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id="toc-"Clovis_First"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic-Native_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic-Native_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaic-Native Period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaic-Native_Period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaic-Native Period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaic-Native_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_Rate_of_Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_Rate_of_Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Production Rate of Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_Rate_of_Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Natural_Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Natural_Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Use of Natural Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Natural_Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectile_Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectile_Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Projectile Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projectile_Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fishing Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Archaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Archaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Early Archaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Archaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_Century_Hunting_Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_Century_Hunting_Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Twentieth Century Hunting Technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twentieth_Century_Hunting_Technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twentieth Century Hunting Technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_Century_Hunting_Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Material_Culture_and_Hunting_Technologies_of_the_Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_Culture_and_Hunting_Technologies_of_the_Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Material Culture and Hunting Technologies of the Inuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_Culture_and_Hunting_Technologies_of_the_Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inuit_groups,_modern_globalization_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit_groups,_modern_globalization_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inuit groups, modern globalization and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit_groups,_modern_globalization_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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This article deals exclusively with <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal Canadians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleo-Native_Period">Paleo-Native Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Paleo-Native Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic stage</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleo-Native_Weapons_Technologies">Paleo-Native Weapons Technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleo-Native Weapons Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis spear point</a> is found at nearly all locations in North America. It is defined by its relatively large size and fluted <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(archaeology)" title="Morphology (archaeology)">morphology</a> that allows it to be hafted onto the end of a spear. It is of some debate if this was a handheld thrusting spear, or a <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">throwing spear</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">atlatl</a>. It could well have been used for all three, including knives, as the bifacial Clovis point is very well made and utilitarian. Typically the points are made from high quality <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>. Often these stone tools are found hundreds of miles from their source stone in caches of semi-complete blanks. It appears they would bury some good material they had brought with them when they traveled, and sometimes either forget where they buried it, or possibly found more high-quality materiel in the new location, and had no need to retrieve the caches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tests have been done on the velocity of these large bifaces, and it has been clearly shown that they are capable of wounding and killing modern elephants. The occurrence of tool marks, and bifaces found at kill sites leaves no doubt that <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis people</a> did in fact kill and hunt <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, camel, horses, and bison. But could this hunting have caused the mass extinction that came at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, or was it the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a> that did it? A third theory is also emerging, that the colonists and possibly domesticated dogs brought disease with them that caused this extinction. </p><p>But the few species that were hunted by humans that became extinct doesn't account for the loss of so many species. The loss of some cornerstone species typically can result in an implosion of population and diversity similar to what we see during the transition from Pleistocene to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. This was probably caused by some loss of major species of vegetation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Clovis_First""><span id=".22Clovis_First.22"></span>"Clovis First"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Clovis First""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was a previously accepted idea called <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture#Clovis_First" title="Clovis culture">Clovis First</a>. This theory does not mean that Clovis showed up and had the fluted biface technology, but assumes that over about 1,000 years the original settlers developed the technology, and Clovis was the first successful material culture in North America that became widespread. However, new dates from the Cooper's Ferry site in Idaho circa 15,600 YBP, provide clear evidence for <a href="/wiki/Western_Stemmed_Tradition" title="Western Stemmed Tradition">Western Stemmed Tradition</a> points predating evidence of Clovis by >2000 years. <Davis, Loren G. et al 2022 Dating of a large tool assemblage at the Cooper’s Ferry site (Idaho, USA) to ~15,785 cal yr B.P. extends the age of stemmed points in the Americas> </p><p>As Waguespack states "Based on optimal foraging models, it is argued that selective predation on high ranked resources, specifically <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>, is predicted in colonization settings where large game is abundant and human population densities are low."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaguespack200763–74_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaguespack200763–74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people that subscribe to this school of thought tend to believe in the specialized <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">large game hunter</a> societies. This is disputed by some as it has low <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> evidence, but the environment was quite different at the time, and with the right technologies and techniques this highly mobile hunter that depended on large game could be reasonable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile points</a>, and their variation in morphology tend to move from a north to south gradient, following the model that humans came in from the north and traveled south. Currently what we would like to find in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a>, and what we actually find are disjointed. Even with accurate dates, and faunal floral assemblages, the specific way that these elements interacted is elusive, and remains in the theoretical environment. However these ideas, and the studies that result from them are what has driven information in this field for the past half century. </p><p>A third and less subscribed to theory is called the <a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a>. Bruce Bradley and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Stanford" title="Dennis Stanford">Dennis Stanford</a>, have recently resurrected an idea from the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Conrad_Abbott" title="Charles Conrad Abbott">Charles Conrad Abbott</a> 1881, that claimed that the early colonists came from European roots. Although the Solutrean bifaces look similar to the Clovis technology, lacking only the flute, they are separated in time by about 5,000 years. Solutrian industry lasted from 20,500 BCE, to 17,000 BCE, while Clovis is popularly held to be from 11,500 BCE. Even in the face of modern dating techniques, Bradley and Stanford have continued to lecture, and published papers pursuing this model. </p><p>The theory is based on atlatl hunting strategies utilized in a maritime arctic type environment. Stanford and Bradley theorize that people hunting <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> would be moving across the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> in groups so they could cover the most breathing holes as prescribed by this technique. In his studies they found that the seals today from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a> and north eastern Canada all migrate to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The theory is that people using something very much like an atlatl to hunt seals and other large <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">aquatic mammals</a> could have followed the wrong group of seals back to North America, and then used this spear based bifacial technology to adapt to the new environment. This would mean that these Paleo-Natives probably had boat technology, and used this spear hunting technology from the ocean, and adapted it to large terrestrial game. The seemingly enormous time gap between Solutrian and Clovis is overcome by the rising sea levels, and peoples dependence on aquatic resources. </p><p>This theory makes sense because without a good knowledge of the floral assemblages it would be difficult, if not risky to depend on plant resources for survival. Meat from hunting is reliably nontoxic. As reported by Dennis Stanford in recent lectures (2009), there have been mammoth bones dredged off the shores of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, and one of the bones actually has a projectile point in it that is possibly <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture#Evidence_of_human_habitation_before_Clovis" title="Clovis culture">pre-Clovis</a>, but morphologically it is lacking the flute, and nearly identical to the Solutrean biface. This model is contradicting to the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">genetic mapping</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> though, and has many people that disagree. The similarities of the bifacial technology can be explained by independent invention. </p><p>The only empirically based evidence is that Clovis people hunted large game. They also killed other small game, but it is always found alongside large game at kill sites. The Clovis point can be found in every corner of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">continental United States</a>. This means that at some point either a highly mobile group of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> persisted across the continent, or that a technology was spread across the continent because it was so successful. These points are large enough to kill, and are found at multiple kill sites with megafauna that is now extinct. Studies have shown that even light hunting on large animals can cause extinction. But most data supports the idea that it was <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a> that caused the extinctions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaic-Native_Period">Archaic-Native Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaic-Native Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in North America">Archaic period in North America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_Rate_of_Weapons">Production Rate of Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production Rate of Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many improvements in technology came about through the Archaic Native's increase in social connection. This had many advantages in technology, economics and society. The more constant interaction between groups of Archaic Natives gave opportunity to trade many things with each other. Tools, weapons, strategies, techniques and ideas were all exchanged more frequently and with a wider range of people than the Paleo-Natives. Obviously, this universally improved the living condition of everyone involved and sped the advancement throughout the Early, Middle and Late Archaic age. This speed in technological advancement increased steadily beginning with a slow progression in the Early Archaic age, and ending much more quickly with the immense change from solitary hunting in the Late Archaic age. Projectile technology greatly drew hunters of almost all game together to exchange techniques and technology. This increased interaction not only provided opportunity to learn or teach practices, but to also band together and hunt as a team. This, along with technology and environmental opportunity, helped define the trend of the Archaic Native's integration, practices and social interaction as opposed to solitary hunting. The production of weapons in California increased during the Archaic-Native Period as a result of an increase in social interaction and technology exchange between groups. The more frequent interaction led to the development of specialized hunting techniques and tools, including harpoons, spears, and nets. The exchange of ideas and technologies also fueled the gradual increase in technological advancement throughout the region, leading to the adoption of advanced hunting strategies for <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">marine mammals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_Natural_Resources">Use of Natural Resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use of Natural Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_Lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fishing_Lines.png/250px-Fishing_Lines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fishing_Lines.png/330px-Fishing_Lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fishing_Lines.png/500px-Fishing_Lines.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Fishing lines made from native plant fibers used by various Southern California tribes. </figcaption></figure> <p>One of the distinctions the Archaic Natives had from their predecessors were the characteristics of more complex weaponry. Expendable, smaller projectiles were favored over the larger melee weapons. There were many fuels for change outside of the obvious advantages over this type of weapon in use though; the environment being one, if not the only factor. The newer availability of resources in the post-glacial age not only changed the abundance of weapons, but also the type. Being less concerned with the availability of local weapon materials, the Archaic Natives favored cheap, fast and easy weapons. This meant, for most Archaic Natives, <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a>. Coastal foraging was an important part of life for Archaic Native Americans on <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">California's Channel Islands</a>. They harvested plant resources from the coastal environment, including <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a>. They also collected birds' eggs and hunted small game such as <a href="/wiki/Squirrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrels">squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbits">rabbits</a>. The Natives also fashioned tools and weapons from local materials such as <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>. Other uses of natural resources include fibers from various plants to weave fishing lines. Plants such as <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettle">nettle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_hemp" title="Indian hemp">Indian hemp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a> are harvested and prepared to create different fishing lines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projectile_Weapons">Projectile Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Projectile Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Projectile_Weapons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Projectile_Weapons.png/500px-Projectile_Weapons.png" decoding="async" width="368" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Projectile_Weapons.png/552px-Projectile_Weapons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Projectile_Weapons.png/736px-Projectile_Weapons.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Paleolithic projectile weapons found on the California Channel Islands. </figcaption></figure> <p>Projectile weapons have the great disadvantages of limiting their use and breaking often. But, as stated earlier, the abundance of local materials meant that a brand new <a href="/wiki/Dart_(missile)" title="Dart (missile)">dart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a> could be made quickly and cheaply. This also produced an interesting trend in technology. The Clovis tipped spears of the Paleo-Natives required a remarkable amount of skill and familiarity with the material. Each spear head had a great deal more care and skill taken in its creation. The larger size and persistence to the user meant that the user also cared a great deal more about its quality. Many of the Clovis tips surviving today have remarkable characteristics that only a truly experienced individual could create. Many of the marks on the Clovis tips are done with a single blow. Being that these are from larger rocks and less expendable, it is safe to assume there was a relatively low failure rate concerning the probability of error. One would have to assume that a great deal of familiarity was present in the craftsmen about the physical characteristics of the local rocks. The smaller, flying weapons of the Archaic age meant less time and care was taken into the tips, and with this habit, there became less familiarity with the rocks. Also, the habitual migration and interaction with others meant trade happened more often. The complexity, and quality of the Clovis tips was relatively quickly replaced by the cheaper, inferior tips of the Archaic age. Although this style was obviously more efficient, it is interesting to see the devolution of material craftsmanship brought about from the change in climate and lessening concern for scarcity. One of the most common projectile weapons used was the <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">atlatl</a>, or spear-thrower. Unlike other projectile weapons, the atlatl could throw projectiles with greater force and accuracy than could be achieved by hand. In addition to harpoon-tipped spears, California Natives in the coasts also used a variety of other projectile weapons for hunting fish, including <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bows</a> and arrows. These weapons were typically made from wood and had specialized <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> designed for hunting in water.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing_Technology">Fishing Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fishing Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hupa_Trout_Trap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hupa_Trout_Trap.jpg/220px-Hupa_Trout_Trap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hupa_Trout_Trap.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>This is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a> and traps utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a> people to catch fish in the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>For thousands of years, the <a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a> have used sustainable methods to perpetuate future <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> runs. One method that ensured the tribe's subsistence needs was the construction of temporary communal fish <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a>. The construction of the fish dams were highly ritualized as they were built over a period of ten days using ten panels and only fished for ten days. Nets constructed from iris leaf fibers were used to ensnare migrating fish, while weirs of log frames directed fish into specific sections and openings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing technology utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabrielino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrielino">Gabrielino</a> tribes were made of plant fibers and sometimes human hair. These lines were not able to support substantial weight, resulting in breakage. This factor limited early California Native Americans to catching fish closer to the shore. Fish that inhabited the coast of Southern California 3,500 years BP included <a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardines">sardines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did the Native Californians consume fish, but <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> as well. Shellfish shells can be found in areas that they inhabited. The Chumash were known to have used a pry bar to harvest them. Over time and with the development of new hunting technology, the shellfish population decreased. It showed there was a preference towards estuary shellfish to marine shellfish.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consumption of shellfish is also dependent on different factors, such as harvesting techniques and the condition of the <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a> beds. Beds that are not harvested frequently would have more shellfish on average. California Natives would have collected shellfish and <a href="/wiki/Turbinidae" title="Turbinidae">turban snails</a> by plucking, a more sustainable method that targeted larger individuals while also collecting the smaller, surrounding mussels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Archaic">Early Archaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early Archaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Early Archaic age "... widely is viewed as a time of human adaptation to Holocene, post glacial climatic conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonHanson1988262–286_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonHanson1988262–286-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming directly out of a colder, much more glacier dominated landscape, the strain on resources relaxed greatly. In the glacial northeast preceding the Early Archaic age, the inhabiting occupants' energy capture strategies were vastly different from those adapted from the warmer weather of the Archaic. Groups of inhabitants in this much colder and harsher climate adapted techniques and habits with the aim of conserving energy and maximizing utility. This meant that much smaller bands of people would remain together throughout the year, ensuring less of a strain on a particular area. The smaller demand that a small band of hunters in this cold climate imposed was much easier to cope with the scarcity of available resources. Less mouths to feed meant that kills could be made less often, and with more gain per member. In the newer, warmer climate of the Archaic age, groups could be larger without added strain on local resources. The increase in faunal growth in this warmer and wetter climate also gave new possibilities in the social interaction between separate groups and societies. Mobility became easier and safer, and was less of a necessity pushing outward for survival and more of a pull-factor, enticing the hungry and opportunistic Archaic Natives who, at this time, were much more social due to the lack of glacial scarcity. "In brief, Early Archaic settlement is thought to have been characterized by: (1) settlement systems emphasizing logistically based organizational strategies, incorporating variations in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Binford" title="Lewis Binford">Binford</a> and Binford's (1966) base camp/extraction-station dichotomy (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Chapman" title="Jefferson Chapman">Chapman</a> 1985; Gardner 1977, 1983 Goodyear et al. 1979; House and Wogaman 1978; Morse 1971, 1977) or alternatively (2) frameworks emphasizing a high degree of residential mobility".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonHanson1988262–286_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonHanson1988262–286-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_Century_Hunting_Technologies">Twentieth Century Hunting Technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Twentieth Century Hunting Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_Culture_and_Hunting_Technologies_of_the_Inuit">Material Culture and Hunting Technologies of the Inuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Material Culture and Hunting Technologies of the Inuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To begin the understanding of more modern hunting technologies in modern civilizations, the origins of hunting techniques must be examined. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> tribes up in, and around <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> were, until the late 20th century, excellent examples of both modern and pre-modern hunting techniques. These indigenous peoples have lived off the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic coast</a> and plains for thousands of years and have learned to adapt to their <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>, but they also have modernized their methods as contemporary weapon technology has come into the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">global market</a>. The use of the rifle has decreased the energy needed to hunt prey from further distances than previously allowed, with traditional methods. Depending on the type/size/caliber of the weapon typically determines what type of metal will be used. Also, the bigger the calibre of the gun, the easier it is to obtain bigger prey and increase the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit diet">general diet</a>. Before the use of the rifle, it would have taken more energy to hunt, stalk and kill a <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>, particularly while the herd was on the move. However, with the rifle, its increased accuracy and range, more meat is available to be distributed to the families in the tribe. Also, the skins from the animal can be turned into <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(material)" title="Rawhide (material)">rawhide</a>, or use the <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">furs</a> to keep warm. </p><p>However, rifles were not the only weapon used; there were other hunting technologies available, such as the winter harpoons and summer <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a>. Winter harpoons, such as the <a href="/wiki/Toggling_harpoon" title="Toggling harpoon">toggling harpoon</a>, were made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>. The iron was used for the shaft while brass was typically used for hook. The handle of the harpoon was made of wood that is tightly attached to the iron shaft. These harpoons were fairly small and narrow for they were used primarily to stab seals from their breathing hole under the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning1944138_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning1944138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the hunter has set up his hunting area, he would stand by the breathing hole until he knows there is a seal on the under-side.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal was then brought to the surface and transported back to the community where the women and children waited. There are many uses for seal such as food, <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> for fuel, hides for warmth, and bone to create more weapons. </p><p>These thrusting spears were not the only type that was used, but there was also a summer version of the winter harpoon; the summer harpoon was composed of all natural materials such as wood and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> tusk. These harpoons were bigger and weighed much more for they were used to hunt larger animals such as <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded seals</a> and walruses. Wood is once again used for the handle while the walrus tusk is used as the shaft because of its straightness. The brass hook was also replaced with ivory for it is heavier and sturdier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning1944138_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning1944138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inuit_groups,_modern_globalization_and_development"><span id="Inuit_groups.2C_modern_globalization_and_development"></span>Inuit groups, modern globalization and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inuit groups, modern globalization and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For hundreds and thousands of years, the many diverse Inuit communities in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> have survived on traditional forms of hunting. Until recently, with the expansion of the western ideas and ideologies, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_culture" title="Inuit culture">cultural ideas</a> have remained untouched, but new technologies have played a role in modern-day hunting techniques. As mentioned earlier, one of their hunting technologies is now the gun, which has dramatically improved hunting efficiencies. "Since when boating [guns] must be kept ready at hand in case a seal suddenly bobs up within range,".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning1944138_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning1944138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the introduction of this technology, hunters would instead have been armed with some sort of thrusting spear such as a harpoon in hopes of catching a meal. With the introduction of the gun, not only can there be more accuracy in killing the animal, but also quickness and readiness of response time. </p><p>This group, being as primitive as they are (according to Western ideology), has come in the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">global economy</a>, even if it is ever so slightly. With use of guns, they must have had purchased it from somewhere, for none of the Inuit groups makes guns. In exchange for <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, the hunters will sell furs, <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">seal meat</a>, and skins;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1973334_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1973334-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, guns are not the only modernized technology that these groups have adapted too, but also <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobiles</a> which allow for easy transportation, along with faster distance traveling. The consumption of <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> is also prevalent in society, and once again, gas is another commodity that they must purchase if they wish to continue modernized hunting practices. In 1971, when William B. Kemp was observing the Inuit on <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a> in Canada, he recorded that 885 US gal (3,350 L; 737 imp gal) of gasoline was consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1973334_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1973334-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While snowmobiles may makeup the quickest transportation means for the Inuit, they still relied on <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sledding</a> until the 1980s. Most of the food that was once fed to the <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dogs</a> who pulled the sleighs was meat from seals, caribou, walruses, or whatever form of food was available at the time. But even dog food has been modernized, and 12.8 million kilo-calories were imported:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1973334_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1973334-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one hundred and twenty-eight billion calories, which if converted to the human two thousand calorie diet, would be able to feed six hundred and forty thousand people. When put into perspective, with the temperature being as cold as it, more body heat has to be produced, and with the amount of running and the weight of sleds the dogs pull, that more energy consumption that is needed in order to maintain a state of <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> and good nutrition for each dog. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaguespack200763–74-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaguespack200763–74_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaguespack2007">Waguespack 2007</a>, pp. 63–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHildebrandtJones1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hildebrandt, William R; 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Rick, Torben C.; Braje, Todd J.; Casperson, Molly; Culleton, Brendan; Fulfrost, Brian; Garcia, Tracy; Guthrie, Daniel A.; Jew, Nicholas; Kennett, Douglas J.; Moss, Madonna L.; Reeder, Leslie; Skinner, Craig; Watts, Jack; Willis, Lauren (2011-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201477">"Paleoindian Seafaring, Maritime Technologies, and Coastal Foraging on California's Channel Islands"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>331</b> (6021): <span class="nowrap">1181–</span>1185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201477">10.1126/science.1201477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Paleoindian+Seafaring%2C+Maritime+Technologies%2C+and+Coastal+Foraging+on+California%E2%80%99s+Channel+Islands&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6021&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1181-%3C%2Fspan%3E1185&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1201477&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Erlandson&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft.au=Rick%2C+Torben+C.&rft.au=Braje%2C+Todd+J.&rft.au=Casperson%2C+Molly&rft.au=Culleton%2C+Brendan&rft.au=Fulfrost%2C+Brian&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Tracy&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+Daniel+A.&rft.au=Jew%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Kennett%2C+Douglas+J.&rft.au=Moss%2C+Madonna+L.&rft.au=Reeder%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Skinner%2C+Craig&rft.au=Watts%2C+Jack&rft.au=Willis%2C+Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1201477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+hunting+technologies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8306281"><i>California's Salmon and Steelhead: The Struggle to Restore an Imperiled Resource</i></a> (1 ed.). 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Young (director)">Robert M. Young</a>. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunting_topics" title="Template talk:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_game" title="Big Five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy hunting in Pakistan">Trophy hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&oldid=1261094750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_hunting_technologies&oldid=1261094750</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_North_America" title="Category:Science and technology in North America">Science and technology in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hunting" title="Category:Hunting">Hunting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_North_America" title="Category:History of North America">History of North America</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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