About Google Scholar

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://scholar.google.com/intl/en-US/scholar/about.html","20210401043608","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1617251768"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type"> <meta content="IE=Edge" name="X-UA-Compatible"> <meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2" name="viewport"> <title> About Google Scholar </title> <script> function T(){var x=document.getElementById("maia-nav-x"),n=x.className,c=n.replace(/(?:^|\s)active(?!\S)/g,"");x.className=c==n?n+" active":c;return false}function U(s){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(s)>=0} (U("iPhone")||U("iPod")||U("iPad"))&&U("AppleWebKit")&&!U("CriOS")&&(U("OS 4_")||U("OS 5_"))&&function(){var t=0,v=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]");v&&window.addEventListener("devicemotion",function(e){var a=e.accelerationIncludingGravity,x=Math.abs(a.x),y=Math.abs(a.y),m=x>1&&x>1.3*y&&!(window.orientation%180);m!=t&&v.setAttribute("content","width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale="+(m?1:2));t=m},false)}();U("IEMobile/10.")&&function(d){var s=d.createElement("style");s.innerText="@-ms-viewport{width:auto!important}";d.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(s)}(document);var b,w; window.onload=function(){b=new gweb.ui.GTabs;w=new goog.ui.Twisties({enableFade:true,classTwisty:"twisty",classCollapse:"twistyExpand",classExpand:"twistyCollapse"})}; </script> <style> #gtabs_iframe{display:none} </style> <link href="//web.archive.org/web/20210401043608cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600,700&lang=en" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/web/20210401043608cs_/https://scholar.google.com/scholar/css/maia.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/web/20210401043608js_/https://scholar.google.com/scholar/js/gtabs.js" async defer></script> <script src="/web/20210401043608js_/https://scholar.google.com/scholar/js/twisties.js" async defer></script> <script src="/web/20210401043608js_/https://scholar.google.com/scholar/js/links.js" async defer></script> </head> <body> <div class="maia-header" id="maia-header"> <div class="maia-aux"> <h1><a href="/web/20210401043608/https://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en"><img alt="Google Scholar" src="/web/20210401043608im_/https://scholar.google.com/intl/en-US/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_30dp.png" srcset="/web/20210401043608im_/https://scholar.google.com/intl/en-US/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_30dp.png 1.5x" height="30"></a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="maia-nav" id="maia-nav-x"> <div class="maia-aux"> <a class="maia-button" href="/web/20210401043608/https://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en">Search Scholar</a> <h1 onmousedown="return !U('Android')&&T()" ontouchstart="return T()"> About </h1> <ul> <li class="active">About </li> <li> <a href="help.html">Search</a> </li> <li> <a href="citations.html">Profiles</a> </li> <li> <a href="inclusion.html">Inclusion</a> </li> <li> <a href="metrics.html">Metrics</a> </li> <li> <a href="publishers.html">Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="libraries.html">Libraries</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="maia-main"> <div class="scholar-main"> <div class="about-item about-item-first"> <div class="maia-cols"> <div class="maia-col-6"> <h2 class="about"> Stand on the shoulders of giants. </h2> <p> Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research. </p> </div> <div class="maia-col-6"> <div class="screenshot-container"> <img alt="" class="screenshot-main" height="252" src="/web/20210401043608im_/https://scholar.google.com/intl/en-US/scholar/images/about_scholar.png" width="357"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="about-item"> <div class="maia-cols"> <div class="maia-col-6"> <div class="screenshot-container"> <img alt="" class="screenshot" height="246" src="/web/20210401043608im_/https://scholar.google.com/intl/en-US/scholar/images/features.png" width="220"> </div> </div> <div class="maia-col-6"> <h2 class="about"> Features of Google Scholar </h2> <ul> <li>Search all scholarly literature from one convenient place </li> <li>Explore related works, citations, authors, and publications </li> <li>Locate the complete document through your library or on the web </li> <li>Keep up with recent developments in any area of research </li> <li>Check who's citing your publications, create a public author profile </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="about-item"> <div class="maia-cols"> <div class="maia-col-6"> <h2 class="about"> How are documents ranked? </h2> <p> Google Scholar aims to rank documents the way researchers do, weighing the full text of each document, where it was published, who it was written by, as well as how often and how recently it has been cited in other scholarly literature. </p> </div> <div class="maia-col-6"> <div class="screenshot-container"> <img alt="" class="screenshot" height="220" src="/web/20210401043608im_/https://scholar.google.com/intl/en-US/scholar/images/ranked.png" width="187"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="about-item about-item-last"> <div class="maia-cols"> <div class="maia-col-10"> <div class="disclaimer"> <p> <strong>Disclaimer:</strong> Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. 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About Google Scholar