2Fsendungen%2Flokalzeit-ruhr%2Fvideo-aelteste-fussgaengerzone-deutschlands-wird--und-befindet-sich-in-essen-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge" class="citation web cs1">Judge, Cole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downtowndevelopment.com/pdf/americanpedmallexperiment.pdf">"The Experiment of American Pedestrian Malls: Trends Analysis, Necessary Indicators for Success and Recommendations for Fresno's Fulton Mall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotterdam+city+government+website&rft.atitle=Overzichtskaart+voetgangers-+en+venstertijdgebieden+Centrum+Rotterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotterdam.nl%2Floket%2Fdocumentenkcc%2FoverzichtskaartOntheffingGoederenvervoer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberts-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1981" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/isbn/0905545028"><i>Pedestrian Precincts in Britain</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedestrian+Precincts+in+Britain&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fisbn%2F0905545028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2011" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Brian (9 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDwkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Finding a Role?: The United Kingdom 1970–1990</i></a>. 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Walking_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walking" title="Template:Walking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walking" title="Template talk:Walking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Walking_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> culture</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aids, groups and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bematist" title="Bematist">Bematist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_walker" title="Baby walker">Baby walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_guard" title="Crossing guard">Crossing guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_walking" title="Dog walking">Dog walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedometer" title="Pedometer">Pedometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_(mobility)" title="Walker (mobility)">Walker (mobility)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bus" title="Walking bus">Walking bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">Walking stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dromomania" title="Dromomania">Dromomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_walking" title="Hand walking">Hand walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">Knuckle-walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">Pedestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_walking_speed" title="Preferred walking speed">Preferred walking speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_distance_measure" title="Walking distance measure">Walking distance measure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alley" title="Alley">Alley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginnel" title="Ginnel">Ginnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drovers%27_road" title="Drovers' road">Drovers' road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">Esplanade</a>/Promenade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footpath" title="Footpath">Footpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile" title="Stile">Stile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaol%C3%BCren" title="Xiaolüren">Xiaolüren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leisure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A2neur" title="Flâneur">Flâneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths" title="List of long-distance footpaths">Long-distance footpaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_walking" title="Mall walking">Mall walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_walking" title="Nordic walking">Nordic walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatapawali" title="Shatapawali">Shatapawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_walking" title="Power walking">Speed walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strolling" title="Strolling">Strolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_tour" title="Walking tour">Walking tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pedestrian_circumnavigators" title="List of pedestrian circumnavigators">Pedestrian circumnavigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrianism" title="Pedestrianism">Pedestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_marathon" title="Slow marathon">Slow marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives<br />and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_charter_for_walking" title="International charter for walking">International charter for walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Pedestrians" title="International Federation of Pedestrians">International Federation of Pedestrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrominuto" title="Metrominuto">Metrominuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pedestrian_Day" title="National Pedestrian Day">National Pedestrian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Safely_to_School_Day" title="Walk Safely to School Day">Walk Safely to School Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkathon" title="Walkathon">Walkathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_audit" title="Walking audit">Walking audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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